ANGIOSPERMÆ (continued 5)

436Voacanga obtusa K. Sch.

Tall tree. Leaves opp., crowded at ends of branches, obovate to oblong, 4-9 in. long. Infl. racemed or umbelled, geminate from the branch-forks; calyx tubular, glandular; cor. white, fleshy, fragrant; tube ¾ in.; lobes 1 in. long, up to 1½ in. broad; anthers 5 sagittate. Berry globose, fleshy, 2 in. diam.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole River).

V. Schweinfurthii Stapf.

Glabrous shrub, 15 ft. high. Leaves opp., oblanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-8 in. long, papery. Inflorescences in pairs from the branch forks, few-flowered, umbelled; calyx tube subcampanulate glandular; cor. yellow; tube ½ in. long; lobes 5, obovate-oblique, 1 in. long. Berry ovoid, pulp yellow.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru River).

V. africana Stapf.

Small tree. Leaves variable, usually elliptic-oblong, 2-8 in. long, acute both ends, subcoriaceous. Infl. axillary, corymbose, many-flowered, peduncles often paired, nodose; calyx campanulate, glandular; lobes 5, reflexed when ripe; cor. cream-white, fragrant, tube twisted, under ½ in.; lobes ½-1 in. long, contorted; anthers acute, sagittate.

Mongalla Prov. (Above Bor).

437Conopharyngia penduliflora Stapf.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves opp., lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 4-8 in. long. Infl. racemose pseudo-axillary or terminal, pendulous, 6-8 flowered; cor. white, fragrant; tube fleshy, ½ in. long; lobes oblique; anthers conniving into a cone, sagittate; berry globose, fleshy.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru River).

C. Holstii Stapf.

Tall tree; bark at first dark green, later whitish. Leaves opp., oblong to elliptic-oblong, up to 10 in. long. Infl. corymbose; cor. white with yellow centre; tube fleshy, up to ½ in. diam. and 1 in. long; lobes oblong, overlapping, 1 in. or more; anthers ½ in. long, sagittate, conniving into a cone. Berry globose, blackish-brown, 4 in. diam.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

438Adenium speciosum Fenzl.

Fleshy arborescent shrub, ab. 4 ft. high; trunk up to 2-3 ft. thick at base. Leaves in spirals and terminal fascicles, oblanceolate or linear oblong, often emarginate, 2-4 in. long, appearing with the flowers, coriaceous. Fl. in paired racemes; calyx 5-lobed, ab. ⅓ in. long; cor. carmine; tube funnel-shaped, ab. 1 in. long with 5 hairy lines inside; lobes 5, ab. 1 in. long or shorter, spreading; anthers 5, sagittate, conniving at the top by long hairy appendages as long as the tube. Fr. 2 spindle-shaped follicles 5-7 in. long.

Fung Prov. (J. Akaro & Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Hedra, Rashad); Mongalla Prov.

A. Hongkel A. DC. SIM, SIM AHMAR or SHAGAR EL SIM (Baggara)—Arab; DAGARAG (Tagele), NARURAI (J. Eliri) & TUMU (Kadugli)—Nuba.

Stumpy arborescent shrub, 6-10 ft. high, with fleshy stem and branches, not unlike a miniature Baobab. Leaves appearing after the flowers, obovate-oblong, 3-4 in. long. Cymes 2-10 flowered; cor. carmine, much as above, somewhat smaller.

Nuba Mts. Prov (on rocks).

The juice is said to be used for poisoning arrows; hence its Arabic name.

A. obesum R. & S.

Arborescent shrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate, rounded and mucronulate at the tip, 3-4 in. long, 1-1½ in. broad, puberulous below. Flowers on leafless branches. Corolla tube 1¼ in. long, pubescent.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra).

ASCLEPIADACEÆ.[4]

439Cryptolepis oblongifolia Schlechter.

Erect shrub. Leaves opp. or ternate, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, ½-2 in. long. Cyme subaxillary, 3-16 flowered; cor. yellow, minute. Fr. 2 spindle-shaped, spreading follicles.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

C. sp.

Shrub 2-4 ft. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 1½ in. long, ⅓-⅔ in. broad, glabrous. Fruiting carpel divergent, 3 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land to West of Tonj River).

440Tacazzea venosa Decne. var. Martini N.E. Br.

Erect or twining shrub with milky juice. Leaves opp. or whorled, lanceolate, 2½-5 in. long, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Panicles axillary, 1½-4 in. long; sepals minute, broadly elliptic; cor. lobed nearly to base; lobes oblong, ¼ in. long, overlapping; coronal lobes linear, divided ab. half way down into 2 filiform segments. Follicles 2, lanceolate 2-3 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

T. apiculata Oliv. SHAG EL FIL, HALLEYU, ABU LEBBEN & ARKALA—Arab.

Woody twiner. Leaves opp., oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2-5 in. long, shortly pointed at apex, emarginate or cordate at base, whitish tomentose beneath. Panicles 2½-6 in. long; sepals minute, brick-red; cor. lobed nearly to base; lobes ¼ in. long; coronal lobes filiform, nearly ½ in. long. Follicles 2, horizontally diverging, lanceolate, tapering to a point, ab. 3 in. long.

Fung. Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Niamniam & Bongo-lands); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).

Yields a kind of Gutta-Percha.

T. sp. ARKALA—Arab.

Branches pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic, truncate, mucronate, 3 in. long, 2 in. broad, whitish pubescent below. Flowers not seen.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Kaka).

441Raphionacme jurensis N.E. Br.

Procumbent trailing shrub, with puberulous branches. Leaves not seen. Flowers solitary or in pairs, grey-lilac; pedicels 3-5 in. long, puberulous. Corolla lobes ¼ in. long, thinly pubescent outside.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Jur & Wau Rivers).

R. sp. near R. jurensis N.E. Br.

Similar to above but erect from a long tuber, sometimes leafy at time of flowering. Leaves oblanceolate, 2 in. long, subacute. Corolla whitish green with 2 purple spots at base of each lobe; filaments purple.

Mongalla Prov. (Bor & southward).

442Omphalogonus calophyllus Baillon.

Glabrous twiner. Leaves ovate, rounded or widely cordate at the base, acutely acuminate, 3-6 in. long, 2-4½ in. broad, with 12-14 lateral nerves. Cymes axillary, few flowered. Calyx cupular, lobes 1/12 in. long. Corolla lobes elliptic, ⅓ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

443Periploca aphylla Decne. MAGOK—Hadendowa.

Shrub with short, stiff, usually leafless branches, young shoots bearing oblong or linear-oblong leaves, ½ in. long. Cymes 5-20 flowered, terminal; cor. ½ in. diam., rotate; lobes ¼ in. with white hairs near margin; coronal lobes ¼ in. long, each with 2 wing-like keels; anthers connate at tip over the style. Follicles 2 spreading, 3-4 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21°-22° L.N.).

The fibre is used in India for well-ropes, being considered impervious to the action of water. The flower-buds are eaten raw or cooked. The latex is applied to tumours and swellings.

P. linearifolia Dill. & Rich.

Shrub with whip-like branches. Leaves linear, acute, about 2 in. long and ⅙ in. broad, 1-nerved. Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla-lobes densely ciliate on the margins.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

444Secamone Schweinfurthii K. Schum.

Climbing shrub. Leaves opp., elliptic to orbicular, ⅓-1¼ in. long. Cymes 3-6 fld., axillary and terminal; cor. under ¼ in. diam., with minute coronal lobes. Foll. 2, spreading, glabrous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Kulongo).

445Podostelma Schimperi K. Schum.

Small woody shrub, sometimes twining. Leaves opp., thick, ovate or elliptic, ⅓-1 in. long. Cymes sessile, 2-6-fid.; cor. white or yellowish; lobes ⅓ in. long, overlapping; anthers winged, connivent round upper part of style. Foll. 2, lanceolate, 1½-2 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin & Sinkat); between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Sarranib).

446Glossonema lineare Decne.

Slender annual, 6-15 in. high. Leaves opp., linear or lin.-lanceolate, ¾-2 in. long. Fl. solitary in 1 axil of the opp. leaves; cor. lobes ¼ in. long; corona minute. Foll. 2, linear-terete.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).

G. nubicum Decne.

Herb, 6-12 in. high, with white hairs on pet. and lower sides of leaves which are opp., linear or linear-lanceolate, ¾-5 in. long. Fl. 2-6 together, cymose; cor. white, ⅙ in. diam.; coronal lobes ovate, subulate. Foll. 2, 1½ in. long, echinate, lanceolate.

Khartoum Prov. (Baraka); Kordofan Prov. (J. Kon & Tueir).

G. Boveanum Decne.

Herb, 3-10 in. high; stems white-hairy. Leaves opp., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white-pubescent. Fl. 1-3 together sublateral, white, minute; coronal lobes 3-lobed, the middle one filiform; anther appendages reniform. Foll. 2, spiny, 1½ in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin); Nubia (sea-coast to between 3,000 and 4,000 ft.).

447Solenostemma Argel Hayne. HARGAL—Arab.

Undershrub, 1½-2 ft. high. Leaves opp., lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 1-1½ in. long, coriaceous. Cymes axillary, many-flowered, ab. 2 in. long; cor. white, tube minute, lobes ¼ in. long; corona cup-shaped; lobes 5, obtuse, concave-hooded. Foll. 1, 2 in. long, ¾ in. thick.

Sudan North; Kordofan Prov.

The leaves possess purgative properties.

448Oxystelma bornouense R. Br.

Slender herbaceous climber. Leaves opp. deltoid-ovate to lanceolate, cordate or hastate, 1-3 in. long, acuminate. Cymes axillary, long-peduncled, 2-3 fl.; cor. ab. 1 in. diam., mauve veined with purple, cup-shaped; lobes deltoid. Foll. 1, much inflated, ab. 2 in. long, ovoid-oblong.

Berber Prov. (Atbara: Shallalat); Blue Nile Prov. (mouth of Dinder); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (at Om Madeb); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Mvolo).

449Schizoglossum abyssinicum K. Schum.

Undershrub with slender whip-like stems from a woody rhizome. Leaves linear-acicular, 1½ in. long, slightly pubescent. Flowers fasciculate; pedicels ⅓ in. long, pubescent. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong, pubescent.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

S. angustissimum K. Schum.

Herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves opp. or whorled, linear, margins revolute, ¾-2½ in. long. Umbels 6-10 fl., numerous, sessile, lateral; cor. minute with long woolly hairs on margins of lobes; coronal lobes with bi- or trifid horns. Follicles 2.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Gumango hill in Niamniam-land).

S. Petherickianum Oliv.

Hairy herb. Leaves opp. or whorled, oblong to ovate-lanceolate. Umbels numerous, lateral at nodes, sessile, 10-15 fl.; cor. minute, hairy; coronal lobe on inner face with an erect tooth and 2 decurrent keels.

Bahr El Jebel (Nyangara).

S. eximium N.E. Br.

Tall herb. Leaves opp., oblong-ovate, cordate, 1½-3 in. long. Umbels several, 6-10 fl., lateral or terminal; peduncles 1-2 in. long; cor. white, lobes campanulate, ¾ in. long; coronal lobes purple or purple brown, nearly ½ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

S. sp.

Habit of S. abyssinicum, but pedicels much shorter and corolla-lobes longer.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

450Calotropis procera Ait. USHAR—Arab; BARAS—Hadendowa; OGUN or UBUN (Dilling), LAMBŪRI (J. Eliri) & KAUROK (Kadugli)—Nuba.

Shrub or small tree; youngest parts white-tomentose. Leaves opp., subsessile, ovate or elliptic, 2-12 in. long, cordate, glabrous. Fl. in lateral and terminal clusters of 3-10; cor. campanulate, ¾-1 in. diam., white, with purple-brown tips; coronal lobes ¼ in. long, truncate, with 2 lobes at top of each. Foll. 2, subglobose, spongy inside, 3-4 in. long.

Throughout the greater part of the Sudan.

The latex yield an inferior Gutta-Percha. The floss from the fruit is used for stuffing pillows. The bast fibre is strong and glossy but difficult to extract. The leaves are used for fermenting durra in the preparation of merissa. Almost every part of the plant is used as medicine. The latex is an irritant poison.

451Kanahia laniflora R. Br. ABU LEBBEN—Arab.

Riverside shrub, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves opp., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-6 in. long, with minute bristles in axils of nerves. Fl. on 1-2 in. long peduncles from the lateral nodes; cor. white, fragrant, campanulate, ¾ in. long; lobes ⅓ in. densely woolly; coronal lobes 5, fleshy with simple or bifid inflexed beaks. Foll. 2 lanceolate, acuminate, ab. 2 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli: J. Araro); Upper White Nile Prov.

K. glaberrima N.E. Br.

Shrub, 4-6 ft. high. Leaves opp., linear-lanceolate, 2-6 in. long, with bristles in axils of nerves. Fl. in pedunculate several-flowered, umbel-like lateral racemes; cor. white; lobes ⅓ in. long, with white woolly hairs; coronal lobes deltoid-ovate, with linear-acuminate teeth at the tops. Foll. usually solitary, lanceolate, beaked, ab. 2 in. long.

Khartoum Prov. (Shambat: Banks of the Nile).

452Asclepias lineolata Schlechter.

Stout undershr. with fleshy roots, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate- to linear-oblong, 2-4½ in. long, cordate. Umbels 4-10 fl., lateral and terminal; cor. purplish, 1 in. diam.; lobes ½ in. long, ciliolate; coronal lobes purple, pointed, ridged between the anthers, which connive over the style. Follicles 2, inflated ellipsoid, 3-4 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land).

