Part 2 — GENERAL INDEX
Reading edition
Note: The Index of Cases should also be consulted for prosecutions, etc., since only a few of the most important are listed in this index.
Abercrombie, J. W., Solicitor of the Department of Labor, 243, 248, 249, 258.
Abolitionists, 3, 209, 210, 372.
Abrams, Jacob, 123–126, 131, 138 n., 141, 142, 148;
trial and decision, 9 n., 22 n., 46, 68, 85 n., 93, 94, 100, 106, 116; chapter III., 120–160, 202, 207, 215, 216, 220.
Adams, John, 2, 210, 299;
on assassination, 223.
Addison, Judge, 21 n.
Administrative law, conclusiveness of the decisions of officials: post-office, 45, 54, 106–109, 199, 233, 234;
deportations, 232–240, 254–256, 291, 292;
treaty funds and Land Office, 233;
taxation, 233;
danger of wide range of administrative discretion in criminal statutes, 75.
Agents provocateurs, 269–271.
Agitators, value for liberty, 294, 295.
Aldrich, Edgar, Judge, 81.
Alice in Wonderland, 232, 334.
Alien Law of 1798, 1, 162;
text summarized, 29;
compared with contemporary deportations, 109, 240.
Aliens, denaturalization of, see same;
deportation of, 109, 110, 229–293;
value to U. S., 227, 236, 289, 293;
reasons for not becoming naturalized, 235, 236.
Altercations, language in, prosecuted, 59 and n., 68.
American Federation of Labor, 193, 198, 255, 267, 272 n., 278.
American Labor Party, 267.
American Labor Year-Book, 257, 273 n., 305 n., 308 n., 319 n.
American Protective League, 71, 308.
American Revolution, 2, 9, 17, 21, 24, 46, 203, 209, 299, 326 n.;
censorship of moving pictures, 10, 60, 61.
American Socialist Society, Rand School, 308–310;
prosecution, 27 and n., 308, 356.
Americanism, 178, 227, 331, 362, 372.
Amidon, C. F., Judge, 46, 48 n., 56, 76, 83.
Amnesty, after Civil War, 2;
after World War, 116, 117, 118 and n.
Anarchists, 2, 83, 97, 223, 309;
in Abrams case, 123, 142–147, 159;
past outrages, 164, 165;
regulation of explosives, 168, 169;
state statutes against criminal anarchy, 187–194;
anarchy acts generally, 163–228 passim;
extradition, 191 n.;
deportations of violent anarchists, 275;
of philosophical anarchists, 275–280, 285.
Anderson, A. B., Judge (Ind.), 82.
Anderson, F. M., on Sedition Law of 1798, 78 n., 81 n.
Anderson, G. W., Judge (Mass.), 70 n., 194 n., 242–250, 253–257, 268.
Angell, W. F., on Caillaux trial, 136 n.
Ansell, S. T., General, on militia, 111 n.
Antin, Mary, 82.
Antonelli, Étienne, La Russie Bolcheviste, 132 n.
Antony, funeral oration, 55, 214.
Ariete, El, anarchistic society, 167, 168, 173, 174.
Arizona, Bisbee deportations, 45;
syndicate law, 190.
Army, criticism of flogging in, 27, 28, 68;
abuse of uniform, crime, 45, 114, 115;
criticism of incompetent general by troops, 50.
See Conscription; War.
Army and the Press, Relation Between, 98, 99.
Arrests, without warrant, in Civil War, 116, 117;
under Espionage Act, 123, 159;
in deportation proceedings, 237, 241 and n., 243–246, 248;
of citizens for deportation, 242, 244, 245, 249, 252–256;
general warrants, 296, 297.
Art, and freedom of speech, 17, 31, 32, 175.
See Censorship.
Assassination, 52, 163–169 passim, 173, 175, 196, 198, 199, 205 passim, 230, 231, 263, 268.
Assembly, right of, 5, 7 n., 50;
in war, 57, 58;
in peace, 172, 177, 178, 180, 182–185, 205, 206;
permits for use of streets, 15, 180, 182, 183;
red flag laws, 180–187.
Association, guilt by, 112, 113, 192, 193, 230, 231 and n., 250, 257, 262–268, 281, 285, 336, 337, 360, 361.
Associations, to suppress sedition, 71, 72, 357.
Atheists, 2, 172 n., 196 and n.
Attempts, criminal, 304 n.;
relation to freedom of speech, 25, 165, 173;
to Espionage Act, 51–53, 88, 89, 155;
attempts to obstruct recruiting, 41, 44, 46;
in federal crimes, 166, 201.
Attorney General, alleged Star-Spangled Banner prosecutions, 102, 103;
supervision over judges, 84, 85;
no control over deportations, 242, 252.
See Gregory; Palmer; Justice, Department of.
Audience, character of, as affecting criminality of utterances, 57–61, 206.
Bagehot, Walter, 34, 140 n., 197, 207, 289 n.
Bail, under Espionage Act, 46;
in deportations, 248.
Bakunin, 221.
Baldwin, Roger, 193 n.
Barkley, F. R., 248 n., 255 n.
Beale, Joseph H., on criminal attempts, 51 nn.
Bean, R. S., Judge, 33 n.
Beard, imprisonment for wearing long, 172, 183.
Beckstrom, J. W., prosecution, 102 n.
Beecher, Edw., Alton Riots, 3 n.
Belgium, 63.
Bentham, J., 266.
Berger, Victor L., Milwaukee Leader, 64, 107, 315–318, 323;
prosecution, 79, 101, 162, 318, 319, 323, 331;
exclusion from Congress, 201, 315–332, 333, 336.
Berkman, A., 47.
Berri, Duc de, 175.
Bettman, Alfred, 73, 125 n., 167, 262 n., 263 n.
Beveridge, A. J., Life of Marshall, 11 n., 22, 23 n., 65 n., 81 n., 211 n., 265 n., 330 n.
Bible, 110, 332, 333;
prosecution for quoting, 218.
See Jesus.
Biklé, H. W., on sedition law, 199 n., 204 n.
Billboard-Posters, indecent, 10.
Bill of Rights, adopted by U. S., 4;
important for interpreting as well as invalidating statutes, 4–6;
comparison with European constitutions, 5 and n.;
subject to implied exceptions, 7;
apply in war, 33, 34, 42 n., 86 and n.;
do not crystallize antiquity, 35, 36;
deportation, 281–291;
miscellaneous references, 3, 228.
Bisbee deportations, 45.
Bishop, on intent, 150 n.
Bismarck, sedition legislation, 263.
Black, Jeremiah, 69, 113.
Blackstone, William, 9, 31 n.;
definition of freedom of speech, 8–12, 19, 21, 22 n., 23 n., 31, 32, 108, 199;
on incitement, 53;
on Wilkes, 313.
Blanc, Louis, 286 n.
Blasphemy, 14, 170, 172.
Bledsoe, B. F., Judge, 10, 38.
Bolshevists, in U. S., 2, 60–120 passim, 124, 168, 185, 196, 197, 219, 261, 309;
Overman Committee, 134, 135, 164.
See Russia.
Bombs, 163–169 passim, 196, 212, 268.
Bonds. See Liberty Bonds.
Books, danger of suppression under federal sedition law, 220–224;
Rand School, 308–310.
Borah, Senator, 37 n.
Boston, 182–186, 191, 311.
Bourquin, G. M., Judge, 59 n., 273 n., 274.
Bradlaugh, Charles, exclusion case, 344.
Bradley, Joseph, Justice, 299, 335.
Brandeis, L. D., Justice, 53 n., 85, 89, 94–106, 148, 202, 218, 285 n.
Braxfield, Lord, 87, 146 n., 210.
Breach of the peace, acts causing, not protected by free speech clauses, 24, 25;
punishment of language as, 74 and n., 102 n., 110 n., 111, 171, 172, 205, 208.
Brewer, Justice, 278.
Bright, John, 104, 117.
Brissenden, Paul, 292.
Brook Farm, 177, 277.
Brown, Philip A., French Revolution in English History, 28 n., 146 n.
Bryce, James, 6 n., 363 n.
Buford, 230, 249.
Bureau of Investigation, 164, 195, 243–247, 269–271.
See Justice, Department of.
Burke, Edmund, 266, 313, 314, 338, 355, 361.
Burleson, A. R., Postmaster General, 107, 108, 109 n., 115, 199, 229, 335.
Burnside, Ambrose E., General, suppression of newspapers, 116.
Burr, Aaron, 201, 265.
Byron, 52.
Caffey, F. Z., U. S. Attorney, 126.
Caillaux, Mme., trial, 136 n.
California, syndicalism prosecution, 190 n.;
Oriental question, 209.
Callender, prosecution under Act of 1798, 78 n.
Cambridge, raids, 311.
Camden, Lord, 297, 298.
Caminetti, A., Commissioner General of Immigration, 243, 251.
Campbell, Lord, 344.
Canada, free speech in, 42, 218, 269.
Carroll, T. F., on war laws, 42 n., 325 n.
Cartoons, Opper, 52;
in Masses, 46.
Casement, Sir Roger, treason prosecution, 325, 326.
Censorship, press, 8–12, 19, 21, 23 n., 25, 32, 38, 42 and n., 179, 180;
in Russia, 176, 294 n.;
billboards, 10;
moving pictures, 10, 61 n., 179, 203 n.;
theater, 172, 175;
mails, see Post-office, telegraph, 109 n.;
of military information, 10, 98, 99;
by municipalities, 110 n., 190, 191;
foreign language press, see same;
Ex post facto censorship of books, 190, 220–224.
