Volume 4 — INDEX.

Achilles, The S.S., belonging to Mr. Holt, from Foochow, by Cape, made passage to London, 13,552 miles, in 58 days 9 hours, Sept. 1869, p. 435, note

Admiralty, The Lords of, slow to construct ships of iron, p. 97

—— secure nearly a million for the reconstruction of a wooden navy in 1861, p. 98

—— object to screw-propeller, as likely to cause loss of mechanical power, p. 106

Adriatic, The, purchased by Galway Co. from Collins Co., very fast passage of, p. 268

——, of the “White Star Line,” accomplishes 455 miles in 24 hours, p. 279

Africa, The, details of the construction of, pp. 217-8

Agamemnon, The (Mr. Holt’s ship), beats the mails from Shanghai to London by nine days, July 1873, p. 436, note

Allan, J. (in 1722), proposes to navigate a ship “by forcing water through the stern,” p. 26

Allan, Mr. Alex., sketch of life of, pp. 260-1, note

Allan, or Montreal Line, starts April 1862, p. 262

—— now maintains a regular weekly service, ibid.

—— deservedly famous for the speed of many of its vessels, such as the Polynesian, Hungarian, and Peruvian, p. 263

——, steamers of, 1875, Append. p. 612

Allan, Mr. James, ultimately one of the Managing Directors of P. and O. Co., a sketch of his early history, pp. 380-1, note

Amazon, The, launched June 28, 1851, various details of, p. 305, note, and p. 306

——, dreadful destruction of, by fire, pp. 307-8

America, sketch of lakes in, pp. 122-3, note

——, the first vessel of, on the western waters, the brig Dean launched at Alleghany in 1806, p. 123, note

—— has now navigable communication throughout of more than 3000 miles, ibid.

——, chief navigable rivers, bays, roadsteads, and harbours of, pp. 125-8

——, great dangers in the navigation of the Western rivers of, as shown by the loss of sixty-six vessels in 1832-4; while no less than 233 steamers blown up, between 1816 and 1848, with the loss of 2563 people killed, and 2097 wounded, pp. 134-40, and note

——, Atlantic steamboats of, generally with low-pressure engines, working at 18 to 20 lbs. on the square inch, with a difference of rating as compared with English vessels, p. 141

——, river boats of, sustain an average speed of 20 miles an hour, p. 144

——, their peculiar construction, p. 149

—— still retains the whole of her river, lake, and coasting trade, p. 164

—— determines on subsidizing a fleet of steamers to provide for the protection of “American rights,” p. 197

——, merchants of (at Boston, Philadelphia, &c.), complain of the monopoly of Transatlantic Trade, at New York, p. 228

——, wooden clippers of, no chance against the iron screws of England, but, for a time, probably as remunerative, p. 270

American Government, for a while, subsidize vessels for the carrying of their mails, and, especially, the “Collins Line,” p. 197

——, wherein they take a natural pride, p. 215

American Line of Steamers, from New York to Bremen, calling at Southampton, 1847, p. 195

American Steamers, Bristol and Providence, dimensions of, Append. p. 600

American Sailing-Vessels, do more with twenty hands than the English with thirty, p. 167

Americans, we owe to them the modifications of Watt’s engine, still in use, p. 122

——, the first to improve steam-vessels by substituting a fine entrance and a clear run for round and bluff bows, ibid.

—— send the first trading steamer across the Atlantic in 1819, p. 167

—— resolve to compete with the Cunard Line, by subsidized vessels of their own, p. 199

—— prefer to “skim” the water rather than to force the ship through, p. 582

Amherst, Lord (as Governor General), warmly approves of Steam Navigation with India, p. 339

—— offers a premium to any Company or person who will establish a steam service to India by the end of 1825, p. 339

Anchor Line, started from the Clyde, in 1856, by Messrs. Handyside and Henderson, with lines to Quebec and the Mediterranean, pp. 287-90

—— start fortnightly service between Glasgow and New York in 1865, p. 287

—— now owns 71,328 tons of steam-ships, their Mediterranean vessels connecting with India by Suez Canal, pp. 287-9

——, their steam-ship Victoria an excellent specimen of a “business” ship, p. 289

——, particulars of line of steamers, Append. p. 633

Anderson, Arthur, sketch of his life, p. 379, note

Anthemius, account of (from Gibbon, c. xl.), how he avenged himself on the philosopher Zeno, p. 8, note

Aquatic animals, as whelks, cuttle fish, &c., exhibit many types of machinery, p. 2

Arago, M., in his “Éloge de James Watt,” speaks highly of the invention of Solomon de Caus, p. 16

Archimedes, The, screw steam-ship, of Mr. T. P. Smith, her trials with the Widgeon, Oct. 14, 1839, between Dover and Calais, pp. 107-8

——, important as settling satisfactorily the value of the “screw,” pp. 108-10

Arctic, The, commonly called the “clipper of the seas,” details of, pp. 204-7

——, collision of, with the Vesta, and dreadful loss of life, Sept. 27, 1854, pp. 222-4

Arsenals, extensive, established by Chinese Government at Nankin, Foochow, &c., p. 473, note

Atherton, Mr. Charles, views of, with regard to the speed of steam-vessels when greatly increased, pp. 491-2

—— thinks the views of the Directors of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company are not supported by their data, pp. 495-6

Atlantic Steam Navigation, not the idea of any one man, but of many working together, p. 178

Australia, details of routes to, considered by Committee of House of Commons, pp. 390-1, note

——, stringent penalties enforced by Government for failure in conveying the mails to, p. 433

——, anecdote, with reference to the penalties to be imposed on failure in the mail service to, p. 433, note

Australian Mail Service, proposal for independent line, May 1856, p. 396

——, peculiar conditions of the contracts for carrying the mails to, pp. 431-2

Austrian Lloyd’s Company, and other shrewd persons, question the commercial plans of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, p. 491

Auxiliary Screws, presumed advantage of, fallacious, as the machinery takes up too much room, pp. 428-9

Bacon (Roger) describes a boat capable of obtaining greater speed than the “London pinnaces,” A.D. 1214-1296, p. 15

Baltimore Clippers and “American Liners,” the result of the efforts towards improvement by American shipbuilders, p. 166

Batture, the name technically applied to the alluvial soil of the Mississippi at New Orleans, p. 137

Bavarian, The, fine steam-ship belonging to Messrs. Leyland, employed in Mediterranean, p. 421

Bayard, Mr., absurd notions of, with reference to high speed, p. 214

Bell, Henry, lays before the English and other Governments his plan for the improvement of Steam Navigation in 1800, p. 62

—— gives, in letter to Mr. Miller, 1816, an account of his steamer the Comet, pp. 63-4

——, no more than Fulton, can claim to be the inventor of the present system of Steam Navigation, p. 64

Bell, Mr. Lothian, estimate of the amount of pit coal in America, p. 139

Bentinck, Lord W., arrives at Calcutta on July 3, 1838, and at once takes up the cause of Steam-vessels on Indian rivers, pp. 449-50

Bergenroth, M., gives a list of the letters of Blasco de Garay, found by him at Simancas, pp. 14-15, notes.

Berlin, The City of, splendid ship belonging to the Inman Company, 1875, p. 259, note

Bessemer, The, built by Mr. E. J. Reed, details of her construction, pp. 563-6

——, the “swinging saloon” of, her most important feature, not available on her first trial, May 8, 1875, p. 566, note

Bessori, J., describes a vessel with two prows (not unlike the Castalia), (1582), p. 15

Black Ball Line, Old, ultimately merged in the Guion Line of sailing-ships, p. 273

——, still, as of old, a line of sailing-packets, so called, but under the management of Marshall and Co., p. 273, note.

Boilers, Marine, of which, now, four different patents, hard to make strong enough to withstand the great pressure required, p. 580

Bombay Government, letter approving of Mr. Taylor’s plan for Steam communication with India, p. 350

Boston, Shipowners of, complain that individual enterprise is paralysed by the unfair giving of Government patronage, p. 200

——, and, therefore, protest against the adoption, by the American Government, of a protective system, ibid.