A. Schweinfurthii N.E. Br.

Stems 2 ft. or more. Leaves opp., lanceolate-ovate, cordate, 2-3½ in. long. Umbels 4-6 fl., lateral on peduncles up to 6 in. long; cor. rotate-campanulate, 1 in. diam.; lobes ½ in. long, fringed on one margin; corona ¼ in. long, winged. Foll. 2.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

A. semilunata N.E. Br.

Stems 2-5 ft. high. Leaves whorled below, opp. above, linear or lin.-lanceolate, 4-7 in. long. Umbels lateral on 1 in. long peduncles; cor. lobes ⅓-½ in. long, reflexed; corona toothed. Foll. half-moon shaped, 2½-3 in. long, inflated, echinate.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Wando).

A. flavida N.E. Br.

White-tomentose shrub, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves opp., linear, 1½-3 in. long. Umbels 4-6 fl., lateral. Cor. white (?), lobes reflexed, ¼ in. long, fringed on one margin; corona dull purple. Foll. ellipsoid, bristly when young.

Red Sea Prov. (coast, 21° N.L.).

A. macrantha Hochst.

Stem 9-18 in. high. Leaves opp., lin.-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-10 in. long. Umbels 3-6 fl., lateral and terminal on peduncle 3-11 in. long; cor. scarlet or yellow, rotate; lobes ½ in. long; corona yellow. Foll. usually solitary, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Ibba River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

A. Phillipsiæ N.E. Br.

Woody, densely pubescent shrub. Leaves opp., linear, 1½-3½ in. long, margins very revolute. Umbels lateral, 3-6 fl.; peduncle ½-¾ in. long; cor. white, deeply-lobed; lobes ¼ in. long, reflexed, fringed on one margin; corona with 5 falcate teeth. 2 Foll., 2 in. long, lanceolate.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 7,200-9,000 ft.).

453Margaretta rosea Oliv.

Perennial herb, 12-18 in. high. Leaves opp., linear to lanceolate, acuminate, 2-5 in. long. Umbels 3-4 in a corymb at top of the stem, and sometimes one from the node below, each 7-16 fl., on peduncles ½-3 in. long; cor. lobes ⅙ in. long, erect; corona toothed. Foll. often solitary, ab. 3 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

454Cynanchum polyanthum K. Schum.

Pubescent, fleshy twiner. Leaves opp., ovate, acute, cordate, 2-3½ in. long; petiole 1-2 in. long. Umbels 10-30 fl., compound, peduncle 1-1½ in. long; cor. lobes ¼ in. long; corona tubular half its length and with 5 entire or bifid teeth. Follicles 2 in. long, glabrous.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

455Sarcostemma viminale R. Br.

Succulent, almost leafless shrub with switch-like, sometimes twining shoots. Umbels many-flowered, lateral or terminal, sessile. Fl. small, greenish-white or yellow; corona double, minute. Foll. 2., lin.-lanceolate, 2½-4 in. long.

Nubia (Wadi Tui between Suakin & Berber); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

456Pentatropis cynanchoides R. Br.

Slender twiner. Leaves opp., oblong to ovate, ½-1½ in. long, fleshy. Umbels 3-6 fl., subaxillary; cor. purplish-green, 5-lobed; lobes linear from triangular base; corona with acute apex. 2 Foll., lanceolate, beaked 2-3 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (J. Waratab near Suakin & Karora hills); White Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Barboi).

457Dæmia cordata R. Br.

Slender woody climber. Leaves opp., ovate to orbicular, cordate, tomentose on both sides, ½ to 1 in. long. Fl. in a corymb-like raceme, 1-2 in. long; cor. small, green; corona double. 2 Follicles 1½-2½ in. long, ovoid, beaked, echinate.

Nubian Coast; Kassala Prov. (Atbara: Goz Regeb on granite); Nuba Mts. Prov.

D. extensa R. Br.

Differs from above by more glabrous and larger (up to 5 in. long) leaves and also large raceme, 2-16 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba Mountains to near Karora); Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan, Darfur, Upper White Nile (Renk), & Mongalla Provinces.

The stems yield a fibre. The plant is used in infantile diarrhœa, also as an emetic. The pulp of the fleshy leaves is used as a stimulating poultice for carbuncles.

458Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Woody twiner. Leaves opp., ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base, ¾-3 in. long. Umbels subaxillary, many-flowered; cor. yellowish-white, minute, fleshy; coronal lobes fleshy, fringed. Follicles 2½-3½ in. long, lanceolate, beaked.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Jur Ghattas, Dar Fertit, Biri River).

The root is used for snake bite. The leaves, when chewed, are said to destroy the taste of sugar for twenty-four hours.

459Marsdenia spissa S. Moore. SHAGAR EL FIL (Fung)—Arab.

Woody climber. Leaves opp., ovate or elliptic-ovate acuminate 1½-4 in. long. Cymes many-flowered, lateral; cor. greenish-yellow, rotate-campanulate, ½ in. diam.; lobes ¼ in. long, tomentose; coronal lobes minute, fleshy. Follicles 3½ in. long, elongate-ovoid, with broad frill-like wings; seeds crowned with long silky hairs.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau, Jur).

Yields a fibre.

M. rubicunda N.E. Br. KNĀR (Kenissa)—Dinka.

Woody climber, young parts with salmon-red tomentum. Leaves opp., elliptic or elliptic-ovate, cordate, 1-3 in. long. Cor. ½ in. diam.; lobes rotate, 1/5 in. long, greenish; corona lobes subulate and bifid. Follicles 2, wings 4, crenate.

Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dar Nuba); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé and Meshra El Rek); Mongalla Prov.

460Leptadenia lancifolia Decne. ERG HABŪB EL KHEIL, or ABU LEBBEN or UMLEBEINA or MABLEBEN (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Woody, tomentose climber. Leaves opp., ovate to lanceolate or variable in shape, 1-5 in. long. Umbels many-flowered, lateral; cor. green, rotate, lobes under ¼ in. long; throat densely bearded with white hairs; coronal lobes fleshy, pointed. Follicles 2, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, glabrous.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile Prov. & Upper Nile Prov. (Dueim to Kodok); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Gadein); Bahr El Jebel (up to Lake Albert).

The pounded roots, mixed with water are said to be given to horses and cattle for flatulency.

L. heterophylla Decne. LUWEIS—Arab; ASHENON (Kenissa)—Dinka.

Slender woody twiner. Leaves very variable from linear-hastate to oval, ¾-3 in. long. Umbels several-flowered, sub-axillary; cor. 2-2½ lines in diam.; corona lobes fleshy, tipped with hairs. Foll. 1, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long.

Fung Prov. northwards; Darfur Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).

L. Spartium Wight. MARAKH or MERAKH & ZA’ANSHERAB ELMI (N. Kordn.)—Arab; AGWAIT—Hadendowa.

Switch-like, green-stemmed, glaucous shrub, 5-10 ft. high, generally leafless. Umbels subaxillary, flowers developing successively; cor. yellow, 5-lobed, small; corona green, fleshy. Foll. 2, lin.-lanceolate, terete, 3-4 in. long.

North Sudan; Red Sea, Kassala & Kordofan Provinces.

Yields a valuable fibre but difficult of extraction. Good camel fodder.

461Ceropegia nilotica Kotschy.

Slender fleshy twiner with tuberous root. Leaves opp., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed towards apex, 1 in. long. Peduncles lateral, 2 flowered; cor. blackish-purple, yellow in throat, 1½ in. long; tube inflated at base; lobes connate at apex, ¼ in. long; corona double, inner yellowish.

Mongalla Prov. (Bari-land, Gondokoro).

C. racemosa N.E. Br.

Slender twiner. Leaves opp., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. Flowers solitary, ⅓-1 in. apart on racemes, which are 2-4 in. long; cor. tube ¾ in. long, hairy inside; lobes ½ in. long, connate at apex, fringed; corona ciliate, double, 5 outer with 10 teeth ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas).

C. stenantha K. Schum. AKEISH or AGASH (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; AKON (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka; AGE (Meshra El Zeraf)—Shilluk.

Slender twiner. Leaves opp., lanceolate, 1-2½ in. long, ciliolate on margin. Cymes 3-6 fl., umbelled, sublateral; cor. greenish; tube ½ in. inflated below; lobes ½ in. linear, connate at tips; corona double, minute.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Jur Ghattas).

The leaves are acid and can be eaten as spinach. The tuber is said to be a good substitute for a potato.

462Brachystelma phyteumoides K. Schum.

Dwarf perennial; several stems, ab. 4 in. high, from a thick root stock. Leaves opp. linear, acuminate, ab. 2 in. long, nearly glabrous. Umbel terminal between a pair of leaves; cor. dark purple-brown; tubes short, lobes ¾ in. long; corona included in tube, very short, outer lobes bifid. Foll. fusiform.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land; near Jur Ghattas).

463Echidnopsis nubica N.E. Br.

Leafless, succulent, obtusely 8-angled plant, angles tesselately divided into obtuse tubercles. Fl. fascicled near tips of the stems; cor. very small, 5-lobed, purple-brown, or purple-brown dotted on green; corona single. Follicles up to 4 in. long and ⅓ in. thick, purplish.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, Suakin).

464Caralluma longidens N.E. Br.

Succulent branching 4-angled plant; branches attenuated upwards, 5-8 in. long; angles slightly toothed; teeth bearing fleshy, terete, deciduous leaves. Fl. solitary or 2 together along upper part of stem; cor. dark purple-brown; tube ¼-⅓ in. long; lobes ¼ in., ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; outer corona of 10 lin.-subulate teeth, ⅙ in. long, inner with 5 smaller teeth.

Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Laemeb).

C. vittata N.E. Br.

Succulent, glabrous, 4-angled plant, 6-8 in. high; angles slightly toothed; branches ⅓ to 1 in. thick, much attenuated upwards. Fl. 1-4 together, scattered on the terminal 2-4 in. of the branches; cor. tube whitish, streaked dark purple, ab. 1/7 in.; lobes ⅙ in. long, dark purple, glabrous; outer corona of 10 minute teeth.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L. between sea level and 4,000 ft.).

C. retrospiciens N.E. Br. KAREIB—Hadendowa.

Succulent cactus-like plant, up to 3 ft. high, with ascending deeply 4-angled toothed branches, teeth broad, decurved. Umbels terminal or subterminal, several together forming a compound globose head up to 3 or 4 in. diam. Cor. 5-lobed, deep purplish-brown, tube ¼ in. long; lobes ¼ in., deltoid, fringed with dark hairs; outer corona with 5 pairs of teeth. Foll. ab. 6 in. long, linear, terete.

Kassala Prov. to Red Sea Prov.

465Huernia macrocarpa N.E. Br.

Succulent perennial; stems 3-4 in. high, subquadrangular, angles coarsely toothed, teeth fleshy, recurved spinescent at apex. Follicles in pairs, 5-6 in. long, narrow, acute or hooked at apex.

Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land; Abu Gurun).

RUBIACEÆ.

466Sarcocephalus esculentus Afzel. KARMUDODA—Arab; DOMA—Zande.

Small tree. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, cordate, ab. 6 in. long, almost mucronate; stipules interpetiolar, as in many of this family, caducous, ovate, short. Flower heads orange-coloured, globose, crowded; pistils exserted.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

Yields a gum. The core of the flower-heads is eaten. Wood light yellow with darker markings, density 0.676. A yellow dye is obtained from the roots.

S. Russeggeri Kotschy. KARMUDOD’A (Baggara)—Arab; N’DU—Golo; DAMMA or DOMA—Zande.

Shrub, up to 20 ft. high. Flower-heads white, sweet-scented, globose. Leaves usually broadly elliptical.

Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (Korarak); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Niamniam-land).

The core of the flower-heads is eaten, but in excess acts as an emetic. The wood, which is of a red colour, is used by the Niamniams for the manufacture of curious oracles, consisting of two pieces of wood, flattened and polished, which may or may not adhere together after being wetted. The root is said to be a fine bitter tonic.

467Adina microcephala Hiern. MISTIKA or MISHKA (Medani, Fung Prov.)—Arab.

Moderate-sized tree. Leaves lanceolate, in whorls of 4, 4-6 in. long. Flowers compact on a globose, bracteolate receptacle. Seeds winged at each end.

Fung Prov. (Singa & Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).

468Mitragyne macrophylla Hiern.

Moderate-sized tree. Leaves elliptical, often broadly so. Flowering heads globose, cymosely arranged or umbellate. Fruit dicoccous; seeds winged both ends.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land & Jur-land).

The wood is used for making canoes, furniture and for housebuilding on the West Coast.

M. africana Korth. YO?—Arab; ANGOTO—Dinka; N’DUNGO—Golo; BIAMA—Jur; LAO—Nuer; KOFOKOFO—Zande?

Moderate-sized to fairly large tree, growing not far from water. Leaves ovate-elliptical, more or less cordate. Flower-heads globose, solitary, 1 in. diam.; cor. white, turning yellow. Seeds 2-winged.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (mouth of Bahr El Arab & Wau).

Wood white, rather soft, density 0.560, used for carving and in cabinet work; known as African Lime.

469Hymenodictyon Kurria Hochst.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves obovate to oval, 3-8 in. long. opposite; interpet. stipules ovate-oblong, ½ in. long, deciduous. Inflorescence spicate, 7 in. long. Bracts opposite, elliptical, marcescent, ab. 2 in. long on 1 in. long stalks.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: summit of Mt. Baginse).

H. scabrum Stapf.

A small scabrid shrub. Leaves obovate, 3 in. long, 1½ in. broad, scabrid on the nerves below. Flowers not seen. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid, ¾ in. long, prominently lenticellate. Bahr El Jebel (Bari & Madi).

470Crossopteryx Kotschyana Fenzl. DARITAR—Dinka; M’BILI or TIRI—Golo; AKOS—Jur.

