ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS FLORA.
Reading edition
(Extracted and adapted from Hutchinson, Families of Flowering Plants.)
KEY TO THE ARTIFICIAL GROUPS.[3]
Gynæcium composed of 2 or more separate or nearly quite separate carpels with separate styles and stigmas (rarely the free carpels immersed in the expanded torus (Nymphæaceæ).
“APOCARPÆ”
Petals present free from each other, sometimes considerably modified or scarcely distinguishable from the sepals.
Group 1 (p. 17).
Petals present more or less united
Group 2 (p. 18).
Petals absent
Group 3 (p. 18).
Gynæcium composed of 1 carpel or 2 or more united carpels with free or united styles, or if carpels free below, then the styles or stigmas united.
“SYNCARPÆ”
Ovules attached to the wall or walls of the ovary.
“Parietales”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 4 (p. 19).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 5 (p. 22).
Petals absent
Group 6 (p. 24).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 7 (p. 25).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 8(p. 25).
Petals absent
Group 9 (p. 26).
Ovules attached to the central axis, or to the base or apex of the ovary cell.
“Axiles”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 10 (p. 26).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 11 (p. 33).
Petals absent
Group 12 (p. 37).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 13 (p. 41).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 14 (p. 43).
Petals absent
Group 15(p. 44).
GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each other.
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate:
b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style often lateral or basal.
Rosaceæ
bb) Stamens up to 15 in number:
c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base, exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm.
Crassulaceæ
cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves usually medifixed.
Malpighiaceæ
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals imbricate; seeds without endosperm.
Rosaceæ
cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx valvate; seeds with copious endosperm.
Tiliaceæ
ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote.
Sterculiaceæ
bb) Leaves without stipules:
c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus; aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers.
Nymphæaceæ
cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic:
d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes ruminate.
Menispermaceæ
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more numerous than the petals:
e) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds with abundant ruminate endosperm.
Anonaceæ
ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent.
Menispermaceæ
fff) Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate, small to medium-sized; anthers small, with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves prominent and parallel; seeds arillate; sepals persistent and often accrescent.
Dilleniaceæ
ee) Stamens few (12 or fewer):
f) Leaves compound or very much divided:
g) Herbs; fruit an achene; seed with copious endosperm and small embryo; flowers mostly yellow.
Ranunculaceæ
gg) Trees or shrubs; fruit a follicle; seeds without endosperm; leaves pinnate.
Connaraceæ
ff) Leaves simple:
g) Flowers hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees; seeds arillate, aril entire, more or less cupular; petals 5.
Connaraceæ
gg) Flowers unisexual; petals and stamens in threes or multiples of three.
Menispermaceæ
GROUP 2. Two or more free carpels; petals present, more or less united.
Herbs with fleshy opposite leaves; flowers racemose, cymose or paniculate; corolla more or less tubular; calyx sometimes inflated and membranous.
Crassulaceæ
Trees, shrubs or climbers with usually pinnate or unifoliolate leaves; petals very shortly connate at the base; seeds often arillate; calyx never inflated.
Connaraceæ
GROUP 3. Two or more free carpels; petals absent.
a) Trees, shrubs or hard-wooded climbers; leaves simple or rarely compound:
b) Leaves stipulate; stamens free or slightly connate at the base; anthers opening by slits; fruits drupaceous, included by the tubular calyx.
Rosaceæ
bb) Leaves stipulate; stamens united into a column; anthers in a ring around the top of the column or unequally arranged, opening by slits; hairs often stellate.
Sterculiaceæ
aa) Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or very soft wooded climbers with often opposite leaves and rather broad medullary rays in the wood:
b) Carpels usually numerous, rarely reduced to 1 and then stipulate, often with long hairy tails; sepals induplicate valvate or rarely imbricate, often petaloid; stamens free; leaves sometimes opposite and much divided.
Ranunculaceæ
bb) Carpels definite in number, often 3 or 6; flowers unisexual; stamens free or variously connate; climbers with simple leaves.
Menispermaceæ
GROUP 4. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.
a) Leaves opposite:
b) Stamens more or less united into 3 or more separate bundles; leaves often gland-dotted or with lines of resin; mostly herbaceous; styles free to the base or very nearly so.
Hypericaceæ
bb) Stamens free or more or less united into not more than 2 separate bundles (diadelphous), sometimes adnate to a gynophore; leaves not or very rarely glandular:
c) Connective of the anthers produced above the cells; flowers often somewhat zygomorphic (irregular), the lower petal often gibbous or saccate at the base.
Violaceæ
cc) Connective of the anthers not produced beyond the cells; flowers usually actinomorphic (regular) or papilionaceous:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), sessile; leaves small and ericoid, more or less connate at the base; stamens free.
Frankeniaceæ
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular); stamens diadelphous; fruit a legume.
Papilionaceæ
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
c) Filaments more or less connate into a tube or into separate bundles:
d) Filaments connate in 1 or 2 and unequal bundles; leaves compound; flowers mostly arranged in dense spikes or heads.
Mimosaceæ
dd) Filaments connate into more than 2 separate bundles opposite the sepals; calyx valvate; fruits prickly.
Tiliaceæ
cc) Filaments free or at most partially adnate to a gynophore:
d) Ovary supported on a gynophore; petals often clawed; seeds without endosperm.
Capparidaceæ
dd) Ovary sessile or very nearly so:
e) Anthers horse-shoe shaped; ovary placentas 2; ovules numerous; stipules caducous, leaving a wide scar; leaves large, palminerved at the base; pedicels often with 5 large glands below the sepals.
Bixaceæ
ee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by apical pores or short pore-like slits:
f) Seeds hairy; ovary entire; leaves digitately nerved or lobed; stems annual from a woody rhizome with yellow interior.
