INDEX

A

Absolute music, 239–40, 242, 397, 422

Abt, Franz, 423–4

Adam de la Halle, 102, 112, 125

Aida, Verdi’s, 379–81

Albéniz, Isaac, 453–4

Alcuin, 76

Alfred the Great, 93

Alphonso XII of Spain, 453

Ambrose, St., 71, 72

America, see United States

American Academy in Rome, 507–8

American composers, 475 ff.

American folk music, 140–5

American Music Guild, the, 506–7

American opera companies, 514

American patrons of music, 512–13

American song writers, recent, 509–10

American symphony orchestras, 513–14

Anglican church, founding of, 188

Anglin, Margaret, 469

Antiphony, use of, by the Greeks, 41; introduction into church music, 70

Apollo, 33–4

Arabia, music of, 55 ff., 209, 210; the Arab scales, 58–9; instruments of, 59–61

Arcadelt, Jacob, 157

Armide, Dvorak’s, 447

Arne, Dr. Thomas, 200, 339

Assyrian music, 24–5

Atonality, 517, 529

Auber, Daniel François Esprit, 333–4

Aulos of the Greeks, 42–3

Austrian National Hymn, written by Haydn, 282

Automatic pianos, 316–19

Aztecs, music of the, 53–4

B

Bach, Johann Christian, 254

Bach, Johann Christoph, 254

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 208, 211, 238, 240; account of his life, 244–50; his works, 250–3; his sons, 253–4; comparison with Handel, 255–6

Bach, Karl Philip Emanuel, 249, 253–4

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, 253

Bach Festival, yearly, at Bethlehem, Pa., 252, 464

Bagpipes, the Roman tibia, 45; use of, by the Hindus, 66; of the Bohemians, 135; of Scotland, 138

Baif, Jean Antoine, his club of poets and musicians in France, 177

Balakirev, Mily, 444–5

Balfe, Michael William, 341

Ballad, the, and the ballet, 122

Ballet, the, at the French court in second half of the 16th century, 178

Band, the difference between, and an orchestra, 234

Bantock, Granville, 543

Barber of Seville, Rossini’s, 337

Bards of ancient Britain, 89–91

Barnby, Joseph, 340

Bartlett, Homer W., 490

Bartok, Béla, 536–7

Bauer, Marion, 507

Bax, Arnold, 544

Bay Psalm Book, the, 458

Bayreuth, 371–2, 373

Beach, Mrs. H. H. A., 480–1

Beaumont and Fletcher, 173

Bede, the venerable, 75–6, 92

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 293 ff.; account of his life, 295–302; his friendships, 298–9; The Moonlight Sonata, 300, 304; his three periods, and works during, 301–2; his opera Fidelio, 302, 305, 306, 326; influence upon the growth of music, 303–5; as a composer of instrumental music, 305–6; his preference in pianos, 313; the Kreutzer Sonata, 324; influence of, on Wagner, 360; and Brahms, 418, 419; “the oratorio for Boston,” 462

Beggar’s Opera, Gay’s, 338

Belasco, David, 384

Belgium, modern music in, 541

Bellini, Vincenzo, 337–8

Bennett, Sir William Sterndale, 340, 438

Berg, Alban, 533–4

Berkshire chamber music competition, 440

Berlin, Irving, 503

Berlioz, Hector, 386; account of his life and his musical innovations, 398–403

Berners, Lord, 544–5

Bethlehem, Pa., yearly Bach Festival at, 252

Bible, the, mention of music in, 25 ff.

Bible stories, acting of, 171–3

Billings, William, 460–2

Birmingham Festivals, 339–40

Bispham, David, 469, 495

Bizet, Georges, 386, 388–9

Bliss, Arthur, 545

Bloch, Ernest, 510, 542

Blondel de Nesle, rescue of Richard the Lion-Hearted by, 99

Blow, Dr. John, 204–5

Bohemia, composers of, 446–8

Bohemian folk songs and dances, 135.

Bohemian Girl, The, Balfe’s, 341

Boieldieu, François Adrienne, 333

Boise, O. B., 495, 496

Boito, Arrigo, 381–2

Boleyn, Anne, 188, 189

Bologna, music festivals at, in the 18th century, 219

Bond, Carrie Jacobs, 481

Bori, Lucrezia, 385, 386

Borodin, Alexander, 444

Boston Handel and Haydn Society, 462

Boston Symphony Orchestra, the, founding of, 467

Bow, origin of stringed instruments from, 307

Boyle, George F., 496

Brahms, Johannes, life and work of, 418–23, 424, 426

Bravura pianists, the, 322

Brenet, Michel, quoted on development of composition, 146–7

Brescia, violins made in, 215

Bridge, Frank, 543

Bridge, Sir Frederick, Twelve Good Musicians by, 201, 203, 205

Bristow, George, 466

Britain, the Druids and bards in ancient, 89–91; early invasions of, 92–3

Brittany, cromlechs and menhirs in, 90; folk music in, 115

Brockway, Howard, 495, 496

Browning, Robert, 413

Bruch, Max, 429

Bruckner, Anton, 426–7

Bruneau, Alfred, 393

Buck, Dudley, 476

Bull, Dr. John, 196, 202

Bull, Ole, 363, 449, 450, 451

Bülow, Hans von, 408, 411

Burleigh, Henry Thacker, colored composer, 501

Burmese, music of the, 52

Burns, Robert, and Scotch music, 138–9

Burton, Frederick, on Indian estimate of classical music, 13

Busch, Carl, 490

Busoni, Ferruccio, 535

Buxtehude, Dietrich, 239–40, 273

Byrd, William, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 202

C

Cadman, Charles Wakefield, 487

Cædmon, 92, 93

Cæsar, Julius, 67–8

Calvé, Emma, 388

“Camerata,” the, of Florence, and beginnings of opera, 174 ff.

