GENERAL INDEX (continued 5)

Mitchell, Mount, xiv, 97, 168

Mites, xii, 98

Mixtures, compared with compounds, viii, 15;

explosions of, 62;

heat and cold production by, iv, 174-5;

separation by vapor pressure, viii, 305

Mizar, double star, ii, 123, 334

Mocking Bird, xii, 269

Modesty, clothing and, xv, 253;

custom and, 254-5

Mohammed Ibn Musa, xvi, 103

Mohammedan Astronomy, ii, 37-9

Mohammedanism, development of, xv, 199;

polygamy allowed by, 289

Mohawk Valley, importance of pass, xiv, 194;

origin, iii, 232;

rock faulting, 91

Moissan, electrical work, xvi, 176;

Arc Furnace, vii, 303

Moisture (atmospheric) climate determined by, xiv, 351-6;

temperature effects, 352-4;

vegetation determined by, 364, 366, 372, 377-8, 380, 381;

atmospheric (see Humidity)

Molar Solutions, viii, 118-19, 379

Molasses, production and use, viii, 242, 243, xiii, 215;

vitamines in, x, 262

Mold, cause of formation, i, 61;

disease-producing, x, 196;

reproduction, xiii, 164

(see also Fungi)

Molecular Theory, viii, 23-5;

history of development, xvi, 91, 133-4

Molecular Weight, viii, 92;

boiling point and, 299-300;

diffusibility and, 108;

differences, to what due, iv, 110;

found by vapor pressure, viii, 305;

in relation to actual weight, 109;

of proteins, 351

Molecules, iv, 21, vi, 109, viii, 379;

arrangement in relation to crystals, 203, xvi, 164;

attraction of, viii, 306;

possible variations in, iv, 143;

condition at absolute zero, iv, 142-3;

discrimination from atoms by Dumas, xvi, 162;

dissipation of energy, 134;

electrical balance and unbalance, i, 142, 143;

electrical charges of, viii, 121;

escape from liquids, iv, 167;

ether in, iv, 181;

formulæ of, viii, 91;

fundamental vibrations of, iv, 363;

in solids, liquids and gases, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131-3, 152-3, 363, viii, 23-4, 106;

in solutions, 311-12;

invariability law, 110;

laws of, 106-10;

magnetization of, iv, 245, 253;

momentum, viii, 109-10;

monatomic, 309;

motions of, iv, 132-3, 363, viii, 23-5, 305-6;

motion increased by heat, iv, 138-9, 144, 152-3, viii, 25, 37-8, 107, 108, 309, 310;

number, vi, 112;

number of, in gases, iv, 133, viii, 25, 108-9;

polymerization, 219;

size, vi, 112, viii, 24, 306;

structure, 25-7, 306;

structure, chain and ring, 233;

structure, ether, 217, 224;

structure in hydrocarbons, 51;

structure in proteins, 351;

structure and color, 258, 259, 312;

structure and physical state, 207, 298;

structure in relation to boiling and freezing points, 298-9;

structure revealed by polariscope, 309;

velocity of, iv, 133, viii, 24

Moles, xii, 366, 367-8

Molluscoids, iii, 259, 263, 270;

origin of name, xii, 47

Mollusks, iii, 260, 272-6, xii, 57-80;

deep sea, 23;

in sea plankton, 19;

sponges and, 32

Molybdenum, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

use and occurrence, xiv, 238

Moments of Force, iv, 382

Momentum, iv, 62-3, 66-7

Monadnock, Mount, iii, 232

Monadnocks, iii, 35

Monads, xvi, 117, 118

Mondeville, Henri de, x, 39, 40

Mongolian Orongo, xii, 327

Mongols, hair of, xv, 37, 38 (fig.);

in yellow race, 37

Mongooses, xii, 351, 352

"Monitor," Ericsson's, v, 380

Monitors (lizards), xii, 208

Monkeys, xii, 376-9;

embryological resemblances, xv, 54;

expression of feelings by, 64-5;

fear in, xi, 136;

feet of, iii, 301 (fig.), xv, 61;

first appearance, iii, 301;

jaguars and, xii, 362;

lemurs and, 374, primates, 373;

resemblance to man, xv, 57;

thumb in, 60

Monkshood, xiii, 196;

aconite from, 252

Monochord, xvi, 82

Monocotyledons, defined, xiii, 60;

evolution, 181;

families, 181-9;

first appearance, 319;

leaves and flowers, 176, 179;

stem formation, 177 (fig.);

relative antiquity, 207;

subdivisions, 179, 180

Monoecious Plants, xiii, 46

Monogamy, xv, 285, 289-94, 295;

among birds, 276-7

Monorail Car, v, 342-3

Monosaccharides, viii, 223-6

Monotony, of work, xi, 275-6, 277-8, 280

Monotype, v, 310-12, 383

Monros, physicians, xvi, 179, 181, 186

Monsoons, i, 130-1, 377, xiv, 350-1;

conditions resulting from, 359-60;

use of, in early trade, 307

Montana, bad lands of, xiv, 82;

fossils found, iii, 250;

grasslands and cattle, xiv, 222-3;

mining products, iii, 360, 361, 364, 368

Montauk Point, birds at, xiii, 342

Mont Cenis Tunnel, xiv, 240, 241;

drills used, i, 27

Montenegro, mountaineers of, xiv, 243

Monte Nuovo, eruption of, xiv, 316, 320

Montpellier, University, x, 36, 38

Montreal, harbor of, xiv, 270

Moodus, Conn., brontides, i, 196, 360

Moon, ii, 193-205;

acceleration of, iv, 98;

atmosphere, ii, 200, 204, 232;

coronas, i, 183;

distance, ii, 64, 197-8;

earthshine on, 41;

eclipses, 32, 206-8;

erratic amplitude, 25;

falling motion, 64, 65;

Galileo's studies, 54, 96, xvi, 103;

Halley on motions of, ii, 87;

halos, i, 100, 103, 178, 180, 181;

Hevelius's studies, ii, 57;

influences of, 201;

irregularities in motions, 32, 34, 73-4;

life on, 204-5, 247;

light and heat of, 168, 200;

light of, Egyptian knowledge, xvi, 69;

non-rotation theory, ii, 376, 377;

path around earth, xiv, 292-3;

photographic studies, ii, 130;

quartering, 28, 194-5;

size, 198-9, 230;

size as observed by ancients, 27-8, 32;

solar corona and, 221, 222;

spectrum lines, 112;

stereograms of, xi, 181;

telescopic views of, iv, 346;

theories of origin, ii, 375-6;

tides caused by, 70;

tides caused by, xiv, 291, 292-3

Moonbeams, measurement of heat of, iv, 301

Moon Dogs, i, 180, 377

Moon-Pillar, i, 376

Moonstone, iii, 329

Moor Fires, i, 56

Moors, astronomy of, ii, 11, 38;

in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;

medical influence of, x, 37-8;

science of, xvi, 100, 106

Moose, xii, 318-19;

antlers of, 316

Moraines, iii, 67-8, 380, xiv, 59;

lakes formed by, iii, 144-6, xiv, 202

Morality, beginnings of, xv, 356;

civilization and, xvi, 43-4, 45, 47-8;

primitive, limited to tribes, xv, 374;

religion and, 355-7;

varying conceptions of, 285-6

Morgagni Giovanni, x, 97-8

Moriceau, François, x, 79, 80

Morning Glories, climbing stems, xiii, 27;

roots, 18;

tendrils, 111

Moro, Lazzaro, xvi, 126

Morphine, xiii, 253;

an alkaloid, viii, 240;

use of, in pain, x, 381

Morro Velho, mine shaft, v, 259-60

Morse, S. F. B., telegraph inventor, vi, 24, vii, 108, xvi, 188

Morse Systems, vii, 108, 109-11

Mortar, lime in, viii, 150

Mortar and Pestle, xv, 238

Mortars (military), v, 368

Mortmain, meaning, xi, 44

Morton, William, ether introduction, x, 124-5, xvi, 185

Mosaic Laws, medical importance of, x, 15

Mosasaurs, iii, 288, xii, 203

Moselle River, xiv, 89, 90, 165

Mosenthal's Test, x, 379

Mosquitoes, campaign against, x, 299-301;

in fly family, xii, 120;

kinds of, x, 156;

malaria spread by, 154, 156-9, 299-301;

singing of, cause, xii, 103;

yellow fever and, x, 160, 161-2, 173

Moss Animals, xii, 46-7

Mosses, alternation of generations, xvi, 166;

character and kinds, xiii, 68-70;

reproductive process, 160-3

Mosso, Prof., experiment of, xi, 285;

on mountain sickness, i, 328

"Mother Carey's Chickens", xii, 252

Mother-Family, xv, 295

Mother-of-Pearl, xii, 63;

iridescence of, 245

Mother Shipton, iv, 104

Mothers, rule of, under polyandry, xv, 294-5;

transmission of hereditary traits, ix, 340-1;

transmission of nervous influences, 343-4

Mother's Milk, infants' digestion of, ix, 346

Moths, xii, 114-16, 118-20;

appearance in Tertiary, 104;

evolution of, 107;

in flower fertilization, xiii, 142-3;

number of species in New York, xii, 99;

Pronuba, adaptation in, xvi, 152-3

Motion, as sign of life, ix, 9-11, 14;

bodily, different kinds of, 82-3;

of animals, means of, 73-4;

sense of, ix, 90, xi, 123-8

(see also Movement)

Motion (mechanics), energy of (see Kinetic Energy);

force in relation to, iv, 56-69, 71-2, v, 182-3;

forms of, iv, 85-6;

Galileo's investigations, iv, 19;

laws of (see Newton's Laws of Motion);

quantity of, iv, 62;

rapid, not explained by Newton's theory, ii, 80, 81;

relativity of, iv, 16-17, xvi, 85;

science of, iv, 25;

time and, Newton on, 15;

uniform and difform, ii, 80;

Zeno's theories, xvi, 84-5

Motor Cycles, cooling of cylinders, v, 160;

gyroscopic action, 343;

generators in, vi, 215-16

Motor-Generator Sets, vi, 332-3, 342-3;

efficiency in electric furnaces, vii, 306

Motor-mindedness, xi, 222

Motor Nerve Cells, ix, 125, 126, 129, 160;

connections, 130 (fig.), 131, 147, 148 (fig.)

Motor Nerves, at birth, ix, 348

Motor Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 24;

development in embryo, 34, 35

Motor Response, defined, xi, 123-4;

method of, 26-7;

sensation dependent on, 27-8, 43, 63, 66, 74-5, 102-3, 110-11, 118-21, 202-3;

to contact and distance senses, ix, 95, 121, 140;

violence in emotions, xi, 134

(see also Final Common Path, Reactions, Reflex Actions)

Motors, iv, 308-9, vi, 217-63, vii, 367, 373;

advantages over engines, 223;

air-driven, v, 129-30;

alternating-current, vi, 240-63;

automatic regulation, 218, 224-9, 232;

automobile, v, 156-61;

compressed-air effects, 128;

compression and non-compression, 157;

constant-speed, vi, 231;

direct-current, 217-39;

direction of revolutions, 56;

earliest form, 21;

efficiency, 228;

efficiency in cold weather, vii, 194;

electromagnetic, vi, 95-6;

for farm purposes, vii, 223-4, 225-6, 228;

heat, Clausius's principle, xvi, 135;

individual machine, vii, 52;

in household appliances, 74, 78, 83-4, 86;

interchangeability with dynamos, iv, 54;

multiple cylinder, v, 159;

of electric cars, vii, 182-3, 185, 186;

of electric locomotives, 196, 200;

popular applications of, iv, 10;

power, on what dependent, vi, 223;

ratings, 192-4;

self-regulation of voltage, 226-8;

single-cylinder, v, 157;

speed variation and constancy, vi, 240-1;

starting and starters, 235-9, 250-5, 262-3;

synchronous, 241;

three-phase system, 206-7;

torque of, iv, 309, vi, 224-7;

toy, 95-9;

voltage generated, 247;

water and air-cooled, v, 159-61;

waterproof in U. S. Navy, vii, 332

Motor Tractors, v, 214, 215-218, 243

Motor Trucks, v, 214;

advantages to farmers, vii, 231;

growing use, 195

Motor Type of Men, xi, 155, 157, 158-9

Mott, Valentine, x, 121-2

Motus Peculiaris, ii, 346

Mound Builders, weaving of, xv, 248 (fig.)