Cochlospermaceæ
ff) Seeds not hairy; ovary often deeply lobed, in fruit the carpels becoming nearly free on the enlarged torus; leaves pinnately nerved; stems not annual.
Ochnaceæ
eee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by longitudinal slits:
f) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
g) Leaves stipulate, the stipules sometimes falling off early but leaving a scar:
h) Corona present in the flowers.
Passifloraceæ
hh) Corona absent:
i) Stamens and petals hypogynous:
j) Leaves usually pinnate; wood often with resinous juice.
Anacardiaceæ
jj) Leaves simple; wood without resinous juice.
Flacourtiaceæ
ii) Stamens and petals perigynous.
Rosaceæ
gg) Leaves without stipules:
h) Trees or shrubs; leaves never lobed.
Flacourtiaceæ
hh) Herbs with milky juice; stems glaucous; leaves amplexicaul, pinnately lobed or sinuate.
Papaveraceæ
ff) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
g) Ovary of 1 carpel; trees or shrubs.
h) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as below.
Cæsalpiniaceæ
hh) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel.
Papilionaceæ
gg) Ovary of more than 1 carpel; herbs; petals often divided.
Resedaceæ
bb) Stamens 12 or fewer:
c) Stamens 6, four long and two short (tetradynamous); petals 4, clawed.
Cruciferæ
cc) Stamens not as above, very rarely 6 and then of equal length; petals rarely 4:
d) Flowers markedly zygomorphic:
e) Fertile stamens sometimes only 2; ovary often on a short or long gynophore.
f) Ovary of more than 1 carpel (i.e., more than 1 placenta).
Capparidaceæ
ff) Ovary of 1 carpel (i.e., only 1 placenta); leaves usually pinnate.
Cæsalpiniaceæ
ee) Fertile stamens usually 10 or 8, more than 2:
f) Anthers often with a produced connective; herbs.
Violaceæ
ff) Anthers without a produced connective, sometimes with a gland at the apex; habit various, but mostly trees, shrubs or climbers:
g) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel (papilionaceous); ovary with a single placenta.
Papilionaceæ
gg) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as above; ovary with a single placenta.
Cæsalpiniaceæ
ggg) Odd petal abaxial; ovary with 3 placentas; 5 fertile and 5 barren stamens.
Moringaceæ
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Flowers with a distinct corona, sometimes this membranous or represented by a definite ring of hairs towards the base of the calyx tube.
Passifloraceæ
ee) Flowers without a corona:
f) Stamens united, with the anthers in a ring around the apex of the column; endosperm of the seeds often ruminate; mostly weak climbers.
Menispermaceæ
ff) Stamens free or united only at the base or rarely only the anthers connivent:
g) Leaves stipulate; anthers with the connective produced above the cells and often connivent around the style.
Violaceæ
gg) Leaves stipulate; anther connective not produced:
h) Staminodes present, sometimes petaloid; stipules often pectinate.
Ochnaceæ
hh) Staminodes absent:
i) Leaves with numerous very sticky glandular hairs, mostly circinnately coiled in bud; seeds not carunculate.
Droseraceæ
ii) Leaves without sticky hairs, not circinnate in bud; seeds often carunculate or arillate:
j) Styles free to the base.
Turneraceæ
jj) Styles simple or shortly divided.
Passifloraceæ
ggg) Leaves exstipulate:
h) Herbs; leaves entire or lobed; flowers yellow or orange; seeds pitted, arillate.
Turneraceæ
hh) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
i) Leaves simple, but sometimes deeply divided:
j) Leaves biglandular at the base.
Passifloraceæ
jj) Leaves not glandular at the base:
k) Leaves digitately lobed.
Caricaceæ
kk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube short; stamens hypogynous.
Pittosporaceæ
kkk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube rather long; stamens perigynous.
Turneraceæ
kkkk) Leaves very small and more or less ericoid; flowers in slender spikes or racemes:
Tamaricaceæ
ii) Leaves compound:
j) Flowers in heads or dense spikes; petals valvate; ovary of 1 carpel; ovules more than 1.
Mimosaceæ
jj) Flowers not in heads or dense spikes; ovary usually of more than one carpel; ovule solitary.
Anacardiaceæ
jjj) Flowers racemose; ovary of 5 carpels with numerous ovules.
Caricaceæ
GROUP 5. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.
a) Stamens free from the corolla-tube:
b) Ovary composed of more than one carpel:
c) Stamens numerous, more than twice the number of the corolla lobes; anthers opening by longitudinal slits with broadened truncate connective; seeds with copious ruminate endosperm; shrubs, trees or climbers with exstipulate simple leaves.
Anonaceæ
cc) Stamens 5-12; anthers not appendaged at the apex, usually opening by longitudinal slits, rarely by pores; leaves alternate, exstipulate; erect trees or shrubs:
d) Leaves fairly large; flowers more or less corymbose; stamens 5.
Pittosporaceæ
dd) Leaves very small and scale-like; flowers in slender spikes or racemes; stamens 5-10.
Tamaricaceæ
bb) Ovary composed of a single carpel (usually a legume); stamens free or more usually diadelphous or monadelphous, often 10, rarely numerous:
c) Stamens connate into a sheath or free; flowers usually hermaphrodite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular); petals valvate; calyx gamosepalous or valvate; leaves usually bipinnate, rarely simply pinnate; flowers often collected into heads.
Mimosaceæ
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular) or rarely actinomorphic; sepals imbricate or rarely valvate; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one inside the others; leaves often pinnate or bipinnate.
Cæsalpiniaceæ
ddd) Flowers zygomorphic; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one (the standard) outside the others, the lateral two (the wings) outside the abaxial pair (the keel) which are more or less united along their lower edges; leaves simple, digitate or simply pinnate.