Canadian folk songs, 139

Cantata, origin of the, 184

Carey, Henry, 339, 465

Carmen, Bizet’s, 388

Carpenter, John Alden, 498

Caruso, 334, 382, 384

Casella, Alfredo, 318, 539

Castanets, use of, by the Assyrians, 25; by the Hindus, 66

Cavalleria Rusticana, Mascagni’s, 382

Cavos, Catterino, 442

Caxton, William, 191

Cecilia, St., 71

Chabrier, Alexis Emanuel, 389, 415–16, 433

Chadwick, George, 476–7

Chaliapin, 381

Chamber music, the beginning of, 149, 209–10; rise of, 323

Chanson de Roland, the, 94–5, 127

Chansons de Geste, 93

Chant, the, ancestor of hymns, 70; the Gregorian, 72, 75, 76; plain, 73

Charlemagne, 57, 92, 93, 94, 96, 236

Charleston, S. C., founding of St. Cecilia Society in, 462

Charpentier, Gustav, 393–4

Chausson, Ernest, 393, 433

Cherubini, Luigi, 331–2, 399, 403, 431

Chicago Orchestra, the, 468

Chickering, Jonas, invents complete iron frame for the piano, 314

Chimes of Normandy, Planquette’s, 336

Chinese, music of the, 46–9; scales of, 47–8; instruments of, 48–9

Chopin, Frédéric, 321, 354–7, 448

Christians, early, 68 ff.

Christmas carols, 113–14, 139–40

Church music, 67 ff.; antiphony and polyphony in, 70–1; St. Cecilia, 71; St. Ambrose, 71, 72; Greek modes as models, 71–3; St. Gregory, 72, 73; the Venerable Bede, 75–6; early use of instruments in, 76; organs in, 85; influence of the Renaissance on, 164 ff.; Martin Luther and, 165–6; action of Council of Trent regarding, 167; Palestrina and, 167–70; of Monteverde, 183; composers of cathedral music in England, 340–1; American composers, 475 ff.

Cibber, Colley, 260, 262

Civil War songs, 142–3

Clarke, Rebecca, 440

Clavecin, the, 210

Clavichord, the, 309–10

Clefs, development of, 80

Clementi, Muzio, 319–20

Clifton, Chalmers, 507

Cole, Rosseter Gleason, 490

Color and sound, study of, in India, 62–3

Columbus, Christopher, 165

Concerts, public, the first, 272–3

Conried, Heinrich, 373

Constantine, Emperor, 69, 70

Converse, Frederick, 479

Cooke, Captain Henry, 204

Coolidge, Mrs. F. S., 440

Coq d’Or, Rimsky-Korsakov’s, 445

Corelli, Arcangelo, 218

Counterpoint, meaning of the term, 85

Couperin, François, 231, 232–3

Couperin family, the, 232

Cow-boy songs, 142

Cowen, Sir Frederick Hymen, 439

Cradle songs, 109–10

Cramer, John B., 320

Creation, The, Haydn’s, 281, 282

Cremona, the violin makers of, 214–17

Cristofori, Bartolomeo, maker of the first pianoforte, 312

Cromwell, Oliver, 203

Crowest, Frederick J., quoted on music in England in the 16th century, 191–2

Crusades, the, 57, 95–6

“Cryes of London,” the, 200–1

Cui, César, 445

Curtis, Natalie, 485

Cushion dance, the, 124

Cymbals, use of, by the Assyrians, 25; by the Hindus, 66

Czecho-Slovakia, composers of, 446–8, 538

Czerny, Carl, 299, 321

D

D’Albert, Eugene, 395

Dalcroze, Jacques, 541–2

Damrosch, Dr. Frank, 470

Damrosch, Dr. Leopold, 468, 469

Damrosch, Walter, 468, 469, 470

Dancing, of primitive man, 4, 6; of American Indians, 14–15; of the ancient Egyptians, 23; of the Japanese Geisha girls, 51; of the gypsies, 134

Dancing songs and folk dances, 120–6, 134, 135, 144

Dark Ages, the, 68 ff.

Daughter of the Regiment, Donizetti’s, 337

David, King, as a musician, 27–8

David, Félicien, 386

Dean Paul, Lady, 439–40, 531

Debussy, Claude Achille, 394, 416, 519–22

De Koven, Reginald, 336, 488–9

Delage, Maurice, 523

Delamarter, Eric, 498–9

Délibes, Clement Philibert Léo, 391

Delius, Frederick, 542

Denmark, composers of, 451

Der Freischütz, Weber’s 328, 329, 333

Dett, R. N., colored composer, 501–2

Devrient, Wilhelmine Schroeder-, 363, 366

Dibden, Charles, 339

Die Fledermaus, Strauss’s, 336

D’Indy, Vincent, 393, 435–6

Dinorah, Meyerbeer’s, 335

Ditson, Oliver, 513

Dohnányi, Ernest von, 537–8

Don Giovanni, Mozart’s, 288, 290, 291

Donizetti, Gaetano, 337

Drinking songs, 119, 136

Druids and bards, 89–91

Drums, the first, 5; use of, by American Indians, 11–12; use of, by the negro, 18; sending of messages by, 18; use of, by the Assyrians, 24, 25; by the Chinese, 48; by the Burmese, 52; by the Arabs, 60

Dufay, Guillaume, 153

Dukas, Paul, 417

Dulcimer, the, use of, by the Assyrians and others, 25, 308

Duncan, Edmundstoune, Story of Minstrelsy by, 189, 199

Dunstable, John, 187

Duparc, Henri, 393

Duschek, Franz, 319

Dussek, Johann L., 320

Dvorak, Antonin, 447–8

E

Edwards, Julian, 486

Egyptians, ancient, the music of, 20–3; their musical scale not unlike ours, 23

Eisteddfod, revival of, in Wales, 91

Elgar, Edward William, 439

Elijah, Mendelssohn’s oratorio, 347, 350

Eliot, President, of Harvard, 475

Elizabeth, Queen, 192, 194, 196

Elkus, Albert, 491

Enesco, Georges, 448

Engel, Carl, 511

England, folk music in, 113, 114, 118, 139–40; the “round” in, 123; the morris dance, 123–4; ballads in, in 15th and 16th centuries, 124–5; masques in, 173; music in, in the 16th and 17th centuries, 187–207; founding of Anglican church, 188; chained libraries in, 190; famous old music collections of, 193, 196–7, 198; “chests of viols” in, 198–9; “Cryes of London,” 200–1; some famous composers, 201 ff.; the opera ballad in, 338–41; English composers in classical forms, 438–40; recent composers, 542–5

Erard, Sebastian, piano maker, 313, 314

Erdmann, Edward, 536

Ernani, Verdi’s, 379

Eschenbach, Wolfram von, the minnesinger, 103

Esterhazy, Prince Paul Anton, 279

Evans, Edwin, 318

F

Falla, Manuel de, 540–1

Farrar, Geraldine, 384, 395, 396, 514

Farwell, Arthur, 484

Fauré, Gabriel, 437–8

Faust, Gounod’s, 387

Feinberg, Samuel, 531

Festa, Constanza, 170

Feudalism, the age of, 95

Fidelio, Beethoven’s opera, 302, 305, 306, 326

Field, John, 320, 343–4

Finland, composers of, 452–3

Finnish folk songs, 131; instruments, 131

Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, the, 196–7

Florence, the “Camerata” of, and beginnings of opera, 174 ff.