Mountain-and-Valley Breezes, i, 131, 132, 377

Mountain Goats, xii, 325

Mountain Health Resorts, i, 322

Mountain Lions, xii, 363

Mountain Observatories, ii, 139-51

Mountain Passes, formation of, xiv, 58, 176

Mountains, Mountain Ranges, xiv, 224-6;

atmospheric pressure on, i, 28, iv, 114-15, 170, ii, 245;

block, iii, 138-9, xiv, 117, 226;

boiling point of water on, viii, 303;

Brocken specters, i, 184-5;

cirques of corries on, xiv, 58;

civilization of, xv, 129-31;

cloud caps and banners, i, 104-5;

coast lines and, xiv, 248, 249;

distinguished from plateaus, 28;

economic importance, 237-9, 245;

ephemeral character, iii, 11, 12, 130, xiv, 235;

faulted, iii, 138-9, xiv, 226;

folded, iii, 131-8, xiv, 36, 93-4, 96, 226-34;

forests on, xiv, 238-9;

formed by erosion of plateaus, iii, 139-40, xiv, 225, 226;

formation complex, iii, 140-1;

granite cores of, 112, xiv, 110-11;

heights determined by barometers, 124;

hot springs of, 143;

igneous intrusions, 228, 230, 232-3, 234;

influence of, on human history, 10, 236-45, xv, 136, 137-8;

lightning dangers, i, 156;

making of in various eras, iii, 187-91, 205-6, 213-14, 218-19, 224-6;

metamorphism in, xiv, 234;

old and young, 235-6;

ores and mines, 234, 237-8;

peoples of, 245, xv, 129-31;

plants and animals of, xiii, 321, 381, xiv, 365-6, 370, 376-7;

rainfall and, i, 111, xiv, 354-5;

rime on, i, 121-2;

rock weathering on, iii, 23, 24, xiv, 40, 233-4;

ruggedness due to erosion, 234;

St. Elmo's Fire, i, 157;

shadows in sky, 169-70;

snow-line on, iv, 183-4;

solar radiation on, i, 210;

sound intensity on, 186;

structural topography of, xiv, 94;

stunted trees, xiii, 367;

temperature on high, i, 19;

volcanic, iii, 139, xiv, 225-6, 327

(see also Volcanic Cones);

weighing of, ii, 68-9;

wind types, i, 132-3

Mountain Sickness, i, 328, ii, 144, 150

Mountain Streams, harnessing of, v, 79-81;

material transported by, xiv, 52, 233-4

Mountain Systems, xiv, 227

Mount Wilson Observatory, ii, 147-8;

program and equipment, 152-61

Mouse-hunter (weasel), xii, 349

Mousterian Implements, xv, 100, 105, 107-8

Mouth, cavity as resonance chamber, iv, 232;

dryness of, in fear, ix, 166;

germs in, x, 201, 202, 219, 289;

grasping organ, ix, 82;

opening of, in concussions, xi, 101;

"watering" of, cause, ix, 165

Movement, perceptions of, xi, 165, 166, 170-1, 184, 185

(see also Motion)

Moving Bodies, deflection by earth's rotation, i, 124-5, xiv, 32, 348;

old theory of, ii, 63

Moving Pictures, iv, 347-9;

business men and, xi, 340;

color reproduction in, iv, 369;

facial expressions in, xv, 63;

of eclipses, ii, 212

Moving Picture Machines, v, 329-31;

mercury arc rectifiers in, vi, 333

Moving Star Clusters, ii, 341-4, 379

Mozambique Channel, xiv, 273

Mudfish, xii, 152

Mud Hens, xii, 262

Mud Puppy, xii, 171

Mufflers, automobile, v, 165

Mulberry Tree, fruit, xiii, 55, 226;

paper from, v, 290

Mule Killers, xii, 167

Mullein, hairy covering, xiii, 105

Müller, Johann (1801-58), x, 117-18;

pupils of, 118, 127, 128, 131

Müller, Johann, ii, 13 (see Regiomontanus)

Multiple Proportions, law of, viii, 110

Multiplex Telegraphy, vi, 87, vii, 112-18, 373

Mummies, Egyptian, linen wrappings of, xv, 243;

scars of tuberculosis in, x, 290;

wheat grains found with, ix, 17, xiii, 211

Muriatic Acid, viii, 87

Murrayville Well, iii, 355

Muscle-and-Joint Sense, ix, 80, 90-1, 153

Muscle Cells, ix, 74-5;

action of, 78-9;

fatigue in, 81;

number unchanging, 48, 348

Muscles, action of, ix, 77-9;

action in posture, 83-4;

adrenalin effects, 171, xi, 273;

at birth, ix, 348;

blood supply, how controlled, 216-17, 220;

blood supply in emotion, xi, 136-7;

cell constitution of, ix, 22 (See Muscle Cells);

communication with sense organs, 19-20, 122, 124, 137, 139, 140;

connection with nervous system, 124-37, xi, 19, 20, 24;

control of, by brain, ix, 139-40, 141, 147, 148 (fig.);

cramps in, 313;

development and overdevelopment, x, 304;

development in embryo, xi, 34, 35;

efficiency of, ix, 296;

energy release and restoration, xi, 24-5;

exercise effects, x, 270, 303;

fatigue in, 247, xi, 271, 273-4, ix, 79-81, 83-4;

fear and anger effects on, 166-7, xi, 132, 133;

flexibility and tensions, effects, 337, 339-40, 371, 372, 374;

flexion strength, 41-2;

flexors and extensors, 54, 166, 262-3, ix, 76-7;

force of, 75;

functions in kinetic system, xi, 60;

fundamental purposes of, ix, 86;

injuries to tissues, 287, 348;

irritability of, x, 87;

mechanical action of, 71-2;

kinaesthetic sensations from, xi, 123-8;

kinds of, ix, 74-5;

metabolism of, measurement in calories, 296, 297;

motion sense in, 90-1;

origin from coelom, xii, 27;

pain in relation to, xi, 118-21;

range of effort, ix, 79;

reciprocal innervation, xi, 86;

responses (see Motor Response);

response to contact & distance sensations, ix, 95, 121, 140;

soreness of, 80-1;

strength and capacity, on what dependent, 75-6, 79;

structure, 75;

thickness and length, 75-6;

uses, different kinds of, 82-4;

wasted in starvation, 297-8

(see also Heart Muscle, Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles)

Muscle (Muscular) Senses, ix, 90-1, xi, 63, 64;

in infants, ix, 350;

organs of, 125

Muscular Motion, electricity from, vi, 16-17, 63-4

Mushrooms, character of, xiii, 43, 70;

origin, 223;

reproductive processes, 163-5

Music, fatigue diminished by, x, 247;

Hawaiian, xv, 315;

light transformed to, v, 332-5;

pitch modulations in, iv, 209;

primitive, xv, 312-15

Musical Chords, xi, 106-8

Musical Insects, xii, 109-10

Musical Instruments, development of, xv, 315-18, 325;

quality differences, iv, 233;

reed mouthpieces, 234-5;

stringed, 222-4;

wind, 231

Musical Scale, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;

tones in Indian, xv, 314

Musical Terms, from Italian, xv, 161

Musk, source of, xii, 322;

spread of odor of, iv, 131, xi, 80

Musk Deer, xii, 322

Muskox, xii, 328;

in glacial period, xiv, 376

Muskrats, xii, 289, 290

Mussels, xii, 58-67;

in lakes, xiv, 211-12

Mustangs, xii, 307

Mustard, effects on stomach, ix, 243-4;

origin, xiii, 265

Mustard Family, xiii, 197

Mustard Gas, viii, 263, 264, x, 187

Mustard Plant, fruit, xiii, 57 (fig.);

leaf, 38

Mustard Seed, xiii, 60

Mutants, Mutation, ix, 342-3, xiii, 333-4, xv, 23-4, xvi, 155

Mutilations, of body, xv, 257-60;

regeneration of, xii, 170

Muybridge, Edward, v, 330

Myer, Gen. Albert J., i, 217, 220

Myopia, ix, 112

Myotomes, xi, 34, 35

Myrtles, antiquity, xiii, 324-5

Mythology, beginnings of, xv, 357-8

Myxedema, x, 272, 349-50, 351

Nacre, xii, 59

Naias, fertilization, xiii, 151-2

Naids (Naidae) xii, 53-5, 65-6

Nails, former making of, by smiths, iv, 49

Nails (body) cells of, ix, 13

Names, and perceptions, xi, 160-1

Naphthalene, viii, 51, 240, 253

Napier, John, logarithm invention, xvi, 104

Naples, Bay of, crustal movements about, iii, 80-1

Napoleon, dissolution of Salerno University, x, 36;

Egyptian campaign, mirage, i, 172;

indigestion before Waterloo, ix, 238;

Italian campaign, xiv, 244;

military road over Alps, 241;

Russian campaign, i, 306-7;

vaccination order, x, 102-3

Napoleon III, brain weight, xv, 39

Narragansett Bay, oysters of, xii, 61;

scallop fisheries, 65

Narrow-mindedness, muscular causes, xi, 372;

of grinds and thrill-hunters, 376

Narwhales, xii, 297

Nassa, xii, 70

Nassir Eddin, ii, 39

Nasturtium, leaves, xiii, 33 (fig.);

roots, 16 (fig.);

water-dripping by, 108

Natal, forests and grasslands, xiii, 375, 376;

hailstorm, i, 119

Naticas (mollusks), xii, 73

Native Shrubs, advantages, xiii, 273;

planting table, 274-89

Natural Bridges, iii, 127 (fig.), 128

Natural Gas, iii, 354;

composition, viii, 208;

exhaustion of supply, v, 173;

found with petroleum, iii, 350-3, 354, 355;

low luminosity, viii, 60;

origin and occurrence, iii, 354-5;

waste, 355

Natural History School, of medicine, x, 113

Naturalism, development, xvi, 111, 115

Natural Sciences, xvi, 139-48

Natural Selection, x, 135, 136, xv, 23, 24, xvi, 150-1, 152;

disease and, xv, 48;

in man, xv, 47-8;

working of, xii, 293, xiii, 334-5, 346, xv, 24-5

(see also Struggle for Existence, Survival of Fittest)

Nature, actions of, former theories, iv, 18-19, 26;

complexity and interdependence in, xv, 22;

curative powers, of, x, 21, 73, 75-6, 84-5, 367, vii, 240;

cycles in, viii, 349;

efficiency of, vi, 96;

life-renewing instinct, xiii, 116-17;

Longfellow's lines, xvi, 43;

man and, contrasted by language, xi, 224;

personification of, xv, 357;

prodigality (see Prodigality of Nature);

savage attitude toward, xv, 321, 329, 331, 339;

science and the forces of, vii, 235

Nature-Philosophy School, x, 113

Naunyn, Bernard, xvi, 184

Nausea, ix, 91;

cause of, xi, 39;

visceral sense, 63

Nautical Almanacs, ii, 13, 40, 216, 263;

of Greenwich, xvi, 125

Nautilus, pearly, iii, 273-5, xii, 75-6

"Nautilus," submarine, v, 198

Navajo Indians, weaving of, xv, 247 (fig.)

Naval Architecture, problems of, v, 194

Naval Warfare, projectiles in, v, 373

Navigation, chronometers in former, v, 66;

historical development, 182, 188-9, xv, 261-5;

meteorology in, i, 271-83;

wireless applications, vii, 284-5

Neanderthal Cave, xv, 95 (fig.)

Neanderthal Man, xv, 96-8;

disappearance of, 99;

implements of, 107, 108;

period of, iii, 302, xv, 102;

skull of, iii, 304 (fig.)

Neap Tides, ii, 70, xiv, 292

Nearsightedness, ix, 112, xi, 85

Nebraska, potash supplies, viii, 279, xiv, 67;

volcanic ash deposits, 327;

water beneath, iii, 114

Nebulæ, ii, 357-60;

distribution, 352;

double, 377;

Herschel's conception, 16, 368-9;

in connection with new stars, 332, 333;

in relation to Galaxy, 355, 364-5;

in relation to stars, 308-9, 365, 381;

motions, 364;

photographic study, 135-7;

spectra, 116;

types, ring and spiral, iii, 160-1

(see also Spiral Nebulæ)

Nebular Hypothesis, ii, 367-72, 374-5, 380, iii, 159-61;

anticipated by Swedenborg, ii, 367;

applied to asteroids, 258;

in relation to earth's heat, iii, 108, 178, 184-5

Nebulium, ii, 359

Neck, arteries of, ix, 196-7;

pulse in, 311

Necropsies, x, 98

Nectar, of flowers, xiii, 124, 125

Needles, primitive, xv, 81;

threading of, ix, 118

Negative, electrical meaning, vi, 57, 124

Negative Electricity, i, 141, 142, iv, 258, 265, vi, 287, 288;

electrons as, viii, 187-8;

in atmosphere, i, 143

Negroes, color of skin, xv, 36;

hair of, 38;

in Tropics, xiv, 356;

in U. S., 218-19;

language of, xv, 159;

nose index and nostril shape, 46;

prepotency in crosses, x, 230;

susceptibility to lung diseases, xv, 50;

type characteristics, 35

(see also Black Race)

Negroes (African), belief in Reincarnation, xv, 334;

idea of soul, 330;

ideas of sleep, 332;

priests of, 350-1

Nematodes, xii, 45

Neodymium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Neolithic Period, domestic animals of, xii, 346;

implements of, iii, 302, 306, v, 14, xv, 103, 109-10

Neon, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;

production and use, i, 33;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Neotomy, xii, 173

Nephoscope, i, 86, 377

Neptune (planet), ii, 268-9;

atmosphere, 250;

comet families, 271;

discovery, 67, 79, 86, 189, 268, 272;

distance from sun, iii, 159;

habitability, ii, 250;

orbit, 270, 163;

photographic study, 133;

planets beyond, 270-3;

retrograding motion, 271;

size, 163;

rotation period, 377;

weight, 77

Nerve Cells, functions and structure, ix, 122-4, 125;

growth of, 48;

of brain, 140

(see also Connective, Motor and Sensory Nerve Cells)

