Chapter XIV · Notes

50 F. E. Beneke: Prolegomena to a Physiology of Morals (1822); The Natural System of Practical Philosophy (3 vols., 1837-40). By his appearance as a champion of utilitarianism and his consequent attitude of hostility to Kant, Beneke drew upon himself the enmity of Hegel, and was compelled in 1822 to stop the course of lectures which he was giving as a Privat-dozent at Berlin University. After Hegel’s death he filled a professorship at Berlin.

51 L. A. Feuerbach: What is Christianity? (1841); Divinity, Freedom, and Immortality from the Standpoint of Anthropology (1866).

52 Ernst Laas: Idealism and Positivism (3 vols., 1879-84).

53 The Physiology of Society is the fourth volume of Comte’s Course of Positive Philosophy (6 vols., 1830-42).

54 John Stuart Mill: Principles of Political Economy (2 vols., 1848); Utilitarianism (1861). There is a German translation of his works by Th. Gomperz (12 vols., 1869-86). It was J. S. Mill who introduced into philosophy the word “utilitarian” as the descriptive title of this particular school of ethic.

55 Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871).

56 Herbert Spencer: Social Statics (1851); The Data of Ethics (1879); The Principles of Ethics (1892).

57 Henri de Saint-Simon: L’Organisateur (1819-20); Catéchisme des Industriels (1823-24).

58 Charles Fourier: Le nouveau monde industriel et sociétaire (1829).

59 P. J. Proudhon: Qu’est-ce que la Propriété? (1840).

60 Robert Owen: A New View of Society (1813); and Book of the New Moral World (7 parts, 1836-49).

61 Ferdinand Lassalle: Das System der erwonbenen Rechte (2 vols., 1861); Offenes Antwortschreiben an das Centralkomitee zur Berufung eines allgemeinen deutschen Arbeiterkongresses (1863).

62 Karl Marx: Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels); Capital (vol. i., 1867; the second and third volumes were published in 1884 and 1894 by Friedrich Engels).

63 The same spirit pervades the work of the national economist, Gustav Schmoller of Berlin: Concerning Some Questions of Law and National Economy (1875). Schmoller was the leader of the so-called “Socialists of the Chair.”

64 The first to set before Christendom its duty to take part in the solution of the social question is Félicité de Lamennais (1782-1854) in his Paroles d’un croyant (1833). This book was condemned by the Pope in 1834.

65 The English public was made familiar with working-class misery by Kingsley’s novel Yeast (which appeared in 1848 in Fraser’s Magazine, and in 1851 was printed as a book), and by two articles of Henry Mayhew’s in the Morning Chronicle (December 14th and 18th, 1849). That Christian Socialism made its appearance first in England and France is connected with the fact that the industry which creates social problems developed earliest in these countries.

66 Leo Tolstoi: My Confessions; German translation as Worin besteht mein Glaube (1884); French as Ma Religion (1884); English as Christ’s Christianity (1885). See also What then shall we do? (German, 1886). The fact that Tolstoi’s ethical Christianity associates itself with contempt for civilization brings it near to primitive Christianity. But the all-important question, how the power of the ethical thoughts of Jesus are to work in the temper and the circumstances of modern times, it does not answer. Tolstoi is a great stimulator but no guide.

67 Eduard Bernstein: The Presuppositions of Socialism, and the Tasks of Social Democracy (1899).