Flotow, Friedrich von, 212

Flute, use of, by American Indians, 12–13; use of, by the Assyrians and Egyptians, 25; Jubal invents a, 26; use of, by the Greeks, 36, 42–3; by the Romans, 45; by the Chinese, 48, 49; by the Arabs, 61; by the Hindus, 66

Flying Dutchman, The, Wagner’s, 365

Folk dances, 120–6, 134, 135, 144

Folk music, 107 ff.; classes of, 108; songs of childhood, games and cradle songs, 109–11; songs for religious ceremonies, holidays and Christmas carols, May songs and spring festivals, 111–14; love songs, 114–15; patriotic songs, 115–17; songs of work and labor and trades, 117–19; drinking songs, 119; dancing songs and dancing, 120–6; funeral songs and songs for mourning, 126; narratives, ballads and legends, 126–7; national portraits in, 128 ff.; Russian folk music, 129–30; Finnish songs, 131; Poland’s music, 131; gypsies, 132–5; Bohemian folk song, 135; Spanish and Portuguese folk music, 135; French folk music, 135–6; German folk music, 136–7; Irish folk songs, 137; Scotch and Welsh tunes, 137–9; Canadian folk songs, 139; English folk songs, 139–40; American folk music, 140–5

Foote, Arthur, 477–8

Forsyth, Cecil, History of Music by, 38–9, 236

Foster, Stephen Collins, 140–1, 472–4

Fra Diavolo, Auber’s, 333

France, troubadours, trouvères and jongleurs in, 97 ff.; folk music in, 112, 114, 125, 135–6; Baif’s club of poets and musicians in, 177; ballets at court of, 178; the coming of Italian opera to, 178; opera in, 15th to 18th centuries, 222–31; French composers for clavecin and harpsichord, 17th and 18th centuries, 231–3; the French school of opera, 330 ff.; modern composers of, 386–95

Franck, César, 386, 389, 393; life and works of, 429–34

Franco-Flemish school of music, the, 152–5

Franklin, Benjamin, 463, 464

Franz, Robert, 424

Frederick the Great, 249, 253, 255

Frescobaldi, Girolamo, 237–8

Froberger, Johann Jacob, 239

Fry, William H., 466

Funeral songs, 126

G

Gabrieli, 209

Gade, Niels Wilhelm, 450

Galileo, 180

Garcia, Manuel, 338, 465

Gédalge, André, 392

George I of England, 258, 259

German, Edward, 439

Germany, minnesingers and mastersingers in, 102 ff.; folk music in, 111–12, 114, 136–7; organists in, 238 ff.; the Mannheim School and the symphony, 273–4; opera composers in, 327–9, 335; Wagner, 359–76; opera composers since Wagner, 395–6; recent composers, 534–6

Gershwin, George, 503

Gibbons, Orlando, 196–7, 201–2

Gilbert, Henry F., 484

Gilbert, W. S., 336, 341

Gilchrist, William Wallace, 489

Gilmore, Patrick, 486

Giordano, Umberto, 383

Girl of the Golden West, Puccini’s, 384–5

Gleason, Frederic Grant, 489

Gleemen, 92–3

Glinka, Michael, 442

Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 213; account of his life, and works of, 263–72; Orpheus and Euridice, 268; Iphigenia in Aulis, 269; Iphigenia in Tauris, 270; his orchestration, 272; influence of, on Wagner, 360; invention of musical glasses by, 463

Glyn, Margaret, Evolution of Musical Form by, quoted, 65–6

Godard, Benjamin, 386–7

Godowsky, Leopold, 512

Goethe, 298

Goldmark, Rubin, 496

Goldsmith, Oliver, Vicar of Wakefield by, quoted, 463

Gombert, Nicolas, 155

Gonzaga, Vicenzo di, Duke of Mantua, patron of Monteverde, 180–3

Goossens, Eugene, 545

Götterdämmerung, Die, Wagner’s, 367, 372

Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, 322, 471–2

Goudimel, Claude, 157, 160

Gounod, Charles François, 386, 387

Gourd, the, as an early musical instrument, 5

Grainger, Percy Aldridge, 318, 510–11

Gramophone, the, 319

Granados, Enrique, 454–5

Graupner, Gottlieb, 466

Greeks, the, music of, 31 ff.; the nine Muses of, 32; myths and legends, 32–3; Pan’s pipes, 33; Apollo, 33–4; Orpheus, 34–5; music in their daily life, 35; harvest songs, 35–6; the liturgies, 36–7; festivals, 37; scales of, 37–40; Pythagoras, 40–2; musical instruments of, 42–3; modes of, as models for church music, 71–3; spring festival of, 111; folk music of, 118

Gregorian chant, 72, 75, 76

Gregory, Pope, 72, 73

Grétry, André Ernest Modeste, 330

Grieg, Edvard Hagerup, 449–50

Griffes, Charles Tomlinson, 504–5

Gruenberg, Louis, 502–3

Grunn, Homer, 488

Guido, D’Arezzo, additions to music by, 79–83

Guilmant, Alexandre, 392, 393

Gutenberg, invention of printing by, 163

Gypsies, music of, 132–5; their instruments, 132–3, 134

H

Haba, Alois, 538–9

Hadley, Henry K., 496–7

Halévy, Jacques François, 334

Hallen, Anders, 452

Hamilton, Clarence G., Outlines of Music History, by, 155

Hampton Singers, the, 501

Handel, George Frederick, 220–1, 244; comparison with Bach, 255–6; account of his life, and works of, 256 ff.; The Messiah, 262

Hansel and Gretel, Humperdinck’s, 395

Hargrave, Mary, The Earlier French Musicians, by, 230

Harmati, Sandor, 507

“Harmonica,” Franklin’s, 463

Harmony, beginnings of, by Hucbald, 77–9; use of chords by Willaert, 156; Zarlino’s books on, 157; harmonization of hymns, 166–7; experiments of Monteverde in, 179 ff.

