NOTES

1 2 se detuvo: on the grammar of reflexive verbs, and the translation of reflexive verbs in this book, see the Vocabulary under se.

1 9 aquél: the unaccented masculine and feminine forms aquel, ese, etc. modify a noun expressed; the accented forms aquél, ése, etc., refer to a noun clearly thought of (here apeadero) with the same sense as if they were modifiers of an understood noun; the neuter singular forms aquello, eso, esto, refer to a thought for whose expression no particular noun is in mind.

1 11 propiedad del autor: the regular Spanish for 'copyrighted.'

1 14 eran subidas al furgón: 'were being put into the baggage car' (furgón = Fr. fourgon). R. 811; K. 384, 387; C. 270, I.—Se me había olvidado: R. 844; K. 406.

1 17 un frío de tres mil demonios: the hyperbole implied in demonio is commonly heightened by the addition of tres mil, ocho mil, todos, etc.

1 19 donde descansar: R. 1223; C. 277, 3.

2 3 al compás de la marcha: 'in rhythm with his walk.'

2 5 al que: R. 448; C. 108, a.

2 13 cestas: in Europe heavy baskets are much used for crates.

2 19 una obscura masa, etc.: 'a dim mass of dark gray cloth wound round itself; i.e. the large capa, or circular cloak, one edge of which hangs from the left shoulder in front of the person, while the rest is thrown completely round the body and back over the same shoulder.

2 29 será: R. 1195; K. 703, c; C. 266.

2 32 guste: R. 895; K. 710; C. 109, 3.

3 17 oprimiría: 'was to press.' The conditional is here used without any sense of a condition implied; it represents a future of necessity or intention (equivalent to Eng. 'is to do a thing'), thrown into the past by the sequence of narration.

3 20 cargaría: for tense see n. on 1. 173. The verb cargar means either 'load' or 'take on a load,' 'carry as a load.'

3 23 se iba escurriendo: R. 528; K. 208; C. 207, 5.

3 26 lanzó: the subject is el tren, i.e. the engine (máquina).

4 1 empezada la caminata: R. 1228, 2; K. 741; C. 276, 5.

4 3 de muy buen ver: 'of very good appearance,' 'very good to look upon.' R. 1206, rem. 1.

4 8 vamos al caso: 'let us come to the point.'

4 13 Así viviera: 'I wish... might live.' Así is often used to introduce a wish (C. 282, 3,c). The usage probably arose from phrases of asseveration, like the Eng. 'so may I prosper as I tell the truth.'

4 14 que le echan en la tierra: 'which they' (i.e. people) 'bestow upon her on earth.'

4 17 Bien haya quien a los suyos parece: 'a blessing on one who is like his own (family),' colloquial phrase derived from the proverb "Quien a los suyos se parece, honra merece." R. 860; K. 353,a; C. p. 229, n.

4 22 Poco va de Pedro a Pedro: 'Peter and Peter [i. e. you and she] are pretty nearly even'; the proverb says algo (or mucho) va de Pedro a Pedro, 'there's quite a difference in Peters,' i.e. in persons who might be classed together.

4 24 metidillo en: 'up to his ears in'; past participle of meter, with diminutive termination perhaps implying depreciation. Words formed with diminutive, augmentative, or depreciative suffixes are given in the vocabulary of this book with appropriate definitions; but in general dictionaries they are not individually given, because of the inordinate bulk which a list of them all would have. The user of the dictionary is expected to recognize the suffix and its force, and to find in the dictionary the word to which the suffix is appended. The student must therefore form the habit of consulting over and over those pages of his grammar which deal with these suffixes, and of recognizing at sight such orthographical changes of consonants as those by which poco with -ito makes poquito, and pez with -ecillo (longer form of -illo) makes pececillo.

5 3 que no viven: 'fit to die.' An idiomatic phrase of emphasis.

5 4 de que callen, etc.: i.e. for talking face to face.

5 6 Amanecerá Dios, etc.: idiomatic expression used either for postponing a disagreeable thing or for indicating an expectation of something good impending. The impersonal verb expressing a phenomenon of the sky is treated as personal with God as subject.

5 10 uno piensa el bayo, etc.: 'the bay horse thinks one thing, the man who saddles him something else,' i.e. it takes two to make a bargain.

5 12 buen mozo: 'fine fellow.'

5 15 iba: 'was'; cf. K. 389,a.

5 18 echar por: 'turn into.'

5 30 ni: 'not even.' R. 752.

5 33 hombre de Dios: 'man alive.' The word hombre is one of the commonest interjectional expressions in Spanish, and is constantly used with little or no sense of addressing a particular person; C. 237, 9. The addition of de Dios merely strengthens it.

6 15 veo: 'I have seen.' Cf. p. 5, ll. 23, 24 ('have been traveling' etc.).

6 19 caza mayor y menor: 'hunting of large and small game.'

6 20 todo lo había: 'there was everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

6 23 con: 'by.' R. 1439, c; K. 642.

6 28 norias: rude wheels with earthen jars (cangilones) bound to the rim to dip up water for irrigation; turned by a toothed wheel and beam driven by a mule or donkey. Derived originally from the Arabs, this poor apparatus is still common all over Spain.

6 32 garbanzo: the chick-pea, a small-leaved bushy plant bearing in each pod two large wrinkled peas, is an important crop from Spain to India, and especially famous as the national bean of Spain.—de lo que no hay: 'not to be matched.'

6 34 cuarto: small Spanish coin of the olden time, equivalent to four maravedis, or one thirty-fourth of a peseta (20 cents). Now mentioned only as the smallest conceivable sum of money; not in actual circulation.

7 5 me los van cercenando: 'keep shearing them off [for me].' So the earlier Madrid editions; cf. p. 65, l. 21. Later editions have va, as if the plough were subject.—me: R. 323; K. 193.

7 6 mojones, ni linderos: properties, especially large properties, are often not fenced in Spain, and ownership is determined by means of posts, piles of stones, and other traditional landmarks.

7 13 roe que roe: C. 233, b.—fanegadas: antiquated measure supposed to be land enough for a fanega of seed. In Castile fanega = 1.575 bushels, fanegada = 1.6 acres; in other provinces otherwise.

7 14 escuela: i.e. de filosofía.

7 16 quien las sabe las tañe: 'he who knows 'em, plays 'em.' Las is often used idiomatically for those things in general suggested by the phrase in which it stands (e.g. las de Pepe, 'Joe's tricks,' 'Joe's ways,' cf. K. 267, a; C. 201); here for tunes, instruments, tricks, or the like.

7 19 ver: depends on puede above.—de: 'about.'

7 21 no sea: 'may not be'; subjunctive in independent clauses with adverbs of doubt (C. 213, 1); so with tal vez, p. 68, l. 8.

8 16 desde más alto: 'from a higher position.'

8 20 que se pone al sol: 'sunning himself.'

8 24 picará: 'will bite' (primarily said of mustard etc.).

9 9 serán: R. 1195; K. 703, c; C. 266.

9 26 unas: R. 641; K. 344, b; C. 179, 3.

9 29 Guardia civil: 'the Civil Guard,' a select body of Spanish police, armed and disciplined like soldiers, whose particular business is guarding highways and railroads. In pairs (parejas) these guards patrol the roads and accompany all trains. Kept as isolated from the community as possible and at a high point of efficiency, they are much feared by the rabble. The cruelty of their treatment of prisoners described a little further on accords with numerous actual occurrences in Spain; and, as will be remembered by those who have paid attention to the history of the foreign relations of the United States during the early part of Wilson's administration, it is exactly the process by which President Madero of Mexico met his death while under arrest on Feb. 23, 1913.

10 2 a aquel sitio: dir. obj. R. 1318: K. 750, c.

10 5 muertos: R. 1143; K. 567.

10 27 debía de ser: R. 1005, 2, rem.; C., Appendix II, 7.

10 28 coplas: 'popular songs,' particularly the brief songs of a single quatrain peculiar to Spain.

11 5 retebién: double intensive of bien. The ordinary intensive prefix for adjectives and adverbs is re-(R. 596; K. 159); but in popular speech this is often doubled, rere-, or takes the form rete- (C. 146, 3, a).

11 8 a lo mejor: familiar phrase for the occurrence of an untoward event at an unexpected moment (lit. when things are going as well as possible). Cf. el mejor día, p. 163, l. 13.

11 10 Se les lleva: 'you're taking them.'

11 12 que: cf. n. on p. 49, l. 17.

11 13 sumaria: 'indictment.'—requeridos: 'examined,' or possibly, but less probably, 'summoned.'

11 17 a más de largo: 'besides being long.'