Nerve Centers, of brain stem, ix, 168, 257

Nerves, color effects, vi, 274-5;

at birth, ix, 348-9;

composition and color, 124, 159-60, xi, 17;

cranial, 29-31 (see Cranial Nerves), ix, 131, 132;

distribution to muscles, 124-5, 127;

electrical excitation, vi, 63-4;

spinal, ix, 131-2, xi, 25-6;

to glands and smooth muscles, ix, 159-60, 162, 164-5

(see also Nerve Cells, Neurones)

Nerve Trunks, ix, 131-2

Nervous Actions, complex, ix, 139-54;

simple, 132-7;

special, 155-72

Nervous Activity, fundamental laws, xi, 18-23, 27-8

Nervous Diseases, electrical treatment, vi, 17, 63-4, 284-5;

electrical treatment, vii, 235, 238-9;

habit in, xi, 248;

hot baths in, x, 311;

physical attendants, 353;

physical causes, xi, 370-2;

suppressed emotions and, 140

Nervous Fatigue, ix, 137-8

Nervous Fluid Theory, x, 85-6

Nervous Prostration, x, 248

Nervous System, xi, 16-32, ix, 122-38;

brain connections in, ix, 142-4, 147-51;

complexity and mental activity, xi, 13, 20;

control of body functions by, x, 346-7, 352-3;

control of glands and smooth muscles by, ix, 159-60, 162-3, 164-5, 168;

development in embryo, 343, 344, 348-9, xi, 34-6;

emergency effects on, ix, 166-7, 171;

examination methods, x, 371;

fatigue effects, xi, 272, 274;

function (Crile), 58;

functional unit, 20;

habit in, 248;

hereditary diseases of, x, 234;

in sleep, xi, 286-8;

part of, in maintaining life, ix, 20, 21, 23;

reciprocal innervation in, xi, 86;

sympathetic, x, 352-3, xi, 134-5;

thyroid effects on, ix, 303, 304

(see also Central Nervous System)

Net Goods, v, 277

Netherlands, delta formation of, xiv, 186

Nettle, hairs of, xiii, 42

Net-veined Leaves, xiii, 32, 34, 176, 178, 183 (fig.);

classification of plants with, 60-1

Networks, electric, vii, 27, 373

Neuralgia, barometric effects, i, 329

Neurasthenic Abscess, Amatus' cure of, x, 58-9

Neurones, xi, 17-18, 20-1, 22

(see also Nerve Cells)

Neurotomes, xi, 34, 35

Neutral Coasts, xiv, 248, 254, 263-4

Nevada, mining products, iii, 366, 368, 370;

"pogonip" fogs, i, 96;

rainfall, 112;

silver mines, viii, 198;

topography, xiv, 42

Névé, granulated snow, iii, 59

New Brunswick, N. J., radio plant, vii, 274-5

Newcomen's Engine, v, 144, xvi, 125

New England, agriculture and manufacturing in, xv, 132;

building stones, iii, 371, 372;

clock making, v, 50;

cod fisheries, xii, 164;

cotton mills, xiii, 236;

"dark days", i, 56-7;

forest trees of, xiv, 372;

geological history, iii, 219, 231-2, 234, 235, 240;

glacial bowlders, 70, xiv, 59;

glacial soil of, 70;

glacial topography, 56, 60;

gorges, iii, 44;

igneous rock formations, xiv, 111, 112;

January thaws, i, 363, 376;

Labrador current effects, xiv, 305;

lakes of, 200;

mussels on coast, xii, 65;

opossums in, 275;

peneplain of southern, iii, 35;

plateau of southern, xiv, 216-17, 221, 236;

"Vineland" as, 261;

water power and manufactures, 31

Newfoundland Banks, cod fisheries of, xii, 164;

fogs, i, 93-4, 94, xiv, 305

(see also Grand Banks)

New Guinea, animals of, xii, 249, 272, 279;

bird of paradise of, xv, 275;

cockatoo of, v, 9-10;

continental island, xiv, 276;

rain forests of, 369

New Jersey, coast of, xiv, 256, 262, 263;

coast destruction, 45, 302;

coastal plain water supply, 138;

dunes on coast, iii, 71;

former copper mines, xiv, 112;

former volcanoes, 318;

igneous rock formations in, 107, 111, 112;

pine barrens, xiii, 371;

silk industry of, xiv, 269;

streams of southern, 160;

zinc production, iii, 363, 364

New Madrid Earthquake, iii, 95, 98

Newman, Cardinal, on change, xiii, 325-6, 336

New Mexico, arid topography of, xiv, 42;

mesas of, 82;

volcanic fields of, 102, 315, 317, 318;

wife auctioning by Indians, xv, 283-4

"New Mexico" (battleship), electrical operation, vii, 327-8;

induction motors, vi, 248

New Orleans, acquisition of, xiv, 193;

founding of, 192;

growth, 219;

harbor of, 270;

yellow fever epidemic, x, 160

New Orleans Inner Harbor Canal, v, 259

Newspapers, printing and presses, v, 301-5, 306;

typesetting by machine, 307-8

Newsprint, making of, v, 292, 298

New Stars (see Novae)

New Testament, sounding lines mentioned in, xiv, 284

Newton, Sir Isaac, ii, 14, 62, iv, 19-20;

forerunners of, ii, 58-9;

gravitation discovery and laws, 63-72, iv, 20, 95-8, xvi, 115-16;

Halley and, ii, 88;

influence of, on mechanics, iv, 11;

laws of motion, ii, 62-3 (see Newton's Laws);

light experiments, ii, 111, iv, 357, xvi, 119;

light theory of, iv, 47;

mathematical work, ii, 14-15, xvi, 115-16;

methods, ii, 71;

on comets, 85;

on conservation of energy, xvi, 131;

on mountain observatories, ii, 139, 140;

on precession, 70-1;

on refracting telescopes, 100, 140;

on shape of earth, 69;

on tides, 70;

on time, iv, 15;

on what gravitation is, ii, 78;

"Principia", 13, 63, 67-8, 88, xvi, 105, 115;

sound velocity law, iv, 198;

telescopes, ii, 102, 103

Newton's Laws of Motion, ii, 62-3, 66, iv, 61-9;

anticipated by Galileo, ii, 56, iv, 19;

applicability, 86;

based on absolute space and time, 16, 18;

discovered under apple tree, v, 109

Newts, xii, 169, 170-3

New Vienna School, x, 113

New York (City), Beach's subway, v, 138;

Broadway lighting, vii, 340-1;

croton bugs of, xii, 107;

Croton Dam, iv, 119;

crowds after Lincoln's death, xi, 323;

Edison system, vi, 151, xvi, 188;

five-cent fare, vii, 198;

garbage value, viii, 330;

geological changes around, iii, 78, 79;

growth, to what due, xiv, 267-8;

"hobble-skirt" cars, vii, 184;

insects around, xii, 99;

magnetism of earth at, iv, 247, 249, 250, 252;

Penn. R. R. station, xiv, 146;

region west of, iii, 211 (fig.);

sewage disposal, viii, 325;

submachine guns for police, v, 368;

subway excavating, 261;

subways, air-brake system, 132-3;

subways, dust, i, 325;

subways, electrolytic corrosion, vi, 66;

synchronized electric service, 384;

telephone connections with Los Angeles, 367-8;

telephone exchanges, vii, 103;

telephones in, 75;

telephones, automatic, vi, 87, vii, 92, 106;

temperature range, xiv, 346;

terminals electrified, vi, 162, vii, 181-2, 193-4;

underground wire systems, 12, 14, 24;

water supply, viii, 317, xiv, 140;

weathering in climate of, iii, 23;

wireless device in Times Square, vii, 280

New York Harbor, developing shore lines, iii, 58;

dredging of Ambrose Channel, v, 257-8;

formation of, xiv, 255, 268;

lighterage conditions, 266-7;

sedimentary deposits, 268-9;

wireless piloting, vii, 284-5

New York (State), drumlins, iii, 69, xiv, 60;

finger lakes, 203, 211;

forest trees of, 372;

geological history, iii, 195-6, 231-2, 234-5, 219, 240, 243-5;

glacial bowlders, 70;

glacial soil of, xiv, 70;

glacial topography, 56, 60, 61;

gorges, iii, 44, 243, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2;

gypsum deposits, iii, 376;

lakes, how formed, 143-4, 145;

lakes, number, xiv, 200;

oyster industry, xii, 61;

salt deposits, iii, 375, viii, 140;

weather observations, organized, i, 215

New Zealand, coasts, xiv, 258, 264;

geological history, 275-6;

Maori of (see Maori);

native carvings in, xv, 300;

ratite birds of, xii, 249;

sheep plant, xiii, 379;

sheep-raising in, xiv, 384;

snakes absent from, xii, 217;

spinach in, xiii, 224;

travertine terraces, xiv, 146;

tuatera of, xii, 183-4

Niagara Falls, electric furnace industries at, vii, 302;

harnessing of, vi, 368-70;

origin and history, iii, 45-7, 243;

rate of recession, 246;

verticality due to undermining, xiv, 133;

working power, vi, 47

Niagara Falls Power Plant, vi, 368-78;

load factor and charges, 381;

phased with Canadian plant, 384

Niagara Limestone, iii, 192

Niagara River, drop in, vi, 368;

due to Ice Age, iii, 243;

first impressiveness, vii, 202;

gorge of, xiv, 51

"Niagaras," Electric, i, 342, 343-4

Nickel, viii, 126-7, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

classification place, 178, 183;

electrical conductivity, iv, 283, vi, 77;

fusibility, viii, 384;

in earth's interior, xiv, 11;

in steel alloys, xiv, 238;

magnetic susceptibility, iv, 251;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

ores of, viii, 198, 270;

positiveness, vi, 59;

source, xiv, 238;

test for, viii, 287, 289

Nickel-Iron Batteries, vi, 149-51

Nickel Plating, vii, 314, 316-17

Nicol's Prism, iv, 354

Nieve Penitente, i, 117, 377

Niger River, furrow of, xiv, 287;

Park's explorations, xvi, 123

Night, cooling of earth at, i, 121;

"falling" of, xi, 173;

plant conduct at, xiii, 88-9, 113, 114, 126

Night Adders, xii, 232

Night-Blooming Plants, fertilization, xiii, 152-3

Nightingales, xii, 269

Nightjar Family, xii, 267

Nightshade, xiii, 250

Nile River, aerial photography, i, 46-7;

ancient harnessing, v, 19;

annual overflow of, xiv, 53, 70-1;

bichir of, xii, 151;

Bruce's exploration, xvi, 123;

connections with Congo system, xiv, 186-7;

course of, 120, 155;

crocodiles of, xii, 199;

dominance of Egyptian life, ii, 26;

Egypt gift of, xiv, 71;

gobar of upper region, i, 96;

hippopotamus of, xii, 310;

length and volume, xiv, 189;

rafts used on, xv, 264-5;

veneration in Egypt, v, 18;

water supply of, xiv, 182-3

Nile Valley, antiquity of man in, xv, 84;

fertility, xiv, 71;

sand-abrasion of granite bluffs, 77

Nimbus Clouds, i, 98, 101, 103, 377

Ninevah, burying of, iii, 75

Ninevah Eclipse, ii, 209

Nipissing Lakes, iii, 150, 151

Nirvana, xv, 334

Niton, viii, 185;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

in atmosphere, i, 11, 12

Nitrate Group, viii, 93;

in explosives, 71

Nitrates, cellulose forms, viii, 254-5;

Chilian deposits, i, 35;

viii, 64, 197, xiv, 66;

commercial production, i, 35-6, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74;

formation in soil, i, 35, viii, 340, 345, xiii, 98;

metal occurrence in, viii, 130;

test, 290;

uses, 72;

arterial spasm, x, 381

(see also Potassium, Silver, Sodium Nitrates)