Harp, the, use of, by the ancient Egyptians, 22; by the Assyrians, 25; the Hebrew Kinnor, 26; use of, by the Greeks, 43

Harpers and gleemen, 92–3

Harpsichord, the, 310–11

Hartmann, J., 451

Harvard Musical Association, the, 467

Hastings, battle of, 93, 94

Haubiel, Charles, 507

Haydn, Franz Joseph, 213, 253, 254; account of his life, 275–82; The Creation and The Seasons, 281, 282; his gift to music, 283–4; Haydn and Mozart, 284–5; Beethoven meets him, 297–8

Heart music, of Monteverde, 180 ff.; disappearance of, 530

Hebrew music, 25–30

Heine, Heinrich, 346

Heller, Stephen, 358

Henry IV of France, 176, 222

Henry VIII of England, 188–9

Herbert, Victor, 336, 486

Hereford, England, chained library at, 190

Hérold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, 334

Hertz, Alfred, 373

Hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians, 20, 23

Higginson, Colonel Henry L., 467

Hill, Edward Burlingame, 480

Hindemith, Paul, 535–6

Hindu, music, 61 ff.; the Hindu rags, 62–3; orchestra, 64–5; notation, 65–6; instruments of, 66

Holland, modern music in, 541

Holst, Gustave, 543–4

Home, Sweet Home, 465

Homer, 89

Honegger, Arthur, 525, 542

Hook, James, 339

Hooker, Brian, 479

Hopkinson, Francis, 463–4

Horsley, William, 340

Hucbald, starting of science of harmony by, 77–9

Huguenots, The, Meyerbeer’s, 335

Humiston, W. H., 494–5

Hummel, Johann, 319, 320

Humperdinck, Engelbert, 395–6

Humphrey, Pelham, 204, 205

Hungarian gypsies, music of, 133–5

Hungary, modern music in, 536–8

Hurdy-gurdy, or vielle, the, 106

Huss, Henry Holden, 495

Hutcheson, Ernest, 495–6

Hymns, early, 71–3; harmonization of, 166–7

Hymns, national, 115–117

I

Iarecki, Tadeusz, 531

Ignatius, St., 70

Il Trovatore, Verdi’s, 378, 379

Incas, music of the, 53–4

India, music of, 61 ff.

Indians, American, the music of, 9 ff.; musical instruments of, 11–13; Indian societies, 13–15; songs and dances of, 14–15; the medicine man, 15–16; picture language of, 16; lullabies of, 110; recent study of their music, 484–6, 487–8

Instruments, musical, the earliest, 5; of the American Indians, 11–13; of the ancient Egyptians, 22; of the Assyrians, 24–5; of the Hebrews, 26–9; of the Greeks, 42–3; of the Romans, 44, 45; of the Chinese, 48–9; of the Japanese, 50; of Siamese, Burmese, and Javanese, 52; of the Incas and Aztecs, 53–4; of the Arabs, 59–61; of the Hindus, 66; early use of, in church music, 76; Russian stringed instruments, 130; of Finland and Poland, 131; of the gypsies, 132–3, 134; the violin makers of Cremona, 214–17; the origin of stringed instruments, 307–8; the pianoforte, 307 ff.

Iolanthe, Sullivan’s, 341

I Pagliacci, Leoncavallo’s, 382

Iphigenia in Aulis, Gluck’s, 269

Iphigenia in Tauris, Gluck’s, 270

I Puritani, Bellini’s, 337

Ireland, John, 544

Irish folk songs, 137

Italian language, musical terms derived from, 206–7

Italy, beginnings of the opera in, 173 ff.; opera writers of, in 17th and 18th centuries, 212; violinists and composers of, in 17th and 18th centuries, 217 ff.; Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti, 337–8; modern composers of, 377–86; and the new order, 539–41

J

Janequin, Clement, 154–5, 160

Japanese music, 50–1

Javanese, music of the, 52

Jazz music, rhythm of, borrowed from the negro, 143–4; and negro spirituals, 500–1

Jews, music of the, 25–30

Joachim, 420

Jomelli, 213

Jongleurs, the, 97–9

Jonson, Ben, 173

Josephus, cited, on Solomon’s singers and musicians, 28

Jubal, first musician mentioned in the Bible, 25–6

Julius III, Pope, 168

K

Kalkbrenner, Frederick, 320

Kangaroo, dance in imitation of, 6

Kelley, Edgar Stillman, 489

Kerl, Johann Kaspar, 240

Keyboard, the, development of, 309

Kinnor, harp of the Hebrews, 26

Kithara, Greek musical instrument, 39, 42, 44

Kjerulf, Halfdan, 449

Kneisel Quartet, the, 480

Kobbé, Gustave, 318

Kodály, Soltan, 536–7

Korngold, Erich Wolfgang, 534

Kramer, A. Walter, 506

Krehbiel, H. E., quoted on folk music, 107–8; on negro slave songs, 143; on Stephen Foster, 474

Kreisler, Fritz, 448, 512

Kreutzer, Rudolph, 324

Kreutzer Sonata, Beethoven’s, 324

Kuhnau, Johann, 241–2

L

La Bohème, Puccini’s, 383

L’Africaine, Meyerbeer’s, 335

La Juive, Halévy’s, 334

Lalo, Edouard Victor Antoine, 391

Landormy, Paul, History of Music, by, 259, 273, 390–1

Landowska, Wanda, 252, 311

Lang, Benjamin J., 475

Lang, Margaret Ruthven, 481

La Sonnambula, Bellini’s, 337–8

Lassus, Orlandus, 158–60, 161

La Traviata, Verdi’s, 379

Lawes, Henry, 202–3

Lecocq, 336

Lehman, Liza, 439

Lehmann, Lilli, 469

Leit-motif, first use of, by Wagner, 364, 374; use of, by Berlioz, 402; use of, by Strauss, 414

Le Jeune, Claude, 177–8

Le Jongleur de Notre Dame, Massenet’s, 392

Leonardo da Vinci, 456

Leoncavallo, Ruggiero, 382

Leroux, Xavier, 392

Leschetizky, Theodor, 409

Libraries, chained, in England, 190

Lieurance, Thurlow, 487

Lind, Jenny, 335, 338, 449, 451

Liszt, Franz, 313, 322; influence of, on Wagner, 361; his life and work, 403–8; sends scores to Thomas in America, 468

Locke, Matthew, 203, 205

Loeffler, Charles Martin, 482–3

Lohengrin, Wagner’s, 366, 368, 375.