Centralia shootings, 115, 163, 197, 212.
Chamberlain, Senator, sedition bill, 41, 42.
Chase, Samuel, Justice, 80.
Chase, S. P., Chief Justice, 33 n.
Chatham, Lord, 250, 295, 296.
Chesterfield, Lord, 52.
Chicago Times, suppression, 116 and 117 n.
Chinese, exclusion of, 230 ff., 255, 273.
Chivers, Ellen, testifies against Socialist assemblymen, 357, 358, 364.
Cibber, Colley, 175.
Citizens, American, arrests for deportation, see Arrests;
in foreign countries, 288 and n.
Civil Relief Act, Soldiers’ and Sailors’, 112.
Civil War, American, 2, 363;
opposition to, 41, 46, 81, 90, 116, 117;
treason cases, 324;
legislation exclusions, 325–330, 345–353.
Clarke, J. H., Justice, 87, 94, 129, 139, 140–142, 148–159, 215, 216.
Claessens, August, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
Clay, Henry, 330.
Clayton, H. D., Judge, in Abrams trial, 28 n., 86 n., chapter III., 125–148.
Cobden, Richard, 117.
Coke, Edward, 19.
Colleges, expulsion of pacifist student, 110 n.
Collier’s Weekly, on telegraph censorship, 109 n.
Columbia Law Review, 192 n., 263 n.
Columbia University, expels pacifist student, 110 n.
Colyer case, deportations, 242–250, 257, 268, 270 and n., 271, 339, 357.
Common law, not embodied in constitutional definition of free speech, 14, 22–24, 170;
of crimes not adopted in U. S. courts, 22.
Communists, 52, 139, 172, 177, 188, 223, 365;
raids, 230, 242–272;
under Espionage Act, 261;
Communist Labor Party, 243 ff., 250, 256, 257, 261 and n., 262, 339;
Communist Party of America, 243, 250;
origin, 256, 262, 268;
program and Secretary Wilson’s decision, 256–262;
proof of membership in, 231 n., 250, 257, 262–268;
spies in, 268–272;
Communist International, 259, 260, 334.
Commutations, of Espionage Act sentences, 73, 86 n.
See Pardons.
Confederacy, control of the press, 117 and n.
Congress, 116;
freedom of debates, 3;
criticism of, punished under Sedition Act of 1798, 29, 204;
under Espionage Act, 62–64, 102 ff., 129;
declaration of war against Germany, 40;
used as evidence in prosecutions, 57, 103 ff.;
freedom of discussion for elections, 62–65, 329–331;
sedition bills, 194–199;
House Rules hearings, 198, 250–252;
House Judiciary Committee, 197;
House Immigration Committee, 251;
repays fines of 1798, 30, 157;
Continental Congress, 17;
Confederate Congress, 117 n.
See United States statutes; Sedition Bills; Espionage Act; Deportations; Legislative Exclusions (Berger, Test Oath Act, etc.).
Connecticut, Bridgeport strike, 153;
sedition prosecution, 190 n.;
Hartford deportations, 246.
Conscientious objectors, discussion of, 2, 47, 59, 86.
Conscription, military, violation of, 40, 144, 145;
constitutionality, 7, 35, 40;
criminal to discuss, 57, 62, 88;
advocacy of resistance to draft, 40, 41, 53, 57, 88–90, 200;
discussion opposing draft, 25, 57, 62, 64, 65, 86, 102;
in Masses case, 46–56;
opposing re-election of Congressmen who voted for, 62;
urging rearrangement of quotas, 64, 65;
men of draft age held within armed forces, 57, 58, 64;
efficiency of draft organization, 40, 64;
slacker round-up, 107, 108;
in peace, 35, 115, 358.
Conservatives, benefit from freedom of speech, 3;
some advocate violence, 260, 261.
Conspiracy, at common law, 92, 110 n.;
under United States Criminal Code, in war, 40–42, 46, 81 n., 90, 101, 148 n., 168, 173;
in peace, 166–169, 173, 196, 205, 206, 213;
does not cover injurious conduct of single person, 41, 50, 90, 167, 196;
under Espionage Act, 43, 45, 124, 265.
Constant, Benj., 286.
Constitution, see various topics, e.g., Speech, freedom of;
also United States Constitution, and the names of states; and Bills of Rights.
Constructive measures, proposed by writer, for opposition to war, 41, 46;
for anarchy and violence, 165–169;
for I.W.W., 274, 275;
for revolutionary aliens generally, 289–293.
Contempt proceedings, 8, 11 n., 12 n., 15.
Continental Congress, address to people of Quebec, 17.
Conventions, political, prohibition of, invalidated by free speech clause, 11 n.
Conversations, prosecuted, 59 and n.
Cooley, Thomas M., on freedom of speech, 11, 13, 14, 48, 219 n.;
on searches and seizures, 301, 303 n., 304 n., 305 n.;
on legislative eligibility, 340 n.
Copperheads, 41, 325.
Corrupt practices, statute void under free speech clause, 11 n.
Cory, H. E., N. J. sedition law, 189 n.
Courts martial, for sedition, 33 n., 42.
Creel, George, 108.
Crimes, relation to free speech clauses, 14, 15, 16;
normal law of, 164–180.
Cruel and unusual punishment, excessive sentences as, 148 n.
Cruelty, charges against officials, 145, 146, 159, 189 n., 247, 248.
Cudgel, liberty of the, 18.
Cullen, Chief Justice, on exclusion for opinions, 352.
Dallinger, F. W., Representative, on Berger case, 331, 332.
Darwin, Charles, 32.
Davis, David, Justice, 33 n.
Day, Justice, 241 n., 300.
De Armond, Representative, 352 and n.
De Witt, S. A., N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
Debs, E. V., prosecution, 16, 22 n., 79, 85–93 passim, 100, 117, 124, 162, 212, 317, 360.
Declaration of Independence, 60, 209, 223.
Defamation. See Libel.
Defense of the Realm Act. See Great Britain.
Denaturalization, of Pro-Germans, 109, 110;
under sedition bills, 198;
of I.W.W., 272, 273;
of philosophical anarchist, 280.
Deportations, Bisbee, 45;
from Russia, 176;
of Americans from other countries, 288 and n.;
from England, 263 n.;
in history of persecution, 284;
of aliens in U. S., 229–293;
Act of 1798, 29, 109, 240;
effect of economic views of judges, 81;
punishment for sedition, 198;
federal power, 200, 230, 284;
Statute of 1918, 109, 110;
text, 230, 231, 240;
of 1920, 230 n., 231 n.;
administrative machinery, 232–240, 291, 292;
raids of January, 1920, 230, 241–254, 292, 293;
Palmer-Post controversy, 250–252;
arrest of citizens, 242, 244, 245, 249, 252–256;
Communists, 256–272;
Wilson decision on Communist Party, 257 ff., 268;
on Communist Labor Party, 261;
proof of membership in proscribed associations, 231 n., 250, 257, 262–268, 281, 285;
use of spies, 268–272;
I.W.W., 272–275;
violent and philosophical anarchists, 276–280;
effect of due process clause and First Amendment, 280–291;
wisdom, 284–291;
danger of international difficulties, 287 ff.;
constructive measures suggested, 289–293;
need of pardoning powers, 292.
Detroit, deportations, 243 n., 248, 255 n., 288.
Dicey, A. V., 5 n., 76 and n., 183 n.
Dickens, Charles, 140.
Dictagraph, used to prosecute for conversations, 59 n.
Disorderly conduct, pacifism punished as, 74 and n., 102 n., 110 n.
See Breach of the Peace.
Disque, Colonel, 113, 163.
District attorneys, United States. See Prosecuting officials.
District Courts, United States, administration of Espionage Act, 46–87;
juries in, 78–80.
Doe, J. P., prosecution, 60, 67.
Dorr War, 164.
Draft. See Conscription.
Dreyfus, Alfred, 115, 136.
Due process of law, involves balancing, 35, 38;
in deportation proceedings, 232, 241, 242 n., 254, 255, 280–285.
Duguit, Leon, on the state, 109.
Duma, 176.
Duniway, C. A., Freedom of the Press in Mass., 19 n., 23 n., 24 n.
Eastman, Max, 79, 85 n., 86, 126. See Masses.
Egypt, 108.
Eighteenth Amendment. See Prohibition.
Electoral College, 114.
Ellenborough, Lord, 28, 68.
Elliot’s Debates, cited, 5 n., 19 n., 20 n., 21 n., 211 n., 240 n.
Emerson, 277, 367.
Empey, Guy, 261.
England. See Great Britain.
Enlistment, voluntary, interference with, 41, 43, 53, 57, 169.
Entinck, John, raid on, 298, 304.
Erskine, Thomas, 19, 23.
Esmein, A., 175 n.
Espionage Act, 40–160.
Act of 1917:
origin and text, 40–43;
a military statute, 48 and n., 50, 51, 73;
construction generally, 43, 44, 57, 58, 69, 216, 218, 335,
in Masses case, 46–56,
in prosecutions, 56–66,
by Supreme Court, 1, 15–17, 57, 65, 87–106, 265;
false statements, 51, 56, 57, 94–106, 134, 135, 218;
insubordination and recruiting, 57 ff.
Act of 1918:
origin, 43–46;
summarized, 44, 45;
text and digest of cases, 395–398;
construction generally, 51, 113 ff.,
by prosecuting attorneys, 74–76,
by employers, 74,
in Abrams case, 120–160,
by Supreme Court, 116, 141, 148–160;
Constitution and government clauses, 114, 128, 129;
army and navy clauses, 114, 115;
munitions clause, 127, 129, 130, 137–144, 149–153;
resistance to U. S., 127, 129, 137, 141, 149, 153 n., 215, 216;
opposing cause of U. S., 114.