Nitric Acid, character and uses, viii, 71-3, 115, 116;

in atmosphere, i, 13;

production of, 36, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74, 137, 275;

solubility, 112;

strength, 115

Nitro, defined, viii, 379

Nitrocellulose, viii, 255, 256, 261

Nitro Compounds, viii, 237;

in explosives, 71

Nitrogen, viii, 18, 64-8;

agricultural needs and sources, i, 34, vii, 321, viii, 73-4, 75, 280, 340, 341, 343, 345-6, xiv, 64-5, 66;

atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 34, vii, 321-2, viii, 67;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

chemical inertness, i, 12-13;

critical temperature, 29, iv, 173;

derivatives, viii, 229-30

(see also Amines);

elimination from body, 353-4, x, 342;

fixation, natural and artificial, i, 13, 33, 34-7, 153, vii, 301, 321-4, 352-3, viii, 66, 73-5, 153, 345-6, x, 193-4, xiii, 98, xiv, 66, xvi, 165;

freed by combustion and decay, viii, 61, 330, 345-6;

in blood effects, i, 329, v, 120, x, 346;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 80;

in explosives, viii, 63, 345-6;

in garbage, 330;

in proteins, 64-5, 340, 351, ix, 29, 279, 282, 284, x, 270, 277;

industrial uses, i, 33, 34;

liquefaction of, iv, 171;

melting point, 162;

preparation from air, viii, 65-6;

production from liquid air, i, 30, 32, 34, viii, 67, 68, 274;

solubility in water, 40, 111;

spectrum of, i, 161

Nitrogen Compounds, viii, 64, 68-74;

by-products of coke, 46-7;

in air, i, 13;

in animal body, viii, 353-4;

instability, 66;

organic, 229-30;

vitamines, 369

Nitrogen Cycle, viii, 73, 334, 335, 349;

practical applications, 325-6, 330, 340, 345-6

Nitrogenous Waste, x, 270

Nitroglycerine, viii, 63, 247-8, 260, 261

Nitrous Acid, viii, 115;

in atmosphere, i, 13;

production, 36

Nitrous Oxide, viii, 70-1;

as anesthetic, x, 123-4;

critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Nobody Crabs, xii, 89

Noctilucent Clouds, i, 17-18, 58, 377

Nodes, of moon, ii, 197

Nodes, of vibrations, iv, 217

Noguchi, Hideyo, x, 173

Noises, awe roused by, xi, 147;

qualities of, 104

Nomadic Life, xv, 128, xiv, 141

Nonconductors, (electrical) iv, 259, vi, 77, 294, vii, 373;

nonmetals as, viii, 126

Nonmetals, viii, 17-19, 84, 126, 379;

in body tissues, 354;

manufacture and uses, 274-5;

negative ionization, 122;

oxides of, 20, 39;

periodic classification, 181;

plants needs of, 337, 341;

tests, 289-90;

union with metals, 20, 32

Nordic Group, xvi, 48-9, 50

Norfolk, Va., harbor of, xiv, 268

Noria, ancient use of, v, 19

Normals, meteorological, i, 204, 378

North Africa, civet cat of, vii, 353;

civilization in, xiv, 196;

mormoids of, xii, 154;

vultures of, 260;

zoölogy of, xiv, 291

North America, ancient camels of, xii, 313;

animals (carnivora), 340, 342-3, 349;

birds of, 268-9;

climate of eastern, xiv, 346-7;

climate on opposite coasts, 345;

coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, 25-6, 40, 247-8, 249-50;

cyclones and tornadoes, i, 137;

drainage systems, xiv, 190;

exploration and settlement, 196-7, 310-11;

forests of, 371, 372-4, 375-6;

former connection with Asia, xii, 313, xiii, 351, xiv, 30;

former connection with Europe, 290;

frogs of, xii, 180;

fur animals of, 350;

geological history, iii, 164-248;

Ice Age and resulting topography, 62, 236-48, xiv, 3, 30, 43, 59-62, 200, xv, 74-6;

indigenous plants, xiv, 382;

no absolute deserts in, xiii, 377;

Northmen in, xiv, 261;

rainfall of, 360;

rivers in history, 31, 190-5, 196-7;

snails of, xii, 69, 71;

tobacco used by natives, xiii, 256;

trees of, xiv, 375-7;

Urodela of, xii, 170-2

North American Basin, xiv, 288-9

North Atlantic Ocean, birds of, xii, 251, 252, 253;

currents of, xiv, 304;

deep sea life in, xii, 23;

formation of, xiv, 290;

giant squids of, xii, 79-80;

herring fisheries, 156;

limacina of, 19;

sharks of, 145, 146;

temperature of, xiv, 297;

walruses of, xii, 334;

weather charts, i, 275, 276

North Beach, Florida, wave power at, xiv, 300

North Cape, level changes at, xiv, 34

North Carolina, Appalachian Mts. in, xiv, 97, 168;

coast of, 264;

thermal belts, i, 259;

trap dikes of, xiv, 112-13

Northern Hemisphere, cradle of flowering plants, xiii, 319;

deflection of motion in, i, 125;

dip of magnetic needle in, iv, 245-6;

forests of, xiv, 371;

land in, 20;

winds of, i, 125, 127, 128, 137, xiv, 345-6, 348

Northern Lights, i, 158 (see Aurora)

Northmen, history of, xiv, 261-2

North Pole, rain at, i, 109

North Sea, commerce development in, xiv, 308;

formation of, 287;

formerly land, xv, 76;

herring fisheries, xii, 156

Norway, barley ripening in, xiv, 365;

civilization of, xv, 131;

coasts, iii, 57, 79;

coasts, xiv, 247, 258, 259

(see also Fjords);

glaciers of, 55;

Gulf Stream effects, 304;

latitude of, 315;

nitrogen fixation, i, 36, vii, 324, viii, 74;

plain on west coast, xiv, 47

Nose, adaptation to odors, xi, 80;

bones of, ix, 62;

cartilage in, 57;

cleanings of, x, 312;

cold effects on, ix, 311;

functions and diseases of, x, 341;

germ infection through, 198, 202, 219;

in infants, xv, 61;

nerve connections, xi, 81-2;

organ of smell, 62, 78;

passages, 77;

plastic surgery of, x, 57, 189;

racial types, xv, 45-6;

smell organs in, ix, 96;

violent blowing, danger, xi, 101;

X-ray examinations of, x, 373

Nose Rings, xv, 259 (fig.), 260

Nostrils, of monkeys, xii, 376;

racial shapes of, xv, 46

Notes, musical, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;

of Indian scale, xv, 311;

pitch and intervals, iv, 205-6, ix, 99-100;

pitch changes by motion, iv, 210;

quality of, to what due, 233

Notochord, xii, 128;

in lancelets, 129

Novae, or New Stars, ii, 331-3;

explanation, 329;

in class of variables, 324;

location, 328;

outbursts, 328-9

Nova Scotia, coal beds, iii, 199;

Vineland as, xiv, 261

Nuclei, chemical, xvi, 162

Nuggets, iii, 367

Numbers, development of systems of, xv, 180-4;

Pythagorean theory, xvi, 80

Numerals, Arabic, xvi, 103;

Babylonian, 60-1

Nummulites, iii, 235

Nut Butter, source, xiii, 10, 220

Nuthatches, xii, 268

Nutmeg, xiii, 261-2

Nutrition, chemistry of, viii, 348-72;

defective, due to under-chewing, ix, 228;

deficiency of, disease from, x, 255-68, 314;

problem of, in therapy, 382;

stimulated by light, 253

(see also Diet, Food)

Nuts, food value, viii, 366;

oil in, 246

Nymphs (aquatic larvæ), xii, 106

Oak-Hazel Copses, xiii, 369-70

Oak Trees, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

family, 193;

fertilization, 148;

flowers without petals, 190;

index plants, i, 255;

in American forests, xiv, 373;

in Danish Peat bogs, xv, 87;

in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

northern limit, 367;

rate of increase of, xv, 19, 21

Oaths, judicial, xv, 373-4

Oats, food value, viii, 364;

native of Old World, xiii, 182;

vitamines in, x, 262

Obelisks, Egyptian, ii, 24

Obesity, x, 272-5

Obsequent Streams, xiv, 160, 174

Observatories, ancient, ii, 37, 38, 39;

mountain, 139-51;

first European, xvi, 100

Occupational Diseases, x, 244-6

Occupational Fatigue, xi, 270

Occupational Postures, xi, 371, 372

Ocean, Oceans, annual discharge of rivers into, xiv, 135;

atmospheric conditions over, i, 13, 14, 143-4, vii, 212;

basins and shoal water line, xiv, 24-6, 287-8;

basins, topographical features, iii, 52, xiv, 27, 286-90;

birds of, xii, 251-4, 258, 264;

chemical elements in, xiii, 196-7;

circulation of water in, xiv, 298-9, 303-5;

color of, viii, 40;

coloring, to what due, xii, 17, xvi, 147;

density of water in, v, 195-6, xii, 21-2;

deposits on floor, iii, 52-5, 168, xiv, 284-6;

depths, iii, 51, xii, 21, xiii, 72, xiv, 23-4, 26-7, 288-9, 290

(see also Deep Sea);

depths still a mystery, v, 202;

divisions, xiv, 22;

earthquakes in, 336-7;

erosive work (see Ocean Waves);

evaporation, vii, 212;

exploration of, xiv, 283-4;

extent of distribution, 20-3, iii, 51;

faulting in bed of, xiv, 39;

floors, general flatness, iii, 52, xiv, 24, 284;

floor level changes, iii, 83, 168, 206, xiv, 34, 253;

floors never land, iii, 55, xiv, 290;

floor, ooze of, xii, 17-18;

former extensions, iii, 12, 54, 55, 130, 132, 165-224 (maps), 235, xiii, 298-9, xiv, 19;

heating and cooling of, 346;

historical importance, 305-11;

metals found in, viii, 148;

meteorology of, i, 271-83;

organic life of, xii, 16-24, xvi, 146-8;

organic life in relation to salts, ix, 174, 175;

phosphorescence of, xii, 18-20, 84;

potassium compounds in, viii, 143, 279;

power from, v, 174 (see Tides, Ocean Waves);

pressure of water in, v, 95, 201;

salinity, iii, 51-2, viii, 138-9, 195, 196, 279, xiv, 295-6;

salt of early, ix, 175-6;

soundings, xiv, 284;

surface form and tides, 291-5;

temperature layers, xii, 21-2, xiv, 297-9;

theories of origin, iii, 160, 163;

thunder audibility, i, 193;

volcanoes in, xiv, 285-6;

wind and pressure belts, i, 128-9;

wind charts, 271-6

Ocean Commerce, development of, xiv, 305-11

Ocean Currents, xiv, 303-5;

altering courses, i, 345;

charts, 271-6;

deflection by earth's rotation, xiv, 32;

plant and animal distribution by, 277, 278;

seed-dispersal by, xiii, 346-8

Oceanic Islands, xiv, 276-9;

plants of, xiii, 348

Ocean Steamers, development, v, 192-4;

strains on, 194;

turbines in, 153-4

Ocean Waves, base level of erosion, xiv, 254;

cause, 299;

coast destruction by, iii, 55-7, xiv, 44, 45, 46, 299-303;

length, vi, 269;

motion, v, 124;

power uses, 174;

quelled by compressed air, 124-5

Ocelots, xii, 364

Octopus, xii, 77

Odorous Oils, in mint plants, xiii, 205

Odors, ix, 97;

adaptation to, 97, xi, 80-1;

agreeable, enjoyment of, ix, 98;

classification, xi, 79;

digestion and, x, 320;

inhibition effects, xi, 81;

perception of, ix, 96, 97;

spread of, iv, 131

Odyssey, historic value of, xv, 323-4

Oersted, Hans Christian, vi, 19-20;

electromagnetic discovery, iv, 276;

on waterspouts, i, 356

Ogden River Canyon, iii, 39;

thrust faults in, 92

Ohm, Dr. S. G., vi, 21-2

Ohm's Law, iv, 281-2, vi, 22, 74-5, vii, 373;

applied in meter construction, 157-8;

anticipated by Cavendish, vi, 17;

for alternating currents, 164-5, 169-70

Ohmmeter, vi, 80

Ohms, electrical resistance unit, iv, 282, 284, vi, 71, 74-5, 170, 171, vii, 373;

method of measuring, 165-6 (see Ohm's Law)

Ohio, corn-crops and weather, i, 245-8;

glacial drift in, xiv, 170

Ohio River, drainage changes, iii, 245;

water supply and sewage, viii, 318

Ohio Valley, floods, i, 110-11

Oil, fuel on battleships, vii, 328;

Crude (see Petroleum), films of, colors in, iv, 377;

shark's, xii, 146-7;

turtle, 194;

use in lessening friction, v, 203

Oildag, vii, 300

Oil of Vitriol, iii, 336, viii, 83

Oil Pools, iii, 380

Oils, defined, viii, 244

Oils, Fatty, viii, 244, 245, 246, 247;

as food, 363;

hydrogenation of, 232, 247;

insolubility, 112;

preserving of, 371;

vegetable (see Vegetable Oils)

Oil Wells, drilling of, v, 265-7;

from diatom deposits, ix, 28;

gushers, iii, 353-4;

productiveness and life of, 353

Okapi, xii, 321-2

Okeechobee, Lake, xiv, 200

Old Age, cause of degeneration in, x, 201;

feelings of time in, xi, 194;

jaws in, ix, 57

"Old Probabilities", i, 216-17

Old Testament, hygienic laws in, x, 15;

morality of, xv, 374

Old Vienna School, x, 77, 104

Old Wives' Remedies, xiii, 249

Oleic Acid, viii, 221

Olfactory Nerve, ix, 142, xi, 29-30, 81-2

Oligoclase, iii, 329

Olive Oil, chemical nature, viii, 231;

making of, by plants, ix, 28, xiii, 95;

substitutes for, viii, 363

Olives, acquired taste for, xi, 72, 73;

origin, xiii, 226

Olivine, iii, 334

Omega Centauri, ii, 136, 336-7, 338-9

Omens, belief in, xv, 355

Omicron Ceti, type of variables, ii, 324-5, 327

Onions, antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 266;

bulb, xiii, 25 (fig.);

in lily family, 184;

origin, 223;

underground, stems, 23

Ontario, glacial soil of, xiv, 70, 170;

Keewatin series, iii, 169;

lakes, 143;

oldest fossils in, 250

Ontario, Lake, increasing altitude, iii, 82

Oozes, deep-sea, iii, 54, xii, 18, 19, xiv, 285

Opals, iii, 334-5

Opaque Bodies, iv, 324;