Small tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 1-8 in. long; stip. deltoid, acuminate. Flowers cream-coloured or pink, fragrant, in dense corymbose panicles. Capsule 2-celled, globose, crustaceous, ab. ¼ in. diam.; seeds peltate.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Niamniam & Bongo lands); Uganda (Nile Prov.).

471Pentas carnea Benth.

Shrubby, 1-2 ft. high, harshly pallid-puberulous. Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 1-6 in. long; stip. multipartite, subulate. Cymes usually dense, 1-3 in. in diameter. Cor. purplish, hairy at throat. Capsule 2-celled, coriaceous, many seeded.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

P. arvensis Hiern.

Rambling perennial, 2 ft. high. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-lanceolate. Cymes 1-3 in. across; cor. white with purple throat, which is hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land).

P. Schweinfurthii Scott Elliot.

Herb. Leaves ovate-elliptic, acute, 4½ in. long, 2 in. broad, with numerous densely pubescent lateral nerves. Flowers light mauve, in paniculate clusters.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

472Otomeria madiensis Oliv.

Somewhat shrubby perennial, up to ab. 3 ft. high, hairy. Interpet. stipules sheathing, each with 3 subulate teeth. Leaves elliptical, hairy on veins, opposite. Spikes terminal, simple or branched, 1 ft. long; flowers 1 in. long, pink; cor. tube hairy. Capsule ¼ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

473Oldenlandia grandiflora Hiern.

Herb, up to 4 ft. high. Flowers crimson, mostly tetramerous in this genus, corymbose; cor. salver-shaped. Fruit subglobose, crowned with calyx teeth. Leaves opposite, upper sometimes needle-shaped, lower narrow-lanceolate; stipules sheathing, short, 2-3 pointed.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & Um Sutt); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

O. senegalensis Hiern.

Herb, up to 3 ft. high. Flowers white or pink, paniculately cymose; cor. salver-shaped, tube slender, glabrous. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Fruit as above.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Red Sea Prov. (Soturba); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid); Mongalla Prov. (Bari-country).

O. Schimperi T. Anders.

Annual, 1-3 ft. high, glandular-scabrous; branches virgate. Leaves linear; stipules 1-3 pointed. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes; cor. salver-shaped, tube much longer than calyx. Capsule subglobose.

Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).

O. virgata DC.

Switch-like herb, 2 in. to 2 ft. high. Leaves linear, curled margins; stipules with 2-3 bristly points. Flowers panicled; cor. cylindrical or salver-shape. Fruit sub-globose.

Kordofan Prov. (Tueir); Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.

O. Welwitschii Hiern.

Small herb with white tubular, cruciform flowers.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Dongonab).

O. strumosa Hiern.

Herb, up to 18 in. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Cymes corymbose, terminal; cor. salver-shaped, tube much longer than calyx. Fruit subglobose.

Blue Nile Prov. (Upper); Kordofan Prov.

O. lancifolia Schwfth.

Herb with linear-lanceolate leaves. Flowers small, axillary, solitary; cor. not longer than calyx. Capsule furrowed, compressed-globose.

Blue Nile Prov. (near Lakanda); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

O. macrophylla DC.

Aquatic or marsh herb. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, up to 3 in. long. Flowers white or pale blue, pentamerous, in racemose or panicled cymes. Capsule minute.

Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

O. trinervia Retz.

Weak, slightly hairy annual. Leaves broadly ovate or rotundate, tapering to 3-nerved base. Flowers in small clusters on short peduncles, tetramerous; cor. length of the calyx. Capsule hirsute, globose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

O. corymbosa Linn.

Erect or ascending annual, up to 1 ft. high. Leaves sessile, linear, or apiculate. Stipules short, pectinate. Flowers usually in pairs, on filiform peduncles. Corolla white.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Bongo lands, Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

A decoction of the root is used in bilious fevers.

O. octodon A. Rich.

Low, straggly herb. Leaves linear, acute, about ½ in. long, Flowers very small, clustered and sessile at the nodes. Calyx lobes setose.

Nubia; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau & Nianniam-land).

O. capensis Linn.

Herb, 4-9 in. high; branches 4-angled. Leaves narrow-linear, revolute. Peduncles 2 to several together, 1-flowered, axillary or terminal; cor. white, slightly longer than calyx. Capsule minute, 4-ribbed.

Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

O. wauensis Schwfth.

Glabrous herb, 1 ft. high; branches with 4 raised lines. Leaves linear; stipules sheathing, with many bristles. Flowers mostly pentamerous, in pairs, small. Capsule coriaceous, oblong, small.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau River).

O. Heynei Oliv.

Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Lower flowers solitary, upper in a paniculate cyme. Cor. salver-shaped; tube slender, glabrous within, twice the length of calyx. Fruit subglobose.

Fung Prov. (Roseires); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land).

O. effusa Oliv.

Tall herb. Leaves narrow-linear, revolute. Flowers 4-merous, lilac, in paniculate cymes. Fruit globose.

Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa).

O. cf. O. effusa Oliv.

Almost leafless herb with weak branches. Flowers pale red outside; corolla very slender, ¾ in. long, with 4 linear very acute lobes, fruits 1/10 in. long.

Kordofan Prov. (Um Dam, 1,245 S.G.H.).

O. sp.

Leafy much-branched herb. Leaves linear-oblanceolate acute, 1½ in. long, shortly pubescent. Corolla ¼ in. long, with 4 short obtuse lobes.

Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé, 1,648 S.G.H.).

O. noctiflora Hiern.

Glabrous annual. Leaves linear. Flowers white, opening at night.

Red Sea Prov.

O. hedyotoides Boiss.

Herb, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves linear-oval. Flowers minute, clustered in axils of the leaves; cor. white. Capsule coriaceous, 4-ribbed.

Blue Nile, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.

O. dolichantha Stapf.

Slender herb with subsimple stems. Leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile, about 1¾ in. long, glabrous. Flowers white, sweet-scented. Corolla very long, up to 5 in. long, very slender.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

474Mussænda luteola Del.

Shrub. One lobe of calyx enlarged into a yellow leaf. Cor. 5-lobed, yellow, fragrant.

Fung Prov. (Singa); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: near M’volo & Niamniam-land); Upper Sobat; Mongalla Prov. (south of Gondokoro); Lake Rudolf.

M. arcuata Poir.

Climbing shrub. One lobe of calyx enlarged into a white leaf. Cor. 5-lobed, yellow with purplish or orange, hairy throat.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Niamniam & Bongo lands); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District).

M. erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn.

Shrub or climber. One lobe of calyx enlarged into a red leaf. Cor. white or yellowish, tube densely reddish-hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

A handsome decorative plant.

475Anthospermum pachyrrhizum Hiern.

Heath-like undershrub with fascicled, scabrid, linear leaves, ⅔ in. long; stipules subulate. Calyx minute, 1-2 lobes enlarged, leaf-like. Cor. funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Fruit obovoid, dicoccous.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 8,200 ft.).

476Stipularia elliptica Schwfth.

Small, somewhat cottony shrub. Leaves elliptical, apiculate, wedge-shaped or obtuse at base. Flowers white in solitary axillary heads enclosed in 1 or 2 red or purple bracts.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

477Tarenna nilotica Hiern.

Shrub, 20 ft. high. Leaves oval or obovate, papery. Flowers ½ in. long, white, 5-merous, in dense sessile corymbs; cor. salver-shaped. Berry globular.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

478Randia nilotica Stapf. KHARUM or TAKIRNI (Baggara), ABU MARFEIN (Bahr El Ghazal), SIMEIN & SHIDR EL MARFEIN (Baggara), UMKALOL, UMSHALALO & YAU (Jongol’s Post)—Arab; UMDAMUN (Dilling) & RŪT (Tagele)—Nuba; KULUJI—Bari; AGHEI (Goz El Siada)—Dinka; DIG—Burun.

Stiff, spinous shrub; spines opposite or alternate. Leaves usually obovate, cuneate at base, 3 in. long. Flowers usually creamy white, sometimes orange or greenish-yellow, solitary or few together, almost axillary or on short lateral shoots, pentamerous. Fruit subglobose, crowned by calyx lobes, up to 1½ in. long.

Fung, Kordofan, Upper White Nile (Goz El Siada), Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.

The fruit is said to act as a fish poison and as an antidote to arrow poison. It is a useful emetic.

R. genipæflora DC.

Straggling shrub to small tree, unarmed. Leaves oval or oblong, thin in texture, cuneate at base up to 6 in. long. Flowers white, stellate, ¾ in. long, in short dense axillary cymes. Fruit globose, ⅓ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).

R. sp. KIRKIR (Baggara) & SOGHEIT (Fung)—Arab; MAINTU (Dilling & J. Ghulfan) & TINTURING (J. Eliri)—Nuba.

Tall shrub or small tree with large light green leaves and fruit size of a small orange. Flowers not seen.

Fung Prov. (Roseires, edges of Khors); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dar Nuba).

By the Nubas the fruit is said to be edible.

R. malleifera Benth. BIRKWA—Jur; BLIPPO—Zande.

Ornamental puberulous shrub, 8-15 ft. high. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, opposite or apparently 3 together at end of twigs by suppression of the node, the solitary pendulous flower replacing the missing leaf. Corolla tawny hairy outside, white inside; tube 3 in. long, slender; lobes ab. 2-3 in. in diam., fragrant. Fruit globose, obscurely ribbed, 1½ in. across, crowned by calyx lobes; style long, clapper-shaped.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shady Khors).

Yields a black sap with which the Niamniams paint their bodies.

R. sp.

Large shrub, no flowers seen; branchlets tomentose. Leaves ovate-orbicular, softly pubescent on the nerves beneath, about 3 in. broad. Young fruits ellipsoid, glabrous.

Mongalla Prov. (Kagi Ko, Yei River, Sillitoe 333).

R. macrantha DC.

Climbing shrub. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, deciduous, crowded at ends of branches. Flowers solitary, pentamerous, fragrant. Cor. green and white; tube slender; limb 2½ in. diam.; style long. Fruit globose or pear-shaped, 1½ in. diam.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

479Morelia senegalensis A. Rich. KUUM—Dinka; MUNDONGO or YAMALA—Golo; BAKIWE—Zande.

Large shrub to small tree. Leaves oval or oblong, 2-7 in. long. Flowers up to ½ in. long, white, fragrant, clustered in axillary cymes. Fruit globose, ½ in. diam., green.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (watercourses).

The straight stems are used for lance-shafts.

480Gardenia Jovis-Tonantis Welw. BAGGIS—Arab; MAMELE-BA—Bongo; CHII—Golo; AKANJA—Jur.

Shrub. Leaves ternate, oval or obovate. Flowers solitary, terminal, aromatic, yellowish, 6-11-merous, 1-3 in. across. Fruit more or less spindle-shaped, when ripe subtranslucent, yellow.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Moru territory, near Ayi River).

Shrub very similar to G. lutea, very ornamental. Fruit is edible and tastes like an inferior apple.

G. Aqualla Stapf & Hutchinson.

Shrub, 4-7 ft. high. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, elongate-obovate, about 6 in. long, scabrid above, pubescent below. Flowers white, at length yellow; corolla appressed-tomentose. Fruit ellipsoid, beaked, ribbed, 1½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).

G. erubescens Stapf & Hutchinson (= G. Tinneæ Vig.).

Tree, 15-20 ft.; branchlets softly tomentose. Leaves verticillate, broadly obovate, glabrous, 4-6 in. long, often reddish, Flowers yellow; corolla sparingly pubescent. Fruit edible.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land, near Reggo).

G. lutea Fresen. ABBAKA, ABU GAWI & BAGGIS—Arab; MAGAL (J. Daier)—Nuba; KUGO—Bongo; DAUNG (Bahr El Ghazal) & DONG (or ADONG) (Mongalla) & DUNK—Dinka; DUFITI—Bari; AKLIMBO or CHII—Golo; RUNDA—Hameg; ADWANG—Jur; M’BEGGE—Zande.

Shrub, often spiny, the spines formed by abortive branches. Leaves oval or obovate, up to 6 in. long, opposite or 3-4 together. Flowers solitary, terminal, 6-10-merous; calyx often spathaceous, slit on one side; cor. white or yellow, lobes up to 1½ in. long, contorted. Fruit ovoid or globose, up to 4 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Niamniam-lands); South of Lat. 13° N.

The roots, boiled with Dura flour are taken by the natives as a cure for Blackwater fever. Wood hard, dense, even-grained, light-yellow, used for knife handles. Yields a fragrant resin called ABU BEKA by Arabs. The fruit is a fish-poison.

G. Vogelii Hook. f. BIANGA—Zande.

Shrub to small tree. Leaves dark-green, oval or obovate, up to 10 in. long, opposite. Flowers solitary, terminal, white, fragrant, 5-merous, ab. 6 in. long. Fruit spindle-shaped.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Niamniam-land).

The fruit yields a blue-black dye, used by the Azande for staining their faces.

G. urcelliformis Schwfth.

Shrubby. Leaves opposite or ternate, elliptical, 3-5 in. long. Flowers solitary, terminal; ovary urn-shaped. Fruit ovoid, 2 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).

481Amaralia heinsioides Wernham.

Scandent shrub. Leaves broadly elliptic, subcordate at the base, 7-8 in. long, about 4 in. broad, thin, glabrous. Corolla bell-shaped, tubular at the base, white outside; lobes rose, tomentose outside. Berry red.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Diamvonu River).

A. bignoniæflora Welw.

Scandent shrub or tree. Leaves evergreen, opposite, oval, up to 9 in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary or geminate, under 3 in. long; cor. white outside and purple inside, or orange blotched with purple. Fruit oblong, 4 in. long, red.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

482Macrosphyra longistyla Hook. f.

Scandent, tawny, hairy shrub. Leaves opposite, hirsute, oval, ovate or obovate, up to 7 in. long, deciduous. Flowers 2-3 in. long with style exserted by as much again, subsessile and clustered at extremities of branches. Cor. cream-coloured; style green. Berry pear-shaped or globose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

483Oxyanthus formosus Hook. f.