11 33 Partenón: the Parthenon, or temple of Athena Parthenos, erected in Athens in the time of Pericles (5th cent. B.C.), had numerous horses carved on its frieze and metopes.

12 5 tomado la delantera: 'got the start of.'—se pone a ello: 'set about it,' 'try.' R. 1360.

12 13 por muchos años: abbr. expression of courtesy, '[may you live] for many years.'

12 23 ha de ser: R. 857; K. 353, b; C. 107, 3.

12 31 Ahí donde le ve: 'just as you see him there,' common expression used to forestall surprise at a statement about to be made concerning a person or thing.—cacique: 'local political leader,' 'boss.' The word is of Haitian Indian origin, meaning properly the head of an Indian family or tribe.

13 1 vuecencia: contraction for vuestra excelencia.—rétulo: vulg. for rótulo, 'address.'—Tira a la barra: 'he throws the bar' (Spanish game, in which bars of iron of various shapes and sizes are thrown so as to fall point downward).—San Cristóbal: a saint and martyr of the third century, traditionally famous for his size and strength.

13 3 fielato: 'inspectorship,' as of weights and measures; or, here, of the goods and provisions brought into a place, upon which toll must be paid (= Fr. octroi).

13 10 Madriles: provincial for Madrileños; used here for Madrid.

13 15 rematarlo él: 'and he to execute it' (Eng. slang, 'put it through'). The construction is peculiar and noteworthy in Spanish.

13 19 andan diciendo: R. 525; K. 734; C. 275.

13 20 vuelve a haber: R. 1187; K. 725, a; C. 107, 5.

14 9 !...: the suspensive points represent the omitted object (perhaps Cristo) of the preposition de. In other words, the corresponding punctuation in English would be '—!' not'!—.' It is the habit of Spanish printers not to discriminate ...! from !... but to set always !... (this being the form that is oftener right than wrong), so that the reader of Spanish literature must be always ready to make this mental transposition, though the cases where the points are to be read as they stand are still more numerous. The same applies to ?... also.

14 26 en lo más alto: 'at the highest point.'

14 32 de hojalata: because of the brightness of the water.

15 16 depósito de caballos sementales: 'government horse-breeding station.'

15 26 disgusto: not 'disgust.'

16 4 tocando: 'skirting.'

16 10 Justo y cabal: 'exactly.'

16 31 Penitenciario: a priest nominated by a bishop to hear confession, impose penance, and grant absolution in reserved cases,—a canon penitentiary.

17 12 de aquellos que no coge un galgo: 'hard to catch,' 'elusive' (lit. 'of those which a greyhound does not catch').

17 16 hacer diabluras: 'get into mischief.'

17 27 si más, etc.: 'had not death been quicker to carry him off than he was to squander it' (his fortune).

18 21 a flote: a common colloquialism for having enough to pay expenses.

18 28 sepa: for mood, cf. R. 910; K. 710; C. 109, 3.

19 5 perogrulladas: from the proverb "Las verdades de Perogrullo, que a la mano cerrada llamaba puño."

19 8 Montblanch: a town seventeen miles northwest of Tarragona. The raya, of course, is a railroad. It appears by the map that the two places lack direct connection, the railroad trip from the one to the other being a roundabout one through Reus.

19 9 el río Francolí: a small river that falls into the Mediterranean about one mile southwest of Tarragona.

19 21 e: R. 72; K. 653; C. 232, I.

19 28 físico: agrees with cultura (fem.) y bienestar (masc.).

21 15 ergo tua rura manebunt: Vergil, Ecl. I, 47.

21 26 bajo el punto de vista minero: 'from the mining point of view.'

21 28 dió lugar: 'gave rise'; cf. the English idiom 'take place.'

21 30 noviazgo: R., p. 498.

22 25 mistificaciones: Madrid edition mixtificaciones; a common misprint, since Spaniards pronounce xt as st (C. 5).

22 27 gongorismo: 'Gongorism,' a literary style, so called from the Spanish writer Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627). This style, which is similar in many ways to the affected manner called in England Euphuism, and in France and Italy Marinism, was distinguished by its elaborate and artificial expression of ideas, and by its frequent substitution of mere play upon words for solid thought.

23 16 las herraduras: 'the horses' shoes.'

24 7 cuya: 'which,' or 'the which.' This use of cuyo for el cual is pronounced improper by the best grammarians (e.g. Andrés Bello, Gramática Castellana, ed. Cuervo, section 1050). It is said to be of notarial origin. Many excellent writers, however, employ it, and it is very common in conversation.

24 30 saudades: almost untranslatable Portuguese word, derived from the Latin solitas, 'loneliness.' It has come in Portuguese to mean the melancholy that arises from introspection and the vague yearnings of unsatisfied sentiment. The German Weltschmerz expresses a somewhat similar idea.

24 33 Enriqueta, Julia: conventional names of heroines of novels. Not Spanish in tone. By comparing a list of eminent men in Spain with a similar list in the United States it will be seen that saints of the Church furnish about two thirds of the Christian names in Spain, about one third here; for women's names the contrast is still greater. Many Spanish women's names that do not look like saints' names are attributes of the Virgin; e.g. Rosario for Our Lady of the Rosary.

25 12 allí: 'at that point.'

25 18 Estarás: R. 1195; K. 703, c; C. 266.

26 6 un mueble de latón dorado: i.e. a cuspidor.

26 11 correr el transparente: 'draw the shade.' For trans. use of correr cf. R. 265.

26 19 testero: 'façade' of a building; 'wall,' or 'side,' of a room.

27 12 Más días hay que longanizas: 'there are more days than sausages'; i.e., time is a plentiful commodity.

27 21 Déle usted expresiones: 'remember me to him.' Cf. R., Appendix, pp. 610 ff.

27 25 Abur: 'good-bye' (colloq. for agur, from Lat. augurium, through a Low Latin form agurium; K. 60, footnote). Not discourteous, but more offhand in tone than the adiós of p. 28, l. 5.

27 32 lo tuyo: 'what is yours,' 'your business.'

27 34 Hombre: cf. n. on p. 5, l. 33.

28 2 Del lobo, etc.: 'one hair of the wolf, and that from his forehead' (is sufficient). Proverb signifying that in dealing with what is bad, the less you get of it, the better for you.

29 1 la emprendió con: 'fell to upon.' For use of la cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

29 21 No hay que hablarme: R. 867; K. 353, c; C. 107, 2.

30 12 cartoncejo: the ending -cejo is unusual and contrary to the ruling of the Academy (of which Galdós is a member); the Academy's rule is that -ito,-illo,-ico,-uelo, usually become -cito etc. when affixed to a word ending with n, but that of -ajo,-ejo,-ijo, only -ajo allows euphonic letters to be prefixed to it, and that without set rule.

30 34 ristras: the noun 'trace,' the exact equivalent of ristra, is not in English dictionaries; but see the verb in Webster, and the noun in the list of prizes of the Vermont State Fair, 1910. 'Rope' is a better-known word for the same thing.

31 3 la Corte: 'the Capital,' Madrid.

31 7 de bancos: the list ends abruptly with a pun on saltabanco, 'mountebank,' 'street quack.' A translator, instead of giving saltos de aguas its proper force of 'water powers,' will do well to represent it by something useful that puns with a proverbial swindle; e.g., say 'fire-bricks, gold bricks.'

31 16 a uno: dir. obj. of tenemos.

31 23 Nada: 'enough said.' Nada is colloquially very common as a pure interjection.

31 34 cuyas ... descoloridos: each adjective agrees in gender with the nearer of the modified nouns.

32 4 al descubierto: 'uncovered,' 'unprotected.'

32 10 Ferdinand Cortez, Donna Marine: italicized as being the French forms of the names Hernán Cortés (the conqueror of Mexico) and Doña Marina (the Mexican girl who was his companion and interpreter).

32 17 observándolo todo: when todo, neuter, is object of a verb, the use of lo is exactly opposite to that of English 'it'; that is, if todo refers to an identifiable antecedent, thus meaning 'it all,' lo is omitted (e.g. p. 3, l. 16), but if todo means simply 'everything,' without an 'it,' then lo must be inserted (e.g. p. 112, l. 2). But when todo is not object of a verb (e.g. p. 6, l. 3) no such rule holds. C. 203, 2, a.

32 21 empaque: word used familiarly to indicate the traits of a person that produce an impression at first sight, whether good or bad.

32 24 tiran a: 'verge upon.'

33 2 debía de ser: R. 1005, 2, rem.

33 10 buquinista: italicized as not Spanish but Hispanicized French. Bouquiniste is properly 'second-hand bookseller,' but the meaning here may be 'book-collector.' A bouquin is a conspicuously old book.

34 5 merienda: 'picnic.'

34 22 Mientras más, mejor: 'the longer the better.'