Loomis, Harvey Worthington, 485

Louis XIV of France, 222 ff., 232, 312

Louise, Charpentier’s, 393–4

Lucia di Lammermoor, Donizetti’s, 337

Lucrezia Borgia, Donizetti’s, 337

Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, 370

Lullabies, 109–10

Lully, Jean Baptiste, 223–7, 233

Lute, the, use of, by the ancient Egyptians, 22; by the Arabs, 59, 60; introduction of, into Europe, 96; use and development of, in 15th and 16th centuries, 150–1

Luther, Martin, 163, 165–7

Lyon, Rev. James, early American hymn book by, 460

Lyre, the, use of, by the ancient Egyptians, 22; by the Assyrians, 25; by the Greeks, 42

M

MacDowell, Edward, 491–4, 507; Critical and Historical Essays by, cited, 45, 52–3

McTammany, John, and automatic pianos, 316

Macfarren, Sir George A., 438

Macfarren, Walter Cecil, 438

Mackenzie, Sir Arthur C., 438

Madame Butterfly, Puccini’s, 50, 383–4

Madrigals, 149 ff.; golden age of, in England, 194

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 394

Magic Flute, The, Mozart’s, 288, 289, 291, 329

Mahler, Gustav, 427–8

Malibran, Mme., 465

Malipiero, G. Francesco, 539–40

Man, prehistoric, beginnings of music and musical instruments among, 3–7

Mannheim School of composers, 273–4

Manon, Massenet’s, 392

Manon Lescaut, Puccini’s, 383

Manuel, Roland, 523

Manzoni, 381

Maria Theresa, 267, 299

Marie Antoinette, 213–14, 269, 271–2

Marlin, Jane, Reminiscences of Morris Steinert, by, 315–16

Marriage of Figaro, Rossini’s, 337

Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, The Study of Folk Songs, by, 140

Martini, Padre, 218–19

Masaniello, Auber’s, 334

Mascagni, Pietro, 382

Mason, Daniel Gregory, 403, 471

Mason, Lowell, 470

Mason, Dr. William, 470–1

Masques, in England, 173

Massenet, Jules, 391–2

Mastersingers, 104–6

Matthews, W. S. B., 471

Mattheson, Johann, 242–3

Mauduit, Jacques, 177, 178

Mayer, Charles, 344

Mazarin, Cardinal, 178, 222

Mechanical pianos, 316–19

Medici, Marie de’, 176, 178, 222

Medicine man, the, among the American Indians, 15–16

Mefistofele, Boito’s, 381

Méhul, Etienne Nicholas, 332

Meistersinger, The, Wagner’s, 369, 370–1, 372, 375

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 347–51, 353

Mendelssohn Glee Club of New York, 494

Messager, André, 392

Messiah, The, Handel’s, 262

Metastasio, 213, 265

Metre, introduction of, into music, 83–4

Metropolitan Museum of Art, clavichords and harpsichords in, 310

Metropolitan Opera House, New York, 469

Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 334–5; influence of, on Wagner, 360–1, 364–5

Miaskovsky, Nicolai, 531

Mignon, Thomas’s, 386

Mikado, The, Sullivan’s, 341

Mildenberg, Albert, 497–8

Milhaud, Darius, 525

Milligan, Harold Vincent, quoted on American folk music, 141

Milton, John, father of the poet, 202

Milton, John, 173, 202

Minnesingers, 102–3

Minstrel, the, 88 ff.

“Miracle-plays,” 172

Modes, development of, in church music, 71–3

Mohammed, 56

Mohammedans, capture of Constantinople by, 165

Monochord, invented by Pythagoras, 41

Montemezzi, 385–6

Monteverde, Claudio, his innovations in music, and his operatic and other works, 178–86

Montpensier, Mlle. de, 223–4

Moonlight Sonata, Beethoven’s, 300, 304

“Moralities,” 172, 173

Morley, Thomas, 194, 196, 198, 199

Morris, Harold, 506

Morris dance, the, 123–4

Moscheles, Ignaz, 320–1

Moses, 26, 27

Moszkowski, Moritz, 449

Motet, the, 147–9

Mourning songs, 126

Moussorgsky, Modeste, 444

Mouton, Jean, 155

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Haydn his teacher and friend, 284–5; account of his life, 285–90; Don Giovanni, 288, 290, 291; The Magic Flute, 288, 289, 291, 329; his work, 290–2; influence of, on Wagner, 360

Muses, the nine, of the Greeks, 32

Music, the process of change in, 515–19

Musical instruments, see Instruments, musical

Musical terms, derived from the Italian language, 206–7

“Mysteries,” 172

N

Napoleon I, 293, 298, 442

National Federation of Music Clubs, 479

National hymns, 115–17

Nature, sounds of, imitated by primitive man, 6; personified in gods of the ancient Egyptians, 21

Naumann, Emil, 281, 285

Negro, the, and his music, 17–19

“Negro minstrels,” origin of, 473

Negroes, American, folk music of, 117, 118, 143–4; their spirituals, 144, 500–1; Stephen Foster and their music, 472, 473; Henry F. Gilbert’s music founded on negro themes, 484

Neidlinger, William, 490

Neri, Saint Filippo, founder of oratorio, 171

Nero, Emperor, 45

Nero, Boito’s, 381, 382

Nevin, Arthur, 487

Nevin, Ethelbert, 488

New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, 476, 477

New England group of composers, the, 475 ff.

New York Philharmonic Society, founding of, 467

New York Symphony Society, 468

Netherlands, the, modern music in, 541

Neumes notation, 72

Nibelungen Ring, The, Wagner’s, 364, 366 ff.