Papilionaceæ
cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers.
Menispermaceæ
aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base:
b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous; flower sometimes zygomorphic:
c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous, hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized.
Polygalaceæ
cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed.
Caricaceæ
bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla actinomorphic or nearly so:
c) Leaves opposite:
d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers.
Apocynaceæ
dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly herbs or twiners.
Asclepiadaceæ
ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not agglutinated; one common style present:
e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic.
Gentianaceæ
ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla usually zygomorphic.
Verbenaceæ
cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs:
d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly united.
Hydrophyllaceæ
dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas.
Gentianaceæ
bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic or rarely subactinomorphic:
c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute, very numerous, with endosperm.
Orobanchaceæ
cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic:
d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse, winged.
Bignoniaceæ
dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided.
Verbenaceæ
GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.
a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate, without stipules.
Proteaceæ
aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of bracts; remainder of above characters not associated:
b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (i.e., with 1 placenta):
c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod stipitate.
Papilionaceæ (Cordyla)
cc) Stamens 10 or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound.
Cæsalpiniaceæ
dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves usually simple:
e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or cymose or fasciculate.
Ulmaceæ
ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud; flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle or in catkins or heads.
Moraceæ
bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more placentas:
c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate.
Capparidaceæ
cc) Ovary sessile:
d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm.
Salicaceæ
dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with endosperm.
e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments free.
Flacourtiaceæ
ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate.
Samydaceæ
GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.
a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so:
b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals.
Melastomataceæ
bb) Anthers not opening by pores:
c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic; stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.
Cactaceæ
cc) Tree or shrubs with well-developed green leaves; seeds with endosperm; stamens sometimes opposite the petals.
Samydaceæ
aa) Flowers unisexual; stamens few, with twisted or conduplicate anthers; usually slender twiners with tendrils; leaves often scabrid.
Cucurbitaceæ
GROUP 8. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less united.
Flowers unisexual; leaves alternate without longitudinally parallel nerves; tendrils often present; stamens mostly 3; anthers often twisted or conduplicate.
Cucurbitaceæ
Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves opposite or verticillate often with longitudinally parallel nerves, without stipules; anthers mostly opening by terminal pores.
Melastomataceæ
Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual; leaves opposite or alternate, often stipulate; anthers not opening by pores, sometimes connivent at the apex; ovules numerous on the walls; petals united into a long tube; stipules persistent, inter- or intra-petiolar.
Rubiaceæ (Gardenia)
GROUP 9. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals absent; leaves exstipulate; calyx unilateral or 3 lobed and often coloured.
Aristolochiaceæ
GROUP 10. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.
a) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and opposite to them; leaves alternate or rarely opposite or all radical:
b) Leaves not gland-dotted; petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or subperigynous; disk usually conspicuous:
c) Calyx lobes or sepals imbricate, usually 2; stipules often scarious or setose; ovary 1-celled, with basal placenta.
Portulacaceæ
cc) Calyx lobes valvate or open in bud:
d) Disk absent from the flowers:
e) Trees and shrubs; ovules usually 2 or more inserted on the inner angle of the cells; hairs on the leaves often stellate.
Sterculiaceæ
ee) Herbs mostly with rosettes of leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx tube scarious, ribbed; ovule 1, pendulous on a basal funicle.
Plumbaginaceæ
dd) Disk present, perigynous; leaves mostly stipulate; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules erect; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and large straight embryo.
Rhamnaceæ
ddd) Disk present; leaves exstipulate:
e) Ovules erect; ovary 1-3-celled; calyx conspicuous.
Olacaceæ
ee) Ovules pendulous; ovary 1-celled; calyx minute.
Opiliaceæ
bb) Leaves pellucid-punctate:
c) Leaves simple, without stipules; ovules numerous on a free central placenta; no tendrils.
Myrsinaceæ
cc) Leaves mostly compound, usually stipulate; inflorescence leaf-opposed; ovules 1-2 in each cell, inserted on the inner angle; tendrils often present.
Ampelidaceæ
aa) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and alternate with them or more numerous, very rarely fewer:
b) Style basal; stipules mostly persistent; leaves simple; stamens numerous; stomata of the leaves usually with special subsidiary cells.
Rosaceæ
bb) Style or styles terminal or subterminal, sometimes gynobasic:
c) Flowers markedly zygomorphic (irregular); lower sepal more or less elongated into a spur; sepals usually 3; anthers connivent around the ovary, opening lengthwise; seeds without endosperm.
Balsaminaceæ
cc) Flowers actinomorphic or very slightly zygomorphic:
d) Stamens united into more than one separate bundle (phalanges) often opposite the petals; leaves usually opposite, often gland-dotted or with resinous lines:
e) Leaves opposite, exstipulate:
f) Herbs or shrubs; styles free from the base or nearly so; flowers hermaphrodite; calyx imbricate.
Hypericaceæ
ff) Trees or shrubs; styles mostly more or less united or stigma one and sessile or sub-sessile; flowers mostly unisexual; calyx imbricate.
Guttiferæ
ee) Leaves alternate, stipulate; trees, shrubs or herbs; calyx valvate; hairs usually stellate:
f) Stamens with some of the filaments sterile; fruits not hooked.
Sterculiaceæ
ff) Stamens all fertile; fruits covered with hooks.
Tiliaceæ
dd) Stamens free (at least not united into several bundles) or sometimes more or less united at the base or into one bundle (monadelphous):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate or rarely fasciculate, never all radical:
f) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole, sometimes sessile:
g) Leaves gland-dotted; disk usually present between the stamens and ovary; ovary often deeply lobed; cells 2-ovuled; pendulous; stipules rarely present.