Human machinery of Act, 66–87,
public feeling, 70–73,
prosecuting officials, 73–76,
juries, 76–80,
judges, 80–87;
sentences, 58–62, 87 and n., 147, 148, 159, 220;
constitutionality, 12 and n., 15, 16, 32, 47, 48, 88, 89, 114–116, 128, 129, 154;
relation to state war statutes, 110–113;
use of Act against radicals, 77, 81 ff., 162,
against actual incitement to violation of draft law, 57, 88–90,
after armistice, 113–116, 229, 261, 302, 335;
comparison, with Sedition Act of 1798, 56, 128,
with Civil War, 41, 46, 116, 117,
with Defense of the Realm Act, 118 and n.;
inadequate and evil results of Act, 46, 100, 118, 119, 335, 336;
effect in future wars, 46, 64, 113–119;
repeal essential, 93, 159, 160.
Conspiracy section, 43, 45, 124;
misprision section, 43, 45;
search-warrants, 43, 45, 302;
postal powers, 43, 45, see Post-Office;
non-sedition parts of Act, 6, 43;
deportation, 23 n.
Relation of Act to law of attempts and solicitation, 49, 51–53, 88, 89, 155;
intention in prosecutions, 54–56, 63–68, 86;
proved by utterances outside indictment, 58, 67, 85 and n., 140–142,
and before U. S. entered War, 67;
in Abrams case, 127 ff., 139–145;
truth usually no defense, 56, 115.
Relation of Act to peace-time sedition statutes, 197, 216;
to treason, 325–328.
Effect on legislative exclusion, 323–335 passim, 345, 354–356.
Alphabetical index of cases, 387–395.
Evarts, W. M., 229, 359 n.
Evidence, questions of, in war cases, utterances outside indictment, 58, 67, 68, 85 and n.;
self-incrimination, 69;
law and fact, 101–106;
Robins testimony in Abrams case, 132–137.
Exile, as punishment for sedition, 109, 110, 157, 176, 197, 198.
See Deportations; Denaturalization.
Explosions, 163–169 passim.
Express, as substitute for mails, 109 and n.
Extradition, of political criminals, 191 and n., 286.
Fact, questions of, 101–106.
Federalist judges, 8, 9, 21, 22, 31, 78, 80, 81.
Federalist party, wrecked by Sedition Act of 1798, 30, 116.
Ferrari, Robert, on political trials, 85 n., 136 n.
Ferrer, 278, 279.
Field, Stephen, Justice, 96 n., 235.
Fifth Amendment, in war, 33 and n., 42 n., 299.
See Due Process of Law.
Finished Mystery, pamphlet, 101.
First Amendment. See Speech, Freedom of.
Fish, Hamilton, on intervention, 160 n.
Flag, United States, 185, 187;
abuse of, 45, 171, 185.
Flag, red, 180–187.
Fletcher, Henry J., on war powers, 33 n.
Flogging, in army, criticism of, 27, 28, 68.
Flynn, E. G., I.W.W., 189 n.
“Force and Violence,” legislation punishing advocacy of, 139, 140, 194;
constitutionality, 198–207;
wisdom, 207–228, 231;
in deportation statute, 257–262.
Ford, an I.W.W., 163.
Foreign-language press, in war, 90, 94 ff., 108 n., 110 n.;
in peace, 195, 199.
Forty-eight, Committee of, 184, 267.
Four-minute men, 64, 74.
Fourteenth Amendment, 35, 38, 323–328.
Fourth Amendment. See Searches and Seizures.
Fox, Charles James, 23, 174.
Fox’s Libel Act, 9, 23, 25, 27, 29, 39, 69.
France, threatened war of 1798, 29;
Rhine policy, 64;
Restoration sedition laws, 175;
attacks on, suppressed in U. S., 108;
Dreyfus affair, 115, 136;
teachers, 375.
See French Revolution.
Frank, Peter, citizen arrested for deportation, 252–254.
Franklin, Benjamin, 18, 21.
Freedom. See sub Assembly, Person, Press, Seas, Speech, etc.
Freeman’s Journal and Catholic Register, excluded from mails, 108.
French Revolution, 109, 221;
French trials, 26;
effect on English sedition trials, 13, 27, 28, 77, 87, 118, 157, 158, 175, 263, 264;
effect in U. S., 29, 162.
Freund, Ernst, 92, 175 n., 206, 207, 211 n., 263 n., 267.
Frohwerk, prosecution, 15, 16 and n., 88 n., 90.
Fugitive slave law, 114, 209, 210.
Fuller, M. W., Chief Justice, 277, 283 passim.
Furneaux, Philip, Letters to Blackstone, 31 n.
Gaelic American, excluded from mails, 108.
Galsworthy, John, 10.
Garrison, W. L., 209, 210.
Garvan, Assistant Attorney General, 261, 262.
Gaynor, Wm. J., on searches, 304 n.
Geiger, Judge, 48 n.
George III., sedition under, 312.
See Great Britain.
George, Lloyd, 117.
German Opera, prohibited, 110 n., 183 n.
Germany, treaty with, 2;
opposition to war with, 6, 40–119, 317 ff.;
propaganda by, 42, 70;
submarine warfare, 57, 60;
invasion of Belgium, 63;
spies, 6,
exaggerated reports, 70–72;
connection with Russian Revolution, 132 and chapter III passim;
laws against associations, 263.
See Pro-Germans.
Gilbert, W. S., quoted by Judge Clayton, 134.
Gilman, President, 372, 373.
Gitlow, Benjamin, prosecution, 188.
Goethe, 52.
Goldman, Emma, 13 n., 41 n., 47, 56, 126, 177, 200, 256, 287.
Goldstein, prosecution, 10 n., 60, 61.
Gompers, Samuel, 108.
Graham Bill, 197, 198, 203, 268.
Grant, U. S., 2.
Gray, Horace, Justice, 234.
Gray, John Chipman, on rights and interests, 36 n.
Great Britain, sedition trials, 22, 23, 26–29, 118, 146 n., 157, 175, 210, 211, 216;
informers and anti-sedition associations, 72;
Defense of the Realm Act in World War, 42 and n., 58, 118 n.;
other wars, 104, 117;
Combination Acts, 192;
treason, 201–203;
Reform Bill, 260;
laws against seditious associations, 263, 264;
expulsion of aliens, 263 n.;
spies, 269–271;
Wilkes, 295–299, 311–315;
other Parliamentary cases, 344;
effect of English law on Federalist judges, 8, 9, 21, 22;
criticism of England suppressed under Espionage Act, 10, 60, 61, 108;
British Secret Service and Lusk Committee, 306.
Gregory, Thomas W., Attorney General, on war laws, 40, 43, 44, 54, 65;
on propaganda, 176;
requests amendment of Espionage Act, 43, 44;
on baseless spy rumors, 72;
circulars to district attorneys, 74–76;
on slacker round-up, 107, 108.
See Attorney General.
Grenville, George, 296, 298, 311, 313.
Guests, prosecute host for sedition, 59.
Guilt by Association. See Association.
Gyori, Louis, philosophical anarchist deported, 280.
Habeas corpus, right to, 3, 69, 95 and n., 238, 239, 240, 253, 255. See Colyer Case.
Hale, Swinburne, 270 n.
Halévy, D., on American political parties, 363.
Halifax, Lord, 296, 297, 302.
Hamersley, Judge, 12.
Hamilton, Alexander, 2, 15;
definition of free speech, 3 and n., 4 n., 30 and n., 372;
rejected for Espionage Act, 44.
Hamilton, Andrew, 19, 23 n.
See Zenger.
Hand, Augustus, Judge, 86, 126.
Hand, Learned, Judge, 15, 17, 125, 128 n., 194, 324 n.;
interpretation of freedom of speech in Masses case, 46–56, 63, 69, 76 n., 88, 89, 107, 174, 216.
Hanson, Ole, 115 n., 193 n.
Harper, Saml. N., 186 n.
Harrison, Benjamin, 284.
Hartford, deportations, 246.
Hartford Convention, 97.
Harvard, red flag, 187;
dismissal of Loring, 209;
Russian library, 221;
academic freedom, 368.
Harvard Law Review, unsigned notes, 42 n., 51 n., 54 n., 57 n., 76 n., 82 n., 83 n., 128 n., 150 n., 156 n., 202 n., 214 n.
Harvard Liberal Club, 194 n., 226 n.
Haywood, W. D., prosecution, 85 n., 87 n., 163.
Hazel, Judge, 167, 168 and n.
Hearst, W. R., 52;
newspapers in the war, 110 n.
Henry, Patrick, 60, 205.
Higgins, Henry B., on conciliation courts, 192 n.
Hobbes, Thomas, 13.
Holmes, O. W., Justice, on freedom of speech, 9, 15, 16, 22, 88–93, 94, 101, 120, 148 n., 148–159, 188, 194, 197, 226;
on socialism, 82;
on searches, 300;
32, 37, 53.
Holt, Judge, 236, 237, 238.
Holt, Lord, 211.
Hough, Judge, 13 n., 54 n., 55, 108 n., 119.
Hoxie, 267 n.
Hughes, Charles E., 2, 189, 332, 333, 336–339.
Human machinery, for enforcing statutes:
Espionage Act, 66–87;
peace-time sedition laws, 207–219;
deportations, 231–240, 291–293.
Hunt, Governor, 190.
Hunt, Leigh, prosecution, 27, 28, 68.