Bothnia and Scythia, The, magnificent steamers built for Cunard Line, 1874, by Messrs. J. and G. Thompson of Glasgow, pp. 232-7 and note

——, of 1874, compared with the Britannia of 1840, p. 238

Bougner, M., in 1746, uses “revolving arms, like the vanes of a mill,” to propel vessels, p. 101

Bourne, W., proposes a “boate without oares or sayle” (1578), p. 15

Bramah, Joseph (the inventor of the hydraulic press), invents also (in 1785) the “screw-propeller,” pp. 31-2, note

——, in 1798, tests the application of the screw to a boat, pp. 101-2

Branca, G., applies steam to blow against vanes attached to the external rim of a wheel (1629), p. 16

Bright, John, The, Parsee trader between Bombay, Calcutta, and China, p. 455 and note

Britannia, The, one of the four first ships of the “Cunard Line;” details of her construction, p. 183, note

Britannic, The, one of the “White Star Line,” engines of, by Maudslay, Sons, and Field, p. 279;

further details of, p. 279, _note_

British and Indian Steam Navigation Company, originally, and till 1862, called the Calcutta and Birmah Steam Navigation Company, p. 455

—— now own 42 iron screw-steamers, p. 456 and note

——, vessels of, now traverse 1,100,000 miles annually, p. 459

——, and is now the most important of all the Indian Companies, pp. 455-60

Brunel, Mr. I. K., proposes to Eastern Steam Navigation Company the building of a ship of enormous dimensions, p. 487

Builder’s Measurement, meaning and mode of calculating the old and the new, p. 173, note

Burhampooter, The, and the Hooghly sent to India in 1828; details of the, p. 449 and note

Burns, Mr. John, valuable table provided by, of the work done by all the Cunard vessels, p. 238, note

Burns, Mr. George, and Mr. MacIver, sketch of their commercial history, p. 179, note

Busterich, an early Teutonic god, noticed by Arago in his “Éloge de James Watt,” p. 8, note

Calcutta, Meeting at, Dec. 17, 1823, to promote Steam Navigation with India, p. 339

Canadian Government contracts with Messrs. McKean & Co. for line between Canada and England, 1853, p. 261

Cape Route to India, at first proposed for steam in 1822, p. 339

Carrying Trade, Transatlantic, great struggle between England and the United states to secure, pp. 163-7

Castalia, The, plans and details of, pp. 561-3, and note.

Caus, Solomon de, shows clearly in 1635 his acquaintance with the “motive” power of steam, p. 16

Chabert, M. (in 1710), describes a paddle-wheel vessel, p. 25

Chain cables of iron, used by the ancient Tyrians, p. 1

Charlwood, E. F., R.N., Capt., evidence in favour of iron ships as splintering less when struck by shot, p. 98, note

Chesney, Col., makes an elaborate survey and report of the Euphrates Route, p. 358, note

Chicago, sketch of the history of, p. 123, note

——, first steamer to, in 1832, p. 132

Chimborazo, The, launched in 1871 from the yard of J. Elder & Co., for Pacific Company, p. 325

China, character of the country and of the inhabitants of the interior of, p. 465

——, tea-boats of, on Canton River and Yang-tse, p. 481

Chinese Merchants, Steam Navigation Company established under the Chinese flag, pp. 472-3

Cigar Ships, The, of Messrs. Winans, built at Baltimore, 1858, and on the Thames in 1864, pp. 567-70

Clermont, The, built by Mr. Fulton for Mr. Livingston, p. 52

Clyde, the mechanics on the, at Glasgow, take the lead in the construction of marine engines, p. 61

——, remarkable improvements in the navigation of, pp. 68-9, note

——, return of the number of ships built on its banks between 1868 and 1873 inclusive, p. 70, note

——, dredging machines on, Append. p. 591

——, ships launched on, 1863-4, ibid., p. 593

——, shipbuilders on, 1871, ibid., p. 594

Coal, the carrying of, for long voyages, commercially, a mistake, p. 494, note

Collins, Mr. E. K., undertakes to establish the well known “Collins Line” between New York and Liverpool, p. 202

—— arranges for the construction of the Arctic, Baltic, Atlantic, and Pacific steamers for the “Collins Line,” p. 203

“Collins Line,” details of the steamers of, p. 204

——, enormous cost of the ships on the, p. 211

——, finally started in 1850, just ten years after the Cunard had commenced, p. 214

—— at length relinquished, 1858, pp. 228-9

Colquhoun, Sir Patrick, idea of, that guilds (a form of trades’ unions) came from the East, p. 479, note

Comet, The, (Henry Bell’s steamer), completed in Jan. 1812; details of, pp. 64-7, and notes

—— not remunerative to her enterprising owner, p. 67

——, original engine of, now in Patent Museum, p. 67, note, and p. 574

Compound Engines, introduced in order to utilise steam at high pressures, p. 577

——, principle of the construction of, pp. 577-8

——, how distinguished from simple, pp. 578-9

——, much more economical than simple, pp. 579-80

Condensing Engine, distinguishing characteristics of, p. 576

Coolie Chinese Emigration (as conducted by the Portuguese from Macao), no better than a slave-trade, pp. 469-70, note

Cram, Capt. (1860, July 11), points out the advantages of the “Truss” plan on which Mr. Randall’s steamer was to have been built, p. 159, note

Cunard, Mr. Samuel, so early as 1830, contemplates the establishment of mail steamers between Liverpool and Halifax, p. 178

—— obtains the contract for the conveyance of the mails between England and America, p. 180

—— commences a regular service between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston in 1840, p. 183

—— adds, in 1844, the Cambria and Hibernia, p. 184

Cunard Line, all the first ships built on the Clyde, with engines by Mr. Robert Napier, p. 181

——, vessels of, clearly shown to be superior in many respects to any others, p. 185, note

——, but, at first, slightly beaten in speed, by the Collins Line, p. 219

—— now (1875) own 90,208 tons of shipping, p. 237

——, comparative statement of the consumption of coals in, p. 237, note

——, in thirty-five years, have never lost one life or one letter entrusted to their charge, p. 239

——, chief reasons of this remarkable success, pp. 240-4

——, strict regulations on board, and special orders for the course to be taken by the ships of, according to the season of the year, pp. 242-5

——, ships of Burns, MacIver, and Co., Append. p. 606

Cunard Company, a striking example of what can be done, p. 248

——, regulations of, Append. p. 609

Cunard and Collins Lines, comparison of, Append. p. 601

Cunard Steamer, the Persia, passages of 1856-1868, ibid., p. 603

Cunard Steamers, progress of, 1840-1875, ibid., p. 608

Curaçoa, The, crosses the Atlantic, several times in 1829, between Holland and the Dutch West Indies, p. 170

Darien Expedition, illustrates the difficulty of trade with Central America, p. 330

Denny, W., the builder of the Rob Roy, and of the first steamers of “Allan Line;” sketch of the life of, with account of his firm, p. 79, note

Diana, The, second steamer in India, takes Mr. Crauford, the Resident, up to Amarapura, p. 448

Dicey, Capt., plans the new Channel steamer Castalia, p. 561

Ditchburn and Mare, Messrs., build the Fairy, the tender to yacht of H.M. the Queen, p. 87

Drew, Daniel, The, surpasses even the New World in speed, and attains 25 miles per hour, p. 150

Dublin and Holyhead Line of Steam-packets, first started in 1819, p. 551

——, early success on, of the Meteor, Banshee, and Llewellyn, p. 552

——, splendid new steamers of, the Connaught, Ulster, Munster, and Leinster, built 1860, pp. 552-5

——, details of the construction of the new steamers for, pp. 552-5, and note

Dundas, Lord, his vessel, the Charlotte Dundas (fitted with engine by Symington), “the first practical steamboat,” p. 37

Dundas, Charlotte, the machinery of, mechanically superior to that of either the Clermont or the Comet, p. 64

Duquet, M., invents a kind of screw-propeller, in 1729, p. 100

Eastern Steam Navigation Company, proposed in reply to circular from the Admiralty after Lord Jocelyn’s Company, of 1851, p. 486

East India Company, Directors of, establish a Tátar post between Constantinople and Baghdad, p. 338

—— take no interest in steam to India, p. 351

—— are compelled at length to act on the Report of the Committee of 1834, p. 358

—— for years insist on carrying the mails in their own vessels, between Bombay and Suez, p. 387

Economy, Political, erroneous reasoning about, in America, p. 215

Elder, John, and Company, details of the vast shipbuilding business, conducted by, pp. 71-2, note