34 34 acompañará usted, etc.: i.e. by eating our Lenten fare.

35 12 López de Berganza: this name, like many others of authors and books in the remainder of the story, is purely imaginary.

35 15 tenga: cf. R. 914 and n. on p. 7, l. 21.

35 16 de hierro: probably corrugated iron, which was one of the world's recent and valued inventions about the time when Doña Perfecta was written.

35 25 la octava: i.e. one in addition to the traditional seven.

35 26 en buen hora: originally this meant 'at an auspicious time.' It is now a colloquial, often ironical, phrase of acquiescence or approval.

36 3 donde quiera: cf. R. 896; K. 326; C. 197.

36 19 maria ac terras, caelumque profundum: Vergil (Aen. I, 58 f.) says that if Aeolus did not hold the winds in control, they

36 23 gusanera: strictly defined as a place where worms breed; apparently meant here as a mass of worms, with reference to the look of the surface of the brain, and doubtless with a pun on the colloquial use of gusanera for that reservoir of "maggots" (crotchets) whose contents come out when you touch upon a man's hobby.

36 24 daba paso a: 'sent down.'

37 14 martillazos: for force of termination -azo cf. R. 1273 (p. 499); K. 765, b, rem.; C. 132, 4, b. Cf. n. on p. 90, l. 29.

37 30 cazadora traviesa: like Diana.

37 31 cochero emperegilado y vagabundo: like Phaëthon.

37 34 Mercurio: the god of commerce.—Manzanedo: the firm of Manzanedo is a leading Madrid banking house.

38 1 barbilampiño: Spaniards regard abundance of hair as an evidence of force. The allusion is to the well-known frail look of Count von Moltke.

38 6 a la electricidad le da la gana: 'electricity takes the notion.' The subject of da is gana; cf. the plural form p. 82, l. 11. This construction of dar is most common in expressions of desire, whim, etc., with words like gusto, ventolera, and the like. The Spanish Academy says that da la gana is an uncultured colloquialism, but does not object to this use of dar with other words.

38 8 los de Paris: the Champs-Élysées, the central garden of Paris, is one of the most famous public squares in the world.

38 13 pisos: lit. 'stories,' meaning the celestial spheres, whose number Dante, however, makes nine.

38 14 sino: i.e. nada sino, cosa sino. R. 739; C. 232, 4.

38 20 está de cuerpo presente: 'is laid out for its funeral.'

38 28 se han corrido: 'have been issued."

39 7 sulfurar: colloq. expression, equivalent to Eng. 'get a rise out of.'

40 1 todo se acabó: 'it's all over,' 'that's an end of it.' Noteworthy as an idiom is the use of the past absolute of acabar, and occasionally other verbs of ending or stopping, where the perfect would be expected according to ordinary tense usage.

40 7 salimos con: see salir con in vocabulary.

40 13 no podía menos de: R. 1033; K. 619; C. 291.

40 18 al Ateneo: 'to the Athenaeum,' a literary and scientific club in Madrid, established in 1835, which has been for many years the meeting-place of Spanish liberals and freethinkers. It is looked upon with great suspicion by the clerical party.

40 30 haciéndose la mosquita muerta: 'playing possum,' 'lying low' (colloq.), feigning insignificance and biding his time.

40 31 los siete doctores: as the mediaeval church had its seven sacraments, its seven cardinal virtues, its seven deadly sins, its seven sages of antiquity, etc., so it had its seven doctors, or divinely appointed teachers of the faith. The list of these last was a very variable one.

40 34 Si: the conditional si is idiomatically used to give point or emphasis to an affirmation, much like the English colloquial why. R. 1423; K. 601; C. 214, 4. Similarly on p. 43, l. 15. This usage must be distinguished carefully from the similar use of the affirmative particle sí, marking a real or implied antithesis.

41 9 ante: R. 191; K. 632; C. 222.

41 13 diera: really plup. ind., not imperf. subj. As is well known, the forms in -ara,-iera, came from the Latin plup. ind. (Span. amara = Lat. amaveram, amaram), and in older Spanish retained in most cases their original force; but they were confused with the Latin imperf. subj. in -rem, and gradually the subjunctive use supplanted the indicative. The latter, however, survives in relative clauses in formal or elevated discourse, and still more in colloquial idiom. Galdós uses it more than do most modern authors. Cf. R. 1202; K. 702; C. 280.

41 22 hieráticos: a form of ancient Egyptian writing intermediate between hieroglyphic and demotic.

42 34 tomar el arado: 'take the plough-handle.'—sentarse al telar: 'sit down at the workbench' (lit. 'loom').

43 9 recién: the adv. recientemente, when it immediately precedes a past participle used adjectively, assumes this abbreviated form. R. 1405; K. 600; C. 211, 2.

43 20 a macha martillo: 'solidly' (though not elegantly). Colloquial for that which is vigorously hammered together, though not a finely finished piece of work.

44 2 vió ... el cielo abierto: this phrase (from the New Testament) regularly means 'get an opportunity,' but here rather 'feel a great deliverance.'

44 28 Toditos los días: 'every single day.' Bello says that todito, nadita, are "notable" in that the diminutive form does not at all alter the meaning of todo, nada, but merely makes them colloquial.

45 2 tresillo: a game of cards similar to ombre.

45 8 pobre: unaccented in translation, since it precedes the noun. Hence omit the comma in translation.

45 10 borla de doctor: 'doctor's tassel,' the most conspicuous ornament of the gown worn by successful candidates for the degree of doctor at the Spanish universities.

45 11 sacó nota de sobresaliente: 'obtained the mark excellent [or distinguished].'

46 3 unas maneras ... un modo ... una figura: we have here a use of uno not noted in the grammars, yet common to all the Romance languages. It is often marked in conversation by a slight stress upon the word; while in sense it at times merely indicates something noteworthy or distinctive in the noun, at other times it approaches closely the English 'such' in phrases like 'such a sight!'—figura: 'style.'

46 19 entre tú y yo: owing to its implication of reciprocal action, the preposition entre when used with two pronominal objects inclines to take the nominative instead of the terminal forms after it. This usage probably arose from cases in which the form of the first object is apparently nominative (though really terminal), such as entre él y yo or entre mi padre y yo (cf. R. 338), but has now extended itself to all cases.

46 32 sí que: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34. Also R. 1408; C. 214, 2.

47 11 os estáis: R. 807.

48 5 inmigración fenicia: the Phoenician settlements in Spain in prehistoric times have long been a favorite subject for the speculations of Spanish antiquaries.

48 27 los hombres de chispa: 'you clever men.' For use of los cf. R. 324, 325; K. 189.

49 17 ya viene, ya está cerca; que te quemas: phrases used in the game of blindman's buff to indicate to the player that is blindfolded his approach to the right person or place. For elliptical use of que cf. R. 1421; C. 214, 3.

50 5 Te quiero: 'I have loved you.'

50 18 de picotazos: this instrumental use of de with the verb dar is colloquially common.

51 1 no podía menos de: R. 1033; K. 619; C. 291.

51 9 No es, etc.: the advice is bad; Pepe is not speaking for the garden's sake.

51 17 Insere nunc, etc.: Vergil, Ecl. I, 73. It is to be noted that the good priest's translation of pone ordine (arregla, 'set in order,' 'attend to') is not very accurate. The phrase means, of course, 'plant in rows.'

52 9 al crecer: 'as it grew.'

52 11 pero: 'an out;' the conjunction 'but,' used substantively.

52 31 Concilio de Trento: this council of the Church (1545-1563) reasserted most positively the principle of the celibacy of the clergy.

53 32 Nec vero terrae, etc.: Vergil, Georg. II, 109.

54 3 Ille horridus alter, etc.: Vergil, Georg. IV, 93-94.

54 17 le ha dado por: 'the whim has taken him.' Cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.

54 19 Flammarión: French popular writer on astronomy, Camille Flammarion.

55 9 no debe sentirse: 'it cannot be taken ill.'

55 11 Bismarck: in 1876, when Doña Perfecta was published, Bismarck was just coming to the end of the so-called Kulturkampf, the struggle with the Church in which he imprisoned bishops, closed churches, and took other extreme measures to browbeat the Catholics into submission. Hence the priest's feeling toward him.

55 21 Bufos: name of an objectionable variety show in Madrid just then. It was suppressed a little later.

56 1 mereceré: R. 1195; K.703,c; C. 266.

56 19 Si: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

57 16 Adelantado: in ancient times a high official of the realm, who acted as governor of a frontier province, president or lord high justice of part of the kingdom, and the like. In this case, some local celebrity of this rank who happened to be buried in the cathedral.

58 4 disgusto: not 'disgust.'

58 8 a ello: R. 1360.