Hutchinson, Chief Justice, on freedom of speech, 23 n.;
on witches, 356 n.
Hyde, C. C., on Czecho-Slovaks, 131 n.
Hylan, Mayor, 110 n., 183 n., 190, 191.
Hymns, military imagery in, 140.
Idaho, syndicalism law, 190.
Ihering, von, on rights and interests, 35 n.
Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice, pamphlet, 243 n., 270 n.
Illinois, Alton riots, 3;
Haymarket murders, 165;
sedition statute, 191.
Immigration officials, hearings.
See Deportations.
Incitement. See Solicitation.
Indecent publications. See Obscenity.
India, discussion of, suppressed in U. S., 108;
sedition in, 66, 212, 241, 249.
Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.), Bisbee deportations, 45;
Chicago trial, 85 n., 87 n., 163;
Sacramento trial, 87 n.;
other federal prosecutions, 77, 83;
attitude toward war, 81, 162, 163;
state war prosecutions, 110, 113;
peace prosecutions, 189 n., 190–193;
Centralia, 164, 212;
economic causes, 193;
injunction against, 193;
raids upon, 212, 242 n., 260, 271;
deportations, 242 n., 272–275;
denaturalization, 272, 273;
constructive measures suggested, 274, 275.
Injunction, of libels, 8;
against exclusion from mails, 47, 48;
against coal strike, 82, 260.
Intention, doctrine of constructive, 26, 28–30, 54–56, 67, 97, 134–136;
in Sedition Law of 1798, 29;
in Espionage Act, see same.
Interests, principle of social and individual, 34–38, 170, 179, 180, 284, 366 ff.
International, Communist, 259, 260, 334, 360.
Iowa, war sedition act, 111 n.
Ireland, 186, 287;
discussion of, in war, suppressed in U. S., 108, 134, 154;
suppression in, 212, 264, 265;
status under our deportation statute, 287, 288.
Irish World, excluded from mails, 108.
Isaiah, prosecution for quoting, 218.
I.W.W. See Industrial Workers of the World.
Jefferson, Thomas, 17, 18, 21, 30, 31, 56, 66, 67, 108, 161, 162, 217, 227, 336;
on revolution, 323, 372.
Jeffreys, Judge, 213.
Jenkins, cause of war, 114.
Jesus, 362, 370;
a crime to quote against war, 57, 61, 62;
called anarchist, 146 and n.;
Sermon on the Mount, 55, 119.
Jews, 82, 83, 108, 126, 281, 284, 289 n., 290.
Johnson, Reverdy, Senator, on legislative exclusion, 347 n., 351 n.
Johnson, Samuel, 10 n., 118 n., 172 n., 175 n., 289, 311.
Ju Toy, deportation, 238 n., 255 and n.
Judges, effect of free speech clauses on, 5;
Federalist, 8, 9, 21, 22, 31, 78, 80, 81;
function in libel and petition prosecutions, 19, 22–28, 29, 85, 86;
interpretation of Espionage Act, in Masses case, 46–56;
in other cases, 56–66, 81, 87, 91, 96, 100;
under Sedition Act of 1798, 80, 81;
attitude toward radicals, 81–84, 146–148, 158, 159, 185;
supervision by Department of Justice, 84, 85;
sentences, 86, 87;
Abrams case, 125 ff.;
jesting with prisoners, 146–148;
unfitness to determine bad intention and bad tendency, 213–219.
Junius, 23, 312, 314.
Jury, right to, grouped with freedom of speech, 3, 4, 17;
function in libel and sedition prosecutions, 19, 22–28, 29, 85, 86, 91–93, 96–100;
not a sure guarantee of free speech because of unfitness to determine bad tendency and bad intention, 24–28, 49, 52, 66–69, 76, 92, 93, 158, 213–219;
and affected by popular hysteria, voluntary informers, and anti-sedition societies, 70–72;
in Espionage Act trials, 73, 76–80, 91, 98, 99, 103 ff., 132–136 and ff.;
importance of methods of selection, 26, 77–79;
under Sedition Act of 1798, 78 and n.;
age and occupation, 79, 80;
divergent opinions of same writing, 26, 27;
denied in post-office exclusion proceedings, 158, 199;
in deportation proceedings, 158, 232–240.
Justice, Department of, 202, 309;
administration of Espionage Act, 73–76, 90, 112, 113, 124–126, 229, 261, 262, 302;
recommendations for reduction of sentences, 73, 87 n.;
policy toward radicals, 164, 195–197, 229;
enforcement of state sedition laws, 229, 249;
of deportation statute, 229, 240 n., 241–252, 272–274, 293, 338, 339;
Illegal Activities pamphlet, 243 n.;
Silverthorne raid, 300, 301;
civil liability, 302;
instructions to agents, 243–247, 249, 257;
employment of spies, 268–272.
Kansas, red flag law, 181 n.;
schools, 369.
Kansas City Star, 118.
Kenyon, Lord, 13, 58, 213.
Kimball, Day, on Abrams case, 156–158.
Knitting, discouragement of, criminal, 57.
Knox, Judge, 278 n.
Knox, P. C., Senator, on legislative exclusion, 347 n., 353.
Kohler, on construction of fundamental statutes, 31, 32 n.
Kropotkin, 276, 279, 287.
Labor, Department of, exclusion and deportation of aliens, 232–293;
no other Department has control of deportations, 242, 252.
See Deportations; Wilson, W. B.; Post.
Labor, Secretary of, 232–293 passim;
conclusiveness of decisions in deportation cases, 232–240, 254–256, 291, 292.
Labor unions, 11 n., 53, 192, 193, 263, 267, 268, 273 and n., 274, 308.
See Strikes; Industrial Workers of the World.
Lachowsky, H., prosecution, 124, 126, 143 n., 144, 147 n., 148.
See Abrams.
La Follette, R. M., Senator, 36, 95, 98.
Langtry, Secretary, 261.
Lansing, Robert, 60.
Larkin, James, 287.
Laski, F., 109 n.
Laski, H. J., 42 n., 109 n., 375 n.
Latzko, Men in War, excluded from the mails, 107.
Leavitt, Judge, 324 n.
Legislative debates, freedom of speech in, 3.
Legislative exclusions, 311–364;
Russia, 176;
Wilkes, 311–315;
Berger, 315–332;
eligibility of next highest candidate, 319, 320;
grounds of disqualification, 321 ff.;
in U. S. Constitution, 321,
Fourteenth Amendment, 323 ff., 348,
guilt of treason, 324 ff.,
opposition to war as disqualification, 328 ff.;
N. Y. Socialists, 332–364;
original proceedings, 332 ff.;
protests, 335 ff.;
Judiciary Committee sits, 339 ff.;
power to suspend, 339, 340;
power to disqualify on grounds not stated in the constitution, 321, 322, 328–332, 340 ff., 347 ff.,
judicial precedents, 340–343;
legislative precedents, 343–354,
in England, 344,
expulsions from Congress, 345 ff.,
disqualifications in Congress, 349 ff.,
under Test Oath Act, 328, 330, 349–351, 353,
Mormons, 348, 351 ff.,
in New York, 354;
disqualification for probability of breach of oath, 354 n.;
charges against Socialists, 355;
testimony, 356–361;
the vote, 361;
conclusions, 362–364.
Lenine, N., 107, 135, 147, 286, 311.
Letters, prosecutions based on, 57–60 passim, 118.
Lever Act, 148 n.;
coal strike injunction, 82, 153.
Libel, criminal and seditious, 4 n., 8, 9, 14, 15, 19–32, 52, 170–172;
truth as defense, 4 n., 19, 22–25, 29, 30 n.;
functions of judge and jury, same;
injunction of, 8;
civil actions, 12–18, 32;
privilege and fair comment, 15, 32, 104;
libel in war controversy, 110 n.;
on the dead, 172.
See Sedition; Fox.
Liberator, 79 n.
Liberty, of the person, press, speech, etc. See Person, Press, Speech, etc.
Liberty Bonds, effect of campaigns on discussion, 7, 74;
interference with sales, 44, 45, 53 n., 57, 64, 65, 81, 107, 169;
refusal to buy prosecuted, 59, 60.
License and liberty, theory of freedom of speech, 12–16, 210, 211.
Lincoln, Abraham, 46, 116, 117, 224, 329;
on revolution, 223.
Lipman, S., prosecution, 123, 126, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143 n., 145, 147, 147 n., 148.
See Abrams.
Lippmann, Walter, 67 n.
Littlefield, Charles, Representative, 347 n., 352 and n.
Loans, as cause of war with Germany, 102–106.
See Morgan; Liberty Bonds.
Lopez, F. R., philosophical anarchist deported, 278–280, 286.
Lorimer, Wm., Senator, exclusion case, 339, 343, 347.
Lovejoy, E. P., 3.
Lowell, A. L., on academic freedom, 368.
Lowell, James Russell, 16, 97, 104, 116, 202, 366, 372.
Loyalists, British, 2, 302 and n.
Loyd, W. H., 23 n.
Ludendorff, 6.
Lusk Committee, 203, 204, 270, 302–310, 334, 337, 358, 361–364.
Lyon, Matthew, expulsion case, 329, 345.
McKellar, Senator, 198.
McKenna, Justice, 94–98, 148 n.
McKinley, William, 52, 165, 187, 205, 230.
McMaster, J. B., 19 n.
Macaulay, T. B., 19 n., 66 and n., 203, 250, 294.
Madison, James, 15, 19–22, 211, 240, 361.
Magna Charta, abandoned in war, 119.
Maine, Sir Henry, 69.
Mails. See Post-office.
Maitland, F. W., 22.