X-ray examination, vii, 253-5

Open Hearth Furnaces, v, 320-2, 323

Open-Hearth Process, viii, 160, 269

Opium, history and sources, xiii, 253-4;

use of, in tropics, xv, 126-7

Oppolzer, Johannes von, x, 113

Opossums, xii, 274-6, 278;

embryological resemblances, xv, 54;

instinct of, xi, 46

Optical Illusions, iv, 323, xi, 184-90;

due to atmospheric refractions, i, 171-4, iv, 326-9

Optic Nerve, ix, 110 (fig.), 124, 142, xi, 29-30, 84-5;

discovery, xvi, 82;

retina and, iv, 346;

stimuli affecting, x, 118

Optics, atmospheric, i, 164-85;

"father of physiologic", x, 97;

history of development, xvi, 101, 119

Optimal Temperature, xi, 51

Optophone, v, 332-5, 384

Orange (color), complementary color of, iv, 367;

heat color, 361;

soothing effects, vi, 274, 275

Orange Juice, for babies, ix, 347

Oranges, food values, x, 266, 268;

origin, xiii, 226;

spread, 354;

true berries, 54

Orang-utan, xii, 381, 383;

compared with man, xv, 59;

of Bronx Garden, v, 9

Orators, advantages over writers, xv, 145;

limited speeches of ancient, v, 62;

pitch of voice of, iv, 232

Orchards, frost protection, i, 259, 332;

warm and cold spots, 258-9

Orchestras, sounds of, iv, 199

Orchid Family, xiii, 184-7

Orchids, aerial roots, xiii, 20-1;

butterfly, 145;

epiphytic, 362;

fertilization, 144-5;

flowers, 50;

highest of monocotyledons, 181;

illustrations, 145-7;

leaves of saprophytic, 100;

Madagascar, 48;

seeds, 154, 344;

vanilla, 259-60;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Ordeals, xv, 373

Ordovician Period, iii, 20, 185-91, 381;

plants and animals, 251, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 277, 281;

sea extensions in, 183 (fig.)

Ore Deposits, iii, 355-70, viii, 197-200

Oregon, block mountains, iii, 139;

earthquakes in, xiv, 331;

forests of, 374;

lava formations, 102, 104, 318;

storm waves on coast, 300

Ores, defined, iii, 381, viii, 197;

electrolytic refining, vii, 319-21;

extraction of metals from, viii, 131, 269-72;

in metamorphic rocks, xiv, 234, 237;

veins, how formed, iii, 126

Oresme, Nicole, xvi, 101

Organic, defined, viii, 380

Organic Acids, viii, 52, 219-21, 336

Organic Chemical Industries, viii, 241-66

Organic Chemistry, viii, 52, 204-40;

beginnings, xvi, 162

Organic Compounds, viii, 51-2, 204, 205;

character of series, 207;

colors, 85-6, 258, 312;

explosion of, 63;

interchange of groups, 211;

physical state and molecular complexity, 298;

solubility in water, 37

Organic Life, beauty universal, xvi, 145-6;

climatic influences, 141-2;

distinction from inorganic realm, xii, 13-14;

origin, xiii, 300-1, xvi, 144-5, 149;

no traces in meteors, ii, 292;

studies of Mayer and Helmholtz, xvi, 142

(see also Life)

Organic Liquids, solubility, viii, 112

Organic Matter, chemical constituents, viii, 18, 29, 34, 42, 64;

food of animals, 349;

formed by plants, xiii, 14;

in atmospheric dust, i, 60-1;

in soils, viii, 339-40;

in waters, 40-1

Organicists, school of, x, 86

Organisms, binomial nomenclature, x, 84;

cell constitution, 119, xv, 16, xvi, 142;

chemical basis of, xii, 10-13;

chemistry of, viii, 204-5, 348-72;

chemosynthetic, xii, 15;

earliest, xiii, 299, 303;

frames and shells, xvi, 145;

growth and forms due to physical laws, xvi, 142, 144-5;

growth compared with crystallization, iii, 311;

metals congenial to, viii, 148;

microscopic (see Germs);

reproduction of, x, 228;

symmetry in, xvi, 155;

variations, meristic and substantive, xvi, 155;

vestiges in oldest rocks, iii, 249-50 (see Animals, Plants)

Organogens, viii, 18

Organs (physical), disordered functions of, x, 318-65;

vital function testing, 376-9, 382-3

Organs (musical), iv, 228-31;

flue and reed styles, 234-5;

intervals on, 208;

temperature effects on, 231-2;

pipes of, xv, 316

Oribasius, x, 31

Oriental Gobies, fins of, xii, 134

Orientation, in ancient temples, ii, 25-6

Orinoco Basin, arrau turtle of, xii, 193-4;

chocolate in, xiii, 234;

jaguars of, xii, 362

Orinoco River, caribes of, xii, 160;

connections with Amazon, xiv, 187

Orioles, xii, 269

Orion, great nebula in, ii, 357, 359, 363, 364;

moving clusters of, 343;

distortions from sun's motion, 306

Orion Stars, ii, 117;

moving clusters among, 343;

radial velocities, 308

Orkney Islands, wave action at Wick, xiv, 300

Ornaments, bodily, xv, 253-4

Ornithorhynchus, xii, 272

Orongo, Mongolian, xii, 327

Orpathology, x, 318

Orräus, of Russia, x, 164

Orris Root, source, xiii, 189

Orthoclase, iii, 328;

hardness of, 320

Orthodontia Appliances, xi, 373

Orthoptera, xii, 107-10

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, quoted, xii, 13

Osborn, Prof., on cave pictures, xv, 115-16;

on Neanderthal Man, 97

Osborne, J. W., i, 319

Oscillation Circuits, vii, 263, 265, 373-4;

theory of, 286-98

Oscillation Generators, vii, 273-8, 290-1

Oscillations, electric, iv, 313, 314, vii, 373-4;

damped and undamped (see Damped, Undamped Waves)

Oscillations, in planetary system, ii, 75

Osler, Sir William, x, 150-2;

on conceptions of disease and therapy, 380;

on Pasteur, 144;

on sleeping sickness, 169;

on yellow fever germ, 162-3;

on hardened arteries, x, 335

Osler's Disease, x, 152

Osler's Spots, x, 152

Osmium, viii, 172;

symbol and atomic weight, 383;

valence, 178, 180

Osmosis, xiii, 91-2, 93-4

Osmotic Pressure, viii, 113, xiii, 93-4;

bursting of fern spores by, 156;

discovery and law, xvi, 164;

in solutions, viii, 123, 311;

water supplied to plants by, xiii, 102

Ostracoderms, iii, 260, 281-2

Ostracods, xii, 18-19

Ostriches, xii, 249;

hunting of, by bushmen, xv, 134-5, 222

Ostrich Fern, xiii, 159

Ostrich Plumes, xii, 244

Ostwald, chemical work, xvi, 164, 165

Ostwald's Imperative, xi, 257

Oswego Tea Plant, xiii, 201, 205

Ottoman Turks, conquests of, xiv, 308-9

Otters, xii, 347

Ouachita Range, xiv, 227

Oughtred, William, xvi, 104

Ounce (leopard), xii, 357

Outcrop, defined, iii, 381

Outdoor Treatment, x, 240-1

Outgoing Reactions, xi, 54-6, 146

Outriggers, xv, 263-4

Outwash Plains, iii, 68-9

Ouzels, xii, 268

Ovaries, of plants, xiii, 46, 54-5, 118;

beginnings, 317-18;

grouping of plants by, 173-5;

superior and inferior, 202-3

Ovariotomy, x, 122, 147

Over-Compound Generators, vi, 189-90

Overeating, auto-intoxication by, xi, 370;

hardened arteries from, x, 335

Overhead Transmission, vii, 10-11, 14-24, 25

(see also Trolley System);

in telephony, 104, 105

Overheated Liquids, viii, 304

Overshot Wheels, v, 76

Overtones, iv, 213;

of organs, 230-1;

quality of sounds due to, 233

Overwork, fatigue from, xi, 269, 272, 371;

muscular soreness from, ix, 81

Ovules, plant, xiii, 118, 119;

action of fertilized, 153;

naked and enclosed, 173-5

Owen, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Owens Automobile, vi, 104

Owen's Valley, California, earthquake of, xiv, 334, 335

Owls, xii, 267

Oxalic Acid, viii, 222, 336

Oxbow Streams and Lakes, iii, 34, xiv, 162

Oxford University, foundation, xvi, 100

Oxidation, defined, viii, 380;

in water, 35;

of organic substances, 266;

of sewage, 326, 327;

of iron, v, 316 (see Rusting);

power extraction by, ix, 16, 24

Oxide of Manganese, ancient use of, xv, 113

Oxides, defined, viii, 380;

chemical formation, 11-13, 20, 36;

combinations with water, 38-9;

extraction of metals from, 47, 131, 271;

metallic and nonmetallic, 20;

ores, 47, 198

Oxyacetylene Blowpipe, i, 33

Oxy-acids, viii, 98, 380

Oxyhemoglobin, ix, 259-60

Oxygen, viii, 17, 34-6;

affinities, i, 12, viii, 33, 36, 47, 77, 85, 87, 134, 155;

amount inspired in sleep, xi, 283, 285;

atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 24, 25;

atmospheric, viii, 67;

atomic weight, 33, 39, 383;

atomic weight base, 92;

body needs and supply, ix, 198-9, 253-62, 267-8, x, 338-9;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

carriers of, viii, 71;

carrying of, in blood, ix, 182-3, 258-61, x, 338-9;

combustion and, i, 10, iv, 138, viii, 12-13, 53, 54, 55-6, 61;

consumption by gas lighting, vi, 264;

consumption of, in exercise, ix, 261-2;

corrosion of metals by, viii, 13;

critical temperature, i, 29, iv, 174;

deficiency effects, i, 322, 328, ix, 268, x, 238, xi, 371;

density of, iv, 110;

diffusibility, viii, 108;

discovery, 34, 170, xiv, 65, xvi, 120;

energy source, viii, 268;

elimination from body, 353;

explosion with hydrogen, viii, 62;

hydrocarbon derivatives, 52, 212, 216-20;

importance, i, 24, 25;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 80;

in coal series, iii, 345;

in earth's crust, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192;

in organic compounds, 64, 204;

in proteins, 351;

in steel making, vii, 321;

in water, viii, 39-40, x, 26;

industrial uses, i, 32-3, viii, 274;

liquefied, i, 29, iv, 171, viii, 68;

melting point, iv, 162;

molecular structure, viii, 26-7, 36;

molecular velocity in, iv, 133, viii, 24;

most active form, 36, 41;

negativeness of, 31;

necessity of, to life, ix, 16, 18, 22, 267-8;

plant uses of, viii, 336-7, 340-1, xiii, 14, 80, 81, 109, xiv, 64-5;

potential energy in, iv, 82;

preparation, viii, 34-5;

production by plants, 49, 335, xiii, 81, 82, 109, xiv, 65;

production from liquid air, i, 30, 32-3, viii, 68, 274;

production from nitric acid and nitrates, 72;

production from water, 30, 31, 274;

rock decomposition by, 194, iii, 24, 25;

rusting produced by, 25;

solubility in water, viii, 35, 40, 111;

supply of, in air, ix, 254, 267-8;

symbol, viii, 383;

valences to, 178, 179-80

Oxygen Compounds, viii, 20, 34, 36-41, 70-4

Oxygen Cycle, viii, 334, 350

Oysters, iii, 260, 272, xii, 58-63;

enemies and destroyers, 50, 70, 72, 73;

food procuring by, ix, 19, 74;

raw, digestion of, 233

Oyster-Shells, deposits of, iii, 272

Ozone, i, 15-16, 378, vii, 353-5;

activity of, viii, 36;

allotropic form of oxygen, 43;

electrical production, vii, 238-9, 301;

molecular structure, viii, 26, 36;

production by lightning, i, 153

Pacas, xii, 289

Pacific Coast, geological changes, iii, 213, 222, 214 (maps);

ports and commerce of, xiv, 269;

potash from seaweeds, viii, 279;

seaweed of, xiii, 27, xiv, 67, 68;

shellfish of, xii, 62, 65, 68, 74;

thunderstorms rare, vii, 218;

width of continental shelf, xiv, 285

Pacific Coastal Plain, xiv, 215

Pacific Coast Forest, xiv, 374

Pacific Drainage System, xiv, 189-90

Pacific Islands, xiv, 277;

coco palm of, xv, 125;

weapons of, xv, 216, 219

Pacific Ocean, climate on opposite coasts, xiv, 345;

coral reefs in, 264;

currents of, 304, 305;

depths, iii, 51, xiv, 23;

extent, 22;

herring of, xii, 156;

salmon of, 157;

seals of, 333-4;

sharks of, 145, 146;

shoal-water belt, xiv, 25;

temperatures, 297;

trade winds, i, 127;

unchanged for ages, iii, 55;

volcanic dust in, 55;

whales of, xii, 298

Pacific Type of Coasts, xiv, 247-9, 250

Pack Rats, acquisitiveness of, xii, 292-3

Packing, Maudsley's cup leather, v, 99, 376

Paddle-fish, xii, 151

Paget, Sir James, xvi, 184

Pain, xi, 116-21;