59 22 Ténganme: sc. ustedes.

60 4 Est Deus in nobis: Ovid (A.A. III, 549; Fasti VI, 5) thus describes the inspired poet. The Renaissance was fond of the quotation. The capital D is doubtless meant to indicate the priest's monotheistic application of the words; yet many old editions of the Latin classics capitalize Deus even when referring to heathen gods.

60 16 ábside, coro ('choir'): parts of the cathedral.

60 32 quincallería: properly a shop or stall for the sale of quincalla, which the Academy defines as "metal articles, mainly cheap, as scissors, thimbles, imitation jewelry."

61 11 iconoclastas: "a breaker or destroyer of images; a person conspicuously hostile to the use of images in Christian worship," says the Century Dictionary. Jacintito uses the word in the latter sense, which is the theological and dictionary definition in Spain; Pepe in the former, the etymological and international sense.

61 29 qué: 'how far.'

61 32 La Traviata: opera by Verdi.

62 2 La Gran Duquesa: the comic opera La Grande Duchesse, by Offenbach.

62 34 de: 'to.'

63 27 zarzuela: light dramatic performance peculiar to Spain, partly recited and partly sung.

64 1 Si no: elliptical expression very common in colloquial Spanish, 'otherwise,' 'if you don't think so.'

64 20 alguno: i.e. negocio.

64 23 papel sellado: legal documents are required to bear a revenue stamp.

65 10 tejares: 'brickyards,' where tiles (tejas), sun-dried bricks (adobes), and burnt bricks (ladrillos) are made.

65 16 superior: i.e. higher up the stream.

65 23 linderos: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 6.

66 1 Caco: 'Cacus,' robber giant, son of Vulcan, who lived in a cave of the Aventine Hill, and who was killed by Hercules for stealing from him the oxen of Geryon (cf. Vergil, Aen. VIII, 193 ff.).

66 5 prescripción: by Justinian's code, twenty years' adverse possession of an absent person's real estate makes the occupant the owner.

66 9 lo que es eso: 'as for that.'

66 13 juicio de conciliación: 'reconciliation hearing.' The Spanish law requires that before actual trial of a civil cause the parties shall try, in open court, to arrive at a friendly settlement of their differences.

67 6 No vale la pena: 'it's not worth while,' vague phrase used in politely deprecating an apology (Fr. ce n'est pas la peine).

68 11 pegan la hebra: 'get the thread tied' (get started in chatting).

68 31 Madrid: the pronunciation of final d like z (Eng. th in teeth) is either provincialism or affectation. It is the single point on which the pronunciation of well-bred Castilians is not accepted as standard.

68 34 muy relacionada en la Corte: 'widely acquainted at the capital.'

69 4 Muley-Abbas: Moorish prince, brother of the Emperor of Morocco, who visited Spain soon after the war between Spain and Morocco (1859-1860) was ended.

69 7 el 60: i.e. el año 1860.

69 10 morería: this quaint word is common in the Spanish popular ballads (romances) both for the land of the Moors and for the Moors themselves. Galdós uses it, of course, with a touch of humor.

69 13 que se salía, etc.: (seemingly) 'bursting out of himself through being too big to go in his own skin.'

69 15 Procedía, etc.: 'he was a product of the exclaustration'; i.e. a monk who had turned priest at the time of the confiscation of the monasteries by the Spanish government (1835).

69 24 la Fama, etc.: cf. Vergil, Aen. IV, 174 ff.

69 33 vacía: that is, owing to the removal of his great bulk.

70 10 Por más que: R. 899.

70 23 Augusto Nicolás: imaginary author or book.

70 25 que pareces: ellipsis for tan cargado que pareces.

70 34 Concilios: there are four or five voluminous histories of the councils of the Church, with the texts of their decisions; the title is Collection of Councils, with variations. In any one of these, Vol. 3 might be presumed to belong to the early part of the Middle Ages.

71 14 gastar: 'wear' (of clothes, with something of humorous suggestion of extravagance).

71 21 vete a acostar: K. 207; C. 207, 4.

71 28 no te fíes: answering Pepe's words in lines 15-16.

72 5 No hay que darle vueltas: refers to the succeeding statement.

72 8 si no: cf. n. on p. 64, l. 1.

72 9 Emperador: i.e. Charles V.—Felipe: i.e. Philip II.

72 24 Bustamante: imaginary author; perhaps a pun on the thought "lover (amante) of tombs (in Latin, busta)."

73 10 de centinela: R. 1440, m; K. 631, f.

73 14 retamas: 'Spanish brooms' (bot. Spartium junceum).

73 16 D. Fulano ... D. Perencejo: R. 238; K. 306; C. 196, 4.

73 20 monte: a game.

74 7 concediera: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

74 13 explorar: cf. p. 21, l. 31. The Madrid edition has here explotar, 'exploit,' which makes sense, but a less satisfactory sense.

75 6 como no sea: 'unless it be.'

75 9 Nicolasito Hernández: the tall-hatted money-lender of p. 92. The Madrid edition reads Nicolasita here.

75 21 A que: elliptical phrase, derived from expressions like apuesto a que, 'I wager that.'

75 22 dejaron bizcos: 'made cross-eyed' (with astonishment and envy). Since the London Exhibition of 1862 there had been those of Paris, 1867, and Vienna, 1873. By not mentioning these the Orbajosans of 1875 practically confess that they had never been able to repeat their success of thirteen years ago.

76 8 que: the double syntax of this word, as accusative with celebró and nominative with fué, is a grammatical fault.

76 26 fulminante: medical men in our country use "fulminant," "fulminating," or "foudroyant," in the same sense.

76 30 regular porción: 'a good big lot' (colloq.).

76 31 fuese: from ir, not from ser. Cf. R. 523, rem. and 525; K. 734; C. 275.

77 6 a la peña de su martirio: like Prometheus to his cliff.

77 7 fuera de su centro: the Academy defines estar en su centro as "to be comfortable and happy in a place or occupation."

77 11 condujera: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

79 8 Ministerio de Fomento: the government department "which has charge of promoting advancement and improvement in agriculture, industry, commerce, and public works" (and, before 1900, education).

79 25 si no puedo: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

80 14 seremos: R. 1195; K.703,c; C. 266.

80 28 un.

82 1 unas: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.

82 11 le dan: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.

82 26 Así le ahorcaran: 'I wish they'd hang him!' or simply 'hang him!' Cf. n. on p. 4, l. 13.

83 5 fueron entrando: cf. n. on p. 76, l. 31.

84 21 hasta donde alcanzara: 'in so far as ... might suffice.'

85 1 Hastiado: 'bored.'

85 9 empujara: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

85 17 carcomido: cf. cara carcomida = face marked with smallpox.

85 32 hacer cocos: properly, to signify love by looks or gestures.

86 5 Antinoo: 'Antinoüs,' a Bithynian youth loved by the Emperor Hadrian, proverbial as a paragon of beauty in the male sex.

86 18 países: 'parts.'

86 23 derechito: dim. of derecho, 'all straight.'—espigado: 'tall.'

86 24 Tenorio: 'Don Juan.' The legend of Don Juan, so famous in European literature by reason of Molière's play (Le festin de Pierre), Byron's poem (which uses, however, hardly more than the name), and Mozart's opera (Don Giovanni), originated in Spain. The hero of it is there represented to have been a Sevillan of illustrious family, Don Juan Tenorio by name. The story first appears in a Franciscan chronicle of Seville, written in the 16th century. It then attracted the attention of the great Spanish dramatists of the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century. The first complete use of it for literary purposes was by Tirso de Molina (whose true name was Gabriel Téllez), in his play El Burlador de Sevilla y el Convidado de Piedra.

87 5 Estado Mayor de Plazas: body of staff officers charged with the supervision of forts or strongholds (Fr. état-major des places).

87 6 el 54: in July, 1854, the main army being in the south fighting insurgents, the populace of Madrid defeated the soldiery in a bloody street battle of three days, and turned the government out of office.

87 15 serán: cf. R. 1195; K. 703,c; C. 266.

87 33 Si se alimentan: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

88 10 entroncar con: 'marry into the family of' is the dictionary meaning; but the derivation from tronco, 'trunk,' may here suggest 'be grafted into the stock of.'

88 25 motes: 'nicknames,' apodos, says the Academy; more strictly, offensive or disrespectful apodos.

88 34 ello es: cf. R. 1361; K. 188,a; C. 206, 2.

90 5 guitarrillo: an instrument like a tiny guitar with four strings.

90 29 cascarazo: a word which, like the diminutives, will never be found in any general dictionary. Grammars (cf. n. on p. 37, l. 14) treat the suffix -azo, and a few others of this sort, along with the diminutives.