Mann, J. R., Representative, on Berger, 320, 324.
Mansfield, Lord, 8, 23, 310.
Marshall, John, 3, 22 n., 34 n., 200, 201, 211 n., 265, 325.
Marshals, United States, 78, 80.
Martens, L. C. A. K., 287, 305–308.
Martial law, for opponents of war, 33 n., 41, 42, 116, 117;
for discussion in army, 50.
Martin, Luther, 17.
Marx, 221, 223, 279, 365 ff.
Maryland, demands federal free speech clause, 4, 19.
Massachusetts, 283, 315;
constitution, free speech clause, 4 and n.;
Blackstonian decision, 8;
restriction of press by stamp tax, 19 n.;
colonial sedition law, 23 n.;
libel statute, 24 n.;
Roxbury Riots, 182–186, 212;
red flag law, 186, 187;
anarchy act, 189, 190, 204, 212, 269;
Boston ordinance, 191;
deportations, 248 n., see Colyer case;
Secretary Langtry, 261;
raids, 310, 311.
Masses, exclusion from mails, 9 n., 46–56, 107, 108 n., 118, 119, 125, 154, 174, 175 n., 194, 205 n., 207, 214, 216.
See Eastman.
Masters, Edgar L., 275.
May, J. W., on intent, 150 n.
May, T. E., on English sedition, 22 n., 23 n., 28 n., 72 and n., 77, 263 n., 264 n., 265 n., 269 n., 271 n., 297 n.;
on exclusion from Parliament, 312, 344 n., 345 n., 356.
May Day Riots. See Riots.
Mayer, J. M., Judge, 13 n., 27 n., 40, 54 n., 79 n., 125.
Mazzini, 286.
Meehan, John, I.W.W., 275.
Meetings. See Assembly.
Merchant vessels, sinking of, 57, 60.
Merivale, on Tiberius, 268 n.
Mexico, possible war with, 114, 133;
opposition in U. S., in 1846, 16, 64, 104, 116, 330;
possible deportation of Americans, 288.
Mikado, quoted by Judge Clayton, 134.
Military Intelligence Police, 123, 124, 145, 146, 159.
Militia, compulsory training constitutional, 35;
state and federal control, 111 and n.
Mill, John Stuart, 32, 50, 157, 197, 205, 219 n., 365, 375.
Miller, Justice, 16 n.
Miller, S. L., Asst. U. S. Attorney, 126.
Milligan, 33 and n., 42 n., 69 n., 81 n., 96 n., 113, 116, 117 n., 325.
Milton, John, 1, 32, 197, 375.
Milwaukee Leader, 64;
exclusion from mails, 107, 315–317, 323, 331.
Minnesota, safety commission, 33;
war sedition act, 57, 77, 85 n., 110–113, 162.
Minorities, legal rights should be upheld, 2, 3, 156, 157, 294.
Misdirection, unexcepted, 149 n.
Mississippi, constitution, free speech clause, 4 n.
Mob violence, 44, 45, 46, 212;
incitement to, 50, 260, 261.
Montana, war sedition law, 44, 113 n.;
peace sedition law, 190, 191.
Mooney, Thomas, 163.
Moore, J. B., Digest of International Law, cited, 160 n., 191 n., 284 n., 288 n.;
Digest of International Arbitrations, 288 n.
Morgan, J. P., 81 n., 102, 104.
Morley, John, 66, 117, 159 n., 212, 241, 264, 265 n.
Mormons, exclusion from Congress, 348, 351–353.
Morton, Chief Justice, 165.
Most, Johann, 205, 206.
Mothers, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 58, 103.
Moving pictures, censorship and prosecutions, 10, 43, 60, 61 and n., 179, 203 n.
Muir, prosecution, 28, 146 n.
Municipal corporations, censorship of press, 110 n.;
prohibition of German opera, 110 n., 183 n.;
of meetings, 182–186, 190, 191.
Munition factories, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 58.
Munitions, curtailment of production, 45, 65, 127–153 passim, 152 n., 163;
see Espionage Act;
criticism of defective munitions prosecuted, 62.
Myerson, A., 289, 290.
Napoleon, propaganda in England, 27.
Nation, excluded from mails, 107;
editorials, 132 n., 190 n., 193 n., 338.
National Founders’ Association, 240 n.
National guard. See Militia.
National Popular Government League, 243 n.
National Security League, 338.
Naturalization, compulsory undesirable, 235, 236;
forbidden to anarchists, 278, 280;
limits on power, 281.
See Denaturalization.
Navy, abuse of, crime, 45, 114, 115.
See Sims.
Nearing, Scott, prosecution, 27, 53 n., 55 n., 85 n., 125, 308, 356.
Negroes, freedom of speech and, 175, 184, 195, 203, 204.
Nelles, Walter, Espionage Act cases, 82 n., 83 n., 86 n., 110 n.
New Hampshire, constitution, free speech clause, 4 n.
New Jersey, war sedition law, 111 n., 112 n.;
Plainfield regulation of meetings, 184;
anarchy act, 189 and n., 190, 204;
Berger, 321.
New Republic, editorials, 116 n., 132 n., 272 n., 278 n., 280 n., 338.
New York:
State.
Constitution on free speech, 4 n., 21 n., 24 n., 30 n., 374;
demands U. S. clause, 4;
libel statute, 24 n.;
Croswell case, 30 and n.;
red flag law, 180;
criminal anarchy statute, 187, 188, 216;
Loyalist investigation, 302 and n.;
law of searches and seizures, 303–310.
See Lusk Committee; Legislative Exclusions (N. Y. Socialists).
City.
Slacker round-up, 107, 108;
federal juries, 79;
radical meetings, 177–179;
Hylan ordinances, 110 n., 183 n., 190, 191;
Socialist aldermen, 338;
school situation, 365 ff.
New York Bar Association, of City, 189 n., 338–340.
New York Call, excluded from mails, 115, 229.
New York Times, Current History of the War, 130 n.;
editorial on Abrams case, 146 n.;
article on anarchistic press, 222;
editorial on I.W.W., 272 n.;
on N. Y. Socialist assemblymen, 362.
New York Tribune, on Socialist assemblymen, 338.
New York World, telegrams censored, 109 n.
Newberry, T. H., Senator, 337, 338.
Newspapers, restraint in war, 10, 46–59, 90, 94 ff., 106–109, 110 n., 116;
effect of exclusion from mail, 107, 199, 234;
effect of publication of facts of sedition trials, 119, 222;
revolutionary press, 164, 195, 213, 222;
conspiracy to compel handling of distasteful newspaper, 110 n.;
opposition to sedition bills, 198, 338.
See Foreign-language press; Milwaukee Leader.
Newton, Attorney General of N. Y., 309, 334, 337, 355, 357, 361.
Non-Partisan League, 77, 78, 81, 83, 85 n., 110–113, 162, 267, 369.
North Carolina, discussion of federal free speech clause, 5 n.
Notice, constructive, 103, 104.
Nude and the Prudes, 188.
Nuisances, relation to freedom of speech, 52, 171, 205.
Oates, Titus, 357.
O’Brian, J. L., 40, 41, 44 n., 46 n., 70–77 passim, 107, 108, 112, 113, 231 n., 319 n.
O’Brien, Judge, 343.
Obscenity, 10, 14, 15, 52, 170–172, 188, 214, 234, 311.
Officials. See United States Officials.
O’Hare, Kate R., prosecution, 83, 162.
Official Record of the Rebellion, cited, 117 n.
Opera. See German Opera.
Opper, cartoonist, 52.
Order, social interest in, limits freedom of speech, 34, 170, 179, 284, 366, 368.
Orr, Samuel, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
Otis, James, 210, 299, 311.
Overman, Senator, 181, 182;
Bill, 197;
Committee, 134, 135, 197.
Pacifists, 2, 26, 37, 46, 64, 68, 70, 73, 102 ff., 106, 224, 296, 317, 329;
expulsion from college, 110 n.
Palestine, 108.
Palfrey, J. G., on Salem witches, 357 n.
Palmer, A. Mitchell, U. S. Attorney General, enforcement of Espionage Act after armistice, 115, 229, 302;
house bombed, 163, 197;
recommends federal sedition bill, 167, 195–198, 203, 207 ff., 335;
on federal conspiracy statute, 167–169;
does not fear revolution, 196, 251;
recommends and enforces state sedition laws, 195, 229, 249;
enforces deportation statute, 196, 229, 230, 241–252, 257, 274, 283, 293, 302;
controversy with Post, 250–252;
on spies, 270–272;
on independent labor unions, 273 n.
Palmer, Joseph, 172.
Palmer, T. Fyshe, prosecution, 28.
Pardons, in Espionage Act cases, 61, 62 n., 73;
impossible in deportation cases, 292.
See Commutations; Amnesty.
Parker, Carleton, 162, 163.
Parliament. See Great Britain.
Parnell, C. S., 264.
Parties, in America, 267, 363.
Peck, Jared, 65 n.
Pennsylvania, constitution, free speech clause, 4 and n., 18, 24 n.;
discussion of federal free speech clause, 19 n.
Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 19 n., 23 n.
Persecution, Justice Holmes on, 155, 156.
See Religion.
Person, liberty of, 17;
searches of, 242 n., 301.
See Arrests.
Petition, right of, 5, 7 n.;
Baltzer case, 64, 65, 116.
Philadelphia Tageblatt, 94, 101.
See Schaefer.
Phillips, prosecution, 13 n., 41 n., 79 n., 126.
Phillips, Wendell, 209.
Pierce, prosecution, 13 n., 94 and n., 101–106, 134, 135 n., 285 n.