Glabrous shrub, 10 ft. high. Leaves oval-oblong, subauriculate, 8-11 in. long. Fl. 5-8 in. long, white, in axillary ebracteolate panicles, not longer than the leaves.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

O. unilocularis Hiern.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, auriculate-cordate, 10-20 in. long. Flowers 4-6 in. long, white, in branched axillary panicles shorter than leaves. Fruit globose, 1 in. in diam., crowned with persistent calyx limb, 1-celled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Khors near Deim Zubeir).

O. macrophyllus Schwfth.

Tree, 50-60 ft. high. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, subauriculate, 12-16 in. long. Flowers 6 in. long, white, in dense axillary panicles. Fruit globose, fleshy, 2-celled with 1 seed in each cell.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land, Jur-land).

484Feretia apodanthera Del.

Shrub, 10 ft. high. Leaves opp., oval, papery, 1½ in. long. Flowers white, ¾ in. long, subsessile, clustered on short lateral shoots; anthers sessile at the mouth of the corolla. Fruit ¼ in. in diameter.

Kassala Prov. (Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land & Dar Fertit; between Wau & Deim Zubeir).

The fruit can be used as a substitute for coffee (fide A. Rich).

485Tricalysia niamniamensis Schwfth.

Puberulous shrub with straight branches. Stipules intrapetiolar, broad-deltoid, apiculate, connate. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, narrowed to base, with tufts of hairs on axils of veins, up to 3½ in. long. Flowers 3-10 together, ⅓ in. long, subsessile, axillary. Berry pubescent, minute.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Niamniam-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

T. djurensis Hiern.

Puberulous shrub. Differs from above by leaves being rounded or slightly hollowed at the base. Cor. greenish. Fruit 1-seeded, red.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).

T. okelensis Hiern.

Shrub, 20 ft. high. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, papery. Flowers in axillary clusters, 5-7-merous; style somewhat hairy above, 2-3-cleft. Berry ¼ in. diam., at first yellow, then red.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Khor Okel).

486Guettarda sp.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

487Pentanisia Schweinfurthii Hiern.

Dwarf herb, 3-6 in. high. Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; stipules 2-3 cuspidate. Flowers ½ in. long, lilac, sessile, in branched heads. Fruit subglobose, puberulous, minute.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).

488Cremaspora africana Benth.

Pubescent subscandent shrub, with supra-axillary spreading branches. Leaves dimorphous, oval to oblong, 4 in. long, acuminate, or below the base of the branchlets auricled, subreniform, up to 1½ in. in diam. Flowers 5-merous, white, fragrant, under ½ in. long, subsessile, 2-6 in short axillary clusters.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Khor Tela, Bongo, Niamniam & Jur lands); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

Fruits yield a blue colour like Indigo.

489Polysphæria parvifolia Hiern.

Shrub, 7 ft. high, with supra-axillary branchlets. Leaves dimorphous, oval to ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, or below the branchlets suborbicular and cordate. Flowers small, 4-merous, axillary, 3-5 together in sessile clusters. Berry ¼ in. in diam.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat).

P. Schweinfurthii Hiern.

Much branched shrub, 20 ft. high. Leaves oblong-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, up to 4 in. long. Calyx persistent, 4-toothed. Berries 1-2 together, ¼ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Malgo Stream).

490Canthium zanzibaricum Klotzsch.

Unarmed shrub, sometimes scandent; branches at first green, turning white. Leaves coriaceous, oval to ovate, obtusely acuminate, rather unequal, under 5 in. long. Flowers minute, white, in dense axillary panicles. Fruit 2-lobed, ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam and Bongo lands).

C. polycarpum Schwfth.

Tree, 40 ft. high, in habit not unlike a tree-fern. Leaves oval, acuminate, papery. Fruits numerous, 2-lobed, ¼ in. long, wrinkled; seeds horse-shoe shaped. Panicle sub-globose, axillary, 2-3 in long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

C. venosum Oliv.

Unarmed shrub, tree or climber; young parts rusty-hispid. Branches ashy; leaves oval-ovate to lanceolate, subcoriaceous, with hairy depressions in axils of veins, up to 5 in. long. Flowers minute, white, axillary, in globose panicles, 1 in. in diam. Fruit globose, hard, ⅓ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo & Jur lands and near Badari’s); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

C. crassum Schwfth.

Unarmed shrub, 5-15 ft. high; bark corky-white. Leaves subcoriaceous, obovate or oval, 6-9 in. long, opposite. Flowers 4-5-merous, ¼ in. long, in lateral and axillary panicles, below the young leaves.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Mittu lands).

C. nitens Hiern.

Glossy, unarmed shrub; branches ashy, thickened at nodes. Leaves coriaceous, shining, oval acuminate, up to 4 in. long. Flowers axillary, numerous, umbellate. Fruit obovoid-oblong, under ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

C. Schimperianum A. Rich.

Nearly glabrous arborescent shrub. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, cuneate at base, subcoriaceous, glossy above, up to 2½ in. long. Flowers small, yellow, axillary, umbellate. Fruit ¼ in. long, obscurely wrinkled.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

491Vangueria venosa Hochst.

Large shrub or small tree. Leaves opp., deciduous, elliptical, narrowed to both ends, glabrous. Fl. greenish, in lax lateral and axillary panicles, 1-2 in. in diam. Fruit subglobose, 4-5 sided, 1 in. in diam.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo & Jur lands).

Fruit is eaten.

V. abyssinica A. Rich.

Unarmed shrub or small tree. Leaves elliptical, velvety, 2-5 in. long; stipules caudate, from a broad connate base. Fl. small, yellowish-green, in branched panicles, 1 in. in diam.; cor. velvety outside. Fruit subglobose, 4-5 channelled.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli and Abu Sugra on the left bank of the Blue Nile).

V. apiculata K. Schum.

Scandent shrub. Leaves ovate, gradually acuminate, 3 in. long, 1-1½ in. broad, glabrous. Cymes axillary, very shortly pedunculate; pedicels softly tomentose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

492Meyna tetraphylla Robyns.

Subscandent puberulous shrub, 20 ft. high, with opposite spinous branches; spines ½-1 in. long, decussate or opposite a spine-like branchlet. Leaves crowded on short shoots, pseudo-verticillate in fours, oval, chartaceous. Fl. in short axillary clusters on hairy stalks, 4-5-merous, very small; cor. hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Abu Gurun’s Zeriba); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

493Rytiginia pauciflora Robyns.

Spinous shrub up to 15 ft. high; spines supra-axillary, opposite, up to ⅓ in. long. Leaves ovate, obtusely acuminate. Flowers small, solitary or 2 together; cor. glabrous with 6-8 tailed lobes. Fruit ⅓ in. long, 3-4 ribbed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Niamniam lands).

R. euonymoides Blume.

Unarmed shrub, up to 20 ft. high. Leaves oval or ovate, obtusely acuminate, obliquely narrowed at the base, chartaceous with small tufts of hairs in axils of the lateral nerves beneath. Fl. 2-3 together, minute; cor. throat hairy. Fruit ⅓ in. long, 3-5 ribbed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land).

494Fadogia leucophlœa Hiern.

Unarmed shrub. Leaves ovate-elliptic, obtusely acuminate, shortly cuneate, about 2 in. long and 1 in. broad, glabrous, bright green. Fl. clustered, crowded; calyx and ovary pubescent; corolla 6-lobed; disk hairy. Fruit 2-3 lobed or oblique, ⅓ in. long, minutely pubescent.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land; Bongo-land).

F. agrestis Schwfth.

Herbaceous, hairy undershrub, 2 ft. high, branching from the base. Leaves ternate, oval. Fl. hairy, in short axillary panicles. Fruit ribbed, tipped by persistent calyx, ½ in. broad.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

F. Cienkowskii Schwfth.

Hirsute undershrub, 2 ft. high. Leaves 3-4 together, oval, obtuse, chartaceous; stipules apiculate. Fl. 1-3 on a short axillary peduncle; cor. short, funnel-shaped; lobes 5-6. Drupe globose.

Fung Prov. (Fadoga).

F. glaberrima Schwfth.

Glabrous undershrub; branches ternate. Leaves ternate, oval, subsessile. Fl. minute, 3 together on an axillary peduncle; cor. greenish-white; lobes 5-6.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

495Temnocalyx ancylanthus Robyns.

Puberulous undershrub, 5 ft. high. Leaves ternate, oval, chartaceous, glabrous, 1-3 in. long; stip. apiculate, covering a ring of caducous white hairs. Fl. nearly 1 in. long, greenish-white, 1-4 together on a short peduncle; cor. funnel-shaped, 5-lobed; stigma 5-lobed at the tip.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Niamniam lands).

var. puberula Robyns.

Leaves pubescent on the nerves below.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

496Craterispermum laurinum Benth.

Shrub. Leaves yellowish-green on both sides, opposite, obovate-oval, 2-9 in. long. Fl. ¼ in. long, in stalked clusters, 1 in. in diam.; cor. white, funnel-shaped, ¾ in. diam. Berry obliquely globular, ab. ¼ in. in diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

C. Schweinfurthii Hiern.

Undershrub. Leaves pale yellowish-green on both sides, oval acuminate, coriaceous, 5-6 in. long; stipules broadly ovate, connate at base. Fl. white, ⅓ in. long, in somewhat supra-axillary pedunculate heads. Berry black-purple, ⅜ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

497Ixora radiata Hiern.

Large shrub, up to 20 ft. high. Leaves opposite, evergreen, oval to narrow-elliptic, undulate, glossy, up to 12 in. long. Fl. 2-3 in. long, rose-coloured, crowded in branched clusters; cor. tube slender, lobes ¼ in. long. Berry subglobose or subdidymous, ¼ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

I. sp.? TURA (Baggara)—Arab; KURUWI (J. Eliri) & TIMLEIRRUK (Kadugli)—Nuba.

Shrub. Fl. not seen. Fruit a globular berry.

Nuba Mts. Prov. (on rocks).

498Pavetta subcana Hiern. PALANJEKE—Golo.

Small, hoary shrub. Leaves opp., oval, pubescent, 1-2 in. long, rounded or emarginate at apex. Fl. ¾ in. long, crowded, many together at ends of short naked branches; cor. tube slender, pubescent, lobes 4. Berry fleshy, pea-shaped.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).

P. genipæfolia Sch. & Thonn.?

Shrub. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, chartaceous, at first hirsute-pubescent, 3-9 in. long. Fl. ⅔ in. long, in dense, globose panicles, 2-4 in. diam.; calyx-lobes obovate-oblong, foliaceous, ½ in. long; cor. tube slender. Fr. globose, ⅓ in. diam., crowned by persistent calyx, shining, with scattered hairs.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).

P. gardeniæfolia Hochst.

Glabrous shrub, 10 ft. high. Leaves narrowly elliptical or obovate, often marked with immersed glands, 1-3 in. long; stip. ovate, apiculate, covering caducous hairs. Fl. 4-merous, white, ½ in. long, in drooping corymbs, up to 1½ in. long. Berry fleshy, ¼ in. in diam.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra 6,800 ft.).

P. Oliveriana Hiern.

Velvety-hairy shrub. Leaves oval, subacuminate, up to 4 in. long. Fl. white, 4-merous, 1½ in. long, in dense terminal corymbs, 5 in. in diam. Berry fleshy.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

P. Baconia Hiern.

Large shrub or small tree. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, 3-8 in. long. Fl. white, 4-merous, ab. ¼ in. long, in dense terminal corymbs 2-3 in. across, with 2 foliaceous bracts at the base; cor. throat bearded. Berry 2-channelled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land).

P. ruwenzoriensis S. Moore.

Shrub. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, thinly pubescent on both sides, 5 in. long. Flowers in dense terminal corymbs. Calyx lobes linear. Corolla nearly 1 in. long, pure white. Anthers dark.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

P. near P. ruwenzoriensis S. Moore.

Like the preceding, but corymbs axillary and terminal and leaves narrowly obovate, glabrous.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

499Coffea sp. (= C. liberica Hiern?).

Shrub. Leaves broadly elliptic, acute at the base, about 10 in. long and 5 in. broad, papery, glabrous. Flowers large. Corolla about 1¼ in. long. Anthers exserted, ⅓ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

500Rutidea olenotricha Hiern.

Climbing shrub with opposite, shortly tomentose branches. Leaves opp., obovate-oval, with hairy tufts beneath in axils of lateral nerves, up to 5½ in. long. Flowers 5-merous, in little heads collected in terminal pyramidal panicles; cor. whitish, hairy outside, with unpleasant smell. Fruit pea-shaped, fleshy.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

R. sp.

Climbing shrub. Leaves oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, 4 in. long, 1¾ in. broad. Fruits globose, ¼ in. diam., glabrous.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land, Schwfth. 3113).

501Morinda lucida Benth.

Small tree; branchlets rounded. Leaves elliptic, 6 in. long, 3 in. broad, shining. Peduncles in pairs, slender. Fruit a deeply lobed syncarpium.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Meshra El Rek & Tonj).

M. longiflora G. Don.

Shrub, often scandent. Leaves opp., oval, acuminate, 2-6 in. long; stipules short, broad, connate and sheathing. Fl. 1-2 in. long, 3-8 together in terminal heads; cor. white or copper-coloured, 6-lobed. Fr. a succulent syncarpium, 1½ in. in diam., orange-coloured.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

502Psychotria sulphurea Schwfth.

Puberulous undershrub, 5 ft. high. Leaves ovate or oval, 5-6 in. long; stip. broadly ovate, 3-pointed. Fl. ⅛ in. long, sulphur-coloured, crowded in terminal, simple or branched cymes. Berry 2-lobed, ¼ in. in diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo & Niamniam lands).