Rutaceæ
gg) Leaves not gland-dotted, sometimes fleshy; ovules pendulous from the central axis, 2 or more in each cell; disk often fleshy, rarely absent; stipules persistent and often paired; shrubs or herbs; leaves mostly 2-foliolate or pinnate; filaments often with a scale or gland attached to the base.
Zygophyllaceæ
ff) Leaves simple but sometimes deeply and variously divided:
g) Stamens more than twice as many as the petals; calyx valvate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers not inflexed in bud:
i) Petals and stamens hypogynous; hairs often stellate; stipules in pairs.
Tiliaceæ
ii) Petals and stamens perigynous; hairs not stellate; stipules interpetiolar.
Rhizophoraceæ
hh) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers inflexed in bud; petals and stamens perigynous.
Lythraceæ
hhh) Flowers unisexual; anthers inflexed in bud; hairs stellate or lepidote.
Euphorbiaceæ
gg) Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals:
h) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
i) Leaves stipulate, sometimes stipules rudimentary or of hairs:
j) Disk absent or inconspicuous or of separate glands; calyx often glandular:
k) Calyx mostly with a pair of glands outside; trees, shrubs or climbers; stamens mostly 10.
Malpighiaceæ
kk) Calyx not glandular; anther-cells back to back; trees or shrubs; petals 4; stamens 4.
Salvadoraceæ
jj) Disk present, conspicuous; calyx not glandular:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stamens inserted on or below the margin of the disk; filaments subulate:
m) Stamens 3-5; sepals imbricate.
Celastraceæ
mm) Stamens 8-10; sepals valvate.
Rhizophoraceæ
ll) Stamens usually 3, inserted on the disk; filaments flattened or connivent, often adnate to the ovary; sepals imbricate.
Hippocrateaceæ
kk) Flowers unisexual; ovules pendulous from the apex of the cell; seeds often carunculate.
Euphorbiaceæ
ii) Leaves exstipulate or stipules gland-like:
j) Anthers opening at the apex by a pore, often appendaged at the base; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
Melastomataceæ
jj) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise; leaves usually with pinnate nerves:
k) Ovules numerous in each cell; anthers inflexed in bud; calyx more or less tubular, with valvate lobes, often with accessory lobes.
Lythraceæ
kk) Ovules few in each cell:
Malpighiaceæ
l) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the cells; calyx fairly long and tubular, more or less petaloid; petals usually very small.
Thymelæaceæ
ll) Ovules erect or ascending from the base of the cells; calyx imbricate:
m) Filaments subulate or filiform; stamens usually 5.
Celastraceæ
mm) Filaments flattened; stamens usually 3.
Hippocrateaceæ
hh) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate; stipules paired; styles free from the base; ovules numerous, axile.
Elatinaceæ
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves with 3 or more longitudinally parallel nerves; anthers usually appendaged and opening by a terminal pore.
Melastomataceæ
jj) Leaves not as above; anthers opening by longitudinal slits; stamens perigynous; anthers inflexed in bud.
Lythraceæ
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical:
f) Stamens more than twice the number of the sepals or petals:
g) Sepals valvate or open in bud:
h) Anthers 2-celled:
i) Stamens free or slightly united only at the base:
j) Calyx closed in bud:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves simple; wood not resinous.
Tiliaceæ
kk) Flowers unisexual; leaves entire or 3-lobed; petiole with 2 glands at the apex.
Euphorbiaceæ
kkk) Flowers usually polygamous; leaves mostly compound; petiole not glandular at the apex; wood resinous.
Anacardiaceæ
jj) Calyx open in bud; leaves simple; stamens up to 20, free or nearly so.
Olacaceæ
ii) Stamens more or less united into a tube or into bundles, hypogynous; indumentum usually stellate.
Sterculiaceæ
hh) Anthers 1-celled, stamens more or less monadelphous; calyx with or without an epicalyx:
i) Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves digitately compound; carpels not or very rarely splitting away from the central axis in fruit.
Bombacaceæ
ii) Mostly herbs; leaves simple; carpels often splitting away from the central axis or becoming free in fruit.
Malvaceæ
gg) Sepals imbricate or rarely completely connate or calyptrate:
h) Petals and stamens perigynous; leaves stipulate:
i) Seeds with endosperm and a curved embryo; mostly herbs; sepals 2.
Portulacaceæ
ii) Seeds without endosperm; sepals more than 2.
Rosaceæ
hh) Petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or flowers unisexual; disk often present:
i) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
j) Leaves compound, pinnate or rarely unifoliolate and then with a tumid petiole:
k) Ovule ascending:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; style or styles central.
Rutaceæ
ll) Leaves rarely gland-dotted; styles or stigmas often separated:
m) Wood with resin ducts and leaves scented; style or stigma often eccentric.
Anacardiaceæ
mm) Wood not resinous; leaves not or rarely scented; style or stigma central.
Sapindaceæ
kk) Ovule or ovules pendulous; wood without resin ducts, bark bitter; leaves usually not gland-dotted.
Simarubaceæ
jj) Leaves simple:
k) Flowers unisexual; disk present.
Euphorbiaceæ
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Torus enlarged after flowering; ovary mostly deeply lobed, the carpels becoming separated in fruit; anthers often opening by pores.
Ochnaceæ
ll) Torus not enlarged; calyx enlarged and wing-like in fruit:
m) Flowers mostly rather small and not showy; petals much contorted; ovary 2- or more-celled; leaves with comparatively few lateral nerves.
Dipterocarpaceæ
mm) Flowers showy; ovary 1-celled with a basal placenta; leaves long, with very numerous parallel lateral nerves.
