Bellum Jugurthinum. (continued 3)

54.

[298] Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, § 396. [299] Sunt here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta; according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be sint or essent. [300] Gentium is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See Zumpt, § 434. [301] A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war. Respecting the substantive cultor, instead of the participle colens, see p. 109, note 5 [note 255]. [302] Ea gratia, a concise expression for ejus (rei) gratia, ‘on this account.’ In like manner we find hac, ea causa. [303] ‘Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his pleasure;’ because, considering the number and condition of his irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither. [304] Temere signifies that which is done without any lasting effect, without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident or chance. [305] Sua loca are ‘convenient’ or ‘favourable places;’ aliena, ‘inconvenient ;’ that is, such as he would not have chosen himself. [306] ‘According to circumstances,’ as in chap. 39: ex copia rerum, ‘according to the state of circumstances.’

55.

[307] Magnificus, ‘boasting,’ ‘insolent,’ as in chap. 31: incedunt per ora, vestra magnifci. [308] Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called supplicatio, and was a sign that the general was likely to be honoured with a triumph. [309] Necubi for ne alicubi, ‘in order that not somewhere.’ See Zumpt, § 136. [310] Post insidias Jugurthae, ‘after he had once experienced attacks made from an ambuscade.’

56.

[311] Zama, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according to Polybius, five days’ march south of Carthage. [312] In tempore, ‘in due time,’ ‘in proper time.’ Zumpt, § 475, note.

57.

[313] Proelium facere in manibus, the same as pugnare cominus, manus conserere, ‘to be engaged in close combat.’ [314] ‘Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;’ that is, burning torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular taedam is used in a collective sense for the plural taedas.

58.

[315] ‘Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss’ (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of remissus, taken from a bow when it is not stretched. [316] ‘As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among the many.’ The deponent frustari here has a reflective meaning, ‘to exert one’s self in vain,’ ‘to deceive one’s self,’ and must be conceived to come from the active frustrare, ‘to frustrate.’ [317] ‘Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,’ &c. Respecting vero in the apodosis, see note on chap. 50.

59.

[318] ‘The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage’ (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, § 525. The Numidian horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by procuring a respite for their struggling infantry.

60.

[319] ‘There they exerted themselves most actively,’ eo having the meaning of eo loco, or ibi. [320] ‘More upon themselves than upon others.’ See Zumpt, § 725. [321] ‘One might observe them.’ Zumpt, § 528, note 2. [322] Sicuti — possent, ‘just as if,’ as sicut, like quasi, is used for velut. See chap. 31. For it is not possible that the two places of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one another, or even distinctly see the separate charges. [323] Niti corporibus, ‘to exert one’s self bodily,’ inasmuch as the body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes backward. The plural corpora is as common in Latin as animi, when several persons are spoken of. [324] Sine tumultu, ‘without disturbance’ or ‘hindrance.’ [325] Astrictus, ‘fixed intent,’ whose attention was entirely directed to the contest at a distance. Occupatis also might have been used.

61.

[326] Ad eum, or ad illum, would have been strictly grammatical; and as Sallust uses ad se, it would have been more consistent to use the subjunctive defecissent; but the indicative is necessary, because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed by ad ipsum, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from the secondary subject, urbes, and direct it to the leading subject, Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun where is or sui, sibi, se, can be employed. Compare chap. 66, and Zumpt, § 550. [327] That is, Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat.

62.

[328] Ne illo, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, ‘if he hesitated still longer.’ [329] More majorum refers to the custom according to which Roman generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a purely military nature. [330] Pondo, ‘pound,’ properly librarum pondo (depending upon milia). See Zumpt, § 87. As in the time of the Roman republic eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus, the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi aurei. [331] ‘When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.’ There is an ancient military expression, Ad imperium vocari, or adesse, by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry into effect. See Zumpt, § 658. [332] Digna, ‘what is due to him;’ here of course bodily suffering or punishment. [333] We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year as proconsul.