"arrival platform" for, ix, 146;

contact sense of, 91;

expression of, by dogs and monkeys, xv, 64-5;

no space perception by, xi, 164;

organs and nerves in skin, ix, 314;

purpose as warning, 87;

sense of, in infants, 349;

use of morphine in, x, 381

Painter Fogs, i, 96-7, 378

Painting, art of, beginnings and development, xv, 108-9, 110-16, 120-1, 297-303, 325;

by compressed air, i, 29, iv, 130, v, 136;

of body, xv, 255-6

Paintings, depth impressions in, ix, 120;

skies in, i, 105

Paints, ancient, xv, 113-14;

chemistry of, viii, 264-6;

colors of, iv, 369-70;

drying oils in, viii, 245, 247;

lead in, 162;

linseed oil in, 231

Pajero, xii, 364

Paleolithic Man, iii, 303-5;

horses of, xii, 307;

implements of, xv, 103, 105-9;

state of, xiii, 209-10

Paleontology, defined, iii, 381;

history, xvi, 169, 170, 172

Paleophytology, xvi, 167

Paleozoic Era, iii, 20, 381;

animals, 263, 266-75, 276-8, 284, 285, xii, 49, 75, 104, 142, 151, 165;

climatic zones in, iii, 173;

divisions and species of, xv, 71;

plants, iii, 251-5;

rocks and history, 179-207;

vertebrates absent, 261

Paleozoic Rocks, iii, 179-207;

recognizable by fossils, 174, 179;

why rich in fossils, 264

Palestine, ancient rain measurements, i, 68, 213;

climate changes in, xiv, 361-2, 379;

maritime plain of, xv, 138

Palisades of the Hudson, iii, 111, 212, xiv, 108-9, 122;

blocks at foot of, 76;

jointing at Bergen Cut, 133

Palladium, viii, 173;

as catalyzer, 103;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Pallas, meteor found by, ii, 284

Pallas (asteroid), discovery, ii, 255;

orbit, 258

Pallor, causes of, x, 337;

temporary, ix, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166

Palm Beach, millionaires at, xi, 52

Palmer, Dr. G. T., i, 323

Palm Family, xiii, 188

Palmitic Acid, viii, 220, 221, 350

Palm Kloof, xiv, 369-70

Palm Oil, African development and, xiii, 11;

source, xiv, 383;

vegetable fat, viii, 246

Palm-Oil Tree, xiii, 188

Palms, cocoanut, xiii, 219-20;

first appearance, xiii, 319;

in tropics, distribution of, xiv, 368;

leaves of, xiii, 176;

monocotyledons, 178;

trunks of, 26

Paloverde, leaves of, xiii, 379

Pamias, rock disintegration on, xiv, 73-4

Pamlico Sound, bar of, xiv, 264

Pampas, absence of trees in, xiv, 381;

armadillo burrows on, xii, 284;

cattle-raising and agriculture on, xiv, 384;

dust whirls, i, 60;

flatness of, xiv, 158, 216;

grass and other plants of, xiii, 375-6;

grasses, drying of, xiv, 381;

horses of, xii, 307;

true plains, xiv, 218

Pampas-Cat, xii, 364

Panacea, x, 16

Panaceas, medicinal, x, 41

Panama Canal, Caribbean traffic, i, 282;

Chagres River and, xiv, 195;

dredges used, v, 255-6;

material excavated, 258

Panama Canal Zone, health conditions, i, 327, x, 162;

sanitary control, costs, xiv, 344, 356;

temperatures, i, 209

Panama, Isthmus of, anteaters of, xii, 283;

earthquakes on, xiv, 331;

pearl fisheries of, xii, 62;

sea devils of, 150;

temperature, i, 208-9;

yellow fever extermination, x, 162, xiv, 356, 357

Pancreas, functions of, ix, 237, x, 330, 347;

secretin effects on, 325

Pancreatic Juice, viii, 358, ix, 237-8, 242, x, 325-6, 330;

of infants, ix, 346

Pangolins, xii, 281

Pangong Lake, Tibet, xiv, 211

Panpipes, xv, 315 (fig.), 316

Panspermia, xii, 9

Panthers, xii, 363;

stalking of game, xi, 224

Pantograph, in trolley systems, vii, 197

Papaw, origin, xiii, 226

Paper, electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

electrification by tearing of, 260;

heat conductivity, 179;

making of, v, 289-99, 380;

making of, in ancient Egypt, xvi, 72;

made from corn fiber, xiii, 213;

made from mulberry, v, 290, xiii, 244;

made from spruce wood, 10, 236;

Manila, 240;

origin of name, xv, 157

Paper Machines, v, 295-9, 377

Paper, Mulberry, xiii, 244;

bark as cloth, xv, 256-7

Paper Pulp, making of, viii, 153

"Paper Sailor," xii, 78

Paper Showers, i, 359

Papier-Maché, ancient, xvi, 73

Papillæ, xi, 70-1

Papin's Digester, iv, 170-1

Papuans, hair of, xv, 38;

prayer, 346

Pappus, Greek author, xvi, 94-5

Papyrus, v, 289;

Egyptian, xvi, 72

Paracelsus, x, 46-50;

classifying tendency of, 83;

compared with Vesalius, 53;

followed by Van Helmont, 68;

Locke on, 75

Parachutes, v, 234

"Paradise Lost", quotations, ii, 36, 210-11, 350

Paraffin, viii, 51, 208;

combustion of, 52;

meaning of name, 206, 380;

melting requirements, iv, 162

Paraffin Candles, viii, 247

Paraffins, Paraffin Hydrocarbons, viii, 206-210, 241;

contrasted with benzenes, 232-4;

defined, 380;

derivatives, 210-32;

molecule configuration, 233;

residues in benzenes, 235-6, 238-40;

unsaturated, 230-2

Paragreles, i, 341, 378

Parallactic Motion, ii, 317

Parallax, ii, 311-18;

Galileo's method, 55;

Hipparchus on, 32;

in distance perception, xi, 182;

photographic study, ii, 137, 314

Parallel Forces, resultant of, iv, 99

Parallel-veined Leaves, xiii, 32, 37 (fig.), 176, 177, 178

Parallelogram of Forces, v, 184-6

Paralysis, electric treatment, vi, 17, vii, 238

Paranthelion, i, 378

Parantiselenæ, i, 378

Para Rubber, xiii, 246-7

Paraselanæ, i, 180, 183, 378

Parasitic Clouds, i, 104, 378

Parasitic Plants, xiii, 15, 21, 100, 364

Parasitology, xvi, 181

Parchment Paper, strength, viii, 255

Paré, Ambroise, x, 46, 54-6, 97, 129, xvi, 108

Pareira, "Materia Medica", xvi, 186

Parental Instinct, xi, 56

Parental Solicitude, xi, 149

Parents, care of children, ix, 352;

children's resemblance to (see Heredity);

pleasure of, in children, 153

Parhelia, Parhelic Circles, i, 179-80, 181, 183, 378

Parian Chronicle, meteor recorded in, ii, 284

Paris, balloons in siege of 1871, v, 225;

bombardment in World War, 369-70, iv, 201-2;

Salpêtrière Hospital, xvi, 184;

sewage disposal, viii, 327

Paris Green, viii, 169

Paris-London Air Service, i, 44-5, 95, 285-6

Paris Observatory, ii, 58

Paris, University of, founded, xvi, 100;

medical school, x, 38

Park, Mungo, xvi, 123

Park Cattle, xii, 331

Parker, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Park Forests, xiv, 374

Parkinson, James, x, 112

Parklike Landscapes, xiii, 374-5, 376

Parliament, British, gold mace of, xv, 208

Parmenides, Greek philosopher, xvi, 84

Paros, fossils in rocks of, iii, 14

Parrakeet, Carolina, xii, 266

Parrots, xii, 265, 266-7;

dyeing of, 179;

monogamous, xv, 276

Parsec, astronomical unit, ii, 315

Parsley, xiii, 200-1, 223

Parsnips family, xiii, 200-1;

origin, 223;

swelled roots, 19

Parsons Steam Turbine, v, 150-1, 382

Particles, technical meaning, iv, 382

Partridge Berry, crossbreeding devices, xiii, 122;

in madder family, 205;

illustration, 96

Partridges, xii, 261

Pascal, Blaise, atmospheric pressure studies, iv, 114-16;

mathematical work, xvi, 105, 114, 119;

vacuum studies, 110

Passenger Aircraft, i, 41-3, 44-5, 50

Passerine Birds, xii, 268-9

Passiflora, origin, xiii, 226

Passion Flower, tendrils, xiii, 112

Passions (see Emotions)

Past comparisons with present, vii, 76

Pasteboard, making of, v, 299

Pasteur, Louis, x, 136-44, 208;

bacteria studies, xvi, 143, 182, 184, 185;

chemical work, 163-4;

courage of, x, 101;

Lister and, 144, 145, 146;

references to work of, 107, 132, 133

Pasteurization, x, 139-40

Pasteurized Milk, xiii, 71, x, 132, 140;

scurvy from, 266;

vitamines in, 263, ix, 347

Pastries, as food, x, 273, 315

Patagonia, bushlands of, xiv, 381;

huanacos of, xii, 313;

plains of, xiv, 218;

rhea of, xii, 249;

tides of, xiv, 298

Patagonians, height of, xv, 39

Patches of Peyer, x, 287-8

Patella, ix, 69, 70 (fig.)

Patent Medicines, remarks on, vii, 241

Pater Noster, in Aztec, xv, 169

Pathfinders, of flowers, xiii, 134, 140

Pathogenic Germs, x, 194-5 (see Disease Germs)

Pathological Anatomy, Morgani's work in, x, 98

Pathology, Cellular, founded by Virchow, x, 119, 128

Patriotism, sentiment of, xi, 145, 151

Pavloff, Ivan, x, 131, 319

Pavlov's Law, xi, 198, 201

Pay-as-you-enter Cars, vii, 184

Peach Trees, xiii, 197, 226

Pea Family, xiii, 198-9;

antiquity, 324-5;

fertilization, 137-9;

food devices, 97-8;

nitrogen-fixing parasites, i, 35, xiv, 66;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 339, 347

Peake Deep, xiv, 289

Peanuts, oil of, ix, 28

Pearl Islands, xii, 62

Pearls, finding by X-rays, vii, 256;

origin, xii, 62-3, 66

Pearly Nautilus, xii, 75-6;

evolution of, iii, 273-5

Pear Psylla, honeydew of, i, 351-2

Pearson, eugenic studies, xvi, 157;

on artificial selection, 154;

statistical methods, 153

Pear Trees, development of fruit, xiii, 54;

in rose family, 197;

origin, 224, 226

Peary, Arctic soundings of, xiv, 22;

mirage of Crocker Land, i, 173

Peas, as food, viii, 365, ix, 34, x, 262;

crossing experiments, 231-2;

flowers, xii, 44 (fig.);

food-obtaining devices, 97;

leaf-tendrils, 38;

leaves, 36-7, 113;

origin, 223;

petals, 47, 190;

pods, dry fruit, 54;

seeds, 56;

sleeping of leaves, 88-9

(see also Pea Family)

Peat, elements, iii, 345;

formation, xiii, 68, 313;

in relation to coal, iii, 344;

in sheep plant, xiii, 380;

per cent of carbon in, viii, 44;

wood fiber seen in, 45

Peat Bogs, dust from burning, i, 56, 57;

extent of present, v, 173;

of Denmark, xv, 87

Pebrine, Pasteur's study of, x, 140

Peccaries, xii, 310-11;

jaguars and, 362

Pekans, xii, 350, 351

Peking, Temple of Sun, ii, 26

Pelagic Fauna, xii, 16

Pelee, Mount, eruption, iii, 102-3, xiv, 28, 325;

dust from eruption, i, 58, 59;

earthquakes preceding eruption, xiv, 338

Pelée's Hair, iii, 105

Pelicans, xii, 254

Pellagra, x, 265, 268;

cause of, viii, 351;

eruptions on uncovered surfaces, x, 254

Pelterie, R. Esnault, v, 175-6

Pelton Wheels, v, 77-9, 80, 81, 170, vi, 368

Pelvis, ix, 63, 66-7 (fig.);

in man and apes, xv, 58;

vestiges of, in snakes, xii, 213

Pelycpoda, xii, 58-63

Pemba, clove production, xiii, 263

Penang, clove trees, xiii, 262

Penck, Prof., climate studies, xiv, 361;

land and water curves, 26

Pendulum, discovery, v, 63-5;