P. cristata Hiern.

Shrubby. Leaves oval or elliptical, acuminate, 3-7 in. long, margins revolute. Fl. minute, 5-merous, in dense corymbose cymes; cor. white with yellow throat, lobes keeled and crested on back. Fr. subglobose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. & Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

P. Schweinfurthii Hiern.

Shrubby creeping plant. Leaves opp., oval or elliptical. Fl. ¼ in. long, in crowded terminal panicles; cor. funnel-shaped, throat thinly hairy. Fr. subglobose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

P. mucronata Hiern.

Glabrous undershrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves oval; stip. ovate, longer than the petiole, bifid. Fl. cymose; cor. white, 5-lobed, sweet-scented like the Elder. Fruit subglobose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

P. nubica Del.

Glabrous shrub, 7 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, 3 in. long; stip. triangular. Fl. ½ in. long, 5-merous, 3-6 together, in 3-branched terminal cymes. Fruit subglobose.

Fung Prov. (Singa).

503Geophila uniflora Hiern.

Creeping perennial, rooting at the nodes. Leaves reniform, cordate, 1-2 in. long, opposite; stip. ovate or rounded, 1 line long. Fl. solitary, white, ⅓ in. long, bracteate at base; cor. throat densely bearded. Fr. ovoid, ⅙ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Hoo River).

G. involucrata Schwfth.

Creeping puberulous herb. Leaves almost round; stip. semicircular. Fl. enclosed in cup-shaped involucre of oval bracts, white, ⅓ in. long. Fr. fleshy, pea-shaped.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

504Cephaëlis suaveolens Schwfth.

Undershrub, 3-5 ft. high. Leaves opp., oval; stip. broadly oval, connate at base, bifid, puberulous. Fl. ab. ¼ in. long, 5-merous, white, sweet-scented, crowded in subterminal and axillary, solitary heads, 1 in. in diam., with 4 involucral bracts. Berry oval, 12-grooved.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: near Okel).

505Diodia breviseta Benth.

Trailing or scandent herb, with scabrid, quadrangular branches. Leaves opp., elliptical, 1-2 in. long, margins scabrid or serrulate; stipules of 5 bristles arising from a short truncate base. Fl. white, 4-merous, sessile, few or several together, axillary. Fr. dicoccous, ⅙ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near the Boddo River).

506Gaillonia calycoptera Jaub. & Spach.

Rigid undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves opp. linear, fleshy, sessile, ¼-1 in. long; stipules sheathing, each with 2 bristles and adnate to the base of the leaves. Fl. small, sessile, or nearly so, solitary or few together, sheathed at base by a pale, calyx-like, 6-cleft involucre, in simple or alternately branched terminal spikes. Fruit dicoccous.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba).

507Spermacoce tenuissima Schwfth.

Very slender glabrous annual. Leaves opp., scabrous, sessile, narrow-linear, acute; stip. truncate and tipped with 1-4 bristles (setæ). Fl. 4-merous in small axillary and terminal sessile heads based by 2 pairs of leaves at right angles to each other; cor. purplish. Fr. dicoccous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

S. Phyteuma Schwfth.

Stiff hispid annual, 2 ft. high. Leaves scabrous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long. Fl. pale-purple in dense axillary and terminal heads based by 1-3 pairs of leaves. Fr. dicoccous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).

S. senensis Hiern.

Herb. Leaves opp., sessile, lanceolate or elliptical, with scabrous margins; stipules with hairy sheath and 5-7 setæ. Fl. white, ¼ in. long, in axillary sessile, verticillate heads based by 1-2 pairs of leaves. Capsule straw-coloured, ⅙ in. long.

Fung Prov. (Saoleil); Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

S. hebecarpa Oliv.

Slender annual, 18 in. high; branches 4-angled. Leaves opp., sessile, linear, scabrid on the margins, 2 in. long; stip. with hairy sheath and 3-5 setæ. Fl. in axillary and terminal, sessile, leafy heads based by the dilated sheath of the stip. of 1-3 pairs of leaves. Fr. pubescent.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

var. major Schwfth.

More robust than type and up to 2 ft. high. Leaves up to 3 in. long. Bracteoles very numerous, longer than subulate calyx teeth.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

S. leucadea Hochst.

Erect annual with whitish hairs; stems and branches 4-angled. Leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile, scabrous, 1-2 in. long; stipules yellowish, with 5 bristles. Fl. small, 4-merous, in axillary and terminal, verticillate and capitate, leafy heads. Capsule ¼ in. long, hairy above.

Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

S. radiata Sieber.

Hirsute annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves opp., sessile, linear, hispid on the midrib beneath, 2½ in. long; stip. with 7-9 slender bristles. Fl. small, white, in dense clusters, up to 1 in. diam., at the ends of stem and branches.

Kordofan Prov.

S. Ruelliæ DC.

Hispid herb; branches 4-angled. Leaves opp., sessile, nearly linear, up to 3 in. long; stip. with 7 slender bristles. Fl. white, small, verticillate in axils and terminal; clusters sessile. Fr. dicoccous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

S. Kotschyana Oliv.

Procumbent or erect herb, 18 in. high, 4-angled, scabrous. Leaves opp., sessile, linear, up to 3 in. long. Fl. small, in dense verticillate axillary and terminal, leafy and bracteolate heads 1 in. in diam.; bracteoles pale-red, filiform. Fr. pubescent, dicoccous.

Blue Nile Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).

S. compacta Hochst.

Herb, 8-16 in. high; stem marked with raised lines. Leaves opp., linear to oval, 1-2 in. long, scabrous on margins. Fl. small, in dense verticillate, leafy, sessile terminal and axillary heads, ½ to ¾ in. diam. Capsule minute, puberulous.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (J. Kon).

S. dibrachiata Oliv.

Rigid herb, 18 in. high, white-hispid. Leaves lanceolate with revolute margins, 2-3 in. long. Fl. ¾ in. long, sky-blue or purple, in dense terminal sessile heads based by the dilated stip. of the uppermost leaves. Fruit dicoccous.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

S. globosa Schum. & Thonn.

Undershrub, 2-3 ft. high; branchlets 4-angled. Leaves opp., narrow-elliptic, 2½ in. long; stip. with 3-7 bristles. Fl. small, white, in terminal globose clusters based by the reflexed or obsolete upper pair of leaves. Fr. dicoccous.

White Nile Prov.

S. sphærostigma A. Rich.

Annual, 2½ ft. high. Leaves opp., lanceolate, up to 4 in. long; stip. with 5-7 bristles. Fl. ½ in. long in dense sessile, terminal and axillary heads, exceeded by the uppermost, spreading leaves. Fr. dicoccous, bursting round the base.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).

508Octodon filifolium Schum. & Thonn.

Erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves opp., filiform up to 4 in. long. Fl. 10-20 together within the stipular sheath of the upper leaves and surrounded by numerous filiform bracts; calyx teeth 8, purple; cor. lobes 4, white. Fr. dicoccous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, swampy places).

509Mitracarpum scabrum Zucc.

Sturdy branched annual 1-2 ft. high. Leaves opp., oval or oblong, 1-2½ in. long, with scabrous margins; stip. with 5-7 bristles. Fl. white in verticillate and terminal heads. Fr. more or less 2-lobed, bursting in a ring round the middle, the upper portion somewhat like a mitre.

Nubia; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro, Muriel S/93); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei).

510Rubia discolor Turcz.

Scabrous, scandent, perennial; branches 4-angled. Leaves verticillate, ovate, cordate, hoary-tomentose beneath, up to 2 in. long, 3-5 nerved. Fl. small, in axillary and terminal cymes. Fr. 2-lobed, fleshy.

Bahr El Jebel (“beyond 2½° N. lat.”).

511Galium Aparine Linn.

Scandent scabrid annual with 4-angled branches. Leaves 6-9 in a whorl, linear to narrow-elliptic, finely prickly on the margins, up to 1 in. long, 1-nerved. Fl. small, white or greenish. Fr. minute, covered with hooked hairs.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit and Has Has).

G. simense Hochst.

Prostrate, glabrous and angular herb, ab. 1 ft. long. Leaves 6 in a whorl, linear, 1-nerved. Fl. purple, 3 together at ends of short lateral branches. Fr. 2-lobed, coriaceous.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Soturba).

G. Decaisnei Boiss.

Annual, 6-9 in. high. Leaves 6 in a whorl, the upper linear, 1-nerved, the lower spathulate. Fl. purple, minute, in slender divaricate, terminal panicles.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Soturba).

G. rotundifolium Linn.

Perennial; stems angular, hispidulous. Leaves 4 in a whorl, oval, 3-nerved, bristly on margins, ¾ in. long. Fl. small, white in terminal branched panicles, 4-merous. Fr. bristly-hairy.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 9,200 ft.).

G. Mollugo Linn.

Nearly glabrous perennial. Leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear 1-nerved, ½ in. long, finely scabrid on margins. Fl. small, white, in branched terminal panicles. Fr. very small, subrugose, coriaceous.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

G. sp.

Very small delicate herb with thread-like branches. Leaves whorled, linear, ⅛ in. long. Flowers minute, on very slender pedicels. Ovary villous.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

COMPOSITÆ.

A. Flower-heads homogamous; florets all tubular and hermaphrodite, white, rose, purple or violet, never distinctly yellow. Leaves alternate or with all or only lower leaves opposite.

512Sparganophorus Vaillantii Gærtn.

Glabrous annual. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to elliptical. Flower-heads ab. ⅓ in. in diam.; bracts numerous; involucre hemispherical.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).

513Ethulia conyzoides Linn. HASHISH EL FARRAS, RIHAN & UMREHAUN (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Branched herb, ab. 3 ft. high. Capitula of purple florets, up to ¼ in. broad, in diffuse corymbose cymes; invol. bracts numerous. Leaves linear to narrow elliptic, 1-5 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

514Erlangea cordifolia Benth.

Erect branching herb. Leaves alternate, amplexicaul, sessile, serrulate, scabrid above and hoary beneath, 1-3 in. long. Capitula campanulate ab. ⅓ in. diam.; florets purple.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).

E. Rüppellii Sch. Bip.

Hoary-tomentose herb, ½-2 ft. high. Leaves alternate, or the lower opp., linear-lanceolate, 1-2½ in. long. Capitula ab. ⅓ in. in diam., in diffuse terminal corymbose cymes.

Upper White Nile Prov.

E. polycephala O. & H.

Erect, more or less hoary-tomentose herb. Upper leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, base sessile, obtuse or amplexicaul. Capitula small in diffuse cymose panicles.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur to Meshra, Niamniam-land).

515Vernonia jugalis O. & H.

Herb 7-8 ft. high. Leaves obovate or oval, cuspidate, softly tomentose beneath, 1-3 in. long; capitula campanulate, ab. 30-flowered, ab. ½ in. long, in dense corymbose cymes 6 in. in diam.; florets rose-lilac.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

V. atriplicifolia Jaub. & Spach.

Undershrub, ab. 3 ft. high, covered with close stiff silky hairs and scattered sessile glands. Leaves (as with others in this genus) alternate, ovate to rhomboidal with 1-3 coarse teeth on each side, up to 1 in. long. Capitula ab. 12-flowered in a diffuse leafy panicle, red or purplish.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin).

V. turbinata Oliv. & Hiern.

Large herb, closely white-tomentose. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong, entire or denticulate, scabrous above, 2½ in. long. Capitula turbinate, many-flowered, ⅔ in. wide, purple, in an elongated terminal panicle.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods).

V. Perrottetii Sch. Bip. AKIEIRA (Goz el Siada)—Dinka.

Pubescent or puberulous annual, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow-linear, scabrid, up to 2 in. long. Capitula ab. 1 in. diam., campanulate, purple, solitary, terminating the numerous branches.

Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Hillet Nu); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

V. violacea O. & H.

Erect herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves subsessile, obovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, up to 3 in. long. Cap. hemispherical, many-flowered ab. ⅔ in. wide, solitary, terminating numerous naked peduncles, 1-3 in. long. Inner pappus violaceous.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

V. ambigua Kotschy & Peyr.

Erect, pilose annual ½-2 ft. high. Leaves sessile, with subauricled base, oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, up to 4 in. long. Cap. hemispherical ab. ¾ in. diam., in terminal corymbose cymes, up to 1 ft. diam.; cor. purple.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods).

V. undulata O. & H.

Erect, puberulous herb, ab. 2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, undulate, 1-2 in. long. Cap. ab. 20-flowered, ab. ⅓ in. across, in a lax corymbose cyme 6 in. across; flowers rose-blue.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land, near Gumba).

V. cinerascens Sch. Bip.

Very like V. atriplicifolia; differs chiefly by its setaceous pappus.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

V. Smithiana Less.

Herb, 1-2 ft. high, woody at base and silvery-hairy. Leaves subsessile, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, silvery beneath, up to 2½ in. long. Heads hemispherical, ab. 1/5 in. wide, ab. 15-flowered, in small terminal panicles.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

V. plumbaginifolia Fenzl.

Herb, ab. 2 ft. high; stock woody. Leaves obovate-oblong or the upper linear, up to 1½ in. long. Heads campanulate, many-flowered, ⅓ in. across in much branched terminal cymes.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: forest glades, Gir).

V. purpurea Sch. Bip.

Rigid scabrid herb up to 4 ft. high. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, serrulate, scabrous, up to 6 in. long. Cap. hemispherical, many-flowered, dull purple, ¾-1½ in. diam., solitary or in few-headed terminal cymes.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods).

V. Unionis Schultz Bip.

Erect, thinly tomentose herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, upper lanceolate dentate-serrate, up to 6 in. long. Heads many-flowered, rose-purple, ½ in. diam., in a terminal panicled corymb ¼-1 ft. diam.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).