63.

[334] Agitabat does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if so, the verb would be in the subjunctive. [335] Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium of Arpinum. The term ‘ancient family’ means one which had imagines, or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank, which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus. [336] Belli; that is, in bello, on account of the following domi. [337] Altus; that is, alitus. See Zumpt, § 198. [338] That is, quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen notus factus, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was communicated by one person to another. [339] Ad id locorum, ‘until then,’ ‘until that time,’ as in chap. 72: post id locorum. See Zumpt, § 434. Marius did not venture to aspire to the consulship; for appetere is not the same as petere, the latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him. [340] The nobiles transmitted the consulship to one another per manus; that is, after one nobilis had been invested with it, it was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that no homo novus should come forward as a candidate.

64.

[341] His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return to the service, he would have asked commeatum, ‘leave of absence.’ He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be successful. [342] Superabant; that is, supererant, abunde erant. Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly born. [343] ‘He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.’ [344] Contubernio patris for in contubernio patris, as contubernalis of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites in the suite, and as attachés (adjutants) to a general, whereas other less favoured Romans served in ordine; that is, enlisted in some detachment of cavalry or infantry. [345] Pro, ‘in regard to,’ ‘in consideration of.’ [346] Grassari, ‘to go on,’ ‘proceed;’ but at the same time contains the idea of excitement or vehemence. [347] Ambitio, ‘courting favour;’ ambitiosum, something the object or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence ‘winning,’ ‘captivating.’ [348] Inanis, ‘empty.’ Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance, one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with it; hence ‘vain,’ ‘superficial.’ Vanus also is used in the same sense. Regia superbia. See chap. 31.

65.

[349] Secundus heres is the person who is pointed out in a will to supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his death without leaving any issue. [350] In eos; that is, in equites Romanos, referring to what follows. [351] Imperatori, a dativus incommodi, cui poena imponantur, ‘that with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the general in return for the insults offered to him.’ [352] ‘This might happen even very soon.’ Adeo points out that which is essential in a thing. See Zumpt, § 281. [353] The words milites et negotiatiores are in apposition to equites Romanos, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on business (negotiabantur) in the towns. If the sentence were to be understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been omitted before milites. See Zumpt, § 783. The milites gregarii and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons had little or no communication with their friends at Rome. [354] Suffragatio, the inclination to give one’s vote in favour of a person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence ‘the support given to a person’s election.’ A vote is suffragium, and suffragari, to vote for a person. [355] This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in chap. 40, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was terrified by it.

66.

[356] Affectare, ‘to try to obtain a thing,’ ‘to exert one’s self for a thing.’ [357] Voluntate alienati; that is, sua sponte alienati. [358] Discordiosus, ‘quarrelsome;’ a very rare word, but formed with perfect correctness. Zumpt, § 252. [359] ‘The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather than apprehension and terror;’ namely, to the Romans or the Roman garrison. [360] In tali die. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by the addition tali, indicating the particular circumstances of that day of joy. See Zumpt, § 475, note. Inermos is much more rare than inermes. See Zumpt, § 101, note.

67.

[361] Pro tectis, ‘on the edge of the roofs.’ [362] Anceps malum, ‘the double attack;’ namely, the one made on even ground, and that from the roofs. [363] Respecting the connection of nisi — videtur, instead of the complete expression nisi hoc constat — eum videri, see p. 92, note 2 [note 153]. Intestabilis, properly, ‘a person unfit to give his evidence, and incapable of making a will;’ hence, according to Roman usage, equivalent to ‘infamous;’ detestabilis, which also properly signifies ‘one deserving to be excluded in the will,’ or ‘to be disinherited.’

68.

[364] ‘Declining everything;’ that is, refusing to obey any order that was given them. [365] Passuum might also be passus. See Zumpt, § 116, note. [366] In primo, ‘at the head,’ or ‘in front,’ the line being spread out (late), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.

69.