Galileo's observations, ii, 53;

gravity action on, iv, 97-8;

oscillations and regulation of, 147, 225, 226;

types in clocks, v, 73, 74

Pendulum Clocks, invention, ii, 58;

escapement, v, 73-4;

regulation to temperature, iv, 147

Peneplains, iii, 30, 34-5, 381;

cretaceous, 232

Penetrating Radiation, i, 143-4, 146, 379

Pennsylvania, coal beds, iii, 199, 347-8;

former volcanoes, xiv, 318;

glacial soil of, 70, 170;

natural gas, iii, 355

Pennsylvanian Period, iii, 198-202;

coal deposits, 198-201, 345;

insects, 279;

plants, 252-4

Pennyroyal, source, xiii, 205

Penguins, xii, 251

Penstocks, vi, 363

Pentane, derivatives, viii, 210

Pentose, viii, 229

Pentstemon, corolla, xiii, 201

Penumbra, of shadows, iv, 332-3

Peony, pollen of, xiii, 124

Pepin, Lake, xiv, 202

Pepo, xiii, 54

Pepper, black, xiii, 265;

red, 223

Peppermint, viii, 251, 252

Pepsin, in gastric juice, ix, 235, x, 320, 326

Peptones, x, 277

Pepys, Samuel, "Diary" quoted, iv, 53

Per, defined, viii, 380

Perceptions, defined, xi, 160-2;

differences in power of, 152;

Greek theories, xvi, 87;

misinterpreted, x, 358;

of color, ix, 114-17;

of light and shade, 105;

of objects, 105-11;

of space, xi, 162-91;

of time, 192-6;

relativity of, xvi, 85

Percussion, in diagnosis, x, 99, 110, 371

Percussion Cap, viii, 145

Percussion Drills, v, 129, 261-2, 263

Percussion Shells, v, 372

Percussive System, of oil boring, v, 265-7

Perennials, buds, xiii, 53;

roots, 16;

planting tables, 289-96

Perfection, Man's struggle for, xv, 38-9

Perfumes, chemistry of, viii, 251-2

Pericles, reference to, x, 20

Peridot, iii, 334

Perier, Pascal and, iv, 114-15

Perigee, defined, ii, 197

Perigord District, human relics, iii, 304-5

Perihelion, defined, ii, 50, 275

Period, technical meaning, iv, 383

Periodic Breathing, x, 340

Periodic Classification, viii, 177-83, 307, 309

Periods, Geological, iii, 19-21, 381

Peripatus, xii, 81

Perique Tobacco, xiii, 258

Periscopes, v, 200-1

Peristalsis, x, 327

Peritonitis, asepsis in, x, 147;

causes of, 195, 288

Periwinkles, xii, 71

Perkins Ice Machine, v, 358, 379

Perlite, viii, 160, 274

Permanent Magnets, iv, 243, vi, 30, 37, 117, vii, 372;

care of, vi, 34, 38;

lifting force of, iv, 289

Permian Period, iii, 20, 202-5, 381

Perpetual Motion, v, 97, vi, 214, xvi, 135

Perpetual Snow Line, iii, 59

Perpetuation of the Race, ix, 324-44;

marriage and the family, xv, 273

Perret, Prof. F. A., i, 194

Perrine, astronomer, ii, 136, 146, 262, 362

Perseids, ii, 288

Perseus, star clusters in, ii, 336, 343

Persia, ancient, Mediterranean aims, xiv, 306;

astronomy of ancient, ii, 26;

cheeta of, xii, 365;

climate changes, xiv, 361-2;

lions of, xii, 359;

magi of, xvi, 59;

plateau of, xiv, 222;

sun-worship, ii, 20;

use of opium, xiii, 253;

wild asses of, xii, 308

Persian Cats, xii, 356

Persian Gulf, first civilization around, xvi, 47;

pearl fisheries of, xii, 62

Persian Language, xv, 162;

words from, in English, 161

Persimmons, xiii, 226, 352-3

Persistence of Vision, iv, 346-7, v, 329, vi, 155

Persistency and will, xi, 264

Personal Equation, xi, 156

Personal Hygiene, disease prevention through, x, 302-17;

teaching of, 283-5

Personality, changed in emotion, xi, 134;

dreams as revelation of, 302;

loss of, in crowds, 324, 325-6, 329-30;

source, 33;

splitting of, in hysteria, x, 360-1, 362

Perspective, xi, 181-2;

in distance perception, ix, 119-20

Perspiration, absorption by various materials, x, 307, 308, 309;

amount of "insensible," 70-1;

caused by fear, xi, 131,132, 133;

constitution of, x, 310;

humidity and, i, 77;

temperature regulation by, 317, v, 348-9, ix, 169, x, 251, 274

(see also Sweat, Cold Sweat)

Peru, ancient use of cocaine, xiii, 254;

ancient corn-growing, 212;

ancient stone structures of, xv, 271;

conquest of, xiv, 250;

foot plow of Indians, xv, 236 (fig.);

harbors and commerce, xiv, 265, 266;

Incas (See Incas);

rainfall and fog, i, 95, 96-7;

rain-tree, 352;

source of quinine, xiii, 251;

words derived from, xv, 161

Peruvian Art, ancient, xv, 297 (fig.), 311 (fig.)

Peruvian Bark, xiii, 250-1

Peruvian Earthquake, xiv;

tidal waves of, xiv, 337

Peruvian Paint, i, 96-7, 378

Pessimism, physical causes, xi, 339, 369-70, 372

Pestles, xv, 238-9

Petals, of flowers, xiii, 45, 47;

importance in classification, 47;

first appearance, 318;

lacking in some flowers, 46

Peter Pan, story of, xv, 330

Peters, Dr., of Hamilton, ii, 256

Petiole, of leaves, xiii, 34, 35

Petit, Jean-Louis, x, 90-1, xvi, 161

Petrels, xii, 251, 252

Petrified Animals and Plants, iii, 15-16, 126-7

Petroleum, composition, products, and supply, viii, 208-10;

fluorescence of, iv, 323, 379-80;

origin and occurrence, iii, 348-54;

production and supply (U. S.), v, 172-3;

supply and approaching exhaustion, vii, 309

Petrology, iii, 381, xvi, 170

Pfeiffer, immunity theory of, x, 211;

influenza germ discovery, 295

Phaestos Disk, xv, 176 (fig.)

Phagocytosis, x, 209-10

Phaleropes, xii, 262

Phanerogams, xiii, 62-3;

reproduction, 117-54 (see Flowering Plants)

Phantasies, in psychoanalysis, x, 365

Phantom Circuits, vii, 105-6, 119

"Pharaoh's Chicken," xii, 260

Pharmacognosy, xiii, 249

Pharmacology, x, 381, xvi, 186;

chemical, founded by Paracelsus, x, 50

Pharmacy, history, xvi, 186-7

Pharnyx, condition in thirst, xi, 66

Phase (electricity), defined, vi, 204-5;

"in," 168;

"out of," 167, 204

(see also Single-Phase, Two-phase, Three-phase)

Phase Law (chemistry), xvi, 136, 164

Phase Relations, vi, 167-9, 171-4

Phases, of Mars, ii, 227;

of moon, 190, 193-5, 196

Phasing-in, defined, vi, 263, 342

Pheasants, xii, 261;

hearing of, i, 188

Phenology, i, 254-6, 379

Phenolphthalein, viii, 294, x, 378

Phenols, viii, 236, 237-8, 380;

as disinfectants, 333

Philadelphia, summer of 1816, i, 360;

water supply of, xiv, 140;

yellow fever epidemic, x, 159

"Philadelphia Ledger," first Hoe press, v, 301

Philippine Islands, aerial exploration work, i, 47;

baguios, 136;

beriberi in, ix, 35, x, 257;

carabao of, xii, 329;

civilization in mountain valleys, xv, 131;

continental islands, xiv, 274;

copra production, xiii, 220;

dipterocarp forests, 350;

fiber-wear, 236;

fire obtained by friction, viii, 89;

fire by air-compression, v, 128;

Manila hemp, xiii, 239-40;

new volcano in Camiguin, xiv, 320;

ocean depths near, iii, 51;

octopod fishing, xii, 78;

rainfall at Baguio, i, 110;

rice growing, xiii, 213, 214;

Weather Bureau, i, 223

Philo of Byzantium, thermoscope, i, 69

Philosophers, Faraday on, x, 376

Philosopher's Stone, xvi, 14

Philosophy, Greek, xvi, 76-80, 83-8, 99;

18th century, 117;

mediæval, x, 35;

recent, xvi, 195-8;

Roman and Mediæval, 99-100;

science and, 112, 115;

social spirit and, 195

Philostratus, on death of Domitian, ii, 221;

on sun, 165

Phlegmatic Temperament, xi, 153

Phlegraean Fields, xiv, 225, 316, 320

Phlogopite, iii, 334

Phœnician Language, xv, 162

Phœnicians, Africa circumnavigated by, xiv, 196;

commerce of, 307;

in Iberian group, xvi, 49;

introduction of cats by, xii, 355;

invention of Alphabet, xv, 175;

navigation of, v, 182;

ships of, xiv, 265

Phonisms, xi, 222

Phonograph v, 328-9, 381;

combined with motion pictures, 331;

making of records of, iv, 240;

motor-driven, vii, 87;

vibration rates in, ix, 101

Phosgene, viii, 263, x, 187

Phosphate Baking Powders, viii, 136

Phosphate Group, viii, 93

Phosphate of Lime, plant needs of, xiv, 67

Phosphate Rock, as fertilizer, viii, 89, 344, 345;

occurrence and supply, xiv, 67

Phosphates, derivation and uses, viii, 89;

fertilizers, 153, 279-80;

in blood, x, 280;

in urine, x, 343;

test, viii, 290

(see also Calcium Phosphate, Sodium Phosphate)

Phosphine, viii, 89

Phospholipins, viii, 351

Phosphorescence, iv, 380;

of decaying wood, i, 346;

of marine animals, xii, 18-20, 24, 84

Phosphoric Acid, composition, viii, 89, 115;

in body, x, 280;

plant needs and sources, xiv, 67, 68, 69;

salts from, viii, 116;

solubility, 112;

stability, 115

Phosphorus, viii, 18-19, 87-9;

burning under water, 54-5;

ignition point, 53;

in body, functions, 354-5;

in fertilizers, 343, 344-5;

in iron ores, iii, 356;

melting requirements, iv, 162;

plant needs of, viii, 337, 341, 342, 344-5, ix, 29;

sources, viii, 345;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Phosphorous (plant), ancient name of Venus, ii, 191

Phosphorus Pentoxide, viii, 87, 89

Photisms, xi, 222

Photochemical Climate, i, 325, 379

Photo-engraving, xvi, 129

Photographic Action, of different colors, iv, 365-6

Photographic Films, composition, viii, 255;

invention, v, 330-1

Photographic Map-Making, i, 45-8

Photographs, savage ideas of, xv, 331;

X-ray, vii, 250, 253-4

Photography, chemistry of, viii, 171-3;

color, iv, 368-9;

history, xvi, 192;

in astronomy (see Astronomical Photography);

in aurora studies, i, 162;

in lightning study, 146-8;

lenses used in, iv, 373;

underwater, i, 47-8

(see also Camera)

Photometers, vii, 374

Photosphere, defined, ii, 173

Photosynthesis, xiii, 81, 105, 109;

in cactus plants, 378

Phrenic Nerve, xi, 37

Phrenology, ix, 145

Phrygian Stone, ii, 284

Phylum, Phyla, xii, 29

Physas, xii, 69, 71

Physical Changes, contrasted with chemical, viii, 14-15

Physical Characters, classification of man by, xv, 36-47

Physical Chemistry, viii, 296-316

Physical Examinations, x, 370-1

Physical States of Matter, viii, 22, 382;

changed by heat, iv, 139, 151-3;

chemical interpretation, viii, 296-316;

in relation to pressure and temperature, 303-5;

suspended changes, 113, 304, 305

Physical Training Exercises, x, 305

Physicians, Babylonian laws controlling, x, 14-15;

capacity and preparation of, 367, 369;

earliest distinction from surgeons, 16-17;

essential duties of, 21, 75-6;

Oath of Hippocrates, 18-19;

Paracelsus on province of, 49

Physics, Volume iv

Physics, branches of, iv, 50;

concrete science, xvi, 42;

daily applications of, iv, 10, 187, xvi, 17, 19, 30;

defined, 36;

energy the subject of, iv, 12, 13-14, 50;

exact, positive science, x, 368;

history of development of, iv, 11, 18-20, 24-30, xvi, 54, 82, 89, 91-2, 101, 103, 105, 109-10, 129-38;

interrelation of phenomena of, iv, 39, 40;

measurements in, iv, 45, xvi, 129-30;

medicine and, x, 81, 369;

realm of, iv, 13-20;

technical terms, glossary, 381-4

Physik, Philip, x, 121

Physiography, Volume xiv

Physiography, defined, iii, 381, xvi, 36

Physiological Meteorology, i, 316-31

Physiology, Volume ix

Physiology, daily applications, xvi, 15, 16-17;

history of development, x, 29, 30-1, 81, 125-8, xvi, 82-3, 180;

medicine based on (Boerhaave), x, 76-7;

science of body, xvi, 37;

teaching of, remarks on, x, 284-5

Piano, automatic, vi, 97;

evolution of, xv, 318;

intervals on, iv, 208;

sympathetic vibration, vii, 261-2;

vibration rate of notes, ix, 99

Picard, astronomer, ii, 58, 59, 64

Piche, A., deperditometer, i, 319

Pickerel Frogs, xii, 180

Pickerels, xii, 163

Pickering, Prof. Edward C., astronomical work, ii, 17, 116, 118, 122, 127, 130, 132-3, 133, 145, 146, 233, 237-8, 297, 307, 359

