Front matter (continued 4)
Reading edition
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
SECT. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States,
and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to
all cases of admiralty jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the
United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more
States;--between a State and citizens of another State;--between
citizens of different States;--between citizens of the same State
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.
SECT. III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And
the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
SECT. II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
SECT. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the
legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
any particular State.
SECT. IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case
shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
provided that no amendments which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI
I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same.
Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence of the United States of
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our
names.
[Signed by]
GO. WASHINGTON,
Presidt and Deputy from Virginia.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
CONNECTICUT.
Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman.
NEW YORK.
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JERSEY.
Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm: Paterson, Jona: Dayton.
PENNSYLVANIA.
B Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer,
Tho. Fitz Simons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris.
DELAWARE.
Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford, Jun, John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom.
MARYLAND.
James McHenry, Dan of St. Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll.
VIRGINIA.
John Blair, James Madison, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.
GEORGIA.
William Few, Abr Baldwin.
Attest:
William Jackson, Secretary.
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND
RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT
TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.--A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall
not be infringed.
ARTICLE III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a
manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI.--In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.--In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in
any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
ARTICLE VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the
people.
ARTICLE X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
States respectively, or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.--Section 1. The electors shall meet in their respective
States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted
for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate;--the President of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--the person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons
having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President,
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President.
Section 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible
to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.--Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.--Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States,
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such
disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims
shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate
legislation the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV.--Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
II
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
ARTICLE 1.--The style of this Confederacy shall be, "The United States
of America."
ART. II.--Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence,
and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress
assembled.
ART. III.--The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of
friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of
their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding
themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks
made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade, or any other pretense whatever.
ART. IV.--The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and
intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the
free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and
fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of
each State shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other
State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce
subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the
inhabitants thereof respectively; provided that such restrictions shall
not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into
any State to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant;
provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be laid
by any State on the property of the United States or either of them. If
any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high
misdemeanor in any State shall flee from justice and be found in any of
the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive
power of the States from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to
the State having jurisdiction of his offense. Full faith and credit
shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and
judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.
ART. V.--For the more convenient management of the general interests of
the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner
as the Legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on
the first Monday in November in every year with a power reserved to each
State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the
year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more
than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate
for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any
person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the
United States for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any
salary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each State shall maintain its
own delegates in any meeting of the States and while they act as members
of the Committee of the States. In determining questions in the United
States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of
speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in
any court or place out of Congress; and the members of Congress shall be
protected in their persons from arrest and imprisonment during the time
of their going to and from, and attendance on, Congress, except for
treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
ART. VI.--No State, without the consent of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with
any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of
profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any
present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king,
prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States, in Congress
assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or
alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for
which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any
stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in Congress
assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties
already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except
such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States, in
Congress assembled, for the defense of such State or its trade, nor
shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace,
except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts
necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always
keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and
accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use in
public stores a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper
quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by
enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being
formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is
so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in
Congress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any State grant
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or
reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States,
in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and
the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under
such regulations as shall be established by the United States, in
Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which
case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so
long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall determine otherwise.
ART. VII.--When land forces are raised by any State for the common
defense, all officers of or under the rank of Colonel shall be appointed
by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall
be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all
vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the
appointment.
ART. VIII.--All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
incurred for the common defense, or general welfare, and allowed by the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common
treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to
the value of all land within each State, granted to, or surveyed for,
any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon
shall be estimated, according to such mode as the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The
taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the
authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States,
within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled.