[367] ‘The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.’ We cannot say urbs poenae fuit alone; but the dative poenae is explained by the common expression praedae fuit, with which it is connected. [368] ‘Ordered to defend himself’ against the charge of treachery which was brought against him. For a reus (a person standing accused of a crime) causam dicit; that is, conducts his case, or defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged. This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5 [note 260]. For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that Turpilius was a citizen from Latium; that is, he did not possess the full Roman franchise, but only that part of it which was not incompatible with his retaining the franchise in some Latin town. Such half-citizens or Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given in this manner, that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the territory of Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they renounced their Latin franchise, were at that time still very numerous; but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called the Latin towns received the Roman franchise.

70.

[369] ‘He tormented himself day and night with the thought.’ Respecting this paraphrase of one’s own person by the word animus, see Zumpt, § 678. [370] Quae Jugurthae — superaverant, ‘which had been left for Jugurtha;’ that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish. [371] ‘That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished’ (inultis). [372] Metusque — impediebat. The imperfect describes the lasting condition of the matter, while the perfect, venit, expresses the momentary act, and the clause metus impediebat represents an inserted clause denoting cause: metus enim rem impediebat. [373] Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown by Nabdalsa. [374] In quîs — accusare. The historical infinitive in a relative clause is very rare, but in quîs here supplies the place of et in his. [375] ‘The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa’s) valour, or by that of Metellus,’ since his doom was fixed at all events. Id agitari for id agi, which in this sense is far more frequent.

71.

[376] Allatae; supply essent, an ellipsis, which is not very common after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. [377] Solet, supply capere. [378] Repperit; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, § 22. [379] Res praevenitur, ‘a thing is anticipated,’ or ‘something is done previously,’ is found very rarely instead of occupatur. Homo praevenitur, ‘a person is anticipated in a thing,’ is more common. [380] Super, the same as de. See Zumpt, § 320.

72.

[381] ‘Differently from what he carried in his mind;’ that is, from what he intended in his mind. [382] A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.

73.

[383] Indicio patefacto is a kind of pleonasm, as indicio facto would be sufficient; for indicium fit, res ipsa (that is, conjuratio) patefit — ‘the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.’ [384] Plebs — acceperant for acceperat, plebs being a collective noun. Zumpt, § 366. [385] ‘However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than either their virtues or their faults.’ Moderata sunt, from the deponent moderor, ‘I determine,’ ‘I guide;’ as in Cicero, mens moderatur omnia, ‘the mind determines everything.’ Sua bona aut mala, ‘their own virtues or vices,’ in apposition to the party-zeal of others. Suus here is not reflective, but only designates something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, § 550. [386] Arcessere, ‘to summon before a court of justice,’ with the genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms arcessere and accersere have the same meaning, but arcessere is more frequent in the sense of ‘to summon,’ or ‘to accuse.’ [387] Res fidesque, ‘property and credit.’ [388] ‘Crowded around Marius,’ whenever he appeared in public, to show him their attachment. Post honorem Marii ducerent, the same, as postponerent honori Marii, the preposition in this sense being commonly joined to the verb. Compare Cat. chap. 23. [389] From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current administration of foreign affairs.

74.

[390] Bocchus, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the modern empire of Fez and Morocco. [391] ‘The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of standards.’ The adjective aliquantus, with the exception of the neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe the varying construction of potior. See Zumpt, §§ 465, 466. Sallust often prefers variety to uniformity. [392] Tuta sunt might also be tuentur; for the perfect is here used of things which usually happened, and still happen. Tuta is less common than tuita or tutata, which in this passage is found in some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.

75.

[393] Impensius modo may be ‘still more strongly,’ his despondency having already been mentioned; or modo is the ablative, and impensius modo is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, beyond measure, ultra modum. [394] Cultus is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart from eating and drinking; so that pueritiae cultus comprises the regulations for a youth’s residence, his education, and the things and persons by whom he is surrounded. [395] ‘And other things fit to contain water;’ probably vessels to keep water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. [396] ‘Where they should be assembled.’ [397] Modo is commonly used only to denote that something is less than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of ‘that alone,’ or ‘even that alone.’