Elevator, The, a peculiar machine invented by M. de Lesseps, during the making of the Suez Canal, p. 372

Elizabeth, during Reign of, and some time after, English merchants trade by Syria, with Baghdad and India, p. 337

Elphinstone, Hon. Mount-Stuart, as Governor of Bombay, in 1823, recommends steam communication with England, p. 344

——, to prove his views, returns to England, viâ Isthmus of Suez, in 1827, p. 345

Emperor, The, yacht presented to Japanese by Lord Elgin in 1858-9, and, thus, the first Japanese steamer, p. 482

England more interested than any one else in securing a route for her ships to the East, p. 369

——, the wisest statesmen of, Mr. Gladstone, Mr. S. Herbert, Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, &c., support M. de Lesseps’ scheme, p. 369, note

England, The, a ship sold to Japanese by W. S. Lindsay, in Jan. 1861, p. 484, note

Enterprize, The, first steamer to India in 1825, is 113 days on her passage to Calcutta, p. 341

——, showing thereby, that, commercially, the Cape route would not pay, p. 342

—— proves of great value to the East India Co., in first Burmese war, p. 342

Ericsson, Capt., in 1836, fully demonstrates the merits of the screw, p. 104

——, exhibits successfully his screw steamer to the Lords of the Admiralty, pp. 105-6

Euphrates, Route to India, reasons advanced in its favour by Committee of 1839, pp. 356-7, note

European and Australian Mail Company, tender of, accepted, p. 397

—— proves a failure more disastrous than even that of the Galway Line, p. 398

Evans, F. J., R.N., able report by, on the “Deviations of the Compass” in iron ships, Phil. Trans. 1860, p. 90, note

Evans, Oliver, tries a plan for propelling vehicles by steam on common roads, in 1786, p. 47

Farrer, T. H., letter from, noticing the Naval Review of 1853, p. 106, note

Ferry-boats at Quebec and between Yarmouth and Norwich, propelled, till recently, by oxen walking on a circular platform, p. 20

Fins of fish suggest the idea of a paddle, or oar, as their tails do that of sculling, p. 4

Fitch, Mr. F., sketch of his life, and boat built by, pp. 42-3, note, and p. 44

“Flat floor,” advantages of this construction for steam-vessels, as advocated by the Americans, p. 160

Forbes, R. B., Mr., sketch of his commercial life, pp. 193-4, note

Fowler, Mr., proposes a steam-boat to carry a railway train from Dover to Calais, pp. 557-8;

with details, pp. 559-60, and note

France, now, 1875, owns (including Messageries Maritimes) 160,478 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note

Froude, Mr. W., experiments on H.M.S. Greyhound, show a loss of 49 per cent. of motive power to attain 10½ knots, p. 581

Fruit Schooners, in the Mediterranean, for a while maintain their ground against steamers, p. 418

Fulton, Robert, conceives, previously to 1796, the idea of propelling vessels by steam, p. 48

——, sketch of his life, p. 50, note

—— pays a visit to Mr. Symington, and studies his boat and its machinery, p. 50

—— (in 1806) builds the Clermont steamer on East (Hudson) River, p. 51

—— never claimed any patent for his assumed discovery, p. 52

——, engine of, for his Clermont, nearly the same as that of the Charlotte Dundas, p. 52

—— not fairly spoken of by such men as Sir J. Rennie and Mr. Woodcroft, p. 55, note

——, unquestionably, the first to keep a steam-boat regularly running for purposes of trade, p. 56

——, vessel launched by, on July 4, 1815, the exact copy of that of Mr. Miller of Dalwinston, p. 131, note

——, note of origin and place of birth, Append. p. 585

Galloway, Mr., patents, in 1829, a plan for “feathering” paddle-wheels, still in use, pp. 99-100

Galway Line, or Royal Atlantic Steam Navigation Company, proposes (in 1859) to carry H.M. mails in six days from Galway to St. John’s, Newfoundland, &c., p. 265

——, contractors for, fail to deliver the vessels at the time agreed on, p. 267

——, ships, built for, always behind their time, pp. 267-8

—— compelled to terminate their contract, May 1861, p. 269

Ganges, length of journey up, previously to steam, Calcutta to Benares 2½ months; Calcutta to Cawnpore 3½ months; Calcutta to Agra 6 months; Calcutta to Delhi 7½ months; p. 449

Garay, Blasco de, exhibits to Charles V. a mode of propelling vessels in a calm, p. 11

——, his letters shown by Mr. MacGregor not to refer to a steam-boat, pp. 12-14, notes

Garry Owen, The, being driven on shore, thereby shows the superiority of iron over wood for strength, p. 88

Gauthier, M. (in 1756) writes a treatise on “Navigation by Fire,” which, though approved at Venice, was not published, p. 28

Gellatly, Messrs., and Company, establish steamers viâ Suez Canal to the East, p. 437

Germanic, The, magnificent vessel of the “White Star Line” (1875), p. 279, note

Glasgow, The, steam-vessel built by Mr. Cook in 1814, the standard for some years for river steamers, p. 73

Glasgow, The City of, screw-steamer launched in 1850, and placed on the Inman Line, Dec. 1850, p. 252

Grant, T., M.D., patents an invention “for the more speedy passage of calmed ships,” p. 17

Gray, Mr. John, of Liverpool, plans the magnetic apparatus to insure the correct steering of the Great Eastern, pp. 509-10

Great Britain, built at Bristol, from Mr. Patterson’s design, 1843, with details of, p. 187, and note

—— launched July 19, 1843, and great success of, from that time to this, p. 189, note, and p. 434

Great Eastern, relative claims of Mr. Brunel and Mr. Scott Russell to different parts of her construction, pp. 492-3

——, Messrs. Watt & Co., of Birmingham, to make her screw-engines, and Mr. Scott Russell her paddle-engines and hull, p. 493

——, actually commenced May 1, 1854, p. 496

——, general details of her construction, pp. 497-504

——, chief distinguishing feature of, the combined application of the paddle and the screw, pp. 501-2

——, under full sail, can spread 65,000 yards of canvas, p. 508

——, ingenious apparatus for steering, pp. 510-11

——, conversation about, between Mr. Lindsay and Mr. Brunel in 1857, as to whether she will “pay,” p. 513, note

——, a wonder of construction, but a commercial failure, pp. 513-14

——, enormous preparations made for launching, pp. 514-15

——, launching of, repeated several times, but unsuccessfully, pp. 519-20

—— at length floats of her own accord, Jan. 31, 1858, pp. 521-2

——, the whole scheme, in fact, of her mode of launching, a blunder from beginning to end, p. 522

—— offered to Government, but this offer wisely declined, pp. 523-4

—— starts on her first sea voyage, Sept. 9, 1859, p. 526

——, report of the pilot in command of her, pp. 527-8

——, peculiar construction of rudder and anchors of, pp. 511-3

——, daily performances of, on first voyage across the Atlantic, p. 530, note

—— encounters a heavy gale, Sept. 1861, 100 miles S.W. of Ireland, and returns to Cork, pp. 532-3, and notes

——, chief subsequent value as a cable layer, but, even then, scarcely remunerative, p. 538, note

——, thus employed in 1855-6, 1868, 1870, 1873-4, pp. 539-41

——, in spite of every error, a vessel of which the people of England may well be proud, pp. 541-3

Great Western, The, the first vessel specially built for the Atlantic trade, leaves Bristol for New York April 7, 1838, p. 172

Great Western Company naturally annoyed that, having started the Great Western, they did not obtain the Government contract for the mails to America, p. 180

—— obtain a Parliamentary inquiry into the relative costs of the Trans-Atlantic mail service, pp. 184-5

Guion, Mr. S. B., the chief owner of the Guion Line, supplies, in 1863, cargoes for the Cunard and National Companies, p. 273

——, and his partners commence, in 1866, a line of steamers, the Manhattan being the first, p. 273

Guion Line, otherwise called Liverpool and Great Western Steamship Company, excellent vessels of, pp. 273-4

Gutznur, Mr., of Leith, adopts in the Athol and Tourist steamers a new plan for connecting the piston-rod with the crank of the paddle-shaft, p. 82, note