ART. IX.--The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole
and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in
the cases mentioned in the sixth Article; of sending and receiving
ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no
treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the
respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and
duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or
commodities whatever; of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases,
what captures on land and water shall be legal, and in what manner
prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States
shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and
reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies
and felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for
receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures;
provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of
the said courts.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also be the last resort
on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that
hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary,
jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always
be exercised in the manner following: Whenever the legislative or
executive authority, or lawful agent of any State in controversy with
another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by
order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other
State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint,
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for
hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot
agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United
States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately
strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be
reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more
than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of
Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so
drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear
and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination; and if
either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without
showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present,
shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three
persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in
behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence
of the Court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be
final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit
to the authority of such Court, or to appear or defend their claim or
cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or
judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment
or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to
Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the
parties concerned; provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in
judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of
the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be
tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question,
according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope
of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory
for the benefit of the United States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions, as they may
respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are
adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time
claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of
jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of
the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same
manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
territorial jurisdiction between different States.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have the sole and
exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin
struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States;
fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United
States; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians,
not members of any of the States; provided that the legislative right of
any State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated;
establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another,
throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the
papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the
expenses of the said office; appointing all officers of the land forces
in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers;
appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all
officers whatever in the service of the United States; making rules for
the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and
directing their operations.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have authority to
appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated
"A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each
State, and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be
necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under
their direction; to appoint one of their number to preside; provided
that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than
one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of
money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to
appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to
borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States,
transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the
sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to
agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each
State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in
such State, which requisition shall be binding; and thereupon the
Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise
the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at
the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed,
armed, and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the
time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled; but if the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of
circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or
should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State
should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra
number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the
same manner as the quota of such State, unless the Legislature of such
State shall judge that such extra number can not be safely spared out of
the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and
equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared,
and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall march to
the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States,
in Congress assembled.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in a war,
nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense
and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor
borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or
the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander
in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor
shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to
day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United
States, in Congress assembled.
The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any
time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that
no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six
months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly,
except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military
operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays
of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the
journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a
State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with
a transcript of the said journal except such parts as are above
excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.
ART. X.--The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be
authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of
Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of
nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them
with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the
exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine
States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.
ART. XI.--Canada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the
measures of the United States shall be admitted into, and entitled to
all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted
into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.
ART. XII.--All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts
contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling
of the United States, in pursuance of the present Confederation, shall
be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public
faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
ART. XIII.--Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United
States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this
Confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this
Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union
shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be
made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress
of the United Stares, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of
every State.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline
the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to
approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said Articles of
Confederation and perpetual Union, know ye, that we, the undersigned
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that
purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our
respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and
every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all
and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further
solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents,
that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in
Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said Confederation are
submitted to them; and that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably
observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union
shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands
in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the
ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year
of the Independence of America.
III
THE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of
Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was
adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was
agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the
Journal for that day:
"Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the
Declaration; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and
Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a Declaration,
which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed
to as follows:"
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident--that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That,
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of
the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government,
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and,
accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it
is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
their former systems of government. The history of the present king of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over
these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary
for the public good.
2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should
be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
representation in the Legislature--a right inestimable to them, and
formidable to tyrants only.
4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of
invasions from without, and convulsions within.
7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising
the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure on
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.
11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our Legislatures.
12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior
to, the civil power.
13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent
to their acts of pretended legislation;
14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury;
19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.
21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.
22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against us.
24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
nation.
26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind--enemies in
war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other
acts and things which independent Stales may of right do. And for the
support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
signed by the following members:
JOHN HANCOCK.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
RHODE ISLAND.
Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.
CONNECTICUT.
Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott.
NEW YORK.
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.
NEW JERSEY.
Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George
Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross.
DELAWARE.
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean.
MARYLAND.
Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.
VIRGINIA.
George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun.,
Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton.
GEORGIA.
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.