76.

[398] ‘That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,’ the perfect participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility — as invictus, invincible; incorruptus, incorruptible; inaccessus, inaccessible. See Zumpt, § 328. [399] Ex copia, ‘according to circumstances,’ here referring especially to the different nature of the locality. Vinea, properly ‘a bower formed of vines;’ hence ‘a protecting roof,’ under which the soldiers attacked the fortifications of the enemy. [400] ‘After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:’ ante here is superfluous. [401] Poenas pendere, the same as poenas solvere, ‘to pay a penalty.’ In corrumpunt we may notice a zeugma, as out of corrumpunt we have to take interficiunt. See Zumpt, § 775.

77.

[402] Illorum; that is, Romanorum. Respecting the situation of Leptis magna, see chap. 19. [403] Nave or naviter (‘actively’) is the correct orthography, for which other editions have gnave. See Zumpt, § 12. Its case is the same as that of natus, which in composition takes the g — as cognatus, agnatus; and also narus, ignarus.

78.

[404] Alta; supply in alia tempestate, ‘sometimes deep, and sometimes shallow.’ [405] ‘They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws other things along with it;’ for the Greek συρειν signifies ‘to draw,’ or ‘drag along.’ [406] It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was also the reason of the Numidian king’s seldom residing at Leptis, although the town belonged to his kingdom.

79.

[407] Admonere is here construed in an unusual manner with two accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun in the accusative is not uncommon — as hoc, id, illud te admoneo. [408] Imperare and imperitare are construed with the dative of that over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative or ablative. [409] Sponsionem facere here has the general sense, ‘to make a contract,’ otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is given, which is lost by him who is condemned. [410] ‘They hastened to get through their journey.’ The intransitive pergere (like ire) containing the notion of an uninterrupted continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive meaning. See Zumpt, § 384. [411] Retinere; supply proficiscentes or iter facientes. [412] ‘Devoid of,’ or ‘without products;’ for gignere is used of those things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like themselves. [413] ‘Because they had spoiled the affair;’ as by quick travelling they might have traversed a considerable extent of country. [414] Conturbare, ‘to disturb,’ or ‘to try to throw into confusion;’ namely, the agreement. [415] ‘The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,’ for dant optionem Carthaginiensibus. The genitive Carthaginiensium occurs in most, and in the best manuscripts. [416] Ibi; that is, in illis finibus.

80.

[417] The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern countries inhabited by real negroes. [418] Pronum, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an inclined plane. [419] The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. [420] ‘But kings so much the more;’ namely, surpass others in the numbers of their wives. [421] ‘None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;’ that is, none is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life and rank.

81.

[422] In locum placitum, ‘at a fixed place,’ at a place where it had been agreed to meet. The participle placitus is formed irregularly from the neuter verb placeo, as such verbs generally have no passive voice. But placeo is used also as an impersonal verb, placet, and, as such, its perfect is either placuit or placitum est, ‘it pleased,’ or ‘was decreed.’ The same is the case with other impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form gradually ceased to be offensive, placitus, a, um, came to be used in the sense of is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit. Compare Zumpt, §§ 142, 225. [423] ‘Of an insatiable avarice;’ for profundus is often used figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. [424] Quis (quibus) refers to the preceding illos; that is, Romanos. [425] Tum, sese; supply hostem Romanis esse, which infinitive must be taken from the following fore. The tum must be rendered in English by ‘now,’ as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, § 732; and regarding Persen for Perseum, § 52. [426] Capta urbe, ‘if the town were taken,’ it would be worth while. [427] Pacem imminuere, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus intended to conclude with the Romans.

82.