Ochnaceæ
ii) Herbs; sepals 2; leaves fleshy, exstipulate; ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules; seeds strophiolate.
Portulacaceæ
ff) Stamens definite in number in relation to the sepals or petals, often the same number or twice as many or fewer:
g) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole:
h) Stamens united into a tube; leaves pinnate or rarely unifoliolate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; seeds often winged.
Meliaceæ
hh) Stamens free or united only at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate:
j) Herbaceous or slightly woody; leaves digitately or pinnately compound.
Oxalidaceæ
jj) Trees, shrubs or often climbers; leaves compound; stipules lateral; seeds without endosperm.
Sapindaceæ
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves gland-dotted:
Rutaceæ
jj) Leaves not gland-dotted:
k) Ovules pendulous:
l) Leaflets 2; shrubs or trees with axillary or supra-axillary spines.
Simarubaceæ
ll) Leaflets more than 2:
m) Ovary of more than 1 carpel, 2 or more celled.
Burseraceæ
mm) Ovary usually of 1 carpel.
Anacardiaceæ
kk) Ovules ascending or horizontal:
l) Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style simple; ovary of 1 carpel.
Connaraceæ
ll) Ovules 1 or more in each cell, erect or ascending; style simple or divided; ovary of more than 1 carpel.
Sapindaceæ
gg) Leaves simple:
h) Anthers opening by apical pores; ovary deeply lobed, torus enlarging in fruit and the carpels often becoming separate; ovules 1-2 in each cell.
Ochnaceæ
hh) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise:
i) Shrubs or trees:
j) Leaves stipulate:
k) Flowers unisexual:
l) Petals entire:
m) Stipules conspicuous, persistent.
Euphorbiaceæ
mm) Stipules very inconspicuous, caducous.
Celastraceæ
ll) Petals bilobed; stamens 5; disk composed of hypogynous glands opposite the petals.
Chailletiaceæ
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stipules axillary, convolute in bud, often very large; ovary entire, 2-celled; petals entire; ovule inserted in the middle of the placenta.
Simarubaceæ (Irvingia)
ll) Stipules not axillary:
m) Petals entire or emarginate; ovules erect; disk entire or lobed.
Celastraceæ
mm) Petals often deeply lobed; ovules pendulous; disk of separate glands opposite the petals.
Chailletiaceæ
jj) Leaves exstipulate:
k) Stamens united into a tube; sepals not glandular; ovary 2- or more-celled.
Meliaceæ
kk) Stamens free or connate only at the base:
l) Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous:
m) Ovary 1-celled:
n) Leaves fairly large; flowers in panicles, not supported on the enlarged torus.
Anacardiaceæ
nn) Leaves very small and crowded; flowers in slender spikes or racemes.
Tamaricaceæ
mm) Ovary 2- or more-celled; disk present; petals mostly valvate; ovary 3-5-celled.
Olacaceæ
ll) Stamens distinctly perigynous; calyx tubular and often petaloid; petals mostly very small and scale-like.
Thymelæaceæ
ii) Herbs:
j) Flowers hermaphrodite; disk usually absent:
k) Sepals valvate; bark fibrous; leaves often with thread-like tails at the base.
Tiliaceæ
kk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed at the base; ovary long-beaked.
Geraniaceæ
kkk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed; ovary not beaked.
l) Petals not contorted:
Molluginaceæ
ll) Petals contorted:
Linaceæ
jj) Flowers unisexual; disk present or obscure.
Euphorbiaceæ
GROUP 11. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.
a) Stamens the same number as and opposite to the corolla lobes:
b) Ovules solitary in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary; style often lobed:
c) Trees or shrubs, often with hard wood:
d) Petals imbricate; hairs often stellate or medifixed; staminodes often present, sometimes petaloid.
Sapotaceæ
dd) Petals valvate; hairs usually simple; usually no staminodes:
e) Inflorescence not leaf-opposed; leaves simple, without tendrils.
Olacaceæ
ee) Inflorescence leaf-opposed; leaves often compound; mostly climbers with tendrils.
Ampelidaceæ
cc) Herbs or climbers:
d) Corolla lobes valvate; tendrils often present; inflorescence usually cymose-paniculate, leaf-opposed; leaves usually with the stipules adnate to the petiole; petals united at the base.
Ampelidaceæ
dd) Corolla lobes imbricate; no tendrils; inflorescence more or less corymbose; petals united high up.
Plumbaginaceæ
bb) Ovules 2 or more in each cell; style undivided; placentas basal:
c) Trees or shrubs often with gland-dotted simple leaves; leaves exstipulate.
Myrsinaceæ
cc) Herbs or climbers usually with compound stipulate leaves and leaf-opposed inflorescence.
Ampelidaceæ
ccc) Herbs with opposite simple leaves and solitary or axillary scarlet, blue or rose flowers; leaves not gland-dotted, exstipulate.
Primulaceæ
aa) Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, or more numerous or fewer:
b) Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; flowers unisexual; corolla lobes about 5; leaves stipulate.
Euphorbiaceæ
bb) Stamens as many as or up to twice as many as the corolla lobes or fewer:
c) Stamens as many as or more numerous than the corolla lobes:
d) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
e) Petals united only at the base; seeds often pilose; ovules pendulous.
Polygalaceæ
ee) Petals united high up into a tube:
f) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs; corolla lobes 5.
Solanaceæ
ff) Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; habit various; corolla lobes 4.
Verbenaceæ
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate, mostly exstipulate:
f) Anthers opening by apical pores or pore-like slits:
g) Leaves in whorls; woody shrubs or undershrubs with usually very small leaves; stamens hypogynous.
Ericaceæ
gg) Leaves paired; herbs; stamens epipetalous.