Pickering, W. H., ii, 271

Picric Acid, viii, 63, 238, 262

Pictou, Nova Scotia, pollen shower, i, 359

Picture Writing, xv, 167-9

(see also Hieroglyphics)

Pictures, depth impressions in, ix, 120

Piddington, Henry, i, 135

Piddocks, xii, 59

Pie Crust, "taste" of, xi, 127

Piedmont Glaciers, iii, 60

Piedmont Plateau, xiv, 27-8, 213;

building stones of, iii, 371, 372;

forests of, xiv, 378;

geology, iii, 28, 112, 172, 188, 231-2

Pig Iron, v, 318, viii, 157, 158, 159;

electric furnace production, vii, 312

Pigeons, xii, 265;

equilibrium disturbances in, x, 126, xi, 31

Pigments, viii, 162, 264, 265-6;

ancient, xv, 113-14;

colors of, iv, 369-70

Pigs (swine), xii, 310-11;

evolution of hoof, iii, 300

Pikas, xii, 287-8

Pikes (fish), xii, 163

Pike's Peak, shadow in sky, i, 170

Pile-driving, by water jets, v, 88-9

Pileus, of mushrooms, xiii, 163

Pilgrim Shell, xii, 65

Pili Erectores, xi, 113

Pillows, and sleep, xi, 290

Pillsbury, Prof., quoted, xi, 168-9

Pilot Balloons, i, 21-2, 312, 379

Pilot Charts, i, 273-5

Piloting, wireless system, vii, 285

Pilot Lights, vi, 276

Pilot Snakes, xii, 219-20, 233

Piltdown Man, xv, 92-5;

brain of, 96;

implements of, 107;

period of, 102

Pimento, origin, xiii, 265

Pimpernel, xiii, 203

Pimples, ix, 186, 187;

germs of, x, 201

Pineapple, American origin, xiii, 221, 226, xiv, 382;

fiber of leaves, xiii, 236;

introduction, 10;

water-holding leaves, 106

Pineapple Family, in tropical forests, xiii, 362-3;

restricted to America, 320

Pine Forests, conditions favorable to, xiii, 371;

pollen showers, i, 359

Pinel, Philippe, x, 110-11

Pine Needles, measuring heat in, vi, 62-3

Pine Trees, in American forests, xiv, 372, 374;

lightning dangers, i, 155;

planting conditions, xiii, 270;

pollen of, 118, 149;

polycotyledons, 60;

seeds of, 345;

seed-dispersal, 343;

wind-fertilization, 148

(see also Conifers)

Pinhole Camera, ix, 107-8, 109

Pinion Gears, v, 29, 30 (fig.)

Pink Family, petals and sepals, xiii, 194, 195

Pink Lady's Slipper, xiii, 145 (fig.)

Pinks, meadow, xiii, 133-5;

sea or marsh, 204

Pinuela, origin, xiii, 226

Pipal Tree of India, xiii, 108

Pipefishes, xii, 163

Pipe Organ, of Ctesibius, v, 110-11 (see Organs)

Pipes, lead, viii, 162

(see also Water Pipes)

"Pipes", in ingots, v, 323

Pipes of Pan, xv, 316, 315 (fig.)

Pipette, viii, 294, 295 (fig.)

Pipe Vine, fertilization, xiii, 131-3

Piracy, Stream, iii, 38-9, xiv, 177-83

Piranha, xii, 159

Pirogoff, Nikolai, x, 131

Pisa Cathedral, lamp in, ii, 53, v, 63-4

Pisa, Leaning Tower (see Leaning Tower)

Pistillate Flowers, xiii, 46-7

Pistils, xiii, 45, 46;

in reproduction, 117-22;

of highly cultivated plants, 51

Pistons, measurement of work of, vi, 81-2;

reciprocating and rotating, v, 148;

service in internal combustion engines, i, 57-9

Pita, origin and product, xiii, 244

Pitch of Sounds, iv, 205-6, ix, 99-100, xi, 104, 105;

extremes of audibility, iv, 204;

hearing of, xi, 103;

modulations of, in voice and music, iv, 209;

motion effects on, iv, 209-10;

of bells, 222;

of organ pipes, 230-1, 231-2;

of vibrating strings and rods, 223-4;

resonators for special, iv, 232, 233;

temperature effects on, 231-2

Pitchblende, radium from, xvi, 193

Pitcher Plant, xiii, 39-40

Pith Balls, electrification of, iv, 257-8, vi, 286-7

Pithecanthropus Erectus, iii, 302-3, xv, 88-92;

brain of, 96;

period of, 102

Pittsburg, dryness of, i, 337;

growth as river city, xiv, 219;

smoke nuisance, i, 64, 65;

"Smoky City", vii, 343;

water supplies of, viii, 318;

water supply and typhoid rate, 322

Pittsburg Bituminous Coal Bed, iii, 200-1, 347

Pituitary Gland, x, 347

Plaaters Kill, xiv, 179

"Place in the Sun", struggle of plants for, xiii, 27-8, 38-9, 76-7, 361-3

Placental Animals, iii, 297, 298;

evolution of, xii, 271, 332

Placer Deposits, defined, iii, 381;

gold, 331, 365-6, 366-7;

platinum, 335;

tin, 369

Plagioclase, iii, 328-9

Plague, Greek ideas of, x, 285;

immunity to, 207;

inoculation against, 208;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Plagues, great, x, 153-70;

uncleanliness and, xv, 49

Plains, xiv, 212-19;

civilization in relation to, xv, 128;

define and distinguished, xiv, 27, 213, 220;

Great (see Great Plains);

outwash, iii, 68-9;

perfect, seldom attained, 35;

populations mostly on, xiv, 218-19;

sea-cut, 46-7, 216;

surfaces of high and low, 28

Planarians, xii, 44

Plane of Ecliptic, ii, 70, 163

Planers, invention, v, 47

Plane Tree, in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

leaf buds, 34

(see also Sycamores)

Planet Deep, iii, 51

Planetary Motions, ii, 163, iii, 158, 159;

compared with whirling of pail, iv, 71;

Copernicus on, ii, 43-4;

gravitation and, iv, 95, 98;

Huygen's studies, ii, 58;

irregularities, 66, 67, 71, 73, 79, 87;

Kepler's laws, 49-52;

Ptolemaic theory, 35-6;

spectroscopic investigation, 120-1;

theory of relativity and, 80-1;

tidal friction theory, 376-7

Planetary Nebulæ, ii, 360;

distribution and motion, 364;

star streaming by, 347;

stars and, 308-9

Planetary Orbits, ii, 162-3;

deviations, 66, 67, 79;

elliptical form, 39, 50-1, xvi, 102;

first thought to be circular, ii, 34, 49;

variations in elements, 74-5

Planetesimal Hypothesis, ii, 372-4, iii, 160-3;

not sustained by Mt. Wilson studies, ii, 157;

origin of moon by, 376;

rings of Saturn by, 266

Planetesimals, ii, 374, iii, 161, 162

Planets, atmospheres of, i, 10, ii, 231-2, 245;

conjunction recorded by Hindus, 21;

days and seasons in, 228;

distances and periods, 51-2;

erratic amplitudes, 25;

farthest, 267-9;

hypotheses of origin, ii, 369-74, 379, iii, 160, 162;

inner, ii, 189-92;

law of sun's attraction, 65;

life on, 245-50;

lucid, 264;

minor, 16, 254-9 (see Asteroids);

motions (see Planetary Motions);

orbits (see Planetary Orbits);

photography in study, 130-4;

sizes and motions, 162-3;

of stars, 252-3;

trans-Neptunian, 270-2;

weighing of, 75-7

Plankton, Sea, xii, 17-21, xvi, 147-8;

copepods in, xii, 84;

one-celled animals of, 25

Planning, of work, xi, 377-8

Planosphere, xvi, 91

Plantain Eaters, xii, 265

Plantains, xiii, 217, 226

Plant Breeding, ix, 327, 337

Plant Classification, xiii, 168-81;

by cotyledons, 60-1;

by factor expressions, 330;

by morphological characters, xvi, 165-6;

by reproductive processes, 166-7;

former method, xiii, 175;

Linnæan System, x, 84;

outline, iii, 251

Plant Distribution, xiii, 337-84;

determined by climate, xiv, 364-79, 380-1;

facilitated by land arrangement, xiv, 21;

Ice Age and, xiii, 321, xiv, 375-7;

importance of study of, xiii, 12;

land changes and, xiii, 320

Plant Ecology, xiii, 354-7

Plant Families, xiii, 179-207;

restricted areas of some, 320

Plant Formations, xiv, 371-2, (see Plant Societies)

Plante, ball lightning studies, vii, 215

Planting, index plants, i, 255-6;

rules and tables, xiii, 267-97

Planting Machines, v, 244

Plant Kingdom, distinguished from animal, xii, 14-15, xiii, 13-14;

history of, xiii, 298-336

Plant Names, xiii, 168-71

Plants, active principle, xiii, 250;

adaptations in (see Adaptation to Environment);

aerial, xiii, 21;

ancient study, 249;

animals and, interdependence, viii, 334-5, 347, 349, 350, xiii, 82;

autophytic, 96-7;

behavior, 76-115;

blended characters in, ix, 337;

borrowing and robbing, xiii, 97-101;

breathing of, 109;

Brownian movements, xvi, 166;

carbon dioxide used by, i, 13-14, viii, 49;

cell constituents of, ix, 26;

cellulose of, 30;

chemical composition and processes, iii, 344, viii, 335-8, 341, 348, 349, 354-5, xiv, 64-5;

chlorophyll (see Chlorophyll);

chromosomes in different species, ix, 46;

classification (see Plant Classification);

climate and, xiv, 363;

colorless, xii, 14-15;

cultivated (see Cultivated P.);

defined, xiii, 13-14;

distribution (see Plant Distribution);

distinguished, xii, from animals, vii, 14-15;

evolution, iii, 249-58;

flowering and flowerless (see Flowering, Flowerless Plants);

fog drip, i, 351;

food and feeding, viii, 339-46, 347, 349, 350, xiii, 13-14, 17-18, 19, 23, 24, 25-6, 39-41, 42, 90-101, xiv, 64-8;

food of green and other, xiii, 70;

food-making and storage by, viii, 334, ix, 25-30, xiii, 77-84, 95, 96;

food varieties for man and animals, ix, 24-5, 30;

frost protection, i, 259;

frost susceptibilities, 258;

galls on, xii, 125;

garden (see Garden Plants);

geotropism, xiii, 85;

growth electrically stimulated, vii, 351-3;

growth, upward and downward, xiii, 84-5;

guttation, i, 350-1;

highly cultivated, xiii, 51;

hybrid, 147;

immobility, 14, 109-10;

index, i, 255;

inheritance laws, x, 231, 232;

injured, hasty flowering of, xiii, 167;

insect-capturing, 39-41;

instinct in, xi, 49;

land (see Land Plants);

light effects on, x, 253;

marine, xii, 16-17;

microscopic (see Bacteria);

modern, origin and development, xiii, 316-25;

movements, 109-15;

motion pictures of growth, iv, 348;

mutation (see Mutants);

new species, how developed, xiii, 325-36;

nitrogen needs, i, 34, viii, 280, 345-6, xiv, 66;

nitrogen supply in soil, x, 193-4;

northward movement, xiii, 321;

number of species, 323;

of oceanic islands, xiv, 277, 278;

oils of, ix, 28;

parasitic, xiii, 100 (see Parasitic Plants);

parts of, 15;

petrified, iii, 15-16;

phenology, i, 254, 256, 379;

protective methods (see Protective Methods);

proteins of, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;

protoplasm of, xiii, 74;

rate of increase in, xv, 19, 21;

reasoning in, xiii, 3, 97;

reproduction, 116-67 (see Reproduction of Plants);

restless and irritable, 109-15;

rock disintegration by, viii, 194, 338;

rootless, xiii, 15, 21;

salt and fresh water, ix, 174, 175;

saprophytic, xiii, 99-101;

seat of life in, ix, 17;

seed-dispersed (see Seed);

struggle for dominance (see Struggle for Dominance, Struggle for Existence);

sunlight and, ix, 27, xi, 52, xiii, 76-7, 84-90, 361-3, xiv, 365-6, 367;

unicellular and multicellular, xiii, 166;

uses to man, 9-12, 208-66;

variation in, xv, 22-3 (see Variation);

vascular and nonvascular, xiii, 65-6;

water sources and uses, 90-6, 101-9;

water storage, 28, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379, 380

(see also Vegetation)

Plant Societies, xiii, 356-83, xiv, 371-2

Plaskett, reflector of, ii, 106-7

Plaster of Paris, iii, 332, viii, 153;

made from gypsum, xiv, 209;

manufacture of, iii, 376

Plastic Surgery, x, 57, 189, 384

Plateaus, xiv, 220-4;

dissection and destruction, 224;

distinguished from plains and mountains, 27-8, 213;

formed by warping, 38;

mountains from dissected, iii, 139-40, xiv, 225, 226;

oceanic, 286;

re-elevated, 96-8;

topography developed from stratified, 80-1

Plate Condensers, vi, 293-4

Platelets, of blood, ix, 188-9;

held by capillary walls, 194

Plates, photographic, viii, 172-3

Platiarius, Joannes, x, 37

Plating of Metals (see Electroplating)