“Pillars of Fire,” 184.
Pinckney, Charles, 3, 21 n.
Pitney, Justice, 101–104.
Place, Francis, 260, 271 n.
Platforms, party, not be taken too seriously, 267.
Political discussion, doctrine that it should be confined to the legislature, 27, 28;
punishment of criticism of government, chapter I.;
forbidden to superintendent of schools, 11 n.;
conventions prohibited, 11 n.;
campaign expenses limited, 11 n.;
in war, 48, 49, 62, 63.
See Sedition.
Political trials, 85 n., 94, 116, 132–137.
See Sedition.
Pollard, E. A., on confederate censorship, 117 n.
Post, Louis F., Assistant Secretary of Labor, 233 n., 239 n., 243, 272 n., 291 and n., 292;
controversy with Palmer, 250–252.
Post-office, subject to First Amendment, 34, 108, 109, 218;
conclusiveness of administrative decisions, 45, 54, 106–109, 199, 233, 234;
powers under Espionage Act, 6, 12 n., 43, 45, 46–56, 106–109, 115, 229, 335;
in peace-time sedition bills, 197–199;
control of express and telegraph, 109 n.;
no jury, 158, 199;
powers to exclude matter inciting to murder, etc., 214, 229;
opening mail, 241 n.
Pound, Roscoe, on freedom of speech, 8 n.;
on rights and interests, 35 n.
Preis, Engelbert, deportation, 256–261, 268.
President, 252;
powers under Alien Law of 1798, 29;
criticism of, punished under Sedition Act of 1798, 29, 204,
under Espionage Act, 129, 138;
protection of life, see United States Officials;
threats against, 202, 207, 214, 215.
See Jefferson; Lincoln; Wilson.
President’s Mediation Commission, report of, 113 n., 163, 272 n., 292.
Press, freedom of, 5, 17, 18, 21.
See Censorship; Speech, freedom of.
Previous restraint, 8–32;
definition of freedom of speech, See Speech, freedom of.
Price We Pay, pamphlet, 101–106.
See Pierce.
Primaries, political, 11 n.
Prober, prosecution, 144.
See Abrams.
Procedural safeguards. See Speech, freedom of.
Procès de tendance, 175 and n.
Profanity, 170 ff.
Profiteers, discussion of criminal, 50, 58, 59, 68, 95, 102, 103, 119, 225;
possible raids on, 308.
Pro-Germans, 2, 59 n., 64, 70 and n., 73, 94 ff., 107, 194, 224, 296.
Prohibition, 66 n., 114, 209.
Property, judicial protection, 106.
Prosecuting attorneys, effect of free speech clause on, 5;
in the war with Germany, 73–76;
under Sedition Act of 1798, 78;
in Abrams case, 126, 144, 145.
Proudhon, 221.
Public, excluded from the mails, 107.
Public Information, Committee on, 108, 132.
Pulling, Defense of the Realm Manual, 42 n.
Quakers, 197, 277.
Quebec, address to people of, 17, 170.
Radicals, freedom of speech for, 1, 2, 52;
duty of restraint, 187;
mob violence against, 44, 45, 46;
under Espionage Act, 77, 81 ff., 162;
on juries, 78–80;
attitude of judges toward, 81–84, 85 n.;
in Abrams case, 120–160 passim;
prevalent after the War, 161, 162;
relation to the criminal law in peace, chapter IV., 161–228 passim;
see Sedition and succeeding headings;
deportation of, 229–293;
exclusion from legislatures, 329, 332 ff.
Rai, Lajpat, book on India excluded from mails, 108.
Raids, on Communists, 230, 241–254, 292, 293;
on I.W.W., 212, 242 n., 260, 274;
time of Wilkes, 296–299;
in war, 115, 229, 302;
by Lusk Committee, 302–310;
in Massachusetts, 310, 311.
See Searches and Seizures.
Rand School, 204, 257 n., 308–310, 356, 361.
Randolph, John, 23.
Ray, Judge, 13 n., 214.
Reading, Lord, 325.
Recht, Charles, 272 n., 275 n., 278 n.
Red Cross, criticism of, punished, 57;
refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.
Red flag laws, 180–187.
Referendum, before war, discussion criminal, 57, 64, 65.
Religion, toleration, 2, 3, 172, 176, 177, 196, 197, 276, 277, 370;
Virginia statute, see Virginia;
federal control prohibited, 5, 170;
Christianity called inconsistent with war, 6, 57, 61, 62;
religious meetings, 183, 184;
Catholic Association, in Ireland, 264.
See Mormons.
Representative government, right of, 17, 296.
See Legislative exclusions.
Review (now, Weekly Review), on Abrams case, 152 n.;
on Socialist assemblymen, 338;
on Lusk bills, 362 n.
Revolution, 97, 139–142, 164–169, 173–179, 199–201, 205–207, 212, 219, 257–262.
See Sedition Bills; Palmer; Russia; American and French Revolution.
Rhode Island, demands federal free speech clause, 4;
soul-liberty, 177, 276, 283;
Berger, 321;
property qualification, 372.
Rhodes, J. F., 116 n., 117 n., 177 n., 290 n., 330 n.
Rights, and interests, 34–38, 366 ff.
Riots, 164, 177, 178, 182–186, 203, 212.
Roberts, Brigham H., exclusion case, 345 n., 347 n., 350 n., 352 and n.
Robins, Raymond, 132–137, 181 n.
Rodenberg, Representative, on Berger case, 331.
Rockefeller, John D., 146.
Rogers, H. W., Judge, 54 n., 56 and n., 108 n., 278–280.
Rolland, Romain, 367.
Roman Catholics, abuse of, 184;
legislation against, 264, 265, 281, 283.
Roosevelt, Theodore, 316, 325;
(the younger), 361.
Root, Elihu, 86, 355, 359.
Root, Erastus, 21 n.
Rosansky, H., prosecution, 123, 127, 144, 147 n., 148.
See Abrams.
Rousseau, J. J., 52.
Roxbury Riot, 182–186, 212.
Rugg, 186 n.
Russell, Bertrand, prosecution, 242 n., 59 and n., 295;
Proposed Roads to Freedom, 222, 223, 276, 284.
Russell, Lord John, 227.
Russell, G. W. E., 227 n.
Russell, Pastor, sect, prosecutions, 83 n., 101.
Russia, 10, 290;
Russians in U. S., 82, 120–160 passim, 230, 235, 256;
Czarist policy toward discussion, 176, 178, 191, 211 and n., 269, 294 n.;
effect of Russian Revolution in U. S., 26, 58, 81, 82, 86, 95, 120–160 passim, 162, 178, 196, 289, 293, 334, 360 ff., 371;
truth needed, 158;
Harvard library on Revolution, 221;
documents censored in U. S., 107, 221, 311;
German participation, 132 and n., 135, 147;
Soviet Government Bureau in N. Y., 287, 305–308;
American intervention, 94, 129–132;
criminality of opposition, 130, 137 ff., 160;
questionable effect of our deportations policy upon Russia, 286, 287.
Russian-American Relations, cited, 131 n.
Rutherford, Livingston, John Peter Zenger, 23 n.
Ryan, J. M., Asst. U. S. Attorney, 126, 145.
Sabotage, 163;
Federal statute, 152 n., 163;
state statutes, 163, 274, 276;
advocacy of, 190–194;
deportations, 231 n., 272–275.
Salvation Army, rioting against, 183 and n.
Sanford, Chancellor, 342, 354.
Scandella, American deported from Venezuela, 288 n.
Schaefer, Tageblatt prosecution, 85, 87, 94–101, 106, 207, 216, 218, 265.
Schenck, prosecution, 9 n., 16 n., 88–93, 98, 99, 102, 155, 178, 179, 191, 192, 285.
Schofield, Henry, Freedom of the Press in the United States, 4 n., 8 n., 20 n., 21, 24 n., 30 and n., 31 n., 56.
Schools, political speeches by superintendent, 11 n.;
freedom for teachers, 365–376.
Schwartz, prosecution, 124, 125, 126, 146.
See Abrams.
Science, promoted by freedom of speech, 17, 31, 32, 170, 370, 374.
Scotland, sedition trials in, 28.
Scott, Austin W., on atheism, 172 n.
Scrutton, Lord Justice, 119.
Searches and seizures, warrants authorized by Espionage Act, 43, 45, 302;
raids in the war, 115, 229, 302;
Russia, 176;
importance of warrants, 140, 159;
in deportation proceedings, 241 and n., 242 n., 244–247, 302;
at time of Wilkes, 295–298;
Supreme Court decisions on Fourth Amendment, 299–301;
consequences of illegality, 300–302;
when legal, 242 n., 301, 310 n.;
Lusk Committee raids, 302–310;
N. Y. law, 303–310;
Massachusetts raids, 310, 311.
Sears, Clara E., 172 n.
Seas, Freedom of the, 17.
Seattle Union-Record, raided, 115, 229, 302.
Sedition, common law of, and free speech, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19–32, 170;
not federal common law crime;
British trials, 22, 23, 26–29, 118, 146 n., 157, 175, 296 ff.;
colonial trials, 19, 22, 23;
societies to suppress, 71, 72, 357;
in war, see War, Espionage Act;
punishment in peace, chapter IV., 161–228;
normal criminal law sufficient, 161–169;
criminal law of obscenity, breaches of peace, etc., distinguished, 169–173;
criminal law of violence distinguished, 173–180, 196;
suppression of agitation by law unwise, 219 ff.;
distinguished from treason, 325–328.
See Spies.