IV-
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
NAMES STATE PARTY YEARS VICE-PRESIDENT
1 George Washington Virginia All Parties 1789-1797 John Adams
2 John Adams Mass Federalist 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson
3 Thomas Jefferson Virginia Republican 1801-1809 Aaron Burr George Clinton
4 James Madison Virginia Republican 1809-1817 George Clinton Elbridge Gerry
5 James Monroe Virginia Republican 1817-1825 Daniel D. Tompkins
6 John Quincy Adams Mass Republican 1825-1829 John C. Calhoun
7 Andrew Jackson Tennessee Democratic 1829-1837 John C. Calhoun Martin Van Buren
8 Martin Van Buren New York Democratic 1837-1841 Richard M. Johnson
9 William H. Harrison Ohio Whig 1841-1841 John Tyler
10 John Tyler Virginia (Whig) 1841-1845
11 James K. Polk Tennessee Democratic 1845-1849 George M. Dallas
12 Zachary Taylor Louisiana Whig 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore
13 Millard Fillmore New York Whig 1850-1853
14 Franklin Pierce New Hamp Democratic 1853-1857 William R. King
15 James Buchanan Penns Democratic 1857-1861 J. C. Breckenridge
16 Abraham Lincoln Illinois Republican 1861-1865 Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17 Andrew Johnson Tennessee (Republican) 1865-1869
18 Ulysses S. Grant Illinois Republican 1869-1877 Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson
19 Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio Republican 1877-1881 William A. Wheeler
20 James A. Garfield Ohio Republican 1881-1881 Chester A. Arthur
21 Chester A. Arthur New York Republican 1881-1885
22 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1885-1889 Thomas A. Hendricks
23 Benjamin Harrison Indiana Republican 1889-1893 Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1893-1897 Adlai E. Stevenson
25 William McKinley Ohio Republican 1897-1901 Garret A. Hobart Theodore Roosevelt
26 Theodore Roosevelt New York Republican 1901-1909 Charles W. Fairbanks
27 William H. Taft Ohio Republican 1909-1913 James S. Sherman
V--
STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION
RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION
1. Delaware December 7, 1787
2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787
3. New Jersey December 18, 1787
4. Georgia January 2, 1788
5. Connecticut January 9, 1788
6. Massachusetts February 6, 1788
7. Maryland April 28, 1788
8. South Carolina May 23, 1788
9. New Hampshire June 21, 1788
10. Virginia June 25, 1788
11. New York July 26, 1788
12. North Carolina November 21, 1789
13. Rhode Island May 29, 1790
ADMITTED INTO THE UNION
14. Vermont March 4, 1791
15. Kentucky June 1, 1792
16. Tennessee June 1, 1796
17. Ohio November 29, 1802
18. Louisiana April 30, 1812
19. Indiana December 11, 1816
20. Mississippi December 10, 1817
21. Illinois December 3, 1818
22. Alabama December 14, 1819
23. Maine March 15, 1820
24. Missouri August 10, 1821
25. Arkansas June 15, 1836
26. Michigan January 26, 1837
27. Florida March 3, 1845
28. Texas December 29, 1845
29. Iowa December 28, 1846
30. Wisconsin May 29, 1848
31. California September 9, 1850
32. Minnesota May 11, 1858
33. Oregon February 14, 1859
34. Kansas January 29, 1861
35. West Virginia June 19, 1863
36. Nevada October 31, 1864
37. Nebraska March 1, 1867
38. Colorado August 1, 1876
39. North Dakota November 3, 1889
40. South Dakota November 3, 1889
41. Montana November 8, 1889
42. Washington November 11, 1889
43. Idaho July 3, 1890
44. Wyoming July 10, 1890
45. Utah January 4, 1896
46. Oklahoma 1908
47. New Mexico 1912
48. Arizona 1912
VI--
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES
ACCESSION YEAR GROSS AREA (SQUARE MILES)