91 12 fórmula: 'shibboleth.'

92 5 coman: sc. ustedes.

92 13 Cirio Pascual: a cirio pascual is an immense candle lighted on Holy Saturday and used at services till Ascension Day.

92 14 de tres pisos: 'three-story'; not a rare expression for a tall hat.

92 17 A que: used to introduce an instigation to do something, like Eng. 'I'll bet.' Cf. n. on p. 75, l. 21.

92 28 media onza: gold coin worth 40 pesetas (about $7.75), coined before 1833.

93 7 en campaña: 'in the open,' 'out of her intrenchments' (military term).—colgando la ropa: 'hanging out the clothes.'

93 28 ésas: R. 442; K. 265; C. 162, 2.

94 2 llaman: sc. ustedes.

95 16 echará un responso: in his capacity as priest.

95 33 mujer: used like hombre. Cf. n. on p. 5, l. 33.

96 1 tendré: R. 1195; K. 703,c; C. 266.

96 33 rumiantes: i.e. as truly progressive as oxen.

97 9 Su Ilustrísima: i.e. the bishop.

97 14 1.°, 2.°, etc.: in these abbreviations for 'first,' 'secondly,' etc., the small circle was originally the final o of the Latin words primo, secundo, etc. So in counting degrees: 60° means sexagesimo, 'at the sixtieth (degree).'

98 4 Tomarías: just as the fut. ind. is used to indicate an element of doubt or conjecture in an assertion of present fact, so the conditional is employed to convey the same implication with regard to a past fact (K. 706, f; C. 268). Translate 'you probably took,' 'no doubt you took,' or the like.

98 8 Todo lo he meditado: cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

98 19 extremeño: native of the province of Estremadura (spelled in Spanish Extremadura; but cf. n. on p. 22, l. 25, and p. 102, l. 27). In small Spanish towns, shopkeepers and the like from other provinces are commonly designated in brief in this way rather than by their names.

99 33 Por poco más le dejan, etc.: 'a little more and they had left him [dead] on the spot.' For tense cf. R. 1201; C. 262, 4.

101 3 trastazo: lit. 'blow with a trasto' (R. p. 499; K. 765, b, rem. 1; C. 132, 4,b), then 'blow' (colloq.).

101 20 Trojae qui primus ab oris: Vergil, Aen. I, 1.

101 27 !...: cf. n. on p. 14, l. 9. Here it is the object of merecía that is omitted.

102 3 me merece: 'has a right to from me.' With a noun the preposition a would be used (merece a Pepe). Cf. K. 753, rem.

102 16 cómo me pusieron la cabeza: 'what a state they got my head into.'

102 17 Que si habías: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34. For use of que cf. R. 1421; C. 214, 3.

102 27 estrangular: Madrid edition extrangular; cf. n. on p. 22, l. 25; K. 41, rem.

103 1 postrer: for form cf. R. 356; K. 123; C. 46, 1.

103 9 tenía que hacer: R. 1223-1224; C. 277, 3.

104 15 altura: 'exaltation,' 'joy.'

104 28 Gaume: the Abbé Jean-Joseph Gaume (1802-1879), a French writer of the extreme Catholic party, who published much on religion and education; best known as an advocate of substituting the Church Fathers for the Greek and Latin classics in secondary education.

104 29 unos ... unas: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.

105 4 violencia: 'violent effort.'

105 30 le: dative feminine.

106 3 Y está celoso, etc.: apparently this paragraph should form a part of the following (or the preceding?) paragraph; otherwise it is hard to see who is speaking here.

107 29 se sentara: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

108 6 se escurrían: 'slipped along.'

108 7 graznar: dissonant singing resembling the cackle of geese.

108 8 Ave María Purísima: the formula with which Spanish night-watchmen preface their chanted announcement of the hour.

110 1 el mismo año: this cannot refer to the date 1537 (p. 109, l. 33), which, being before the accession of Philip II, is much too early for any fighting between Spaniards and Netherlanders. Don Cayetano is reading from a different note.

110 8 Mateo Díaz Coronel: imaginary author of an imaginary book.

110 22 recibiera: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13. The force of the tense is here, however, rather perfect than pluperfect. Such use is not rare.

112 2 ensimismado: 'wrapt in his own thoughts' (from en sí mismo). —lo ve todo: 'sees everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

112 21 consonante: the gender (agreeing with letra understood) shows that the word here means 'consonant' (the letter s), not 'accord.'

113 16 que tanteaban: 'feeling their way.'

113 27 escalón: i.e. the peldaño mentioned above.

114 7 Daba diente con diente: 'her teeth chattered.'

114 24 Tentando: 'feeling along.'

115 30 Que si creo: this (cf. R. 1421) would be the obvious Spanish way to express a surprised exclamation 'Whether I believe in God!' But some good grammarians prefer to explain such a que si on the principle of the note on p. 40, l. 34.

117 11 es ley, etc.: 'it's the rule not to oppose directly.'

118 12 vernos las caras: 'see each other's faces.' Cf. R. 481; K. 253.

118 17 Limbo: in Catholic theology the place where souls of infants who died sinless but unbaptized abide free from the pains of hell (the punishment of actual sin) but lacking the joy of the vision of God (whose loss is the punishment of original sin). Old Testament saints were kept in Limbo till the death of Christ, then taken to heaven.

118 24 fascinada: this word properly belongs to the superstition of the evil eye, and expresses the bad luck or sickness which one suffers in consequence of having fallen under such a glance. Note the word ojos below. In untechnical use it corresponds to a loose popular use of the word 'hypnotized.'

118 29 fueras: from ir, not ser.

120 13 sea: 'shall be.' The subjunctive, in spite of depending on the present tense juro, has here a future sense because of its relation to the future thought involved in her prayer; such seems to be the safest explanation of this difficult passage.

121 6 Volvió a sentarse: R. 1187; K. 725,a; C. 107, 5.

121 19 Recobrado el sentido: R. 1228, 2; K. 741; C. 276, 5.

122 14 allá voy: 'here I come.' The verb ir, not venir, is used in answering a call (Eng. I'm coming = voy). Allá is not 'here,' but 'here I come' is the idiomatic equivalent of the phrase as a whole; besides, somewhat of the beat of the accents must here be kept in translation.

123 16 Anticipo forzoso tenemos: 'they are forcing our hand.'

123 20 Si: the conclusion from this 'if' is concealed in the suspensive points at the end of the sentence.

124 6 o sea: 'that is to say' (lit. 'or let it be,' 'put it so').

124 20 por cuya razón: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.

125 1 behetría: in the Middle Ages a behetría was a community (urban or rural) which had the right of choosing its own lord and of making a new choice from time to time. With the disappearance of the institution from actual life its reputation as a hotbed of uncertainty and contention grew all the stronger, and the word is used to-day to mean 'anarchy' (in a loose sense) or 'turmoil.'

125 12 Gestas: italic because the word, like English 'gest,' is obsolete.

125 19 cuando los Apostólicos: 'at the time of the Apostolics,' a reactionary faction that undertook to get possession of the state in the last years of the reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833). Galdós has devoted to them one of his series of Episodios Nacionales.—la guerra de los siete años: the Carlist uprising in 1833 and the following years.

125 20 1848: a revolutionary year in all Europe; not so conspicuously so in Spain, yet cf. p. 129, l. 25.

125 23 la guerra de la Independencia: i.e. against Napoleon; generally known in English as the Peninsular War (1808-1814).

125 27 con visos de, etc.: 'looking like a representative or instrument of the central power.'

126 13 por do quiera que: 'wheresoever.' The antiquated form do, doublet of donde, is now preserved only in phrases in which it is followed by quiera, and in a few locutions like a dó, 'whither.'

126 15 municipio: 'city authorities.'

126 33 caben: R. 1155; K. 529, a; C. 284.

127 18 entre tú y yo: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 19.

128 11 dar la dirección a los globos: before the development of aviation, to give steering power to balloons was one of the perennial enterprises of the most wildly ambitious type of inventors.

128 23 me pican: 'bite' (of mustard, garlic, etc.).

129 5 periódico suelto: 'irregular periodical' (hence appearing when and where least expected). The most familiar type of irregular periodical in the Spanish-speaking world is the revolutionary sheet (to-day usually anarchistic) which is driven to the announcement "Aparece cuando puede" by the double pressure of poverty and governmental hostility.

129 20 perezca, etc.: 'die and be born again.'

129 25 en 1848: cf. n. on p. 125, l. 20.

129 26 en puertas: i.e. on police duty.

130 3 maldición de Dios: cf. "ser bendición de Dios (figurative and colloquial phrase) be very abundant," Academy.

130 16 de qué pie cojea: i.e. what really ails it.