Sedition Act of 1798, 1, 17, 25, 65 n., 109, 116, 157, 162, 194, 199, 208, 223, 229, 329, 345;
summary of text, 29, 30;
constitutionality, 20–22 and nn., 30, 200, 204;
comparison with Espionage Act, 56, 128;
juries, 78 and n.;
judges, 80, 81.
Sedition Act of 1918, 44.
See Espionage Act.
Sedition bills, federal, 81, 140, 194–228, 229, 230, 231;
summary, 194–199;
constitutionality, affirmative federal power, 199–201,
treason clause, 201–203,
first amendment, 203–207;
wisdom, 207–228, 268.
Sedition statutes of states, in war, 57, 74 n., 110–113, 163;
in peace, 163, 169, 173–194, 204, 212, 216, 224, 246;
red flag laws, 180–187;
anarchy syndicalism, and sedition, 187–194, 261, 265, 268;
constitutionality, 191–194;
recommended by Palmer, 195;
enforced by Palmer, 229, 249.
Self-incrimination, rule against, 69, 303 and n., 307.
Sentenced to Twenty Years Prison, 145 n.
Sentences, English and Scotch sedition trials, 28 and n., 87 n.;
Defense of the Realm Act trials, 118 n.;
India, 159 n.;
Espionage Act trials, 58–62, 87 and n., 147, 148, 159, 160, 220;
long sentences as cruel and unusual punishment, 148 n.
September Morn, suppression of, 175.
Sermon on the Mount, and war, 55, 119.
Service-letter statutes, 3 n.
Servitude, involuntary, sometimes constitutional, 7, 35, 36.
Seward, W. F., arbitrary arrests, 116;
on intervention, 160 n.
Sex, discussion, 171, 172.
Shakespeare, William, 14, 55;
censored, 175, 214.
Shaw, Bernard, 32;
censored, 175, 283.
Shaw, Lord, 42 n.
Shay’s Rebellion, 164.
Shelley, 172.
Sherman Anti-trust Law, 53 n., 106.
Shiplacoff, A., prosecution, 125.
Shipman, Clare, 190 n.
Ships, discussion of sinking of, 57, 60;
parables of, 276, 286.
Shipyards, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 58.
Sidis, W., 186 n.
Sims, Admiral, 64.
Sisson, Edgar, Russian documents, 132 and n.;
in Abrams case, 133.
Sisters, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 103.
Slander, no previous restraint possible, 14;
not immune, 15.
See Libel.
Smith, Alfred, Governor, 362 and n.
Smith, F. E. (now Lord Birkenhead), criticism of, excluded from mails, 108.
Smith, Jeremiah, on intent, 149 n., 150 n.
Smith and Wesson Co., 153.
Smoot, Reed, Senator, exclusion case, 347 n., 352, 353.
Socialist Review, 319 n., 331 n.
Socialists, 2, 10, 27, 260;
need for judicial comprehension, 82–84, 86;
in the War, 81, 83, 162;
St. Louis Platform, 162, 315, 316, 334;
peace-time prosecutions, 188, 210, 216, 224;
secession of left-wing, 256, 262;
exclusion as a party from legislature, 306, 329–338, 355–364;
in schools, 365 ff.;
in Germany, 262.
See Debs; Pierce; Stokes; Syracuse; Berger; Rand School; Lipman; Legislative exclusion; Communists.
Societies, to suppress sedition, 71, 72.
Socrates, 367, 370.
Solicitation, criminal, relation to freedom of speech, 25, 165, 166, 173, and to Espionage Act, 49, 51–53, 88, 89, 155;
to non-criminal interference with the government’s war activities, 53, 169;
in federal crimes, 166 and n., 201.
Solomon, Charles, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356, 357.
South Carolina, constitution, free speech clause, 4 n.
Soviet Government. See Russia.
Speech, freedom of.
Constitutions:
guaranty in U. S. Constitution, 3–5, 18, 200,
demanded by states, 3, 4, 19, 156;
in Congressional debates, 3;
in state constitutions, 3 and n., 4 and n., 17, 18, 21 n., 30 n., 374;
exception of “abuse” implied if not expressed, 4 n.;
clauses a guide to interpretation of constitutional statutes, 5, 6, 46, 48, 193, 194, 207;
and also invalidate statutes, 3, 4, 11 and n., 16, 111 n., 156, 192 n.
Meaning: 1–39, 155–158, 366–372;
subject to limits, 2, 7;
necessarily extends to unpopular persons and causes, 3, 156, 157, 294, 366;
Blackstonian censorship view, 8–12, 19, 21–23, 31, 32, 38, 108, 199;
liberty and license view, 12–16, 210, 211, 368;
history of principle, 17–32;
inconsistent with common law of sedition, 14, 22–24, 170;
social and political function, 34–36;
conclusions on meaning, 34–39, 156 ff., 368 ff.;
view of Judge Hand, 50, 51;
of Justice Holmes, 88, 155, 156;
an issue between two tests of criminality, danger v. bad tendency, 24–31, 37–39, 49–52, 154–159, 173–180, 213–219, and elsewhere;
not secured by juries, 24–28, see Jury trial;
meaning not fixed in 1791, 14, 32, 35, 36;
does not exclude intemperate and foolish discussion, 48, 83, 114, 140 n., 173, 206, 219, 220;
applies to political research, 370, 371;
but not limited to political discussion, 156, 170;
does not depend on merits of existing government, 210;
suppression ineffectual, 118, 119, 219, 220, 226, 227.
Procedural safeguards: 39, 49, 66–69, 92, 93;
Fox’s Libel Act, etc., 24, 39, 69;
precise offense must be specified, 49, 92, 93;
objective test of criminality of words, 49–51, 54 ff., 216 ff.;
exclusion of psychological questions and disputes of opinion, 52, 66–69, 73, 103–106;
judicial guidance of jury, 85, 86, 94–100;
evils of bad intention as test of guilt, 63–68, 86, see Intention;
culling sentences, 100, 102, 220;
right to counsel, 236 ff., 247 ff.;
narrow range of administrative power in criminal law, 75.
See Human machinery.
Relation to other branches of the law and concrete applications: libel, see same;
nuisance, 52, 171, 205;
breaches of the peace, 24, 25, 74 and n., 102 n., 110 n., 111, 171, 172, 205, 208;
war, 6, 7 and n., 25, 26, 32–38, 46–56, 63–66, 88–90, 96, 104–106, 176, 179, 369 ff.;
obscenity, blasphemy, etc., 169–173, and see same;
peace-time sedition laws, 173–180, 191–194, 199–228;
deportations, 280–291;
legislative exclusion, 328–332, 362–364;
schools, 368–376.
See Attempt; Solicitation; Espionage Act; Post-office; Assembly.
Summary of recent events in U. S., 296, 336–339.
Spencer, Herbert, 226, 276.
Spies, German, 6, 70–72;
opponents of war as, 41, 42;
government spies and informers, 59, 71, 72, 227, 268–272, 302, 357.
Spies, August, anarchist, 165, 205, 206.
Spirit of ’76, moving picture case, 10, 38 n., 43, 60, 61.
Stamp tax, restraint of press by, 19 n., 32.
Stanchfield, J. B., on guilt by association, 360.
Stanton, E. M., arbitrary arrests, 116.
Star Chamber, 32, 232, 238.
Star-Spangled Banner, alleged prosecutions for not standing up, 102 and n., 103.
State Sedition Laws, in war and peace. See Sedition Statutes of states.
State war cases, miscellaneous, 110 n.
Stead, W. T., “The Maiden Tribute,” 171.
Steimer, Molly, prosecution, 123, 126, 143 and n., 144, 145, 147 n., 148.
See Abrams.
Stephen, James Fitzjames, 13, 20 n., 23 n., 24, 26 n., 29 n., 56, 201 n., 263 n.
Sterling Bill, 197, 207.
Stevenson, J. A., 269 n.
Stevenson, R. L., on Braxfield, 146 n.
Stirner, 221.
Stokes, Rose Pastor, prosecution, 13 n., 28 n., 58, 59, 67, 87 n., 92, 118, 119, 225.
Stone, F. D., 19 n.
Storey, Moorfield, on intervention, 160 n.
Story, Joseph, 8 n., 341, 345 n.
Street meetings. See Assembly.
Strikes, 53, 164, 218, 220;
under Espionage Act of 1918, 74, 269, 273, 274;
coal strike, 82, 260;
advocacy of general strike, 122, 125, 139, 140, 149–153, 163, 188, 216, 257–261, 271.
See Labor Unions.
Strong, A. L., 115 n.
Submarine warfare, discussion of criminal, 57, 60.
Sugarman, prosecution, 88 n., 89, 90.
Suhr, and I.W.W., 163.
Sumner, Charles, 210, 330.
Sumner, William G., 97, 362.
Sunday, Rev. Wm., 260.
Supreme Court of the United States, Espionage Act cases, 15, 16, 87–106, 116, 120–160 passim, 178, 191, 207, 285;
other free speech cases, 9, 12;
on conscription, 7, 35, 40, 57;
on postal power, 108;
protection of lives of judges, 197, 200, 206;
on power over aliens, 230 ff.;
on anarchist exclusions, 275 ff.;
on guilt by association, 265;
on searches and seizures, 299–301, 335;
on federal peace-time sedition bill, 207.
Sweden, free speech in, 286.
Sweet, Thaddeus C., N. Y. Speaker, 333–339, 357, 361 ff.
Sweethearts, discouragement of, in war criminal, 58, 103.
Switzerland, free speech in, 286.
Syndicalism, statutes against, 163, 190–194, 197, 212, 265.
Syracuse Socialists, prosecution, 115.