Continental United States 3,026,789
Area 1790 892,135
Louisiana Purchase 1803 827,987
Florida Purchase 1819 58,666
Treaty with Spain 1819 13,435
Texas 1845 389,166
Oregon 1846 286,541
Mexican Cession 1848 529,189
Gadsden Purchase 1853 29,670
Outlying Possessions 716,517
Alaska 1867 590,884
Hawaii 1898 6,449
Philippine Islands 1899 115,026
Porto Rico 1899 3,435
Guam 1899 210
Samoa 1900 77
Panama Canal Zone 1904 436
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED)
STATE RANK IN AREA AREA (SQUARE MILES)
Texas 1 265,896
California 2 158,297
Montana 3 146,997
New Mexico 4 122,634
Arizona 5 113,956
Nevada 6 110,690
Colorado 7 103,948
Wyoming 8 97,914
Oregon 9 96,699
Utah 10 84,990
Minnesota 11 84,682
Idaho 12 83,888
Kansas 13 82,158
South Dakota 14 77,615
Nebraska 15 77,520
North Dakota 16 70,837
Oklahoma 17 70,057
Missouri 18 69,420
Washington 19 69,127
Georgia 20 59,265
Florida 21 58,666
Michigan 22 57,980
Illinois 23 56,665
Iowa 24 56,147
Wisconsin 25 56,066
Arkansas 26 53,335
North Carolina 27 52,426
Alabama 28 51,998
New York 29 49,204
Louisiana 30 48,506
Mississippi 31 46,865
Pennsylvania 32 45,126
Virginia 33 42,627
Tennessee 34 42,022
Ohio 35 41,040
Kentucky 36 40,598
Indiana 37 36,354
Maine 38 33,040
South Carolina 39 30,989
West Virginia 40 24,170
Maryland 41 12,327
Vermont 42 9,564
New Hampshire 43 9,341
Massachusetts 44 8,266
New Jersey 45 8,224
Connecticut 46 4,965
Delaware 47 2,370
Rhode Island 48 1,248
District of Columbia 49 70
VII--
POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES BY DECADES, 1790-1910
CENSUS YEAR NUMBER POPULATION INCREASE OVER PRECEDING CENSUS PER CENT INCREASE
1910 91,972,266 15,977,691 21.0
1900 75,994,575 13,046,861 20.7
1890 62,947,714 12,791,931 25.5
1880 50,155,783 11,597,412 30.1
1870 38,558,371 7,115,050 22.6
1860 31,443,321 8,251,445 35.6
1850 23,191,876 6,122,423 35.9
1840 17,069,453 4,203,433 32.7
1830 12,866,020 3,227,567 33.5
1820 9,638,453 2,398,572 33.1
1810 7,239,881 1,931,398 36.4
1800 5,308,483 1,379,269 35.1
1790 3,929,214
VIII-APPROXIMATE POPULATION UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, 1910
United States, proper 91,972,266
Alaska 64,356
Hawaii 191,909
Porto Rico 1,118,012
Persons in military and naval service 55,608
Philippine Islands [1903] 7,635,426
Guam 9,000
Samoa 6,100
Panama Zone 50,000
Total population of the United States 101,102,677
IX--POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1910, 1900, AND 1890
From Bulletin of the Thirteenth Census, 1910.
Year Per Cent of Increase
State 1910 1900 1890
Alabama 2,138,093 1,828,697 1,513,401 16.9 20.8
Arizona 204,354 122,931 88,243 66.2 39.3
Arkansas 1,574,449 1,311,564 1,128,211 20.0 16.3
California 2,377,549 1,485,053 1,213,398 60.1 22.4
Colorado 799,024 539,700 413,249 48.0 30.6
Connecticut 1,114,756 908,420 746,258 22.7 21.7
Delaware 202,322 184,735 168,493 9.5 9.6
Dist. of Columbia 331,069 278,718 230,392 18.8 21.0
Florida 752,619 528,542 391,422 42.4 35.0
Georgia 2,609,121 2,216,331 1,837,353 17.7 20.6
Idaho 325,594 161,772 88,548 101.3 82.7
Illinois 5,638,591 4,821,550 3,826,352 16.9 26.0
Indiana 2,700,876 2,516.462 2,192,404 7.3 14.8
Iowa 2,224,771 2,231,853 1,912,297 -0.3 16.7
Kansas 1,690,949 1,470,495 1,428,108 15.0 3.0
Kentucky 2,289,905 2,147,174 1,858,635 6.6 15.5
Louisiana 1,656,388 1,381,625 1,118,588 19.9 23.5
Maine 742,371 694,466 661,086 6.9 5.0
Maryland 1,295,346 1,188,044 1,042,390 9.0 14.0
Massachusetts 3,366,416 2,805,346 2,238,947 20.0 25.3
Michigan 2,810,l73 2,420.982 2,093,890 16.1 15.6
Minnesota 2,075,708 1,751,394 1,310,283 18.5 33.7
Mississippi 1,797,114 1,551,270 1,289,600 15.8 20.3
Missouri 3,293,335 3,106,665 2,679,185 6.0 16.0