130 19 ello es: R. 302; K. 188, a; C. 206, 2.

131 2 Cómo se van atando cabos: lit. 'how ends go getting tied!' i.e. 'how things do fit together (in one's mind)!' Cf. vocabulary under atar.

131 20 sueltas: 'from time to time,' 'now and then' (lit. 'disconnected').

131 23 desperezándose: the Academy defines this as stretching and twisting in order to shake off either pereza (in the sense "repugnance to rising from one's bed or seat") or the numbness of a sleepy limb.

131 31 ya no se estilan: 'are no longer good form.'

132 14 Al mirar: 'when she looked.'

133 5 pára: from parar.

133 19 cinco: the Madrid edition has cincos.

136 18 te confieso, etc.: 'confess to you—Yes, I have indeed,' etc.

136 25 cada vez: 'all the time.'

136 28 bríos: 'spirit.'

138 22 Que se acabó todo: 'it's all over.' For use of que cf. R. 1421. For tense of acabó cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.

139 17 todo lo: 'everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

139 27 con perfecta conciencia de sí misma: 'thoroughly self-conscious.'

140 9 olor de infalibilidad: a variation of the traditional phrase olor de santidad, 'odor of sanctity,' which arose from the belief formerly current that the dead body of a saintly person emits a sweet smell.

141 3 adocenados: 'common,' 'vulgar' (derived from docena, and applied to what is reckoned by dozens, not individually).

141 10 acabó: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.

141 23 patética: not 'pathetic.'

141 34 entre usted y yo: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 19.

142 30 Guardia civil: cf. n. on p. 9, l. 29.

143 19 alzado la mano a: '"lifted his hand" against,' i.e. struck.

143 22 montado: 'equipped,' 'furnished' (Gallicism = Fr. monté). The word lends itself easily, however, to the play on words involved in the succeeding phrases, a la altura, a la bajeza, because from the true Spanish montar it is strongly colored with the meaning 'ascend' or 'cause to ascend.'

143 29 si bien: this phrase introduces a fact which cannot be denied, but insists that that fact does not alter the main point. Cf. p. 124, l. 21.

144 10 a partir un confite: 'hail-fellow-well-met.' The dictionary says: "morder en un confite, of two or more persons, have great friendship or intimacy"; "estar a partir un piñón con, be entirely at one with."

145 17 un infeliz: this term "always holds in solution a grain of madness, or, what is perhaps worse, of helplessness akin to idiocy" (Knapp).

145 30 Allan Cardec: the French author Hippolyte-Léon-Denizard Rivail (1803-1869), better known by his pseudonym Allan Kardec, whose works on spiritualism made a great sensation in the middle of the century, and contributed much to the diffusion of the belief both in Europe and in America.

147 20 corregidor: a magistrate appointed by the government of Spain to govern a district or municipality. He has much greater power than an alcalde, or mayor, and is responsible to the central administration alone. In general, he is appointed only in time of local disturbances of some kind.

147 28 Sí que lo es: 'that's just what it is.'

148 22 se le trababan, etc.: 'the words stuck in his mouth.'

149 8 la brigada Batalla: 'Batalla's brigade,' lit. 'the Batalla brigade.'

149 17 cobró un semestre: 'collected a six months' payment' (possibly of a tax levied in the name of the revolution).—pidió raciones: 'demanded rations.'

149 21 registro civil: i.e. the record of births, marriages, deaths, etc.

150 3 Romancero: the name given to the body, or collection, of Spanish ballads (romances). Among these ballads, the oldest and most truly popular celebrate the achievements of national heroes—the Cid, Fernán González, Bernardo del Carpio, etc. The best published collection of the Spanish ballads is the Romancero General of Agustín Durán (Vols. X and XVI of Rivadeneyra's Biblioteca de Autores Españoles).

150 15 recibiera: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

150 22 partiendo un piñón: 'hobnobbing'; cf. n. on p. 144, l. 10. The piñón, the seed found in the cone of the stone pine, is a very small but pleasant nut.

150 31 Brumario: 'Brumaire,' an autumn month of the French revolutionary calendar. The occasion on which Napoleon with his soldiers overthrew constitutional government and made himself master of France is always designated as "the 18th Brumaire."—el saco de Roma: in 1527 the Constable of Bourbon led the armies of Charles V against Rome. Bourbon was killed in the beginning of the assault, but his leaderless soldiers took the city and plundered it for six months, at the end of which only a third of the population was left.

150 32 la ruina de Jerusalén: the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus (A.D. 70) is perhaps the most famous in all history for horrors.

151 5 cabe duda: R. 1155; K. 529,c; C. 284.

151 7 sendas: 'as many,' 'a mule apiece.' R. 674; K. 332.

151 8 preguntándoles que a dó: 'asking them whither.' For use of que cf. R. 1418. For dó cf. n. on p. 126, l. 13.

151 13 complexión: 'physique.'

151 19 aquél: i.e. aquel día.

151 22 confiara: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

152 1 han dado de: cf. n. on p. 50, l. 18.

152 21 Bien está Pedro en su casa: the Academy lists bien está San Pedro en Roma, 'let well enough alone,' 'go farther and fare worse,' 'I'm better as I am'; and como Pedro por su casa, 'without saying "by your leave."'

152 29 seré: R. 1195; K. 703,c; C. 266.

152 31 Lástima de Cid Campeador: 'it's a pity about the Cid Campeador' (ironical). The Cid (often called also Campeador, 'champion') is the chief of the popular national heroes of Spain. His true name was Rodrigo Díaz de Bivar. His exploits against both Christians and Moslems made him a marked figure even in his own time, and shortly after his death in the year 1099 he became one of the favorite subjects of popular poetry. He is the hero of one of the earliest and most famous monuments of Spanish poetry, the Poema del Cid; the early chronicles give much space to him, and he was sung in great numbers of popular ballads (romances).

153 1 capitular: a member of a cabildo, which is the body of canónigos; hence, practically a synonym of canónigo.

153 8 después de deshonrado: R. 1233; K. 742; C. 276, 7.

153 15 por aquello de que tiene uno: 'by reason of the fact that one has.' A peculiarity of the Spanish use of uno, 'one,' well illustrated by this example, is that there is a feeling against employing it except with reference to the speaker himself. Thus the general and indeterminate 'one,' 'they,' 'people,' Fr. on, is rendered by the reflexive or by the third person plural of the verb; but when the speaker for any reason desires to generalize himself, so to speak, he employs uno.

153 16 que si no: 'otherwise.' Cf. n. on p. 64, l. 1.

154 5 amanezcamos ... asesinadas: 'may be found in the morning murdered.'

154 11 menos: a comparative has superlative force whenever this suits the sense, whether the article is used or not.

155 22 por el hilo se saca el ovillo: 'by the thread the skein is pulled out,' proverbial phrase implying that a small indication will enable one to get at the whole of a thing.

155 23 por la uña el león: identical with the Latin proverb ex ungue leonem.

155 33 cuatro soldados y un cabo: i.e. an insignificant force.

156 4 Por vida de!...: cf. n. on p. 14, l. 9.

156 13 echártela: for la cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

156 24 echarse fuera: 'burst forth.'

157 26 de: cf. R. 1440,m; K. 631, f.

159 4 montes: not 'mountains.'

159 8 me: ethical dative; cf. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.

159 19 cómo: pres. ind. of comer.

159 28 porque es mosquito: 'simply because it's a gnat' (not a man).

159 32 mete y saca de palabrejas: 'prodding [lit. 'sticking in and pulling out'] with lingo.' Mete and saca are imperatives, but used here nominally. De is instrumental, as often after dar; cf. n. on p. 50, l. 18.

159 33 sermoncillos al revés: i.e. phrases meaning the opposite of what they say.

160 13 gaznate: inaccurately used, it would seem.

161 6 Es tiempo ya de trasquilar: 'it's already [sheep-]shearing time.'

161 12 tan buen pan, etc.: i.e. Orbajosa can furnish her sons with as good an insurrection as they could get by going outside.

161 15 tanto así: with snap of the finger, or the like.

161 23 guarda de montes: 'ranger.'

162 1 echarte a la calle: 'take to the street' (as a rioter or insurrectionist). Cf. se eche al campo, 'take the field' (military), in l. 9, below.

163 18 cuantos vestimos: 'we [lit. 'as many as there are of us'] who wear.'

163 23 toquen a degollar: 'give the signal for cutting throats.'

163 33 adelantan más edificando: 'make more progress as they build' (than the destroyers as they tear down).

164 3 Dejarles: for use of infinitive for imperative see R. 1225; K. 731; C. 277, 5.

164 13 No les arriendo la ganancia: colloquial; lit. 'I don't bargain to take the profit off their hands.' See vocabulary.