V. pauciflora Less. GALANVA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.

Erect, pubescent annual, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves elongated, acutely attenuate at both ends, serrulate, up to 6 in. long, dull yellowish green. Heads ab. 1 in. across, purple, in a terminal, forking, often leafy, cyme 6-12 in. long, and 3-6 in. wide.

Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei).

V. amygdalina Del. SURIB—Arab; HAIFERET—Rashida; TEIDE (Dilling)—Nuba; SHUGEIT—Hameg.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, narrowed both ends, 4-8 in. long. Cap. ab. 20-flowered, ⅛-¼ in. wide, white, in dense, much branched globose or pyramidal panicles 4-12 in. diam.

Red Sea Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra: Wadi Gindi, 7,000 ft.); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post); White Nile, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.

V. inulæfolia Steud.

Erect scabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate, or upper lanceolate, distantly serrulate 1-4 in. long; petioles somewhat clasping at the base, 2 lines long. Heads ab. ½ in. diam., many-flowered, in small terminal corymbs, 1½-3 in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

V. infundibularis O. & H.

Tall glabrous herb. Leaves linear to linear-oblong, entire, 1-3½ in. long, subsessile. Heads turbinate, many-flowered, 1-1½ in. diam, bluish violet, solitary or few together on peduncles up to 2½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near Kulensho).

V. Schweinfurthii O. & H.

Perennial branching from a woody stock, ab. 1 ft. high. Leaves linear, subsessile, almost glabrous, ½-2 in. long. Heads turbinate-hemispherical, reddish violet, ab. ½ in. diam., on peduncles up to 3 in. long, solitary or in corymbose cymes.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Jur & Mittu lands).

V. gerberæformis O. & H.

Dwarf perennial ab. 6 in. high. Leaves radical, oblanceolate, denticulate, glabrous, 4-6 in. long. Scapes up to 1½ in. long, bearing 1 or more linear bracts. Heads widely-campanulate, ab. 1 in. long, solitary erect. Fl. bluish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai).

V. Kotschyana Sch. Bip.

Tall erect herb. Leaves oblong-elliptical to oblanceolate, 2-6 in. long. Heads 1½-2 in. diam., solitary or in lax terminal cymes; cor. violet; inner scales of invol. wavy-linear-lanceolate, scarious.

Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Mulbes); Upper White Nile Prov. (from Sobat south); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongoland); Mongalla Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

V. firma O. & H.

Herb; branches grooved, softly tomentose. Leaves elliptical, narrowed both ends, serrate-dentate, green and glabrous above, pale, tinged with red beneath. Heads campanulate, many-flowered ab. ½ in. diam., in a stiff corymbose cyme, leafy below, 6 in. diam; fl. rose-blue, ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku stream).

V. pumila Kotschy & Peyr. BUTRUNGU—Golo.

Dwarf herb from perennial rootstock, 2-4 in. high, more or less leafless at flowering time. Heads 1-1½ in. diam., solitary or cymose; fl. purple.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (grassy plains); Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods).

V. Aschersonii Sch. Bip.

Diffuse shrubby herb, ab. 1 ft. high, extremities and leaves white pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate, sessile, up to 1½ in. long. Heads campanulate, ab. 20-flowered, ⅓ in. broad, on slender pedicels, ab. 1 in. long, in numerous lax terminal cymes; cor. purple.

Darfur Prov. (Prairies 20-80 m. N.E. of El Fasher); Red Sea Prov. (near Talug Hilla).

V. theophrastifolia Schwfth.

Ab. 15 ft. high. Upper leaves oblanceolate, denticulate, obtuse, base sessile auricled amplexicaul, scurfy above, puberulous beneath, 13½ in. long. Heads subsessile, ab. 8-flowered, clustered 1-4 together, campanulate, ¼ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).

V. Thomsoniana O. & H.

Shrub with grooved, obscurely angular branches. Leaves elliptic-oblong, attenuate to the narrow-winged petiole, 3-4 in. long. Heads ⅙ in. diam., campanulate-oblong, closely crowded in corymbose terminal panicles, 6 in. across.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: below Kero & Reggo); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Darfur Prov. (Kulme?).

V. conferta Benth.

Tree, 20-25 ft. high with stout tomentose branches. Leaves obovate or elliptic-oblong, sinuous, thinly tomentose beneath, 1-3 ft. long. Heads ⅓ in. long, 10-18-flowered, in spiciform racemes arranged in ample terminal panicles; cor. greenish-white.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Diagbe River).

V. sp.

Small tree. Leaves oblanceolate, 2-2½ in. long, stellate-pubescent, denticulate. Heads cymose. Bracts chaffy. Achenes deeply grooved, pubescent Pappus straw-coloured.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (on alluvium at Tonj, N. 313 S.G.H.).

V. sp.

Weak herb. Leaves obovate, remotely toothed, 2 in. long, softly pubescent. Invol. bracts linear, very acute, ⅙ in. long pubescent.

Mongalla Prov. (Bor. 1631 S.G.H.).

516Triplotaxis stellulifera Hutchinson.

Diffuse decumbent annual, 2 ft. high. Leaves alternate, ovate, ½ in. to nearly 2 in. long. Heads broad-campanulate, ab. ⅙ in. wide, ab. 20-flowered, in loose corymbose cymes; fl. violet.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Assika River).

517Elephantopus scaber Linn.

Erect villous or hirsute herb, 2-8 ft. high. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate to obovate-elliptic or oblong, crenate-serrate with minute mucros on the tips of the serratures, scabrid above, pubescent beneath, 4-8 in. long; petiole amplexicaul. Heads ½ to ¾ in. diam. with an involucre of 3-5 ovate rotundate bracts.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

Said to possess febrifugal and diuretic properties.

518Adenostemma viscosum Forst.

Herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate, cuneate at base, serrate or crenate-dentate up to 6 in. long; pet. up to 2½ in. long. Heads ab. ⅓ in. wide in usually viscous pubescent axillary and terminal panicles; cor. white.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Tuhami’s Zeriba).

519Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Hirsute herb. Leaves opp., or upper alternate, ovate, obtuse, base narrowed, crenate, 1-3 in. long. Heads ¼ in. diam., in dense terminal panicled corymbs. Fl. white to lilac or purple.

Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).

An invading weed in most parts of the Tropics.

520Eupatorium africanum O. & H.

Pubescent. Leafy herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, 3-nerved, 3 in. long. Heads ab. 5-flowered, ⅙ in. wide, in dense terminal, corymbose cymes, 1½-4 in. broad. Fl. white or purple.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: south of Gumba).

521Mikania scandens Willd.

Twiner, ab. 40 ft. high. Leaves opp., from ovate to deltoid or hastate, base cordate or auricled, 1-5 in. long; pet. ½-5 in. long. Heads ab. ¼ in. long, subsessile in terminal and axillary corymbose panicles. Fl. purplish, white or pale yellow.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: near the Mbrwole River).

B. Flower-heads various, mostly (1) heterogamous; outer (ray) florets, usually female, sometimes neuter, ligulate, tubular or filiform; inner (disk) florets tubular, hermaphrodite, rarely wholly sterile; (2) homogamous by suppression of ray florets, tubular or campanulate and hermaphrodite; (3) unisexual. Corolla white, largely yellow, but also pink, purple or blue.

522Microtrichia Perrottetii DC.

Pubescent herb, 1 ft. high. Leaves alt., obovate, coarsely toothed, 1½ in. long. Heads many-flowered, small, yellow, heterogamous. Fl. tubular, denticulate, disk campanulate 5-fid.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: by the Tonj River near Addai).

523Dichrocephala latifolia DC.

Erect herb, 5 ft. high. Leaves alt., lyrate, 1½-3 in. long. Heads subglobose, heterog.; fem. fl. white, tubular, 2-3 dentate; hermaphr. fl. purple campanulate.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

524Grangea maderaspatana Poir. RIMITH (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; RUBEL—Rashida; KEIRANI—Hadendowa.

Hairy herb up to 1 ft. Leaves alt., obovate, pinnatifid, ½-3 in. long. Heads yellow, small, 1-3 together, terminal or leaf-opposed, heterog.; fem. fl. narrow tubular, 2-4-fid; hermaphr. fl. campanulate, 4-5-fid.

Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongoland: Tonj River); Karawan.

The leaves are valued for their anodyne properties; they are also said to be stomachic and anti-spasmodic.

525Ceruana pratensis Forsk.

Hairy herb, 2 ft. high. Leaves alt., obovate, pinnatifid or coarsely toothed, base often clasping and auricled. Heads small, yellow cymose, heterog.; fem. fl. tubular, 2-4-fid; hermaphr. fl. campanulate, 5-fid.

North Sudan; Khartoum, Blue Nile & Kordofan Provinces.

526Felicia Richardii Vatke.

Wiry herb or shrub. Leaves alt., elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long, hispid. Heads solitary at ends of branches, heterog.; fem. fl. ligulate; disk fl. hermaphr. or wholly or partly sterile, tubular, 5-toothed; anthers petaloid, linear-oblong. Fl. white.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 9,000 ft.).

527Microglossa volubilis DC.

Small shrub, sometimes scandent. Leaves alt., ovate-acuminate, 1-4 in. long, puberulous. Heads small, in cymes 2-8 in. wide, heterog.; fem. fl. ligulate, ligule narrow, white; hermaphr. fl. tubular, yellow.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: gallery wood near Kulensho)

528Conyza ægyptiaca Ait. DINSÏS & NAKHSHASH EL DUBBAN—Arab.

Hairy herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves linear-oblong to spathulate, margin subentire to pinnatifid, base amplexicaul, 1-4 in. long. Heads small, in corymbose, axillary or terminal panicles, heterog.; fem. fl. filiform, whitish, ligule none; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 5-toothed, yellow.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near the Boddo River); Lake Rudolf.

C. stricta Willd.

Woody herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves alt. linear, spathulate, pinnatifid or dentate, amplexicaul, hispid, ½ in. long. Heads many-flowered in dense corymbose cymes, heterog.; fem. fl. filiform-ligulate whitish; hermaphr. fl. tubular 5-toothed, yellow.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 9,000 ft.).

C. Hochstetteri Sch. Bip.

Stem creeping; branches erect, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves alt., oblong-lanceolate, auriculate-cordate, dentate, hairy, 1-2 in. long. Heads finally globose, in dense terminal cymes, ab. 1 in. diam., heterog.; female fl. filiform; hermaphr. tubular, 5-toothed.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

529Blumea aurita DC. BOFUFA—Zande.

Pubescent erect herb, 3 ft. high. Leaves alt.; radical leaves obovate or elliptical; cauline same or lyrate-pinnatipartite, auricled, 4½ in. long. Heads in corymbose terminal panicles, heterog.; fem. fl. filiform, disk fl. hermaphr. or sterile.

Nubia; Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land, Kuraggera); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd 8° 40″); Mongalla Prov.

B. abyssinica Sch. Bip.

Herb, 18 in. high. Leaves alt., linear, or lower oblanceolate, clasping. Fl. much as above.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

B. bifoliata DC.

Herb. Leaves glandular-pilose, oblong-lanceolate, toothed in the upper half, broad at the base, about 1 in. long. Heads in leafy panicles ¼ in. long. Bracts linear, pilose.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

B. lacera DC.

Pubescent herb, 4 ft. high. Leaves alt., obovate or oblanceolate, dentate, 1½ in. long. Heads purplish, in terminal panicles, heterog., as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land, & Gazelle River); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa); Darfur Prov (J. Marra, Niurnya, 6,500 ft.).

The plant is used as a febrifuge, also to stop bleeding. Mixed with black pepper, it is given in cholera. An astringent eye-wash is made from the leaves.

B. gariepina DC.

Small shrub covered with dense silky hairs. Leaves linear, decurrent, ½ in. long. Heads ⅓ in. long. Bracts subulate-linear. Flowers thread-like.

Darfur Prov. (J. Meidob).

530Laggera alata Schultz Bip.

Stout tomentose, glandular herb, up to 6 ft. high; branches winged. Leaves alt. elliptical or elongate-oblong, decurrent, dentate, up to 10 in. long. Heads many-fl., in terminal panicles, heterog.; fem. fl. filiform; hermaphr. fl. tubular, toothed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit, near Deim Bekir & Bongo-land, Sabbi).

L. pterodonta Sch. Bip.

Stout viscid herb, 2-7 ft. high. Leaves alt., elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, decurrent, dentate, 6 in. long. Heads in terminal panicles, hermaphr., as above.

Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land, Kuraggera).

L. crassifolia Schultz Bip.

Shrubby, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves alt., elliptic or oblong, glandulose-puberulous, decurrent, 2-3 in. long. Heads in terminal panicles. Fl. as above.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

531Pluchea Dioscoridis DC.

Shrubby, 6 ft. or more. Leaves alt., oval to lanceolate, often auriculate-cordate, 1-2 in. long. Heads in terminal corymbose or globose panicles, heterog.; female fl. filiform; disk fl. tubular, mouth 3-fid, hermaphr. or sterile.

Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.

532Epaltes gariepina Steetz. RIMITH (Kordn.)—Arab; OLEI—Hadendowa; UM MUSEG—Rashida.

Scabrid undershr.; branches winged. Leaves alt., linear-oblong, acute, decurrent, 2½ in. long. Heads 3-6 together at extremities, heterog.; fem. fl. tubular or filiform; disk fl. tubular, dilated above, hermaphr., often sterile.

Kordofan Prov. (J. Um Darrag); Darfur Prov. (60 m. east of El Fasher); Kassala Prov. (Um Adam).

533Sphæranthus suaveolens DC. SAGHLIFT, FORGEYH, SIRR EL WARD—Arab.