Tacitus, quoted, 118 n.
Tageblatt, Philadelphia. See Schaefer.
Taney, Chief Justice, 34 n.;
against lawlessness in war, 81 n.
Tarde, 163.
Taxation, 106, 233;
restraint of free speech by, 19 n., 32, 282;
discussion of war taxation suppressed, 57, 64, 65, 95, 107.
Telegraph, censorship of, 109 n.
Tendency, bad, as test of criminality of words, fatal to freedom of speech, see Speech, freedom of;
social and economic tendency unsuitable for decision by judges and juries, 49, 52, 68, 69, 104, 132–136, 158.
Test oath, restricted by U. S. Constitution, 3;
in R. I., 77;
in N. Y., 333, 342, 343, 354 n.
Test Oath Act, 328, 330, 349–351, 353.
Texas, war sedition law, 111 n.
Thaw, H. K., trial, 136 n., 163.
Thayer, J. B., 6 n.
Thayer, W. R., 203.
Theater, shouting fire in, 16;
censorship of, 172, 175.
Third Amendment, 33.
Thirteenth Amendment, 7, 35, 36.
Thomas, A. V., 218 n.
Threats. See President.
Tiberius, Emperor, censorship, 118 n., 268.
Tighe, Ambrose, on war powers, 33 n., 117 n.
Tildsley, John L., 365 ff.
Tobacco, 209.
Toledo, 191.
Tolstoy, 276, 279, 294 n.
Torts, outside free speech clauses, 14, 15.
See Libel.
Townley, prosecution, 78 n., 85 n., 111 and n.
Trachtenberg, A., 257 n.
Trade unions. See Labor unions.
Trading with the Enemy Act, 108 n., 195.
Training camps, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 57, 119;
sanitary conditions, 64.
Treason, 97;
levying war, 166, 201, 265;
aid and comfort to enemies, 148 n., 202, 324–328;
in war with Germany, 41 and n., 50, 74, 91, 325 n.;
against U. S., states cannot prosecute, 111;
effect of clause on federal sedition statutes, 201–203, 218;
Berger and relation of treason to Espionage Act, 325–328.
Treaties, 36, 233;
with Germany, 1, 119;
secret, 36, 37 and n.
Trevelyan, G. O., 295, 312.
Trotsky, Leon, 135, 144, 147, 311.
Trumbull, Lyman, Senator, on expulsion, 346, 347.
Truth, social interest in, 34–39, 155–160, 176, 368 ff.;
importance in war, 36, 37, 46, 63, 65, 66, 96;
not concerned in mere advocacy of violence and lawlessness, 49, 50, 63, 173, 204;
not a defense under Espionage Act, except false statements clause, 56, 115;
relation to criminal law of obscenity, profanity, etc., 169–173.
See Libel.
Tucker, St. George, 8 n.
Tucker, St. John, 101.
Tunney, T. J., Inspector, 123, 169 n., 181 and n., 182.
Turner, John, anarchist excluded, 275–283 passim.
Tyler, Moses C., 276 n.
Under-cover informants, 269–272.
United States, inciting resistance to, opposing cause, see Espionage Act;
division of state and federal jurisdiction over crimes, 113 ff., 171;
political parties, see Parties;
absence of intellectual divergencies, 289, 363.
United States Constitution, absence of free speech clause and ratification, 3, 4, 156;
affirmative power over speech and sedition, 3, 34 and n., 199–201;
abuse of, crime, 45, 114.
See various topics, e.g., Speech, freedom of; Treason; Deportations; Bills of rights; also the various amendments by number.
United States courts, no common law crimes, 22.
See Supreme Court; District courts; Judges; Federalist judges.
United States Officials, protection of, from violence, 163–169, 196–207, 213–215, 251.
See President; Prosecuting officials; Justice, department of.
United States statutes, adequacy against utterances in war, 40–42, 46, 50;
against revolution and attacks on officials, 165–169, 194, 196;
accessories, 52 and n., 53, 166 n.;
attempts and incitement, 166 and n.;
judicial code, 269, 149 n.;
Explosives Act, 169.
Untermeyer, Samuel, on Rand School, 309, 310.
Vallandigham, 97, 117 and n., 325, 330.
Vance, W. R., on freedom of speech, 22 n., 76 n.
Van Valkenburgh, Judge, 13 n., 28 n., 58, 59, 87, 225.
Veblen, Thorstein, book on Germany excluded from mails, 108.
Venezuela, deportation of American, 288 n.
Vermont, constitution, free speech clause, 4 n.
Vessels, merchant, sinking of, 57, 60.
See Ships.
Violence, draft riots, 40, 50;
mobs in war, 44–46;
law against, 165–169;
advocacy of, by radicals, chapters IV., V., passim;
by conservatives, 260, 261;
suppression of opinion by, 196, 197, 219, 260, 264.
See “Force and Violence”; Solicitation; Riots.
Virginia, demands federal free speech clause, 4;
constitution, free speech clause, 4;
religious toleration statute, 17, 18, 31, 66, 67, 170, 217;
Resolutions, 20 n., 211 n., 240 n.
Voters’ Leagues, restrictions on, 11 n.
Wade, Judge, 13 n., 62, 63, 64, 83.
Waite, Chief Justice, 325 n.
Waldman, Louis, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
Waldron, C. H., prosecution, 61, 62.
Wallace, D. H., prosecution, 13 n., 62.
Wallas, Graham, 271 n., 294 n.
War, extended scope to-day, 6, 7;
criticism of flogging in army, 27, 28, 68;
of general by troops, 50;
trial of civilians by military courts, 33 n., 42;
censorship on military news, 10, 98, 99;
Bills of Rights in, 32–34;
importance of the truth in, 36, 37, 46, 63–66, 114;
psychological effects, 225;
mob violence, 44–46;
causes of war not subject to judicial proof, 104–106;
state war cases, 110 n.;
effect on legislative exclusion, 328–332;
on schools, 366 ff.;
technical war, 113–119;
future wars and free speech, 46, 64, 113 ff.;
federal war powers, 88, 200.
See Speech, freedom of, Concrete applications; Conscription; Espionage Act; Army; Navy; Sedition statutes of states; Assembly; names of various wars.
War Department, Report of Activities in Field of Industrial Relations, cited, 153 n.
War of 1812, opposition to, 64, 330 n.
War College Publications, cited, 98, 99.
War-time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, cited, 45 n., 57 n., 74 n., 102 n., 110 n., 302 n.
Ward, Judge, 54 n.
Warrants, general, 296, 297, 299, 311.
See Arrests; Searches and Seizures; Deportations.
Warren, Charles, on treason, 325 n., 326 n., 327 n.
Washington, prosecution for libel on the dead, 172;
red flag law, 181 n.;
anarchy act, 188.
Washington, George, 147;
libel on, 172.
Watkins, Gordon S., 256.
Webster, Daniel, 330.
Weinberger, Harry, 126, 132, 133 n., 146.
West Virginia, red flag law, 181;
sedition law, 190;
moving picture law, 203 n.
Westenhaver, Judge, 91.
Western Federation of Miners, 267.
Western Union Telegraph Co., 109 n.
Wharton, Francis, quoted, 52, 73.
White, E. D., Chief Justice, 12, 148 n.
White slave traffic, discussion punished, 171.
Whitney, Anita, 190 n.
Wickersham, G. W., 133.
Wigmore, J. H., Evidence, 85 n.;
on Abrams case, 130 n., 141 n.
Wilcox, E. H., Russia’s Ruin, 132.
Wilkes, John, 23, 295;
searches and seizures, 295–298, 301;
exclusion from House of Commons, 250, 295, 296, 311–315, 321, 328, 329, 338, 343, 349, 355, 356.
Willes, Justice, 9 n.
Williams, A. R., called in Abrams case, 133.
Williams, Roger, 176, 227, 276, 277, 286, 321, 372.
Willoughby, W. W., 230 n., 233 n.
Willy and his Papa, cartoons, 52.
Wilson, William B., Secretary of Labor, 243, 247, 248, 250, 252;
decisions on Communist Labor Party and Communist Party, 256–262, 268;
on I.W.W., 272, 273;
Martens case, 287, 288;
on deportation policy, 290, 291.
Wilson, Woodrow, President, on Sedition Act of 1798, 25;
ignorance of secret treaties, 37 n.;
opposes court martial for pacifists, 62;
speeches as evidence in Espionage Act cases, 57, 103–106;
exercise of pardoning power, 60, 61, 62 n., 73, 87 n., 117;
war aims hindered by policy of suppression, 113, 119;
attacked in Abrams case, 120–122, 138;
Russian policy, 131, 132, 151;
message on Federal Sedition Bill, 211–213, 220;
threats to kill, 215;
responsibility for deportations, 249;
on economic nature of the War, 321;
free speech record, 336;
miscellaneous, 60, 225, 315, 363.
Witches, Salem, 356, 351.
Wolverton, Judge, 83.
Women, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 57, 58, 103;
nationalization of, 154.
Wood, Baron, 27, 28.
Woods, Arthur, 177, 178 and n.
Words, and acts, relation to freedom of speech, 49–51, 164–180;
criminal law of language, 169–173.
Works, John D., on federal judges, 84.
“Work or fight” statute, constitutional, 7.
Wursterbarth, denaturalized, 109, 110 n.
Wurts, John, on federal juries, 80 n.
Young Men’s Christian Association, criticism of, criminal, 57, 70;
refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.
Youth, social interest in training of, limits freedom of speech, 34, 170, 179, 180, 368, 374 ff.
Zenger, Peter, trial, 23 and n.