165 3 que pudierais: the antecedent of que is mancha. Earlier Madrid editions have que not here but before por causa; later editions, as in our text.

165 8 lo, lo: omit in translation, and express the verbs merely by 'it did,' 'will it'; or else translate the first lo by 'so.'

165 11 en buen hora: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.

166 1 más mundo: 'more people.' Cf. the phrase todo el mundo, 'everybody' (Fr. tout le monde).

166 32 qué se han de: 'what ground have they to,' 'how should they.'—atrever: may well be omitted in translation.

167 1 aquel romance, etc.: the extracts that follow are from one of the finest of the Spanish ballads (romances) that deal, not with the traditional heroes of Spain, but with personages whose epic history had first been developed in mediaeval France, and thence diffused through the other countries of Europe. Roldán is the French Roland (called in the Italian forms of his story Orlando), and Renialdos is the hero called in the French chansons de geste Renaut de Montauban (in Italian, Rinaldo da Montalbano). The present ballad appears in both the oldest existing collections of Spanish ballads, printed the one in 1550 and the other slightly earlier (it bears no date). The poem relates how Renialdos (or Reinaldos), having fallen into the hands of his feudal lord and unforgiving enemy, the Emperor Charlemagne, is about to be put to death, when Charlemagne's nephew Roldán (Roland) rides up and violently interposes in the prisoner's behalf. The Emperor yields on condition that Renialdos shall leave France forever. This the hero promises to do, and makes his way to the land of the Great Khan, who receives him warmly and offers to aid him against Charlemagne. Renialdos refuses, however, to make war upon his liege lord, even though wronged by him. Then the Khan furnishes him with men to conquer the Emperor of Trebizond and to establish himself in his place. The story of the banishment of Renialdos is not told in this form in the splendid old French poem (chanson de geste) entitled Renaut de Montauban, but is an Italianized version containing elements not truly popular and traditional. The Spanish ballad, too, is in some other respects not thoroughly popular in its character. Nevertheless, it is written in the traditional ballad style, and is very fine and spirited. It is printed in full in Durán, Romancero General, Vol. I, p. 240; and in Wolf y Hofmann, Primavera y Flor de Romances, Vol. II, p. 346.

167 5 Briador: in the old French poems (Chanson de Roland, etc.) Roland's horse is called Veillantif; but the Italian poets Boiardo (in the Orlando Innamorato) and Ariosto (in the Orlando Furioso) call him Brigliadoro (= briglia d'oro, 'bridle of gold'). Pulci, however, in the Mergante Maggiore, but slightly modifies the French name, making it Vegliantin. The Spanish Briador is a corruption of Brigliadoro.

167 7 Durlindana: the name of Roland's sword. In the French poems the word is Durendal. We have here again the Italianized form.

167 9 entena: the yard of a lateen sail, much longer and consequently also stouter than the yard (verga) of a square-rigged ship.

167 18 como D. Renialdos: in the ballad it is Roldán, not Renialdos, that pronounces the following lines. None the less, the readiness of the peasant to go on with the quotation is very true to life. The average Spaniard of the lower classes is perfectly familiar with large numbers of these old popular poems.

167 20 ser bien librado: in the sense of the intransitive librar.

168 4 Vaya: R. 1429; K. 659,a; C. 237, 6.—unos: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.

169 1 Válgame, etc.: cf. R. 1427; K. 658,d; C. 237, 1; and p. 62, l. 27.

169 12 que decía: 'saying'; lit. probably 'who' rather than 'which.'

169 13 Ya pareció: after ya the past absolute is commonly used where ordinary tense usage would require the perfect. The suddenness or completeness of a past action is thus emphasized. Cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.

169 23 esa: R. 442; K. 265; C. 162, 2.

170 9 dice: the tense of this, as of several other verbs in the paragraph, is present, after the manner of legal depositions.

170 17 entregara: for tense cf. n. on p. 110, l. 22.

170 18 saldría: for tense cf. n. on p. 3, l. 17.

170 20 sin tapujos: 'unmuffled.' The Spanish capa, thrown round the neck and face as well as the body, is an unrivaled means of disguise. It is a point of Spanish courtesy, when wearing the capa, to unmuffle (desembozarse) before addressing any one.

171 13 se hizo sangre: 'drew blood' (se = on herself).

171 17 patético: not 'pathetic.'

171 20 inmenso: cf. the Academy's definition "no caber el corazón en el pecho, be so wrought up by some occasion of grief or anger that it cannot get relief or quiet," and, since Arabic has affected Spanish so much, the Arabic phrase "his breast is narrow" to express the same idea.

171 24 Entre tanto: this ought to mean while the conversations of pp. 170-171 were going on; and this is doubtless the meaning, however difficult it may be to reconcile this with dormía o aparentaba dormir on the next page.

172 15 rezar: properly this means reciting the prescribed prayers of the Church (so that Protestants prefer to say orar); otherwise here.

173 1 tan sólo: 'merely,' 'and nothing more.'

173 6 dicha: noun.—conciliarlo todo: cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

173 19 que no movía: elliptical for de manera que, etc., or the like, equivalent to an English participle construction, 'not moving a foot,' etc.

173 27 expectativa: Madrid edition espectativa, cf. n. on p. 102, l. 27.

173 32 extraño: the dream, which thus far had been fairly faithful memory, begins from this point onward to mix dream-fancies with facts.

173 34 recortada: this word is applied to the "cut" or lobed leaves of plants and trees; also to silhouettes cut out of paper.

175 12 Agnus Dei: a common object of household adoration in Catholic countries, consisting of a flat piece of wax on which is stamped the figure of a lamb supporting the cross, or of some saint. These tokens are blessed by the Pope in large numbers, generally every seventh year, and distributed among Catholics. The possession of one is supposed to be a protection against misfortune.

175 13 rizada: Palm Sunday in Spain has two kinds of palms, both alike blessed: the simple natural bits of palm-leaf, and those which are rizadas, i.e. frilled and crimped into all sorts of ornamental shapes with a view to using them as decorations.

175 14 flores de trapo: 'artificial flowers' (lit. 'of cloth').

175 18 narigudo: such was the meaning of Ovid's surname, Naso. There is perhaps also a reminiscence of the secondary meaning of Lat. nasutus, 'witty,' 'clever.'

175 19 conceptista: the conceptista style in Spanish literature is that style of which Quevedo was the most eminent master. See cyclopedias under "Quevedo" and under "Spanish Literature."

175 24 dando vueltas, etc.: Aulus Gellius (Noct. Att. III, 3, 14) says that Varro and other older authorities related how Flautus, after making some money by the stage, lost it all in trade, and was obliged to hire himself to a baker in Rome, being put to turn a hand-mill (mola trusatilis). Of the plays mentioned by Aulus Gellius as written by Plautus under these circumstances, however, none is preserved.

175 26 pícaro: several unsavory tales about Sallust were current in antiquity, and his political conduct was far from being above suspicion.

175 30 Rutilio: the anti-Christian poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, who has left us a poem entitled De reditu sito, describing a journey made by him in 416 A. D. from Rome to his home in Gaul.

176 6 las cabras, etc.: in most Spanish towns the milkman (or more often milkwoman) drives a flock of she-goats through the streets, milking at the door of each customer the amount required.

176 18 las: the misas.

176 29 conforme: 'just as.'

177 11 Nada, nada: 'well, well.' Cf. n. on p. 31, l. 23.

177 30 justiciada: not given in the dictionaries; a noun in participial form from justicia, like cuchillada from cuchillo, lanzada from lanza, calaverada from calavera. K. 765, rem. 2; C. 132, 4, b.

177 32 llamarles y decirles: for imper. use of infin. cf. R. 1225; K. 731; C. 277, 5.

178 16 amigotes: the coloring given by Spanish augmentatives and diminutives is well brought out by the contrast between this word and amiguito in line 1 above.

178 22 sentar: the infinitive has something of imperative coloring (cf. p. 177, l. 32, and n.), but inclines decidedly to the usage known as the historical, or continuative, infinitive.

179 17 quien: 'anybody who' (woman).—no siendo sacerdote: 'unless he is a priest.'

179 23 de mí: R. 1440, q; C. 128, 3, a; 237, 8.

180 1 Vuelta a: this idiom expresses impatience at repetition.

180 6 dos dedos de frente: 'any sense' (lit.' two inches of forehead').

180 14 porque: 'in order that.'

180 18 Será: R. 1195; K. 703, c; C. 266. The form hará below is more difficult; the force of the future there is presumably either 'why is it that God apparently makes me' or 'what do you suppose God makes me so silly for,' 'what can God be after in making me,' etc.

182 28 Falta: verb, lit. 'is lacking'; i.e., 'you do not say that they....' 'I guess they did not....'