Hall (Admiral Sir W. H.), evidence that iron ships are less injured by shot than wooden ones, p. 97, note

Hamburg, now (1875) owns 45,669 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note

Hamburg American Steam Packet Company, fine ships of, pp. 290-1

Hankow, nine steamers employed in trade of, so early as in 1863-4, since when, many more, pp. 468-9

Hankow and Pekin Steamers (completed April 1874), belonging to Messrs. Swire and Co., details of, p. 470, and note

Harfield, Mr., invents a new steam windlass, which is fitted in the Bothnia, &c., p. 234, note

Harland, Mr., invents a new method of lifting the screw, pp. 280-1

Head, Major, C. F., account of his journeys by Red Sea and Suez in 1829-30, and evidence about Overland route to India, p. 345 and note

Heat, used in creating steam, great loss during its conversion, p. 581, note

Hero, a mathematician of Alexandria, B.C. 120, p. 4

—— writes a work “On Pneumatics,” containing 78 experiments, many of them of much interest, p. 4

——, machine of, called the Æolipile, resembling the modern engines of Avery and Ruthven, pp. 5-7, and note

——, the first to record, if not actually to invent, the steam engine, p. 7

——, experiments of, often applied to superstitious purposes, as in the case of Nos. 37 and 70, pp. 7-8 and note

Hibernian, The, built in 1861, the first vessel with a promenade deck from stem to stern, p. 263

High Pressure, meaning of, in America, p. 139

Himalaya, The, building of, and details, p. 392 and note

Hindoo, The, fine ship of, belonging to Messrs. Gellatly, p. 437

Hindostan, The, sent, in 1842, to open the line between Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, and Suez, p. 388

Hooghly Tug Company, and Bombay Steam Navigation Company, among the first private Companies in India, p. 452

Holland now (1875) owns 36,644 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note

Hollar, curious drawing by (A.D. 1653), of a Dutch vessel, preserved in the British Museum, p. 20

Holt, Mr. Alfred, notice of his life, with particulars of the line established by him, to Colon and West Indies, p. 331, and p. 435, note

——, steamers, run in 1865, from Liverpool to the Mauritius, 8500 miles without stopping, p. 434

——, the first to use the compound engine in long oversea voyages, p. 435, note

——, steamers to China, details of freight by, p. 436, note

Holyhead and Kingston, average passage between, for 14 years to Sept. 30, 1874, Append. p. 644

Holy Ship, curious native pilgrim vessel, so-called, with notes of the model, her construction, p. 460

Hongs, The Chinese, not unlike the “Guilds” of the Middle Ages, pp. 478-9

Horse-power, technical meaning of, pp. 52-3, note

Hugh Lindsay, The, sent to Suez from Bombay, March 20, 1830, under command of Capt. Wilson, p. 352

—— makes one voyage annually from 1830, p. 352, note

——, details of her first voyage to Suez, pp. 354-5

Hulls, Jonathan (in 1736), plan by, for converting reciprocating rectilinear into a continuous rotary motion, p. 27

——, sketch of his life, p. 27, note

——, boats resembling the one he made still to be seen on the Upper Thames in England, and on the Murray in Australia, p. 27

Iberia, The, the first ship of the P. and O. Company, sailed Sept. 1837, p. 383

Independence, War of, at the close of, ships of America and England alike under the leading strings of protection, p. 164

India, steam navigation to, meeting in London for, 1822, p. 339

——, report of Committee, 1834, in favour of Euphrates route much influenced by political considerations, pp. 355-6

——, method adopted for the conveyance of mails to, previously to 1839, pp. 383-4

——, postal service with, remains under the control of the Directors of East India Company till 1854, p. 39

——, steam to, by the Cape even now is not very remunerative, p. 426

Indian Produce, the bulkiest articles of, as jute, &c., generally brought home in sailing-vessels, p. 444, note

Indian Steam Committee of 1857, at length arouses people to the advantage of steam in Indian trade, p. 452

Indian Trade, no private steam companies started for, till 1845, p. 452

Indus, steamboat for, designed by Mr. Windus, and built by Pearce and Co., of Stockton-on-Tees, details of, p. 454, note

Inglis and Co., builders of the Hankow, Pekin, &c., for Yang-tse trade, note from, about these ships, p. 472, note

Inman, Mr., the first to start a regular line across the Atlantic, consisting of iron screw-steamers only, p. 255, note

——, sketch of the life of, pp. 255-6, note

Inman Line, or Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steam-ship Company, commencement of, in 1850, p. 251

——, splendid ships of, the City of Paris, the City of Brussels, and the City of Richmond, p. 253

——, logs of the City of Brussels, and the City of Richmond, pp. 253-4, note

—— convey, in 1856-7, 85,000 passengers to and from the United States, or about one-third of all who then crossed the Atlantic, p. 256

——, details of the voyages of the City of Chester, and the City of Richmond, pp. 257-8

——, the City of Berlin of, the longest, and probably the largest, merchant ship afloat, except the Great Eastern, p. 259

——, steamers of, Append. p. 611

Insurance of Vessels, going to sea, note on, pp. 248-9

Iona, The, successful paddle-wheel steamer between Glasgow and the Western Highlands, p. 545, details of, note

Iron, as a material for shipbuilding, first used partially in 1830, p. 83

—— at first objected to by many because heavier than water, p. 84

—— successfully used by Messrs. Fawcett and Co. at Liverpool, Mr. Laird at Birkenhead, Mr. (Sir William) Fairbairn and others, on the Thames, p. 87

—— long objected to, owing to the difficulty in adjusting the compasses, p. 90

Iron ores of America, now being largely developed (‘Times,’ May 28, 1875), p. 166, note

Iron ships, general consideration of their superiority over wooden vessels, with reasons for this, pp. 92-7

——, various reasons why more economical, pp. 96-7

——, accidental damages in, more easily repaired than in the case of wooden ones, p. 97

—— liable to lose their speed by the adherence to them of animal and vegetable matter, p. 93

Iron Steam Ships, total built in United Kingdom, 1861-74, and total tonnage compared with four other nations, Append, p. 645

Irrawaddy River, great fertility of the country it drains, p. 465

——, before introduction of steam, more than 25,000 native craft engaged on, p. 463

Irrawaddy Flotilla and Burmese Steam Navigation Company, started in 1865, one of the most remarkable commercial undertakings in India, pp. 462-5

——, Mr. Jas. Galbraith, the managing Director, chief partner of the firm of Henderson & Co., p. 462, note

—— now run their steamers up to Bhamo, 1000 miles above the mouth of the Irrawaddy, p. 463

——, peculiar character of the vessels employed by, p. 464

——, fleet of (in Jan. 1875), consists of 15 steamers, and 25 “flats,” p. 464

Japanese, now have several merchant steamers and iron-clads built for them in England, p. 482

Japanese boats, original form and character of, p. 483, note

Jersey, New, The, her value shown, as able to tow through drift ice, where paddle-wheel steamers were useless, p. 115

——, many years a steam-tug on the Delaware and Schuylkill, ibid.

Jocelyn, Lord, Indian Navy List supplied to the Committee of 1851, pp. 359-60, note

Johnston, Capt. (then Lieut.), sent to Calcutta in 1822 to promote steam navigation with India, p. 339

—— commands the Enterprize by Cape to India, 1825, p. 341

—— and, in 1828-30, the Hooghly to Allahabad, p. 450

Jouffroy, Marquis de, said to have constructed (in 1781) a steam-boat 140 feet long, p. 30

Junks, Chinese, general character of, pp. 473-4, note

Just, Mr. J., as Manager of the Pacific Company, adopts, in 1856, the compound engine, and, thereby, saves much fuel, p. 322

Khedive, The, splendid new steamer of the P. and O. Company, details of, pp. 410-14

——, log of, Append. p. 637

Kinder, R., in 1816, patents a shaft and screw, nearly the same as at present used, p. 102

King Coal, The, collier so named, details of, p. 547, and note

Laird, Mr. MacGregor, states that wooden ships are more than twice as heavy as those of iron, p. 95, note

——, under signature of “Chimera,” replies, in Liverpool Albion, to Dr. Lardner’s objection against Transatlantic Steam Navigation, pp. 171-2, note

Laird, William, sketch of his life, p. 87, note

Laird, Messrs., carry out the plan of iron vessels for ocean navigation in 1832, and build the Elburkah and Lady Lansdowne, p. 88

—— build two iron steam-vessels in 1837 for the navigation of the Indus, and those for the Euphrates Expedition, p. 90

Lamport, C., article by, on “Merchant Shipping Legislation” in Westminster Review, for April 1875, p. 246, note

Lange, Sir Daniel, the warm supporter of M. de Lesseps from the commencement; paper read by, to the Society of Arts, on the nature of the ground through which the Suez Canal was cut, p. 373

Lardner, Dr., Report of lecture at Liverpool, December 1835, from Liverpool Albion, pp. 168-9, note 2.