Nikisch, Arthur, 412

Nilsson, Christine, 451

Nordica, Lillian, 469

Norma, Bellini’s, 337

Norris, Homer, 484

Norsemen, the, 91–2

Norway, composers of, 449–51

Notation of music, the Greeks the first to use, 40; the Japanese, 51; the Hindus, 65–6; use of neumes, 72; beginnings of the staff and harmony, 77 ff.; the three, four and five line staffs and development of clefs, 79–80; naming of notes of the scale, 81–2; introduction of time values, 83–4; tablature, 151

O

Oberammergau, Passion Play of, 173

Oberon, Weber’s, 329

Oboe, use of, by the Hindus, 66

Odin, 92

Offenbach, Jacques, 335–6

Okeghem, Jan, 153–4

Old Folks at Home, The, 474

Oldberg, Arne, 490

Olympic games, 37

Opera, the descendant of the masque, 173; beginnings of, in Italy, 173 ff.; the coming of Italian opera to France, 178; operas of Monteverde, 181 ff.; first public opera house in Venice, 185; Italian opera composers of 17th and 18th centuries, 212–13; opera in France, 15th to 18th centuries, 222–31; Handel, 255 ff.; Gluck, the father of modern opera, 263 ff.; Haydn, 275 ff.; Mozart, 285 ff.; opera makers of France, Germany and Italy, 1741 to Wagner, 326 ff.; Weber, 327–9; the French school, 330 ff.; Cherubini, 331–2; Meyerbeer, 334–5; Offenbach, 335–6; Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, 337–8; opera singers of the late 18th and 19th centuries, 338; English opera-ballad, 338–41; light opera, 341–2; Wagner, 359–76; Verdi and Meyerbeer to our day, 377 ff.; modern Italian opera, 377–86; French opera, 386–95; German opera composers since Wagner, 395–6; early opera in America, 465–6; opera companies in America, 514

Opéra comique, 330

Oratorio, Saint Filippo Neri the founder of, 171

Oratorio Society of New York, 468

Orchestra, size of ancient Egyptian, 22; of the Roman theatre, 45; of the Hindus, 64–5; the Russian balalaika orchestra, 130; the Hungarian gypsy orchestra, 134; Monteverde’s, 181–2, 185; meaning of the word, 234; Haydn’s additions and improvements in the, 283; rise of, in 19th century, 323; the innovations of Berlioz, 401–2; orchestras in America, 466–8; symphony orchestras in America, 513–14

Organ school, the 17th century, 157–8

Organs, early, 85, 235–7

Orientals, music of the, 46 ff.

Ornstein, Leo, 508

Orpheus, 34–5

Orpheus and Euridice, Gluck’s, 268

Overtones, 528–9

Oxford, first chair of music at, 190

P

Pachelbel, Johann, 240

Pacius, Frederick, 453

Paderewski, Ignace Jan, 322, 449

Paganini, Nicolo, 324

Paine, John Knowles, 475–6

Palestrina, 167–70, 171

Palmgren, Selim, 453

Pan and his pipes, 32–3; the organ a descendant of Pan’s pipes, 235

Paris, as meeting place for composers, 330 ff.

Paris Conservatory of Music, 430–2

Parker, Horatio, 478–9

Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings, 438

Parsifal, Wagner’s, 372–3, 374

Passion Play of Oberammergau, 173

Patience, Sullivan’s, 341

Patriotic songs, 115–17

Patrons of music in America, 512–13

Patti, Adelina, 338

Payne, John Howard, 465

Peace Jubilees, in Boston, 486

Pelleas and Milisande, Debussy’s, 394, 416, 520

Pentatonic scale, 10, 18, 47, 113

People’s Choral Union, New York, 470

Pepys, Samuel, 198, 204

Percy Reliques, the, 106, 127

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, 212–13, 230

Persian music, 57

Peter the Great, 441

Pfitzner, Hans, 424, 535

Philadelphia, music in Franklin’s, 463, 464

Pianists, 319 ff.; of the late 19th and the 20th centuries, 325

Pianoforte, the, 307 ff.; its ancestry and development through the clavichord and the harpsichord, 307–11; the first pianofortes, and their makers, 311–15; automatic players, 316–17; value of mechanical players, 318–19; performers on the, 319 ff.

Piccinni, 269, 270

Pierné, Gabriel, 392, 393

Pilgrims and Puritans in America, 458–60

Pinafore, Sullivan’s, 341

Pirates of Penzance, Sullivan’s, 341

Pius IX, Pope, 406

Pizzetti, Ildebrando, 540

Plagal scales, 72, 73

Plain chant, or plain song, 73

Playford, John, 197

Pleyel, Ignaz Josef, piano maker, 314

Pleyel, Marie, 323

Poe, Edgar Allan, 474

Poet and Peasant, von Suppé’s, 336

Poland, composers of, 448–9

Poland, modern music in, 531–2

Poldowski (Lady Dean Paul), 439–40, 531

Poles, folk music of, 113–14, 131; instruments of, 131

Polish dances, 121

Polyform music, 516 ff.

Polyphony, introduction into church music, 70–1

Polytonality, 516, 517, 529

Ponchielli, Amilcare, 386

Pope, Alexander, 262

Porpora, Niccolo, 213–14

Portuguese folk music, 135

Powell, John, 499–500

Pratt, Silas G., 489

Pratt, Waldo Selden, History of Music by, quoted, 102–3

Prehistoric man, beginnings of music and musical instruments among, 3–7

Près, Josquin des, 148, 154–5

Prescott, Wm. H., Conquest of Peru by, cited, 53

Printing, invention of, 163–4

“Program music,” 242, 397

Prokofiev, Serge, 531

Prophet, The, Meyerbeer’s, 335

Protestant Church, founding of the, 165

Provence, the troubadours poet-composers of, 97

Prunières, Henry, quoted on Monteverde, 185–6

Psaltery, the, 28, 29, 308

Public concerts, the first, 272–3

Puccini, Giacomo, 383–5

Purcell, Henry, 200, 204, 205–7

Puritans and Pilgrims in America, 458–60

Pythagoras, influence of, in music, 40–2; his theory of harmonics or overtones, 526, 528

Pythian games, 37

Q

Quarter-tones, use of, 538–9

R

Rachmaninov, Sergei, 409–10, 446

Radio, the, 319

Ragtime music, 143–4

Rameau, Jean Philippe, 227–31

Rattle, use of, by American Indians, 11, 12

Ravel, Maurice, 417, 522–4

Rebeck, the, 189

Recitative style, the, 183

Reformation, the, 165

Reger, Max, 428–9

Reinken, Johann Adam, 239

Remenyi, 420

Renaissance, the, 163

Respighi, Ottorino, 540

Reyer, Ernest, 389

Rheingold, Das, Wagner’s, 367, 371

Rhythm, 517–18

Rice, Thomas, 473

Richard the Lion-Hearted, 99

Ries, Ferdinand, 299, 320

Rigoletto, Verdi’s, 379

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 444, 445

Ritter, Alexander, 411, 413

Robert le Diable, Meyerbeer’s, 335

Robin Hood, De Koven’s, 336, 488

Romance languages, the, 96–7

Romans, music of the, 43–5

Romantic movement in music, the, 294–5, 320–2, 343 ff.