Gentianaceæ
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
g) Style single with often a large more or less capitate stigma:
h) Corona present in the flowers; mostly herbs or weak twiners, often with milky juice.
Asclepiadaceæ
hh) Corona absent:
i) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Trees, shrubs or climbers often with milky juice; corolla lobes contorted-imbricate or rarely valvate.
Apocynaceæ
jj) Herbs; corolla lobes imbricate; disk present.
Scrophulariaceæ
jjj) Herbs with spicate flowers and radical leaves; corolla lobes imbricate; no disk.
Plantaginaceæ
ii) Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base.
Loganiaceæ
gg) Styles with more than 1 separate stigma:
h) Stamens double the number of the corolla lobes; flowers dioecious; endosperm copious, hard.
Ebenaceæ
hh) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes:
i) Rudimentary stipules often present; stamens and corolla lobes 4.
Salvadoraceæ
ii) Stipules absent:
j) Style gynobasic:
Boraginaceæ
jj) Style terminal:
k) Trees or shrubs:
l) Ovules numerous in each cell or, if solitary, then corolla lobes valvate.
Loganiaceæ
ll) Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes imbricate.
Verbenaceæ
kk) Herbs or herbaceous climbers:
l) Ovary imperfectly celled by the intrusive placentas.
Gentianaceæ
ll) Ovary perfectly 2-celled with axile placentas; style simple.
Solanaceæ
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical or reduced to scales:
f) Leafless parasites destitute of chlorophyll; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell.
Convolvulaceæ
ff) Not parasitic or rarely so and then leafy:
g) Leaves densely covered with viscid gland-tipped tentacles, mostly all radical; more or less stemless herbs.
Droseraceæ
gg) Leaves without tentacles:
h) Leaves stipulate:
i) Flowers unisexual; petals not bifid.
Euphorbiaceæ
ii) Flowers hermaphrodite; petals bifid.
Chailletiaceæ
hh) Leaves without stipules:
i) Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, free from the corolla or slightly adnate to its base:
j) Anthers opening by terminal pores, often with appendages; woody plants.
Ericaceæ
jj) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
k) Stamens 4-6:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; petals connivent by their claws; disk usually conspicuous.
Rutaceæ
ll) Leaves not gland-dotted.
m) Petals only slightly united at the base:
n) Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate.
Connaraceæ
nn) Leaves simple:
o) Stamens opposite the petals.
Olacaceæ
oo) Stamens alternate with the petals.
Pittosporaceæ
mm) Petals united high up, sometimes free at the base:
n) Trees or shrubs.
Burseraceæ
nn) Herbs.
Campanulaceæ
kk) Stamens more than 6:
l) Corolla tube fairly long; no disk; leaves not very small.
Ebenaceæ
ll) Corolla tube very short; disk present; leaves very small.
Tamaricaceæ
ii) Stamens inserted on or adnate to the corolla tube:
j) Style gynobasic:
k) Style 1; fruit composed of pyrenes or nutlets; corolla imbricate or contorted.
Boraginaceæ
kk) Styles 2; fruit a capsule; corolla plicate.
Convolvulaceæ
jj) Style not gynobasic, terminal:
k) Corolla valvate or plaited in bud (in the latter case the limb may be somewhat twisted but not truly imbricate):
l) Ovules 1-4 in each ovary cell; stamens inserted towards the base of the corolla tube.
Convolvulaceæ
ll) Ovules numerous (rarely 3-6) in each ovary cell.
Solanaceæ
kk) Corolla imbricate:
l) Herbs with radical leaves and flowers in slender spikes.
Plantaginaceæ
ll) Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers not in slender spikes:
m) Ovules 1 in each cell; trees and shrubs.
Boraginaceæ
mm) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs or small shrubs.
Solanaceæ
cc) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes; leaves mostly opposite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic:
e) Stamen 1; climbers or shrubs; seeds winged; one calyx lobe much larger than the others and petaloid.
Loganiaceæ
ee) Stamens more than 1:
f) Stamens 6-8 opposite the inner lobes of the corolla; ovules solitary in each cell; trees or shrubs.
Sapotaceæ
ff) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes:
g) Peduncle of the inflorescence adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes or some of them 2-cleft.
Chailletiaceæ
gg) Peduncle not adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes not cleft or only slightly so:
h) Ovules few (1-4) in each cell of the ovary:
i) Disk none; stamens 2; shrubs, trees or climbers; leaves simple or pinnate.
Olacaceæ
ii) Disk present; stamens usually 4; shrubs or trees; leaves simple or digitate.
Verbenaceæ
hh) Ovules numerous:
i) Corolla lobes minute, valvate, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages.
Solanaceæ
ii) Corolla lobes imbricate, without appendages.
Scrophulariaceæ
dd) Flowers zygomorphic:
e) Aquatic herbs with bladder-like leaves; stamens 2; anthers 1-celled; sepals 2; ovules on a free basal placenta.
Lentibulariaceæ
ee) Characters not as above:
f) Ovary not deeply lobed; style not gynobasic:
g) Ovules numerous in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary, or if 2 then superposed:
h) Leaves pinnately compound; ovules numerous; seeds often winged, without endosperm; shrubs or trees.
Bignoniaceæ
hh) Leaves simple; mostly herbaceous:
i) Ovules numerous; ovary 2-celled; seeds usually minute.
Scrophulariaceæ
ii) Ovules 1 to many; ovary 2-4 celled; seeds not on hook-like funicles.
Pedaliaceæ
iii) Ovules few; ovary 2-celled; leaves rarely all radical; seeds on hook-like funicles.
Acanthaceæ
gg) Ovule solitary in each cell of the ovary or if 2 then collateral; herbs, shrubs or trees.