Law, Roberts & Co., Messrs., undertake to carry U. S. mails between New York, California, and Oregon monthly, in 1847, p. 156

Leach, Harris and Forwood, Messrs., build boats and extend line started by Mr. Holt, p. 331

Leith Smacks, an early mode of communication, between Leith and London, commenced in 1809, p. 550

——, a fleet of, successfully repel an attack of French privateers, p. 550, note

Lesseps, De, M., sketch of the life of, p. 366, note

Levees, a peculiar kind of wharf on the western rivers of America, and, especially, at New Orleans, p. 136

Leyland, Messrs., and Co., now employ twenty-three large steamers in the Mediterranean trade, p. 420

——, the fleet of, alone could bring all the corn from Egypt required by Ancient Rome, p. 421

Lin, F., patents an invention (1637) for working vessels “without the use of horses,” p. 17

Lindsay, Mr., moves the reduction by 300,000l. of the vote for the reconstruction of a wooden navy, May 23, 1861, p. 98, note

——, address to his constituents at Tynemouth, on the Great Eastern, pp. 539-40, note

Liners, Yankee, The, the perfection of sailing ships, p. 270

Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Company organized in 1865, chiefly by Messrs. Lamport and Holt, p. 333

—— now own 49,294 tons of steamships, ibid.

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 637.

Livingston, Mr., enters into Fulton’s plans, and builds a boat on the Seine, in 1803, which, however, fails, p. 49

Lloyd’s, North German, an old established Company between Bremen, Baltimore, and New York, p. 291

Lowe, Robert, The, account of her voyage up the Yang-tze, p. 468 and note

—— loads at Shanghai for Hankow, May 8, 1863, and brought tea thence direct to England, pp. 468-9

Luck, good or bad, applicable only to games of chance, requiring no skill or genius, p. 246

Lynch, A. K., excellent account by, of the early works in connection with the Suez Canal, p. 370, note

MacGregor, J., investigates the story of the invention of a steam-boat, by Blasco de Garay, pp. 10-14

—— arrives at the conclusion that De Garay did not invent any steam-boat, p. 13, note

—— visits Simancas and Barcelona, to investigate the story of Blasco de Garay, pp. 12-14, and notes

Mackinnon, Mr., the founder and Managing Director of the British Indian Steam Navigation Company, pp. 455-6

Malcolm, Sir J., and his brothers, Sir Charles Malcolm and Sir Pulteney Malcolm, support Mr. Elphinstone’s views for steam communication with India, p. 345

Manby, Mr., fits a steam-engine, for the first time, into an iron vessel, the Aaron Manby, in 1821, p. 86

Manchester, The City of, fine screw-steamer, purchased for the Inman Line in 1851, p. 252 and note

Margary, Mr., murdered (Feb. 1875) in an attempt to explore the country between Bhamo and Hankow, p. 463, note

Marine Steam Engine, history of the progress of, since the days of the old Comet, pp. 573-8

Maritime Casualties, can and must be reduced, p. 246

Massachusetts, The, auxiliary screw-steamer, sent out by the Americans in 1845, details of, pp. 190-1, and note

—— still running, under the name of the Alaska, pp. 191-2, note

McKean, McLarty, and Lamont, Messrs., successfully employ the Osmanli and Levantine in the Mediterranean ports in 1849, p. 419

Mediterranean, trade in, revived by the introduction of steam-vessels, p. 417

Melbourne, Lord, present of 50l. granted by the Administration of, to the four daughters of James Taylor in 1837, p. 36

Merrifield, C. W., F.R.S., statement of the amount of work to be obtained from 1 lb. of coal, p. 581, note

Messageries Maritimes, the largest existing Steam Navigation Company, but, altogether, the creation of the Government, p. 422

——, originally carriers by land, make their first oversea contract with Government in 1851, p. 423

—— own now (1875) 175,000 tons of steam shipping, p. 424

—— now run over more than 423,607 French leagues annually, p. 424

——, details of the vast trade conducted by, pp. 425-6

——, list of all steamers of, and how employed (1875), Append. p. 641

Michigan Lake, first steam-boat on, 1827, p. 132

Miller, Mr., of Dalswinton, the first, in 1787, actually to use a marine engine, p. 32

—— lays before Royal Society, Dec. 20, 1787, an account of his mode of propulsion, p. 33, note

——, his success mainly due to Mr. Symington, p. 35

——, the “parent” engine of steam navigation made by, in 1788, now in Patent Office, p. 36, note

Mississippi, first steamer launched on, in 1814, p. 131

——, steam-boats on, constructed, specially, to rise on the levees, p. 136

——, peculiar character of the boats, barges, employed on, pp. 137-8

——, and of the boatmen on the barges of, ibid.

Mississippi and Dominion Steam-ship Company, founded in 1870, to trade between Liverpool and New Orleans in the winter, and Canada in the summer, p. 274

Mississippi and Ohio, 234 steamers on, as early as 1834, p. 133

Mitrovitch, Capt., the commander of the Telica, blows up himself and vessel at Guayaquil, p. 315

Mitsu-Bishi Steam Navigation Company, a Japanese line, started Feb. 1875, p. 481

Mongredian, Mr., attempts to establish a line of steamers to Mediterranean in 1845, p. 419

Morland, Sir Samuel (in 1683), writes a work entitled “Elévation des Eaux par toutes Sources de Machines, etc.,” and dedicated to Louis XIV., p. 24

——, accuracy of his view with relation to the expansion of water, when converted into steam by fire, p. 24

Morisotus, strange and clumsy paddle-wheeled vessel, described and figured in his work entitled “Orbis Maritima,” p. 19

Muhammed Ali suggests to Mr. Galloway a railroad between Cairo and Suez, p. 362

Napier, Mr., in 1815, starts his first “fire-boat” on the Thames, p. 77

—— builds the Rob Roy in 1818, “the first sea-going steamer” to trade between Glasgow and Belfast, pp. 78-9

——, introduces a plan for “surface condensation,” in the United Kingdom steamer, 1826, p. 82, note

Napier, Capt., R.N. (afterwards Sir Charles), commands the Aaron Manby, the first iron steam-vessel, in 1821, p. 86

National Steam Navigation Company, first started in 1863, between Liverpool and New York, pp. 270-1

——, like the Cunard Line, has never lost a passenger by any negligence or act of the sea, p. 272

—— now maintains a weekly service between Liverpool and New York, and fortnightly between Havre and New York, ibid.

Nautilus, The, possesses in itself powers of propulsion by projecting water, p. 3

Navarrette, M., publishes the account of the experiments of Blasco de Garay in 1543, p. 10

Netherlands Steam Navigation Company, started in 1863, now own twenty-three steamers of 20,000 tons, p. 461

—— run their steamers through Torres Straits to Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne, p. 461

Newcomen, Mr., a working blacksmith at Dartmouth, greatly improves Savery’s engine in 1705, p. 25

New World, The, details of her construction and equipment, pp. 146-50

——, type of, as of other similar vessels, wholly different from those in England, p. 148

New York, destined to rival (perhaps surpass,) any city, London not excepted, owing, in part, to its extraordinary natural advantages, p. 129

New York and New Orleans, first steamer between, 1818, p. 132

Nightingale, Sir Miles, the first to return to England by the Red Sea and Suez Route, p. 344

Ocean-race between Cunard and Collins Line, general results of, in 1852, pp. 218-9

Ogden, Francis B., The, a screw-steamer built for Captain Ericsson, at Wapping, p. 105

Ohio, Navigation of, greatly impeded by rapids formed over bars or chains of locks, p. 135