Romberg, Andreas, 324

Rome, the great musical center in the 18th century, 219

Rome, American Academy in, 507–8

Ronsard, Pierre de, 160–1, 456

Rore, Cyprian de, 156

Roses, War of the, in England, 187

Rosetta stone, the, 23

Rossini, Giacchino, 337

Rounds, 101–2, 123

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 269; quoted on folk music of Brittany, 136

Rubinstein, Anton, 322, 408, 443, 446

Rubinstein, Nikolai, 409, 443, 446

Russia, folk music in, 114, 129–30; stringed instruments in, 130; composers of, 441 ff.; Michael Glinka, 442; Rubinstein and Tchaikovsky, 443; “the Five” group of composers, 444–6; other composers, 446

S

Sackbut, the, 189

Sailors’ songs, 117

St. Bartholomew’s eve, massacre of, in France, 177

Saint-Saëns, Charles Camille, 386, 390–1

Salieri, Antonio, 332

Salome, Strauss’s, 412, 413, 415

Salon music, 322

Salzedo, Carlos, 511

Samson and Delilah, Saint-Saëns’s, 390

Sand, George, 357

Satie, Erik, 524, 525

Savages, the music of, 8 ff.

Sax horn, the, 401

Saxophone, the, 401

Scales: the pentatonic, 10, 18, 47, 113; the ancient Egyptian, 23; of the Greeks, 37–40; of the Romans, 44; of the Chinese, 47–8; of the Arabs, 58–9; of the Hindus, 65–6; of St. Ambrose, 71, 72, 73; plagal, of Pope Gregory, 72, 73; of Hucbald and Guido d’Arezzo, 80–1; naming of notes of our scale, 81–2

Scarlatti, Alessandro, 212

Scarlatti, Domenico, 220–1

Scheidt, Samuel, 241

Schein, Johann Heinrich, 241

Schelling, Ernest, 455, 499

Scherchen, Hermann, 536

Schillings, Max, 395

Schindler, Kurt, 512

Schirmer, Gustav, 513

Schmidt, Arthur P., 513

Schoenberg, Arnold, 532–3

Schola Cantorum, of Paris, 434, 435

Schools of music: of the 15th and 16th centuries, 146 ff.; rise of, 151–2; the Franco-Flemish school, 152–5; the Venetian school, 155–7; the 17th century organ school, 157–8

Schrecker, Franz, 535

Schubert, Franz Peter, 344–7

Schumann, Clara, 321, 420–1, 422

Schumann, Robert, 351–4, 420–1

Schütz, Heinrich, 240–1

Scotch and Welsh folk music, 137–9

Scott, Cyril, 544

Scotti, Antonio, 383, 384

Scriabin, Alexander Nicolai, 446, 526–7

Scribe, Eugène, 335

Seasons, The, Haydn’s, 281

Seidl, Anton, 428, 469

Shakespeare, 173; and music, 199–200; and the harpsichord, 310

Shofar, use of, by the Hebrews, 27

“Shout,” the, negro dance, 144

Siamese, music of the, 52

Sibelius, Jan, 452–3

Siegfried, Wagner’s, 367, 368, 410

Signatures, time, origin of signs for, 84

Sinding, Christian, 450

Singleton, Esther, The Orchestra and Its Instruments, by, 215

Sistrum, the, use of, by the ancient Egyptians, 22

Sjögren, Emil, 452

Skalds, Scandinavian, 91–4

Skilton, Charles Sanford, 487

Smart, Henry, 340

Smetana, Frederick, 446–7

Smith, David Stanley, 479–80

Smyth, Dame Ethel, 439

Société Nationale of Paris, 433–4

Solomon, King, singers and musicians of, 28

Sonata form, the, 243

Sonata, the first, 206, 241, 242

Song writers, of the late 19th century, 423 ff.

Song writers, American women, 481

Song writers, recent, of America, 509–10

Songs, patriotic, 115–17

Sonneck, Oscar G., Early Concert-life in America by, quoted, 459–60

Sousa, John Philip, 487

Spain, composers of, 453–5

Spalding, Albert, 505

Spalding, Walter R., 475, 478

Spanish dance-songs, 122; folk music, 135

Spinet, the, 210, 311

Spirituals, songs of the American negro, 144

Spirituals, negro, versus jazz, 500–1

Spohr, Louis, 329

Spohr, Ludwig, 324–5

Spontini, Gasparo, 332–3

Stabat Mater, Rossini’s, 337

Staff, the beginnings of, 77, 79, 80

Stainer, Sir John, 341, 438

Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers, 439

Steinways, the, piano makers, 315

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 389

Stock, Frederick, 468

Stoessel, Albert, 468, 506

Stojowski, Sigismund, 449

Stonehenge, 90

Stoughton Musical Society, 462

Stradella, 212

Strauss, Johann, 335, 336

Strauss, Richard, life and work of, 410–15, 424, 534

Stravinsky, Igor, 318, 446, 527–8, 530–1, 538–9

Streicher, Nanette, 313

Stringed instruments, the origin of, 307–8

Suites, dance tunes grow up into, 210–2

Sullivan, Sir Arthur, 336, 341–2

Suppé, Franz von, 336

Svendsen, Johan Severan, 450

Sweden, composers of, 452

Sweelinck, Jan, 157–8, 197, 240

Switzerland, modern music in, 541–2

Symphony, first composers of, in Germany, 273–4

Symphony orchestras in America, 513–14

Syrinx, or Pan’s pipes, 33

Szymanowski, Karol, 531

T

Tablature, 151

Tales of Hoffmann, The, Offenbach’s, 336

Tallis, Thomas, 192, 197

Tambourine, use of, by the ancient Egyptians, 22; by the Assyrians, 25; by the Hindus, 66