Erect herb, 2 ft. high; stem and branches winged. Leaves alt., linear to elliptic oblong, decurrent, dentate, 2-5 in. long. Heads few-flowered, red, subglobose, densely crowded on ovoid common receptacles which are solitary or 2-3 together, terminal or lateral. Fl. white or pink, heterog., female tubular 3-dentate; disk fl. tubular 5-dent. or sterile.

Blue Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Mittu & Niamniam lands).

S. Steetzii O. & H.

Erect herb, 1-2 ft. high; branches winged above. Leaves linear to oblong, decurrent, ab. 2 in. long. Heads 5-flowered, the central fl. only male, the others female; common receptacle hemispherical, terminating stem and branches.

Blue Nile Prov.

S. nubicus Sch. Bip.

Erect glandular-hairy annual, ab. 2 ft. high; upper branches winged. Leaves linear to lanceolate, decurrent, 1-3 in. long. Heads 3-9 flowered, the central one male; common receptacle slightly convex, terminal.

Kordofan Prov.

S. Brounæ Robyns.

Herb, 1 ft. high, strongly scented, glandular and pilose. Leaves sessile, auriculate at the base, oblong, ½ in. long. Heads compound, globose, pedunculate, ⅓ in. in diam., pink.

Kordofan Prov. (near Agari).

534Phagnalon Schweinfurthii Schultz Bip.

White lanate undershrub. Leaves alt., linear, amplexicaul, 2 in. long. Heads wide-campanulate, many-flowered, terminal or from upper axils, heterog.; fem. fl. tubular-filiform, denticulate; hermaphr. tubular, 5-toothed.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Soturba).

P. scalarum Schweinfth.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 9,200 ft.).

535Achyrocline luzuloides Vatke.

White lanate undershr. Leaves linear, subamplexicaul, 2 in. long. Heads 4-8 flowered in dense hemispherical, terminal cymes, heterogamous; fem. fl. 3-5 radiate; hermaphr. 1-3 together; involucre white, shining.

Red Sea Prov.; between Suakin & Berber.

A. glumacea O. & H.

Hoary lanate undershr. Leaves narrow-linear, 1-4 in. long. Heads 5-8 flowered (female 4-5 and hermaphr. 1-3 together), sessile, in crowded branched corymbose or globose cymes; involucre scales shining, white or pale-yellow.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: high zone).

A. Schimperi Sch. Bip.

Loose straggling herb, hoary tomentose all over. Leaves ovate, acute, 1½-2 in. long; flower-heads oblong, 4-5 flowered, sessile in dense corymbs; bracts shining.

Red Sea Prov. (foot of Has Has).

536Gnaphalium luteo-album Linn.

Erect cottony herb. Leaves alt., linear or spathulate, semi-amplexicaul, 1-3 in. long. Heads campanulate, many-flowered, subsessile, many together in crowded clusters, terminal or axillary, heterog.; fem. fl. filiform; hermaphr. fl. 4-5 in each head; invol. bracts straw-coloured.

Fung Prov. (Saoleil); Kordofan Prov.

G. Unionis Schultz Bip.

Lanate annual, up to 1 ft. high. Leaves linear, subamplexicaul, ½-1 in. long, lanate. Heads campanulate, crowded in terminal, often involucrate clusters. Fem. fl. filiform; hermaphr. fl. 6-8-15 in each head; invol. bracts white at tips, woolly outside.

Dongola Prov. (Debba); Kordofan Prov.

G. pulvinatum Del.

Prostrate, lanate-tomentose annual; branches 3-5 in. long. Leaves alt., spathulate, attenuate to base. Heads campanulate, in subglobose leafy or involucrate clusters; hermaphr. fl. 4-6; fem. fl. numerous; invol. as above.

White Nile Prov. (above El Eish); Kordofan Prov.

G. niliacum Raddi.

Cottony herb, 3-10 in. high. Leaves alt., spathulate or obovate, attenuate into short petiole. Heads campanulate, sessile, in dense spiciform terminal clusters; fem. fl. numerous; hermaphr. fl. 4-5 outer invol. lanate; midrib green.

Dongola Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).

537Helichrysum rosulatum O. & H.

Procumbent, tomentose perennial, 1½ in. high. Leaves alt., spathulate, oblong, emarginate, ½-1 in. long, crowded at base of branches. Capitula 6-7 all hermaphr., many together forming a subglobose head; invol. scales purple.

Red Sea Prov. (shores of the Red Sea).

H. Nimmoanum O. & H.

Woolly white, shrubby plant. Leaves alt., oblong or ovate, ab. 1 in. long. Capitula 8-10 flowered, hermaphr., crowded in dense branched terminal corymbs; invol. scales straw-coloured.

Red Sea Prov. (shores of the Red Sea).

H. gracilipes O. & H.

Procumbent rosulate, white woolly herb, giving out offshoots. Leaves elliptic, ½ in. long. Capitula hermaphr., 20-flowered, solitary at ends of branches; invol. scales straw-coloured.

Red Sea Prov.

H. undatum Less.

Erect white-woolly perennial, 4 ft. high. Leaves linear to lanceolate, up to 5 in. long. Capitula hermaphr., with orange fimbrillæ, crowded in terminal corymbose cymes; 1-6 in. diam.; invol. scales rose-coloured.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

H. abyssinicum Sch. Bip.

Shrubby, 18 in. high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, densely tomentose, ab. 1 in. long. Capitula heterog., 50-fl., yellow, crowded in dense globose clusters, 1-3 in. wide, terminal; fem. fl. filiform; invol. scales pale-yellow, shining.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra).

538Leysera capillifolia DC.

Slender glandular-scabrid annual. Leaves filiform or linear, crowded, 1 in. long. Cap. yellow, heterog., solitary on slender subterminal peduncles; fem. fl. ligulate, ligule very small; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 5-cleft.

Red Sea Prov. (Coast: Soturba, J. Shellal at 3,000 ft., Suakin).

539Inula macrophylla Schultz Bip.

Perennial, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves alt., oval or ovate, 1 ft. or more long, upper cordate-amplexicaul, tawny-tomentose. Capitula hermaphr., yellow, in a dense corymbose terminal cyme, 4-8 in. wide.

Red Sea Prov. (Karora).

540Iphiona scabra DC.

Glandular scabrid undershrub. Leaves alt., subulate-pungent, 1 in. long with 2-6 small basal spines. Capit. hermaphr., yellowish-white, 14-flowered, solitary, axillary or terminal.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Soturba).

541Pegolettia senegalensis Cass.

Hispid annual, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves alt. linear or oblanceolate, ½-1 in. long. Capit. hermaphr., yellow, turning purple, 18-30 flowered, solitary, terminal.

Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Kordofan Prov.

542Vicoa auriculata Cass.

Annual, 1-3 ft. Leaves alt., linear-lanceolate to oblong, auriculate, amplexicaul, ½-3 in. long. Capit. hermaphr., orange-yellow, forming a loose terminal panicle.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Bongo-lands).

543Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach.

Somewhat woody herb, up to 1½ ft. high, glandular-puberulous and appressed pubescent. Leaves alt. ½-2 in. long, oval or lanceolate, dentate, cuneate or truncate at base; petiole winged, amplexicaul, up to 1 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, in loose corymbs; fem. fl. with minute ligule.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Fung Prov.

P. Grantii O. & H.

Shrubby, 2 ft. or more; stems glandular puberulous. Leaves linear, sessile, short tomentose, up to 1 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, solitary, terminal, many-flowered. Ligule of fem. fl. small; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 5-dentate.

Khartoum Prov. (16° N.L.).

P. undulata DC. RIHAN (Kordn.), ARRĀWAL (Atbara), RUBBUL, GHUBEYRA, & KUTKAT—Arab.

Woolly, strongly-scented herb, ½-2 ft. high. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, dentate, undulate, auriculate-amplexicaul, ½-2 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, many-flowered, solitary, terminal.

Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov.; Æthiopia (J. El Ghazal); Khartoum, Blue Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.

P. crispa Benth. & Hook. f.

White tomentose herb, 1-2½ ft. high. Leaves linear to obovate-oblong, auriculate amplexicaul, ¾-1½ in. long, denticulate-crisped. Capit. heterog., yellow, many-flowered, loosely panicled, terminal; hermaphr. fl. 4-5 dentate.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Dongola Prov. (Merowe); Khartoum Prov. (North); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Abu Nuer, 80 m. E. of El Fasher).

The dried plant is applied to bruises on cattle.

P. Rüppellii Schultz.

Small white woolly herb. Leaves obovate, spathulate, denticulate, auricled and amplexicaul, ½-2½ in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, solitary and terminal; ligule of fem. fl. long and 3-dentate.

Red Sea Prov. (shores between 11° and 12° N.L.).

P. vulgaris Gærtn. RÏMÏTH (Kordn.), ZAGHIL & ABU ’AIN SAFRA—Arab.

Puberulous herb, 1 ft. or more. Leaves linear-oblong, cordate, sessile, ½-2½ in. long. Capit. as above.

Kordofan Prov. (North of Shersha); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500-9,000 ft.).

544Geigeria acaulis Benth. & Hook. f.

Low, tufted, cottony herb. Leaves alt., crowded, linear or oblong, 1-3½ in. long., overtopping the solitary heterog. yellow capit. Fem. fl. ligulate, 3-dentate; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 5-fid.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.

G. alata Benth. & Hook. f. GATGAT (Baggara) & RIHAN (N. Kordn.)—Arab; HASHUK—Hadendowa; DOSH—Rashida.

Glabrous herb, ½-1 ft. high; branches winged. Leaves opp., oval-oblong, decurrent, 1-3½ in. long, glandular-punctate. Cap. heterog., yellow, 10-12 flowered, bracteate, solitary in forks of branches. Fl. as above.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Khartoum Prov. (J. Royan); Kassala Prov. (Um Adam); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.

G. Macdougalii S. Moore.

Annual, about 1 in. high. Leaves sessile, oblanceolate or lanceolate-oblanceolate, mucronate, 1 in long, ciliolate, gland-dotted. Heads small terminal and axillary. Bracts 4-seriate.

White Nile Prov.

545Anisoppapus africanus O. & H.

Erect puberulous herb, 3-4 ft. Leaves deltoid, hastate, crenate, 1-3 in. long, alternate. Capit. heterog., yellow, ½-1 in. wide excluding ligules of fem. fl. which are spreading and 3-dentate; hermaphr. fl. 5-toothed. Infl. corymbose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

A. chinensis Hk. & Arn.

Erect pubescent herb. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtusely dentate, 1½-2½ in. long; petioles dilating at base. Capit. as above.

Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

546Ambrosia maritima Linn.

Annual, woody below, hairy, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alt., ovate, bipinnatipartite, 1-3 in. long. Capit. white, monœcious, in dense spikes, male at the top, female below (or sessile in upper axils), in terminal corymbose panicles; male fl. white, tubular, 5-fid; fem. fl.: cor. 0 but involucre closed over the fruit, spinose or tubercled.

Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (from Sennar northwards, on river banks).

547Xanthium strumarium Linn. KHARAQ EL BAHR—Arab.

Puberulous annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves deltoid, 3-5-lobed, coarsely dentate, 1-6 in. broad, cordate; petiole ½-5 in. long Capit. yellow monœcious; male globose in terminal clusters; female 2-flowered axillary; invol. of fem. heads prickly.

Khartoum and Blue Nile Provinces.

The seeds yield an oil. The fruit is considered efficacious for small-pox, also useful for diseases of the bladder. Not eaten by cattle. In the Fung “Mayas,” after all the grass has been eaten, masses of this plant form vivid green patches.

548Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn.

Pubescent, widely branched annual, 1-3 ft. Leaves alt., deltoid-ovate to lanceolate, 1½-5 in. long, dentate. Capit. heterog., yellow, in dichotomous leafy panicles; fem. fl. ligulate, toothed, inconspicuous; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 3-5, dentate.

Red Sea Prov.

549Enhydra fluctuans Lour.

Aquatic herb, 1-2 ft. high; stem rooting and creeping. Leaves opp., linear to lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, base subhastate, petiole dilated. Capit. heterog., whitish or greenish, axillary. Fem. fl. inconspicuous; hermaphr. fl. 5-toothed; invol. bract 4, leafy, ovate.

Mongalla Prov. (below Bor).

The leaves are regarded as laxative, antibilious and useful in diseases of the skin and nervous system.

550Eclipta alba Hassk. TAMR EL GHANAM (Khartoum), BILTIK (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; HRERVA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.

Scabrid herb, ½-2 ft. high. Leaves opp., lanceolate, up to 5 in. long. Capit. heterog., on peduncles 1-3 together; fem. fl. white, ligulate, small; hermaphr. fl. tubular, 4-dentate.

Berber Prov. (Atbara, on river banks); Khartoum Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé, Jur Ghattas).

Yields a black stain which elsewhere is used in tattooing.

551Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq.

Hispid herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves mostly alt., ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 1-6 in. long. Capit. heterog., solitary, over-topped by involucral bracts; ray fl. 3, neuter, yellow; disk fl. hermaphr., 10-12, tubular, 4-5-toothed.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.

552Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass.

Branched scabrid annual, 1-3½ ft. high. Leaves alt. or opp., lanceolate, crenate-serrate, up to 3 in. long. Capit. heterog. 1-2 together, forming with others a panicled leafy cyme. Fem. fl. ligulate, 2-3 dentate, yellow.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Fung Prov. (Saoleil); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.

B. Prieureana DC.

Hispid branched herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves opp. or alt., ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-nerved, 1-5 in. long. Inflor. much as above.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Sinum).

553Aspilia multiflora O. & H.

Scabrid herb. Leaves opp., ovate-lanceolate, up to nearly 2 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, in lax, leafy panicles; ray fl. neuter, ligule rarely exceeding ½ in. in length; disk fl. hermaphr.

Blue Nile Prov.