Ontario, Lake, thirteen screw-propelled vessels on, so early as 1846, p. 115

Orleans, The, the first steamer on any American lake in 1811, p. 132

Osborn, Capt. Sherard, R.N., takes H.M.S. Furious up the Yang-tse to Hankow in September 1858, p. 467, note 1

Over-insurance of Ships, a matter requiring the careful investigation of Parliament, p. 249

Overland Route to India, various details connected with, pp. 360-3

——, papers and books on, from 1819 to 1872, p. 343, note

Overstone, Lord, speech of, March 24, 1859, giving full details of the failure of the European and Australian Steam Company, pp. 399-401

Oxford, City of, steamship belonging to Messrs. Smith, details of, pp. 443-4 and note, p. 444

Pacific, The, general character and construction of, as distinguished from other Transatlantic steamers, p. 208

——, loss of, from causes unknown, Jan. 1856, pp. 224-5

Pacific Mail Steamship Company (American), great cost and difficulty of starting and maintaining in 1847, p. 151

—— by far the greatest of all American maritime undertakings, p. 153

—— undertakes the service between San Francisco, Yokohama, and China, pp. 153-4

—— (English), early details of, 1840, pp. 314-7

——, value of the trade obtainable by, as shown in a pamphlet by Mr. Wheelwright, London, 1836, p. 318

——, great difficulties in its early career, pp. 319-20

—— accept the proposal of the Admiralty to run steamers monthly to Panama, p. 321

——, the first to prove the value of the compound engine, p. 322, note

—— establish, in 1870, a fortnightly service to Valparaiso, with an addition to Callao, ibid.

—— now own fifty-four steamers, with an aggregate of 119,870 tons, p. 324

——, the Cuzco and Garonne, built for, by J. Elder & Co., with engines by R. Napier & Sons, p. 326

——, schemes of, too elaborate and too large to be successfully carried out at present, pp. 326-7

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 635

Palmerston, Lord, resists, on political grounds, M. de Lesseps’ plan for the Suez Canal, p. 369

Papin, Mr., describes (in 1690) a steam cylinder and a mode of propelling ships by “Rames volatiles” or paddle-wheels, p. 23

—— proposes to use gunpowder to create a vacuum under a piston, ibid.

—— makes various experiments with a boat constructed on the design of the Prince Palatine Robert, ibid.

——, sketch of his life, pp. 23-4, note

—— (in 1697) uses Savery’s engine to propel a steam-boat on the Fulda, p. 25

Paris, The City of, took H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught to America in six days, twenty-one hours, the quickest passage ever known, p. 253, note 1

Passenger ships, impossible to compare accurately the cost of different, p. 284

Pharaoh Necho, the works of, as recorded by Herodotus, p. 365, note

Philadelphian Company establish a new line from Philadelphia to Liverpool, managed by Americans only, pp. 284-5

—— have much to contend against, owing to the heavy duties imposed by their own Government, p. 285

Peacock, Mr., thinks that steam to India will not pay, p. 352, note

Pekin, City of, The, and City of Canton, the finest vessels that have ever carried American flags, p. 155, note

Pelican, H.M.S. The, one of Messrs. Perkins’s “economical” engines to be fitted in, p. 571

Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, early history of, pp. 376-7

—— propose a weekly mail from Falmouth to Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, &c., pp. 382-3

——, contract by Government with, Aug. 1837, to carry the mails, p. 383

——, Oriental and Great Liverpool, the first ships of, p. 387

——, Parliamentary Committee of 1851, report strongly in favour of, p. 389

—— obtain (instead of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company) the tenders for mails to India, Hong Kong, and Sydney, pp. 391-2

——, various details of their contract of Jan. 1853 for carrying mails to Singapore and Sydney during alternate months, pp. 393-5

——, eleven of their ships engaged during the Crimean War in the transport service, p. 395, note

——, arrangements made in 1857, under contract of 1854, for extending its services between Bombay, Aden, and Suez, pp. 397-8, note

—— contract in Feb. 1859 for transport of the mails to Australia, p. 402

——, present enormous range of the services of, pp. 404-6

——, more than one-third of its shareholders are ladies, p. 404

——, details of the rates per mile paid to, pp. 406-8, notes

——, present condition (1874) and fleet of. pp. 404-10

—— employ 170 sailing-vessels to carry coal to their different stations, p. 409

—— keep 90,000 tons of coal in stock at their different stations, p. 409, note

——, for some time, have had a practical monopoly of the trade of the Eastern seas, p. 454

——, list of all vessels belonging to (June 1875), Append. p. 369

Perfection not yet attained by English or any other ships, although there has been great improvement, p. 584

Perkins, Jacob, asserts that Fulton, having witnessed Symington’s experiments, ordered an engine of Boulton and Watt for the United States, p. 51

Perkins, Messrs., propose a new ship of extraordinary power, which they call “the economical engine,” pp. 571-2 and notes

Persia, The, the first iron ship of the Cunard Line—launch of, 1855, and details, p. 226 and note

——, four times in 1856, runs from New York and Liverpool in less than nine days and a half, p. 227

Peruvian, The, one of the Allan Line, crosses the Atlantic and back from N. of Ireland, with cargo, in twenty-four days and fifteen hours, pp. 263-4

Pickard, James, invents (Aug. 1786) the connecting rod and crank and flywheel, so as to produce rotary motion, p. 30

Pierson, J. P., the inventor of the “double vacuum condenser,” p. 208

Plombière, Guyon de la, suggests a steam-engine for the propelling of a boat, p. 41

Preble, Commander, states that Stevens invented, in 1804, the twin screw-steamer, p. 46, note

President, The, and The Pacific, have left no record of their fate, probably owing to their having foundered in deep water, p. 225, note

Princeton, The, Captain Ericsson’s experiments in, quite successful, p. 113

Q. E. D., first screw-collier, p. 546

Queen of the East, The, proposed in 1838 to run between England and Calcutta, p. 386, note

Queen Margaret, The, runs (Sept. 1875) from London to Calcutta in thirty days, including forty hours’ detention in the Suez Canal, p. 438, note

Ramelli, A., gives a design for a boat with a wheel on each side (1588), p. 15

Ramsay, D., patents an invention (1630) for making boats go against the tide, ibid.

Randall, Mr., projects the next largest steamer to the Great Eastern (1860), p. 157

——, detailed account of, and beauty of her model, pp. 157-61

——, brief sketch of what he has accomplished since 1833, and of the various ships he built or commanded, pp. 161-2, note

Rathbone and Company, Messrs., details of ships belonging to, and of their passages to India, pp. 438-9

Rattler, The, built, specially, for the purpose of testing the screw-propeller, p. 110, and note

——, river trials of (1843-5) showed that, in smooth water, the screw was equal to the paddle-wheels, pp. 110-11

——, but, not so successfully as expected, in a heavy sea in 1845, between Portsmouth and Pembroke, p. 111

—— tows the Erebus and Terror, in 1845, entirely to the satisfaction of Sir John Franklin, p. 112

Red Sea, early popular notion that the waters were 25 to 30 feet above the Mediterranean, p. 363

Register at Lloyd’s, wooden ships, never allowed by, to exceed twelve years as A 1, though renewable, p. 96, note 2

Rennie, Mr., services of, in advocating the employment of steam in the navy, p. 78, note

Rivault, D., publishes (1605, 1668) “Les Elémens de L’Artillerie,” and describes the power of steam in bursting a strong bombshell, p. 16

Robertson, W. J., sets up, at the Patent Office, in 1862, the engine of the Comet he had placed in her, 50 years before, in 1812, p. 67, note

Royal William, The, crosses from Quebec to Gravesend in 1833, p. 170

——, the first steamer from Liverpool July 1838, pp. 176-7, and note

Rudder, no real evidence as to when it was invented, pp. 511-12, note

Russell, Scott, Mr., conversation between him and a naval architect, on the subject of iron for shipbuilding, p. 84, note

——, letter from, to the ‘Times,’ stating his share in the construction of the Great Eastern, pp. 492-3, note

Russia, The, first Cunard screw-steamer (1862), p. 231

Said, Port, enormous preparatory works required for, and harbour of 132 acres, excavated, p. 370

Salt-water, chemical action of, on iron alone, less than on wood, p. 92

Sampans, technical name of the small commercial craft on the Chinese rivers, pp. 480-1, note