Montana 376,053 243,329 142,924 54.5 70.3
Nebraska 1,192,214 1,066,300 1,062,656 11.8 0.3
Nevada 81,875 42,335 47,355 93. -10.6
New Hampshire 430,572 411,588 376,530 4.6 9.3
New Jersey 2,537,167 1,883,669 1,444,933 34.7 30.4
New Mexico 327,301 195,310 160,282 67.6 21.9
New York 9,113,614 7,268,894 6,003,174 25.4 21.1
North Carolina 2,206,287 l,893,810 1,617,949 16.5 17.1
North Dakota 577,056 319,146 190,983 80.8 67.1
Ohio 4,767,121 4,157,545 3,672,329 14.7 13.2
Oklahoma 1,657,155 1,414,177 790,391 17.2 109.7
Oregon 672,765 413,536 317,704 62.7 30.2
Pennsylvania 7,665,111 6,302,115 5,258,113 21.6 19.9
Rhode Island 542,610 428,556 345,506 26.6 24.0
South Carolina 1,515,400 1,340,316 1,151,149 13.1 16.4
South Dakota 583,888 401,570 348,600 45.4 15.2
Tennessee 2,184,789 2,020,616 1,767,518 8.1 14.3
Texas 3,896,542 3,048,710 2,235,527 27.8 36.4
Utah 373,351 276,749 210,779 34.9 31.3
Vermont 355,956 343,641 332,422 3.6 3.4
Virginia 2,061,612 1,854,184 1,655,980 11.2 12.0
Washington 1,141,990 518,103 357,232 120.4 45.0
West Virginia 1,221,119 958,800 762,794 27.4 25.7
Wisconsin 2,333,860 2,069,042 1,693,330 12.8 22.2
Wyoming 145,965 92,531 62,555 57.7 47.9
X--NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AFTER EACH
APPORTIONMENT
Year 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 1790 1780
Ratio 212,877 194,182 173,901 151,.911 131,425 127,381 93,423 70,680 47,700 40,000 35,000 33,000 33,000 30,000
Total under apportionment 433 386 356 325 292 241 234 223 240 213 181 141 105 65
Assigned new States 2 5 1 7 1 2 3 9 2 --- 5 1 1
Alabama 10 9 9 8 8 6 7 7 5 3
Arizona 1
Arkansas 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
California 11 8 7 6 4 3 2 2
Colorado 4 3 2 1 1
Connecticut 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 5
Delaware 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Florida 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
Georgia 12 11 11 10 9 7 8 8 9 7 6 4 2 3
Idaho 2 1 1 1
Illinois 27 25 22 20 19 14 9 7 3 1 1
Indiana 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 7 3 1
Iowa 11 11 11 11 9 6 2 2
Kansas 8 8 8 7 3 1
Kentucky 11 11 11 11 10 9 10 10 13 12 10 6 2
Louisiana 8 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 1
Maine 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 7 7
Maryland 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 8 9 9 9 8 6
Massachusetts 16 14 13 12 11 10 11 10 12 13 13 17 14 8
Michigan 13 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 1
Minnesota 10 9 7 5 3 2 2
Mississippi 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 2 1 1
Missouri 16 16 15 14 13 9 7 5 2 1
Montana 2 1 1 1
Nebraska 6 6 6 3 1 1
Nevada 1 1 1 1 1 1
New Hampshire 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3
New Jersey 12 10 8 7 7 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4
New Mexico 1
New York 43 37 34 34 33 31 33 34 40 34 27 17 10 6
North Carolina 10 10 9 9 8 7 8 9 13 13 14 12 10 5
North Dakota 3 2 1 1
Ohio 22 21 21 21 20 19 21 21 19 14 6 1
Oklahoma 8 5
Oregon 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
Pennsylvania 36 32 30 28 27 24 25 24 28 26 23 18 13 8
Rhode Island 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
South Carolina 7 7 7 7 5 4 6 7 9 9 9 8 6 5
South Dakota 3 2 2 2
Tennessee 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 11 13 9 6 3 1
Texas 18 16 13 11 6 4 2 2
Utah 2 1 1
Vermont 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 4 2
Virginia 10 10 10 10 9 11 13 15 21 22 23 22 19
Washington 5 3 2 1
West Virginia 6 5 4 4 3
Wisconsin 11 11 10 9 8 6 3 2
Wyoming 1 1 1 1
XI--POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY 1890-1910.