A. Schimperi O. & H.

Erect annual 1-3 ft. high, scantily hairy. Leaves opp., ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, connate at the base, 1-5 in. long. Capit. heterog. yellow, in lax, leafy cymes; ray fl. neuter, ligule 1/5 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).

A. latifolia O. & H.

Hispid herb, 1½-4 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate, serrulate, 3-nerved near the base, 1½-5 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, solitary on long peduncles, terminal or in forks of branches; ray florets 20, ligule under ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam-land, Nganye).

The pounded leaves and flowers act as a powerful styptic.

A. Kotschyi Benth. & Hook. f.

Scabrid and hispid annual, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves opp., lanceolate or oval to linear, subamplexicaul, 1-8 in. long. Capit. heterog., deep maroon-coloured, solitary or few together, overtopped by involucrate leaves. Ligule ¼-½ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).

554Wedelia abyssinica Vatke.

Undershrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, scabrous, 3-nerved, 1½-3 in. long. Capit. heterog., 1-3 at ends of branches; fem. fl. ligulate, orange; hermaphr. yellow.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

555Melanthera abyssinica Benth. & Hook. f.

Scabrid branched herb, 2 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate-lanceolate, serrate, amplexicaul, 1½-4 in. Capit. heterog., yellow in corymbose cymes; ray fl. neuter; ligule 2-3-fid; disk fl. tubular, hermaphr.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).

M. pungens O. & H.

Scabrid herb, 4 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate, upper lanceolate, acuminate, shallow-dentate, up to 6 in. long. Capit. as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

M. Brownei Schultz Bip.

Scabrid semi-woody herb, 2-10 ft. high. Leaves opp., deltoid-ovate, sometimes 3-lobed acuminate, dentate, 2-6 in. long. Capit. heterog. yellow, in lax terminal cymes; ray fl. female, ligulate, disk fl. hermaphr.

Bahr El Jebel (Sudd); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

556Verbesina (Ximenesia) enceloides Cav.

Hoary annual, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves mostly alt., deltoid to oblong, dentate, 1-6 in. long; petiole ½-2 in., winged auriculate. Capit. heterog., yellow, on peduncles, up to 8 in. long, forming a loose cyme. Ray fl. fem., ligule deeply toothed.

Khartoum, Blue Nile & Kordofan Provinces.

557Spilanthes Acmella Linn.

Annual up to 1 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate, up to 2 in. long. Capit. usually heterog., usually yellow, solitary on long peduncles; ray flor. 1 seriate, usually present, ligule small or 0.

Fung Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).

The whole plant, especially the flower-heads, is very acid and has a hot, burning taste. It is used for toothache and is considered by natives a powerful stimulant.

558Guizotia Schultzii Hochst.

Scabrous herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves opp., narrow-elliptic, serrate, cordate, amplexicaul, often connate, 1-8 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, in corymbose cymes, pedicels up to 5 in.; fem. fl. 1-seriate; hermaphr. fl. glandular-hairy.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra 6,500-9,300 feet); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land).

G. Schimperi Sch. Bip.

Pubescent herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves opp., elliptic-ovate denticulate, cordate-amplexicaul, ½-4 in. long. Capit. much as above, but cor. of hermaphr. fl. subglabrous.

Darfur Prov. (Zalingei).

559Coreopsis linearifolia O. & H.

Nearly glabrous herb, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves opp., linear, denticulate scabrous, 2-6 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, on peduncles 1-4 in., in a lax corymbose cyme. Ray fl. ligulate, fem. or neuter.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Steppes near Agada).

C. chrysantha Vatke.

Pallid herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves tripartite; lobes lanceolate or linear, acutely narrowed at both ends, deeply serrate, scabrid above, hispid below, ¾-3½ in. by ⅛-1 in.; petioles up to 1¼ in.; sometimes leaves not lobed, ovate or narrow elliptical. Capit. heterog. on hispid peduncles in a lax, corymbose cyme, yellow.

Nubia.

C. abyssinica Schultz Bip.

Erect herb, ab. 3 ft. high, scabrid-pubescent above. Leaves opp., pinnatisect, 1½-4½ in. long, segments 3-4 pairs, toothed or subpinnatipartite. Capit. yellow, heterog., ½ in. diam., on pedicels up to 4 in., in lax corymbose cymes.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

C. guineensis O. & H.

Nearly glabrous annual, ab. 2 ft. high. Leaves opp., tripartite bilobed or undivided, divisions of the leaf linear 1-7 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, ½-¾ in. long, on peduncles 2-7 in., in a lax cyme, or solitary, terminal.

Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

560Bidens pilosa Linn.

Annual, up to 5 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate, mostly pinnately-lobed, blade 1-5 in.; petiole 2½ in. Capit. heterog., tipped with 2-4 barbed, spinose bristles, in a lax corymbose cyme; ray fl. white, ligulate, fem. or neuter; disk fl. yellow, hermaphr. Fr. an achene, ab. ½ in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Coast); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov. (Katul Gambara); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land, Gurfala); Darfur Prov. (Kulme & J. Marra).

B. bipinnata Schultz Bip.

Very similar to above, but leaves mostly bipinnately lobed. Achenes with 3-4 spinose barbed bristles.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Red Sea Prov.

B. Schimperi Schultz Bip.

Subscabrous herb, up to several feet high. Leaves opp., 2-3 pinnatisect or more or less 3-fid, 3-6 in. long, with scattered black dots. Capit. heterog., yellow, in lax corymbose cymes. Ray fl. fem. or neuter; ligule ½ in. long. Achenes with 2, sometimes 3 setæ.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin to Khor Tamanib).

561Chrysanthellum procumbens Pers.

Glabrous procumbent or erect herb, up to 1 ft. high. Leaves alt., multifid, up to 1½ in. long; petiole subamplexicaul 1½ in. long. Capit. heterog., cymose; ray florets fem. ligulate, small.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf, southwards); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Mongalla Prov.

562Cotula anthemoides Linn.

Low, hairy, much branched annual. Leaves alt., deeply subbipinnatifid, ⅓-¾ in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, discoid, solitary terminal; outer fl. fem., minute, in several rows.

Berber Prov. (Nile Cataract; near J. Gerri); Khartoum Prov.

C. cinerea Del. SHIA (Port Sudan)—Arab.

Pale green, villose herb, 1-6 in. high. Leaves alt., pinnatifid, obovate or spathulate in outline, ¼-¾ in. long. Capit. yellow, heterog., terminal; fem. fl. few minute or more usually wanting.

Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan); Kordofan Prov.

C. Kotschyi Benth. & Hook. f. HARR (Khartoum)—Arab.

Hoary prostrate herb, up to 12 in. high. Leaves alt., obovate-pinnatipartite, ¼-¾ in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, terminal; fem. fl. few, minute.

Berber Prov. (Shendi); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Geteina); Darfur Prov.

C. abyssinica Schultz Bip.

Pilose annual, up to 1 ft. high. Leaves alt., bipinnatipartite, up to 1¼ in. incl. the petiole, which is as long as the blade and half clasping. Capit. heterog., yellow, on 6 in. long peduncles; fem. fl. in 1 row, minute.

Upper White Nile.

563Gynura cernua Benth.

Puberulous annual, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves alt., upper ones auriculate-amplexicaul, ovate or laciniate-lyrate, irregularly dentate or lobed, lower ones petiolate. Capit. purple, homog., solitary, terminal, on 6-12 peduncles; invol. bracts 1-seriate; fl. all tubular, some of the outer with imperfect anthers.

Blue Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-Ghattas & Niamniam-land).

G. vitellina Benth.

Shining herb, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves alt., ovate or lanceolate, irregularly dentate, 1-4 in. long, auricled at base of petiole. Cap. yellow, homog., solitary, terminal on peduncles 4-12 in. long, bearing 2-3 bracts; invol. bracts 1-seriate; fl. all tubular, hermaphr. excepting some outer ones with imperfect anthers.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra 3,500 to 9,300 ft.); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

G. crepidioides Benth.

Annual 2-3 ft. high. Leaves alt., lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, 1-10 in. long. Capit. homog. yellow or with purple tips, in dense or lax corymbose cymes; invol. bracts 1-seriate; fl. as above.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal (Niamniam-land).

G. amplexicaulis O. & H.

Herb 2½-3 ft. high. Leaves alt., obovate-oblong, dentate, amplexicaul, 4-5 in. long. Capit. reddish-orange, homog., 3-4 together in a long-peduncled cyme; invol. bracts 1-seriate; fl. as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Khor of Bodumo).

564Emilia sagittata DC.

Annual, ¼-4 ft. high, glaucescent. Leaves alt., sagittate-amplexicaul, oval-ovate or oblong, 1-4 in. long. Capit. homog., orange, cymose or subsolitary on 2½ in. long pedicels; invol. bracts 1-seriate; florets hermaphr.

Fung. Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Wadi Gindi, 7,500 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov.

565Notonia Schweinfurthii O. & H.

Glabrous, fleshy perennial, 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow-elliptic, sessile, 1-2 in. long. Capit. homog., purple, solitary, many-flowered, on 6-8 in. long bracteate peduncles; invol. bracts 1-seriate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Pongo River).

566Senecio arabicus Linn.

Annual, ab. 1 ft. high. Leaves alt., pinnatifid or partite, oval in outline 1-3½ in. long, upper amplexicaul, auriculate. Capit. homog., in broad corymbose cymes; invol. bracts 1-seriate.

Nubia (Islands of the Nile); Kordofan Prov.

S. abyssinicus Schultz Bip.

Herb, 3-16 in. high. Leaves alt., spathulate, ½-2½ in. long, somewhat hairy. Capit. heterog., yellow, 4-12 together, cymose; invol. bracts 1-ser.; fem. fl. ligulate.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

S. discifolius Oliv.

Annual, 12-15 in. high. Leaves alt., orbicular, ¾-2 in. diam. (upper ones obovate spathulate), suddenly narrowed into a winged petiole. Capit. heterog., orange, 1-3 on 3-7 in. long peduncles, terminal; invol. bracts 1-ser.; fem. fl. ligulate.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

S. picridifolius DC.

Perennial 1-2 ft. high. Leaves alt., oval-oblong or ovate, auriculate, toothed, puberulous, 1½-4½ in. long. Capit. homog., 1 or few together, on 3-6 in. long peduncles; invol. bracts 1-seriate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Papyrus Swamp, Meshra El Rek).

S. tuberosus Schultz Bip.

Glabrous herb 7-18 in. high, with white, fleshy tuberous root 1-3 in. diam. Leaves alt., elliptic to ovate, coarsely toothed or 3-lobed, 4-8 in. long including petiole. Capit. homog., yellow, 5-flowered, in a dense subumbelliform cyme. Invol. bracts-seriate.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Khor Koki, Matamma).

Root edible.

S. Schweinfurthii O. Hoffm.

Herb. Leaves crowded, linear-oblanceolate, serrate, 4 in. long, shortly pubescent. Heads few, discoid. Bracts ⅓ in. long, viscid. Pappus longer than corolla, white.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jurland).

S.? emilioides Schultz.

Glabrous annual, branched from the base. Capit. discoid; invol. bracts 1-seriate.

Fung Prov.

567Tripteris Vaillantii Decaisne.

Scabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves alt., linear to narrow-elliptic, dentate to subpinnatifid, 1-4½ in. long, semi-amplexicaul. Capit. heterog., yellow-purplish, in a lax corymb on 1-7 in. long pedicels; invol. bracts sub 1-ser.; fem. fl. ligulate; disk fl. tubular, sterile.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, 21° N.L. sea level to 3-4,000 ft., Has Has).

T. Lordii O. & H.

Scabrid decumbent or ascending herb, 4-6 in. high. Lower leaves opp., upper alt., oval or narrow-elliptic repand-denticulate, 1½-2½ in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, solitary or few in a lax cyme; ligule of fem. fl. ⅙ in. long, linear.

Red Sea Prov. (near Erkowit & Khor Tamanib).

C. More or less spinescent herbs, sometimes thistle-like. Capitula either heterogamous (outer florets usually neuter, ligulate or dilated tubular) or homogamous, hermaphrodite and tubular. Leaves alternate.

568Berkheya Spekeana Oliv.

Tall, erect, prickly herb. Leaves alt., linear-oblong, semiamplexicaul, remotely toothed, apiculate at tip, spinose-hispid above, white-tomentose beneath, 1-6 in. long. Capit. heterog., yellow, 1 in. diam. excl. ray, solitary or few together; invol. bracts many, spinous acuminate; ray fl. 1-ser., ligulate, neuter; ligule ab. 1 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

569Echinops longifolius A. Rich.

Erect, thistle-like herbs, ab. 2 ft. high. Leaves linear, amplexicaul-auriculate, intensely spinose white tomentose beneath, 6-12 in. long. Capit. 1-flowered collected into a dense globose head; cor. purple; inner invol. bracts 20-25 lanceolate or spathulate, serrate aculeate.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

E. amplexicaulis Oliv.

Erect thistle-like, 4 ft. or more; stems cottony. Leaves pinnately-lobed, ovate or elliptical, white-tomentose beneath, 3-9 in. long, spinose-dentate and tipped. Capit. 1-flowered in a dense globose cluster 3-4 in. diam.; fl. pink; inner invol. bracts 20-25, ciliate-spinulose, linear-lanceolate or subulate, the innermost connate half-way.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Sabbi).

E. macrochætus Fresen. KWANAB—Hadendowa.

Erect, 3-5 ft. high. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, oblanceolate or elliptical, up to over 8 in. long, more or less deeply pinnately lobed, spiny, white-tomentose beneath. Capitula not very numerous in clusters, 1½ in. diam.; inner invol. bracts spathulate, apiculate, ab. 18 in number, innermost connate into a tube more than half-way up.