Sauvage, F. (one of the claimants, in 1832, to the invention of the screw), p. 103, note

Savannah, The, the first American steam-vessel, which crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool in 1819, p. 168

——, rigged as a sailing-ship with auxiliary steam-power and removable paddles, p. 168, note 1

Savery, T., proposes (in 1696) giving motion to mill-work by the agency of fire, p. 24

——, sketch of the life of, p. 25, note

Schiller, The, evidence of chief mate, showing that the lead had not once been cast during three days of fog, (May 1875), p. 241, note

Scotia, The, magnificent Cunard steamer (1862), details of, p. 228 and note

Scotland, The, belonging to Mr. W. S. Lindsay, the first foreign vessel (in June 1860) to load a cargo at Shanghai for Hankow, p. 467

Screw-propeller, not possible to decide the absolute inventor of, p. 116

——, Messrs. Woodcroft, Ericsson and Smith, practically, the chief authors of, pp. 117-8

Sea, dangers of, might be reduced by two-thirds with exercise of sufficient foresight, &c., p. 245

Seamen, great additional care of, as shown especially in the coal trade, pp. 549-50

Seraffino Serrati plans a steam-boat on the Avon, in 1796, p. 41

Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, interesting reports from the delegates of, with reference to the trade of the Upper Yang-tse, p. 476, note

Shannon Steam Packet Company, the first to employ iron steamers in river navigation in 1824, p. 86

Shipbuilders (American) resolve to build the cheapest and most remunerative merchant vessel, ibid.

—— make many great improvements, especially in the mechanical details of their ships, p. 167

Shipbuilders (English) slow, at first, to improve their ships, ibid.

Ship-building yards, private, great importance of, in cases of sudden emergency, p. 71

Shipowners of America not allowed to compete on equal terms with the vessels of any foreign country, p. 165

Shipowners (English) having plenty of fields for employing their ships, cling to protection, ibid.

—— do not care to compete with Americans on equal terms, but with inferior ships, ibid.

Shipowners of all countries ought to be compelled, under heavy penalties, to send seaworthy ships to sea, p. 247, note

Shorter, E., in 1800, invents “a perpetual sculling machine,” which was tried in H. M. S. Dragon and Superb, p. 102

Sirius, The, leaves London for New York, on the suggestion of Mr. MacGregor Laird, April 4, 1838, pp. 170-1, and note

Smith, G., Esq., letter from, giving an account of the rise and progress of his firm, pp. 439-43

Smith, T. S., takes out a patent (May 1836) for a “sort of screw or worm,” pp. 106-7

Smith, Messrs., send twenty-four sailing ships to Calcutta in 1871, and sixteen to Bombay, p. 442, note

“Snags” and “Sawyers,” peculiar character of, and danger arising from, p. 134

“Soma,” technical name given to the Chinese tea-boats, p. 475, and note

Speed, high, greatly increased danger from the desire to attain, pp. 211-13

——, enormous cost of, shown in statement that to save a day or day and a-half, cost Collins’ Company a million of dollars, p. 216

——, relative, of Cunard, Liverpool and New York, and P. and O. Lines, pp. 403-4, note

Stanhope, Lord, is said to have built a small steamer, in 1790, with a high pressure engine, p. 38, note

Steam, the ancients certainly were acquainted with the power of, p. 4

—— first applied for towing purposes on the Mersey, October 1816, p. 77

—— in early use, between Norwich and Yarmouth in 1813; and London and Margate in 1815, p. 73

——, on the Thames, long and bitterly opposed by the watermen, p. 74

Steam-boat, the first from the Clyde to Liverpool, on June 28, 1815, p. 77

——, the Etna, the first built as a special ferry-boat at Liverpool in April 1816, pp. 77-8

——, the Comet, the first built by the Admiralty in 1819, p. 78

Steam-engines, general principles of all, p. 28, note

——, first application of, for pumping water out of mines, p. 575, note

Steamers, owned, respectively, by the United States and Canada, amounted in January 1875 to 258,980 tons, pp. 124-5, note

Steamers of the Cunard, Inman, and National Companies adopt the “Lane route,” i.e. to the south of the Newfoundland Banks, p. 286, note

——, by the Cape to India and Australia, cannot profitably compete with Messrs. Green’s sailing-vessels, p. 427

Steamers (Mail), not employed, since 1856, east of the Cape, except perhaps to Natal and Mauritius, p. 429

Steam-power, ingenious plans for increasing, p. 577

Steam-Ship Propeller Company, incorporated by Act of Parliament, July 29, 1839, p. 107

Steam-ship building, carried out by private enterprise for forty years before the Admiralty recognised the value of steam-ships, p. 72

Steers, Mr., the builder of the yacht America and superintendent, also, of the construction of the Arctic, p. 204

Stephenson, Robert, suggests the idea of covering the bottom of an iron ship with sulphate of copper, p. 93, note

—— completes, in 1870, the railway from Alexander to Cairo, p. 363

Stephenson, R. MacDonald, Sir, publishes in Calcutta Review his plans for railway communication with India, p. 338, note

Stevens, J. C., devotes much time and money to the improvement of steam navigation in America, p. 46

——, the first (in 1804) to place on the sea a steam-boat propelled by a screw, p. 102

Stevens, R. L. S., ingenuity of his improvements, and the shape and speed of steam-boats, pp. 142-3

St. Lawrence, River, the first steam-boat launched on, in 1809, named the Accommodation, p. 58, and note

Stockton, Capt., orders two boats to be built (on his own account) on Capt. Ericsson’s principle, p. 112

——, unlike the Lords of the Admiralty, at once takes up the cause of Capt. Ericsson, p. 113

——, but, not able for two years, to persuade the United States of the value of Capt. Ericsson’s plans, ibid.

Stockton, Robert F., Brig, The, sails from England to America, April 1839, and under the command of Captain Cram, p. 114

——, subsequently plies on the Delaware, under the name of New Jersey, till 1840, p. 115

Stuart, C. B., valuable work by, entitled “On Naval and Mail Steamers,” New York, 1853, p. 205, note

Suavia, The, of the Hamburg American Line, details of, p. 290, notes

Subsidies, relative value of those paid to the P. and O. and Messageries Maritimes, p. 426, note

Suez Canal, general details of, unquestionably the greatest maritime work of any time, pp. 363-74

——, notices of an ancient one, across the Isthmus, p. 366

——, no reason to suppose that the men employed on, were in any sense “slaves,” p. 370 and note

——, great ingenuity of the works, provided for, by M. de Lesseps, p. 372

—— partially opened, April 18, 1869, p. 374

—— more completely opened, Sept. 28, 1869, when M. de Lesseps steamed through it, from sea to sea, ibid.

—— formally opened by the Empress Eugénie, Nov. 17, 1869, ibid.

——, the whole cost amounted to about 20,000,000l., p. 375

——, more than three-fourths of the whole tonnage now passing through, belongs to England, and, therefore, cannot be prejudicial to English interests, pp. 445-6

——, its great value to India; notice in Friend of India, ibid., note

——, if foreign nations wish to compete through it successfully, they must adopt English “Free Trade,” p. 446.

——, list of vessels that have annually passed through it between 1870 and 1874, Append. p. 643

Symington, Mr. [if he did not suggest the use himself], employed to carry out Mr. Taylor’s proposal to propel Mr. Miller’s paddle-wheels by steam, p. 34, note

—— employed by Thomas Lord Dundas, in 1801, to place an engine in the Charlotte Dundas, p. 37

——, the important points which his experiment established, p. 39, note

Szchuen, Province of, remarkably rich in grain, tobacco, hemp, sugar, &c., p. 477.

Talbot, The, the first mail steamer between Holyhead and Dublin, p. 80

Tátar Post, between Baghdad and Constantinople, established by East India Company, p. 338

Taylor, James, a tutor in Mr. Miller’s family, said to have suggested to him the use of steam for propelling boats, p. 34

Taylor, Mr. J. R., said to have lost 12,000l. in his efforts to promote steam communication with India, p. 348, note

—— sends the plan of his scheme to Sir John Malcolm, ibid.