Tannhäuser, Wagner’s, 365–6, 370, 401

Tansman, Alexander, 532

Tartini, 218

Tasso, Torquato, 174, 180, 184

Tausig, Carl, 409, 448

Taylor, Deems, 506

Taylor, Samuel Coleridge, 439

Tchaikovsky, P. I., 409, 443, 446

Terpander, supposed perfection of tetrachord by, 39–40

Tetrachords, 38, 39, 44

Thomas, Arthur Goring, 438–9

Thomas, Charles Ambroise, 386

Thomas, Theodore, 467–8, 471

Thuille, Ludwig, 395

Tibia, or bagpipe, the Roman, 45

Timbrel, use of, by the Hebrews, 26

Time values, introduction of, into music, 83–4

Tone poets, 397 ff.

Tone relationship, Pythagoras’ theory of, 41

Torelli, 218

Tosca, Puccini’s, 384

Toscanini, Arturo, 382

Tourte, François, perfection of violin bow by, 323

Tremolo, invention of, 184

Trent, Council of, action of, on church music, 167

Trinity Church, New York, 464

Tristan and Isolde, Wagner’s, 369, 370, 372

Troubadours, the, 97, 99–101

Trouvères, the, 97, 101–2

Troyer, Carlos, 485

Trumpets, use of, in war by the ancient Egyptians, 22; use of, by the Hebrews, 27; by the Greeks, 43; by the Hindus, 66

Twentieth century music, 515 ff.

Tyndale, William, 190

Tyrol, the, making of lutes and viols in, 215

U

Unfinished Symphony, Schubert’s, 346

United States, the, folk music in, 140–5; modern music of, 456 ff; lack of definite traits in music of, that could be called national, 457; Pilgrims and Puritans, 458–60; William Billings, 460–2; the Stoughton Musical Society, 462; the Boston Handel and Haydn Society, 462; music in Franklin’s Philadelphia, 463; Francis Hopkinson, 463–4; early opera, 465–6; orchestras, 466–7; the New York Philharmonic Society, 467; Theodore Thomas, 467–8; the Damrosch family, 468–70; the Mason family, 470–1; Gottschalk, 471–2; Stephen Collins Foster, 472–4; the New England group of composers, 475 ff.; Dudley Buck, 476; George Chadwick, 476–7; Horatio Parker, 478–9; women composers and song writers, 480–1; Loeffler, 482–3; Victor Herbert, 486; Sousa, 487; Ethelbert Nevin, 488; Reginald de Koven, 488–9; MacDowell, 491–4; Henry Holden Huss, 495; Albert Mildenberg, 497–8; John Alden Carpenter, 498; Eric Delamater, 498–9; John Powell, 499–500; negro Spirituals versus Jazz, 500–1; Louis Gruenberg, 502–3; Irving Berlin, 503; George Gershwin, 503; Charles Tomlinson Griffes, 504–5; the American Music Guild, 506–7; the American Academy in Rome, 507–8; Leo Ornstein, 508; song writers, 509–10; foreigners writing in America, 510–12; some American patrons of music, 512–13; symphony orchestras, 513–4; opera companies, 514; twentieth century composers in, 545–6

University of California, open air theatre at, 469

V

Valkyrie, Wagner’s, 367, 368, 369, 371, 374, 375

Van der Stucken, Frank, 490

Varese, Edgar, 511

Vaudeville, origin of the word, 119–20

Venetian school of music, the, 155–7

Venice, first public opera house in, 185

Verdi, Giuseppe, account of his life and work, 377–81

Vielle, or hurdy-gurdy, the, 106

Vikings, the, 91

Viola, the, 216–17

Violin, makers of the, in Cremona, 14–17; perfecting of the bow, 323; the growth of violin music, 323–5

Violoncello, the, 216

Viols, of the Arabs, 60

Viotti, Giovanni Battista, 323

Virginal, the, 210, 310, 311

Virginals, in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, 195–6

Vitali, Giovanni Battista, 218

Vivaldi, 218

Volger, Abbé, 327, 328

W

Wagner, Wilhelm Richard, account of his life and work, 359–76; influence of other musicians upon, 360–1; first use of leit-motif by, 364; The Flying Dutchman, 365; Tannhäuser, 365–6, 370; Lohengrin, 366, 368, 375; The Nibelungen Ring, 364, 366 ff.; Tristan and Isolde and The Meistersinger, 369–71, 372; Bayreuth, 371–2, 373; Parsifal, 372–3, 374; his influence on opera, 374–6; influence of, on Verdi, 377, 381; followers of his theories in France, 389; and Liszt, 405–6, 407, 408

Wagner, Siegfried, 395

Wallace, William Vincent, 341

Walther, Johann, 166

Washington, George, 464

Water organs, 309

Weber, Carl Maria von, 327–9, 333, 334; influence of, on Wagner, 360

Weelkes, Thomas, 200, 201

Weingartner, Felix, 424

Wellesz, Egon, 533

Welsh folk music, 137–8

Wesley, Samuel, 340

Whiteman, Paul, 508

Whithorne, Emerson, 505

Whiting, Arthur, 482

Whitman, Walt, 474

Widor, Charles Marie, 392

Wieck, Clara, 352–3

Willaert, foundation of Venetian school of music by, 155–6

William the Conqueror, 93

William Tell, Rossini’s, 337

Williams, Vaughn, 543

Wolf, Hugo, 424–6

Wolfe, James, 380

Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno, 385

Wolle, Frederick, 464

Wood, Sir Henry J., 318

Worde, Wynken de, song book of, 191

Y

Young People’s Concerts, New York, 470

Ysaye, Eugene, 434

Z

Zarlino, books on harmony and theory by, 157

Zither, use of, by the Arabs, 60

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling.

Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

The music files are the music transcriber’s interpretation of the printed notation and are placed in the public domain. P. 78, Organum, Subsituted 1/2 note rest for short bar line indicating break between sung notes. P. 78, Discant, missing slur and not whole note.