Verbenaceæ
ff) Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic; leaves opposite or verticillate; flowers often in whorls; stems usually quadrangular.
Labiatæ
GROUP 12. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals absent.
a) Calyx absent from the hermaphrodite and often from the female flowers:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules 2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
Podostemonaceæ
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Flowers surrounded by an involucre margined by fleshy glands; male flowers several to numerous and each consisting of a single stamen, with a single female flower often stalked in their midst.
Euphorbiaceæ
cc) Flowers not as above:
d) Leaves stipulate, stipules sometimes adnate to the petiole:
e) Herbs or shrubs; flowers in dense spikes; petioles not dilated and not enclosing the young bud.
Piperaceæ
ee) Trees or shrubs; flowers on a common open receptacle, the fruit becoming immersed in it.
Moraceæ
dd) Leaves without stipules; herbs sometimes slightly woody at the base; ovary 1-celled.
Urticaceæ
aa) Calyx always present:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules 2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
Podostemonaceæ
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Leaves opposite or verticillate, never all radical:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Flowers hermaphrodite:
f) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base; leaves mostly pinnate.
Zygophyllaceæ
ff) Herbs with simple leaves.
Illecebraceæ
fff) Trees or shrubs with reduced flowers; leaves simple.
Ulmaceæ
ee) Flowers unisexual:
f) Ovary 2- or more-celled, often deeply lobed; seeds usually with a distinct caruncle.
Euphorbiaceæ
ff) Ovary 1-celled; ovary usually not lobed:
g) Ovule erect:
h) Filaments inflexed; mostly herbaceous with fibrous stems; juice not milky.
Urticaceæ
hh) Filaments not inflexed; mostly trees and shrubs, rarely herbs; juice mostly milky, the flowers often minute and arranged on or inside an enlarged receptacle.
Moraceæ
gg) Ovule pendulous:
h) Not aquatic:
i) Filaments not inflexed in bud:
j) Fruit a drupe; flowers monœcious or subdiœcious.
Ulmaceæ
jj) Fruit a small dry achene; flowers diœcious.
Cannabinaceæ
ii) Filaments erect or inflexed in bud.
Moraceæ
hh) Aquatic herb with verticillate divided leaves.
Ceratophyllaceæ
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Flowers unisexual; ovary usually 2- or more celled; seeds usually with a distinct caruncle.
Euphorbiaceæ
ee) Flowers hermaphrodite; ovary 1-celled:
f) Stamens involute in bud; calyx more or less herbaceous, often long and tubular, mostly covered with sticky glands.
Nyctaginaceæ
ff) Stamens erect in bud:
g) Sepals free or nearly so, calyx more or less dry and scarious:
Amarantaceæ
gg) Sepals more or less united, herbaceous.
Ficoidaceæ
cc) Leaves alternate or radical or reduced to scales:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Stamens monadelphous, usually numerous; calyx valvate:
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite; hairs usually stellate.
Sterculiaceæ
ff) Flowers always unisexual; hairs often simple.
Euphorbiaceæ
ee) Stamens free or shortly connate only at the base:
f) Stamens the same number as the sepals and alternate with them.
Rhamnaceæ
ff) Stamens the same number as the sepals and opposite to them, or more numerous or fewer:
g) Stipules ochreate, i.e., sheathing and more or less membranous around the stem; fruit a small nut.
Polygonaceæ
gg) Stipules not ochreate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; stipules sheathing, sometimes adnate to the petiole:
i) Leaves digitately lobed; stems herbaceous creeping.
Rosaceæ
ii) Leaves not digitate; erect or diffuse herbs.
Molluginaceæ
hh) Flowers unisexual; stems not creeping:
i) Ovary 3-celled, composed of 3 carpels; fruit a capsule.
Euphorbiaceæ
ii) Ovary 1-celled, composed of 1 carpel, fruit not a capsule.
Moraceæ
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Leaves ternately compound; herbs; ovary composed of 1 carpel, long-stipitate in fruit; flowers paniculate or racemose, very small.
Ranunculaceæ
ee) Leaves compound; trees and shrubs:
f) Cultivated trees with milky latex; fruit a capsule, with pendulous seeds; flowers unisexual; leaves digitate.
Euphorbiaceæ
ff) Indigenous trees or shrub; latex not milky; leaves pinnate.
Sapindaceæ
eee) Leaves simple:
f) Stamens circinnately involute in bud; calyx tube often rather long; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, basal.
Nyctaginaceæ
ff) Stamens sometimes inflexed but not circinnate in bud:
g) Stamens more or less connate into a central column; ovule erect; seeds with ruminate endosperm.
Myristicaceæ
gg) Stamens free or the filaments shortly connate only at the base:
h) Stamens distinctly perigynous; sepals connate into a tube below:
i) Twiners; flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles; ovule solitary, basal.
Basellaceæ
ii) Herbs; stamens numerous; flowers solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves.
Ficoidaceæ
iii) Trees or shrubs; calyx mostly long and petaloid; leaves frequently small and evergreen; stamens definite; anthers opening by slits.
Thymelæaceæ
hh) Stamens hypogynous or slightly perigynous if accompanied by a disk:
i) Flowers arranged in an involucre (cyathium) margined by glands; male flower reduced to a single stamen, the female to a single stipitate ovary.
Euphorbiaceæ
ii) Flowers not as above; stamens more than 1:
j) Trees or shrubs:
k) Flowers unisexual; ovules solitary, pendulous; seed with straight embryo.
Euphorbiaceæ
kk) Flowers unisexual or polygamous; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral or the lower ascending; embryo spirally twisted.
Sapindaceæ
jj) Herbs:
k) Calyx scarious; flowers often in spikes or heads; ovule 1 in a 1-celled ovary.