182 31 ademanes encomiados: 'an air of approbation.'

183 5 refiriendo: 'while relating.'

183 23 unos humos: 'such airs!' For use of unos cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.

185 6 acabó de encender: 'finished kindling.'

185 24 Valido: in the same sense as valiéndose, line 15. Note both the absence of any past sense and the fact that the past participle drops the reflexive pronoun. Cf. C. 276, 4.

185 32 recibiera: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

186 25 por cuya razón: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.

186 27 sin perjuicio de: 'without prejudice in regard to' (legal phrase, indicating that a given action is not to annul or diminish the right of one party to demand a further accounting from the other).

187 2 las: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

187 6 pues: 'since.'

187 9 Sacramento: the capital S suggests that we take this word in its special sense defined by the Academy as "Christ sacramented in the Host," so that our phrase would mean 'by having the power to work the miracle of transubstantiation'; if the word here means his ordination as priest, which is one of the seven sacraments of the Church, the capital S is probably a misprint.

187 19 por lo muy santo y noble: cf. R. 1358; K. 671; C. 125,a; here que es is lacking, as is often the case after por.

188 20 consejero áulico: the Aulic Council, 1500-1806 A.D., was the Emperor's supreme personal council, whose members all held office till his death.

188 31< el más allá: 'the beyond.'

189 9 cinco días: the chronology is not clear. Comparison of p. 183, ll. 12-14, and p. 186, ll. 20-24, with p. 208, ll. 18-20, shows that the letter dated April 14 (p. 207) cannot have been written till at least the day after Caballuco's coming to the priest's house (p. 184); indeed, by p. 208, ll. 20-21, it would seem that the letter was a day or two later. The progress of the story will show that the letter dated April 20 (p. 209) cannot have been written later than the evening at which we have now arrived.

190 14 cuanto en lo humano cabía: 'that lay in human power.' Cf. R. 1155; K. 529,b; C. 284.

190 28 con lo que sale usted: lit. 'what you are coming out with.'

190 29 se están luciendo: 'are showing themselves off' (cf. lucir un nuevo paraguas = 'to sport a new umbrella').

191 4 No asustarse: imperative use of infinitive. R. 1225; K. 731; C.277, 5.

191 7 como el rascar: i.e., to do a little of it makes you want to do more.

191 27 refregones en los morros: in Spain, 'rubs across the lips' (as if cleansing them) are, like spanking (azotes), a standard punishment for naughty words from a little child.

192 2 soberbia: adjective.

192 12 la Encomienda: this word means generally a piece of property bestowed upon a knight of one of the military orders; here, a particular estate of this kind that had sometime come into the possession of the Polentinos family.

193 15 Juan Lanas: traditional name for a simpleton.

193 26 allá se le va: 'are about the same as she,' 'are taking the same line.'

193 33 esto se lo lleva la trampa: grammatically, la trampa is the subject of the clause; lo, which repeats esto, is the object; se is the reflexive of interest, often used with llevar.

194 22 en buen hora: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.

195 5 le dan: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.

195 11 sonsonete llorón: 'sarcastic whine.'

195 25 si: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

196 8 tenebrario: properly a candlestick which is used during matins of the last three days of Holy Week. These matins are called in Spanish tinieblas. The light of the tenebrario is dimmed by placing it within a kind of shrine. The idea here, of course, is that obscurity is part of the family inheritance.

197 18 acabó de estrujarle: 'gave him the last squeeze.'

198 3 suspirando a moco y baba: 'sighing and snuffling.'

198 15 en un quítame allá esas pajas: 'in a wink of your eye' (colloq.). The phrase means literally 'get those straws [trifles] out of my way,' and implies the feeling that a thing can be done quickly and easily.

198 27 los juegos de manos son juegos de villanos: the Spanish Academy defines this proverb in about the sense given to it by Gase's French-English Dictionary, "playing with the hands is bad manners, rough play is low"; but the priest here, quite legitimately, makes it mean "physical force is a blackguard's way."

200 12 qui tenga visos: 'that has the look.'

200 27 Como lo huelan los de tropa: 'supposing the military get a smell of it.' For conjugation of oler see grammars.

201 4 Guarde usted: 'look out for.'

201 16 el salitre, etc.: i.e. powder.

202 6 Si: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

202 17 ha perdido la chaveta: 'have lost your wits.' Chaveta, or more commonly chabeta, is properly a wedge or key used by blacksmiths or carpenters to unite and tie several pieces of metal or wood.

202 31 medio: adverbial, i.e. to be followed by a hyphen in English. Contrast media, adjectival, in the line above.

203 2 Para solfas, etc.: 'drubbings by treachery are not what Cristóbal Ramos is good for.'

203 31 si es empeño de usted: 'if it is your particular wish.'

204 4 jofaina: 'finger-bowl' here.

205 6 no tienen espera: 'endure no stay.'

205 21 me tiene: 'she has for me.'

208 13 quijotadas: 'extravagances,' 'quixotic undertakings.' The word is formed from the name of Cervantes' hero.

209 13 Mi coalición, etc.: 'my half-serious, half-jocular coalition.'

210 3 Sentiré mucho que: 'I shall be very sorry in case.'

210 11 y concluirá: 'and end it shall,' or simply 'and it shall.'

211 28 Irá: 'he must be going.'

212 4 el pueblo se acaba: 'the town ends,' i.e. we are coming to the last houses.

212 21 bruto: 'an idiot.'

213 11 quinqué: from the French manufacturer Quinquet, who first made such lamps on a considerable scale. The inventor was a Swiss chemist and physicist named Argant or Argand (1755-1803); hence these lamps are generally known in English as Argand lamps.

213 19 acicalarse: 'prinking.'

213 25 despejada: 'open.'

214 3 allegados: the Academy defines this word by pariente ('relative,' the same word by which it defines deudo) and parcial; and it defines a colloquial figurative sense of pariente by "allegado, semejante o parecido."

215 8 un Limbo prematuro: 'a Limbo before the time.' Cf. n. on p. 118, l. 17.

215 9 cuidan bien: this is normal Spanish for 'take good care,' declaratively. May it be a misprint of the Madrid edition for cuiden bien, to be interpreted 'let them take good care'? In that case the order of words would be hardly the most usual; but it is not easy otherwise to reconcile the sentence with the general course of the thought in this passage.

218 15 veros: 'to see each other.'

220 0 un su amigo: 'a friend of his.'

220 5 virtuosísimo: this word is used in the sense of the Italian virtuoso, a connoisseur, an appreciative and successful collector. The ending -ísimo is here not merely intensive but very nearly true superlative; not 'extremely' but 'supremely.'

220 6 emblema: 'crest'; the word crestón appears to mean not the heraldic device but the part of the helmet over which the device rises. Emblema is defined as meaning a symbol accompanied by a motto.

220 7 rabillo: this word must here mean a serif, but is probably not a technical term.

222 20 le impondrá a usted: 'will advise you.'

224 23 nos: ethical dative. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.

224 26 dude: sc. usted, unless it is a misprint for dudo.

224 31 San Baudilio de Llobregat: a small town, commonly called San Boy, on the river Llobregat. It is six miles west of Barcelona. A large and well-administered private insane asylum is situated there.

225 5 pliegos: 'sheets' (sixteen pages each if the book is octavo).

225 25 Albricias, albricias: 'joy, joy!' (lit. a reward paid to the bringer of good tidings).

226 22 acaparada: 'monopolized,' 'beguiled.' This verb (from Fr. accaparer, to 'corner' a commodity in the market, to 'seize upon' a thing, to 'sway' voters by demagogic methods) was condemned as a Gallicism in the middle of the nineteenth century, but is now fully accepted in Spanish. It must not be confounded with the older but probably now less common verb acaparrar, whose meaning is entirely different.

227 9 novenas: periods of nine days given to devotion and prayer. In English the word is pronounced with the English sounds of e and a.—manifiestos: exposures of the Sacrament for the adoration of believers.

227 15 el duque de Osuna: a nobleman of very illustrious family, Spanish viceroy of Naples in the reign of Philip III. The plot mentioned below was, according to the Venetians, a diabolical scheme entered into by the Duke of Osuna, the Marquis of Villafranca, and the Marquis of Bedmar, all Spaniards of high rank engaged in the war of the Spanish kingdom in Italy against Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who was aided by the Venetians. The plan was said to have involved the surprise of Venice, the slaughter of its senate and nobles, and its reduction to a mere dependency of Spain. Spanish historians have denied the existence of any such plot; for all that, it has remained the most memorable thing connected with the viceroyalty of the Duke of Osuna. Hence the irony of the present reference to it.

227 19 Esto se acabó: 'this story is finished.' Cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.