Teak, at one time, like iron, objected to, as a material for shipbuilding, as it will not float, p. 84, note

Telica, The, first steamer actually employed on the Pacific Coast, in 1825, p. 315

Thames, early traffic on, before the invention of steam-boats, chiefly by rowing-boats, barges, hogs, &c., p. 75

Tobin, Sir John, warmly takes up the cause of Ocean Steam Navigation, October 1838, p. 177

Tod and MacGregor, Messrs., of Glasgow, build the Princess Royal, for line between Glasgow and Liverpool, in 1840, p. 91

Transatlantic Steam Navigation, the Committee of House of Commons report (1846) in favour of Messrs. Cunard, Burns, and MacIver, p. 185

Transatlantic Steamers, average speed of, in 1856, p. 227, note.

Table of passages of, between Liverpool and New York 1873-4, Append. p. 617

Trevethick, R., and Mr. Dickenson, propose, in 1809 and 1815, to build ships of iron, but do not carry out their patent, p. 85

Trevethick, R., in 1815, patents a worm or screw, p. 102

Underwriters, Liverpool, remarks by, on the superior durability of iron ships, p. 94, note

United Kingdom, The, steamer built by Mr. Steele of Greenock, 1826, p. 81

Unseaworthy Ships, report of the Royal Commission on, 1873-4, p. 246, note

Valturius, A.D. 1472, gives several representations of paddle-wheels, p. 10

——, his work, A.D. 1472 (published at Verona), the first in Latin, containing woodcuts, ibid.

Van der Capellen, The, the first actual steamer built in India, about 1811, p. 448, note

Verne, M. Jules, considers the Great Eastern a failure, both in speed and comfort, p. 540, note

Vessels, very large, not so safe as smaller ones, pp. 537-8

Vetch, Capt., R.N., proposes, thirty years before M. de Lesseps, a ship canal from Tineh, p. 367

Victoria, The, of the Anchor Line, details of, p. 290, note

——, Dover and Calais steam-boat, details of, p. 556, note

Vincent, Mr., intrepidity of, and dreadful story by, of the fate of the Amazon, pp. 309-10

Vivian and Co., Messrs., the first to establish a line of Mediterranean steamers from Liverpool in 1840, p. 419

Waghorn, Lieut., one of the most energetic early supporters of steam communication with India, p. 346

——, sketch of his life, ibid., note

—— commissioned by Lord Ellenborough and Mr. Loch, leaves London Oct. 28, 1829, and reaches Bombay, March 21, 1830, p. 347

——, rapid journey across Europe, and boat voyage for 628 miles on Red Sea, 1829-30, ibid.

——, as the paid agent of the Calcutta Company, at first, naturally, supports the route of the Cape, p. 348

——, evidence of, before Committee of House of Commons, 1837, p. 361, note

——, the first to organize, systematically, the conveyance of the Mails across the Isthmus of Suez, p. 361

Walk-in-the-Water, The, trades on Lake Erie in 1819, with cargoes of furs, p. 132

Wasborough, M., patents (March 16, 1779) a plan for converting rectilinear into circular motion, p. 29, and note, ibid. p. 101

Washington, The, steamship from New York to Bremen, detailed comparison of, with the Britannia, pp. 195-6, note

Watt, James, by patents (of January 5th, 1769), first shows how the steam-engine can be employed effectively for marine propulsion, p. 28

—— invents the “double impulse” or double-acting engine, ibid.

—— renders his engine more effective by using a detached condenser, p. 29

—— invents (1781) the form of engine known as the “Sun and Planet,” now preserved at South Kensington, p. 30

——, in 1770, speaks of using a screw-propeller to be turned by an engine, p. 101

Watt, James, Jun., in 1817, takes the steamer Caledonia up the Rhine as far as Coblentz, p. 73, note

Watt, James, The, constructed to take the place of the Leith smacks, p. 80

Waves, deep sea, approximative measurement of the height of, p. 535, note

Wear River, shipbuilding on, 1874-5, Append. p. 595.

Welland Canal, the bond between the other lakes and Ontario; its great value thereby, p. 124 and note

West India Royal Mail Steam Packet Company inaugurated, 1841, p. 292

——, their vessels to carry guns, and to be like H.M.’s war steamers, p. 293

——, subsidy granted to, at the rate of 240,000l. per annum, p. 294

——, error of, in selecting, at first, as their commanders, naval men, with no special knowledge of steam, &c., ibid.

——, the public complain, not unnaturally, of the heavy subsidies granted to, pp. 295-6

——, improved state of, in 1851, arising, chiefly, from improved management, pp. 298-9

——, contract with, in 1857, requires acceleration of the mails between England and Rio Janeiro, pp. 299-300

——, conditions of the services of, in 1864, details, &c., p. 301, note

——, contract for, renewed, 1874, on a greatly reduced subsidy, p. 301

——, the Forth, steamship, details, pp. 302-3

——, no fewer than six of their vessels lost in their first eight years as a Company, p. 303

——, return of vessels added to, 1851 to 1860, p. 311, note

——, details of present services of, pp. 312-13, note

—— arrange with Government, Feb. 1858, to perform the services of the European and Australian Company, p. 401

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 634.

West India and Pacific Company now conveys the British mails to Honduras and Mexico, p. 322

—— organized, in 1863, by union of several smaller companies, ibid.

Wheelwright, Mr., the first, in 1846, to point out the best eastern and western route for Transatlantic steamers, p. 245, note

——, as United States Consul of Guayaquil, sees the advantages of steam communication along the coasts of the Pacific, p. 316

——, sketch of his life and history, p. 316, note

—— obtains a charter with some peculiar conditions, Feb. 1840, for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, p. 317

White Star Line, conducted by Messrs. Ismay, Imrie, and Co., adopt, in 1870, the name of this famous line of sailing packets, p. 275

——, originally, a line of the fast-sailing American clipper ships, to Australia, now continued in steamships by Messrs. Ismay & Co., p. 275, note

——, very strict regulations that no risks are to be run, safety of life and property being always the first consideration, p. 276, note

——, logs of their ships, the Baltic and Adriatic, p. 277, note

—— now run in connection with the Erie Railway from New York, booking through to San Francisco, p. 283

——, Letter of Instructions, Append. p. 613

——, passage of steamships of, ibid. p. 614

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, supports the view that Mr. Waghorn, more than any one else, made the Oriental route to Suez a success, p. 361

Willcox, Mr. B. McGhee, sketch of his early life, p. 378, note

—— practically the starter of the Company since known as the Peninsular and Oriental, pp. 378-9

—— greatly improves the Peninsular Mail Service, p. 382

Wilson, T., of Faskine, builds the Vulcan, the first iron vessel in Scotland, which is still (1875) in use, p. 86

Wilson, Robert, brings, in 1827, under the notice of the Admiralty a screw “perfect in all its details,” pp. 103-4

Wilson, Capt., note of the Journey of Hon. Mr. Elphinstone to England by Red Sea and Suez, in 1827, p. 345, note

——, as Captain of the Hugh Lindsay, did much to “educate” the Government of England and India, with regard to steam to India, p. 352, note 2

Wind, the effect of, as producing long rollers at the Cape and elsewhere, p. 535

Winter, T. B., Mr., designs a very effective steam-vessel for the Indus, pp. 453-4

Wood, much of the, for H.M. Ships, obtained by the vote of 1861, left to rot in the Government Dockyards, p. 98, note

Woodcroft, Mr. Bennet, in 1832, patents “an increasing screw-propeller” of special value, p. 103, note

——, “value of his varying pitch” propeller, patented Feb. 1849, p. 117

——, his invention accepted by the Admiralty, in the case of the Royal Yacht Fairy, and H.M. Ship Dwarf, ibid.

Wooden and iron ships, relative strength and weight of, Append. p. 599.

Worcester, Marquess of, no reasonable doubt that he was the first to make a steam-engine, p. 18

——, but might not have succeeded if he had applied it to drive a boat, ibid.

“World’s Highway, The,” pamphlet on railway communication with India, by Sir D. MacDonald Stephenson, p. 338, note

Yang-tse-Kiang, notice of the course of, for 3000 miles from E. Tibet, to Shanghai, pp. 465-7

—— opened to Western Trade Feb. 1860, by Treaty, p. 467

——, navigation on, for boats drawing 8 ft., to Ichang, 363 miles above Hankow, p. 480

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS

Transcriber’s Note:

Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

Accents and other diacritics are inconsistently used.

This volume contains references to the previous three volumes of this work.

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