URBAN TERRITORY INCLUDES CITIES OF 2,500 OR OVER
1910 1900 1890 Per Cent
CLASSIFICATION Number of places Population Number of places Population Number of places Population 1910 1900 1890
Total population 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban territory 2,405 42,623,383 1,894 30,797,185 1,510 22,720,223 46.3 40.6 36.1
1,000,000 or more 3 8,501,174 3 6,429,474 3 3,662,115 9.2 8.5 5.8
500,000 to 1,000,000 5 3,010,667 3 1,645,087 1 806,343 3.3 2.2 1.3
250,000 to 500,000 11 3,949,839 9 2,861,296 7 2,447,608 4.3 3.8 3.9
100,000 to 250,000 31 4,840,458 23 3,272,490 17 2,781,894 5.3 4.3 4.4
50,000 to 100,000 59 4,178,915 41 2,760,477 30 2,027,569 4.5 3.6 3.2
25,000 to 50,000 120 4,062,763 82 2,785,667 67 2,298,765 4.4 3.7 3.7
10,000 to 25,000 374 5,609,208 286 4,409,900 232 3,487,139 6.1 5.8 5.5
5,000 to 10,000 629 4,364,703 477 3,278,518 361 2,495,594 4.7 4.3 4.0
2,500 to 5,000 1,173 4,105,656 970 3,354,276 792 2,713,196 4.5 4.4 4.3
Rural territory 49,348,883 45,197,390 40,227,491 53.7 59.5 63.9
Incorporated towns of less than 2,500 inhabitants 11,784 8,119,528 8,892 6,247,645 6,466 4,719,835 8.8 8.2 7.5
Other rural territory 41,229,355 38,949,745 35,507,656 44.8 51.3 56.4
XII--TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES FROM 1880 TO 1910.
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR RANK
1910 1900 1890 1880
Rank City Population City Population City Population City Population
1 New York 4,766,883 New York 3,437,202 New York 1,515,301 New York 1,206,299
2 Chicago 2,185,283 Chicago 1,698,575 Chicago 1,099,850 Philadelphia 847,170
3 Philadelphia 1,549,008 Philadelphia 1,293,697 Philadelphia 1,046,964 Brooklyn 566,663
4 St. Louis 687,029 St. Louis 575,238 Brooklyn 806,343 Chicago 503,185
5 Boston 670,585 Boston 560,892 St. Louis 451,770 Boston 362,839
6 Cleveland 560,663 Baltimore 508,957 Boston 448,477 St. Louis 350,518
7 Baltimore 558,485 Cleveland 381,768 Baltimore 434,439 Baltimore 332,313
8 Pittsburgh 533,905 Buffalo 352,387 San Francisco 298,997 Cincinnati 255,139
9 Detroit 465,766 San Francisco 342,782 Cincinnati 296,908 San Francisco 233,959
10 Buffalo 423,715 Cincinnati 325,902 Cleveland 261,353 New Orleans 216,090
11 San Francisco 416,912 Pittsburgh 321,616 Buffalo 255,664 Washington 177,624
12 Milwaukee 373,857 New Orleans 287,104 New Orleans 242,039 Cleveland 160,146
13 Cincinnati 363,591 Detroit 285,704 Pittsburgh 238,617 Pittsburgh 156,389
14 Newark 347,469 Milwaukee 285,315 Washington 230,392 Buffalo 155,134
15 New Orleans 339,075 Washington 278,718 Detroit 205,876 Newark 136,508
16 Washington 331,069 Newark 246,070 Milwaukee 204,468 Louisville 123,758
17 Los Angeles 319,198 Jersey City 206,433 Newark 181,830 Jersey City 120,722
18 Minneapolis 301,408 Louisville 204,731 Minneapolis 164,738 Detroit 116,340
19 Jersey City 267,779 Minneapolis 202,718 Jersey City 163,003 Milwaukee 115,587
20 Kansas City 248,381 Providence 175,597 Louisville 161,129 Providence 104,857
21 Seattle 237,194 Indianapolis 169,164 Omaha 140,452 Albany 90,758
22 Indianapolis 233,650 Kansas City 163,752 Rochester 133,896 Rochester 89,366
23 Providence 224,326 St. Paul 163,065 St. Paul 133,156 Allegheny 78,682
24 Louisville 223,928 Rochester 162,608 Kansas City 132,716 Indianapolis 75,056
25 Rochester 218,149 Denver 133,859 Providence 132,146 Richmond 63,600