Amarantaceæ
kk) Calyx herbaceous; flowers more or less paniculate; ovule 1 in a 1-celled ovary.
Chenopodiaceæ
GROUP 13. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate; never all radical; rarely reduced to scales:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens opposite the petals and the same number.
Rhamnaceæ
cc) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous:
d) Ovary composed of 2-6 carpels; 2-6 celled; flowers rarely congested; ovules pendulous; mostly maritime trees or shrubs.
Rhizophoraceæ
dd) Ovary various; flowers rarely in heads; ovules ascending or attached to the central axis; trees, shrubs or herbs.
Rosaceæ
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
d) Stamens numerous; leaves gland-dotted; style simple with a small capitate stigma or rarely 3-4 lobed.
Myrtaceæ
dd) Stamens as many to twice as many as the petals:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; mostly parasitic shrubs or trees; calyx usually much reduced.
Loranthaceæ
ee) Stamens the same number and alternate with the petals or more numerous:
f) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; filaments often jointed; leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
Melastomataceæ
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; calyx mostly valvate; ovules 2 or more; fruits mostly winged; endosperm absent; flowers in heads, spikes, racemes or panicles.
Combretaceæ
cc) Herbs:
d) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; leaves mostly with longitudinally parallel nerves; filaments often jointed.
Melastomataceæ
dd) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
e) Ovules numerous on placentas pendulous from the apex of the 1-celled ovary.
Saxifragaceæ
ee) Ovules 1-4, pendulous from the top of the ovary cells.
Halorrhagaceæ
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers mostly zygomorphic; stamens mostly indefinite in number; no tendrils; stipules paired.
Begoniaceæ
cc) Flowers actinomorphic; stamens definite or rarely many, usually 3; anthers often curved or twisted; tendrils present or absent; no stipules.
Cucurbitaceæ
bb) Flowers hermaphrodite:
c) Leaves stipulate:
d) Herbs; leaves usually compound or much dissected, sometimes peltate; sepals very small; fruit composed of 2 indehiscent mericarps.
Umbelliferæ
dd) Trees or shrubs:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; leaves entire or toothed.
Rhamnaceæ
ee) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous or fewer; flowers mostly in umbels; leaves compound, rarely simple; fruit a berry or drupe.
Araliaceæ
cc) Leaves exstipulate:
d) Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals; often parasitic on other trees and shrubs; corolla usually brightly coloured.
Loranthaceæ
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous; not parasitic:
e) Herbs:
f) Ovules more than 1 in each ovary cell; ovary mostly 4-celled.
Onagraceæ
ff) Ovules 4 in a 1-celled ovary; flowers monœcious or polygamous, not umbellate.
Halorrhagaceæ
fff) Ovules solitary in each cell; usually pendulous; flowers umbellate; carpels separating in fruit into 2 indehiscent mericarps.
Umbelliferæ
ee) Shrubs or trees:
f) Petals entire or at most toothed; ovary 1-celled.
Combretaceæ
ff) Petals entire, 2-lobed or laciniate, often involute; ovary 4-celled.
Rhizophoraceæ
GROUP 14. One carpel or more than one united carpel; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less united.
a) Leave opposite:
b) Leaves stipulate, entire, stipules mostly inter- or intrapetiolar; anthers free from each other; corolla always actinomorphic.
Rubiaceæ
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Anthers free from each other; ovules mostly pendulous:
d) Leaves not gland-dotted; stamens definite; shrubs, mostly parasitic on trees; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded by bracts.
Loranthaceæ
dd) Leaves gland-dotted; stamens mostly numerous; trees or shrubs; flowers cymose or fasciculate.
Myrtaceæ
cc) Anthers mostly connivent or in pairs around the style:
d) Ovule solitary erect; flowers mostly in heads surrounded by an involucre of bracts.
Compositæ
dd) Ovules numerous; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded by bracts.
Campanulaceæ
aa) Leaves alternate or radical:
b) Anthers free from one another:
c) Stamens the same number and opposite the corolla lobes:
d) Herbaceous, leaves not gland-dotted.
Primulaceæ
dd) Trees and shrubs:
e) Not parasitic; leaves often gland-dotted; corolla short.
Myrsinaceæ
ee) Often parasitic; leaves not gland-dotted; corolla often long.
Loranthaceæ
cc) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or more numerous or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite; stems not climbing; anthers straight.
Campanulaceæ
dd) Flowers unisexual; stems often climbing by tendrils; anthers often sinuous or twisted.
Cucurbitaceæ
bb) Anthers united into a ring around the style or flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers not in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
Lobeliaceæ
cc) Flowers in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
Compositæ
GROUP 15. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals absent.
a) Parasitic herbs destitute of chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to scales; ovules nude or with a single integument:
b) Flowers densely crowded; fruits nut-like, 1-seeded; ovule solitary, pendulous.
Balanophoraceæ
bb) Flowers solitary, large; ovules numerous.
Hydnoraceæ
aa) Not parasitic or if so then more or less woody and often with normally developed leaves:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Flowers unisexual, stamens and ovules few, the latter solitary; trees or shrubs.
Moraceæ
cc) Flowers hermaphrodite; stamens the same number and alternate with the sepals.
Rhamnaceæ
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the ovary or from the apex of a basal placenta:
d) Not parasitic; stamens inflexed in bud, often double the number of the sepals; fruits often winged.
Combretaceæ
dd) Mostly parasitic; flowers small and leaves often reduced; stamens erect in bud, the same number and opposite the sepals; fruit not winged.
Santalaceæ
cc) Ovule 1, erect; mostly parasitic; flowers often brightly coloured.
Loranthaceæ