[428] ‘According to his advantage;’ that is, if a favourable opportunity should offer. [429] ‘More than is just and fair.’ [430] According to the language of Cicero, the dative linguae would have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, § 414. [431] Alii; supply from what precedes interpretabantur, ‘they accounted for his sensibility by,’ &c. [432] Injuria sua has a passive sense; ‘by the injustice done to him.’

83.

[433] Stultitiae might have been stultilia for the genitive. See Zumpt, § 448, note 1. [434] Tum. See page 137, note 3 [note 425]. [435] Incerta mutare, ‘to obtain uncertain things in exchange for others, or for certain things;’ but it might also mean, ‘to give uncertain things for certain ones.’ See Zumpt, § 456, note. [436] Desinere is used here for the sake of variety, instead of finire, deponi. [437] ‘If the same power were granted to him’ (Jugurtha), namely, to conclude peace, ‘an agreement might easily be come to.’ Res convenit inter nos is the same as convenimus de re, ‘we agree upon the matter.’

84.

[438] ‘The plebs being most desirous.’ The participle cupiens, with its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not contrary to grammar. [439] Multus instare is rather a poetical phrase for multum, ‘greatly,’ or ‘repeatedly.’ [440] Ambiundo cogere, ‘to oblige a person by flattering words;’ a very expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is effected by flattery and intreaties. [441] For the expression aliquid mihi volenti est, ‘a thing accords with my wishes,’ see Zumpt, § 420, note. Neque corresponds with et: on the one hand, it was not believed that the service in the army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it was believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. [442] Traho animo, or cum animo meo, ‘I am incessantly occupied in my mind with something.’

85.

[443] From what precedes, supply mihi videtur. [444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, calls his appointment to the consulship a beneficium, ‘a favour,’ of the Roman people. [445] ‘Is more difficult;’ namely, than is commonly believed, quam opinio est. [446] Procedunt, ‘benefit the state,’ ‘promote the general good.’ [447] Vertit, intransitively, ‘has become changed;’ the same as vertit se, or versum est. See Zumpt, § 145. [448] Prosapia for familia, an ancient and obsolete word, and intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the pretensions of the nobility. [449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, praeposteri homines; that is, ‘men who do afterwards that which they ought to do before;’ for, he adds, it is true one must first be appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active preparation ought to precede. [450] ‘I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.’ By quamquam, Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, § 341); sed introduces a new distinction between men; namely that of merit. [451] Faciant idem, ‘let them despise their own ancestors likewise.’ [452] Hujusce rei; that is, commemorationis majorum meorum, ‘I cannot speak of my ancestors.’ [453] Meamet, commonly with the addition of ipse. Zumpt, § 139, note. [454] ‘That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious of my own weakness and want of ability.’ Modesty often shows itself mainly in silence. Conscientia is the consciousness of a person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. Ducere in aliquid, ‘to consider a thing as;’ ‘to interpret a thing as:’ compare chap. 82: vertere in superbiam. [455] Militaria dona are presents which a general gives publicly to brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn round the neck (torques), bracelets (armillae), pins or brooches (fibulae) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (coronae). It was less common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (vexillum) attached to a pole. [456] ‘I consider this as something too unimportant.’ Parum is used substantively. [457] ‘Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:’ inasmuch as the Greek states had been unable to protect their political liberty either against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. Virtus signifies especially ‘bravery,’ ‘valour;’ but it has also a more general meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one’s own advantages. [458] Praesidia agitare, ‘to keep watch,’ to maintain the posts intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of enemies. [459] Arte colere, ‘to keep close;’ opulenter colere, ‘to treat liberally.’ [460] ‘To compel by bodily punishment.’ [461] Celebravere; that is, extulerunt, auxerunt. Celebrare properly signifies ‘to make or render frequent;’ that is, to bring into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other objects. [462] ‘I have no cook worth more than a steward.’ Marius here assails the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the villicus was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged in agriculture on the estate (villa) of a Roman noble. Coquus is also spelled cocus. See Zumpt, § 5. [463] Quin ergo — faciant, ‘why, then, will they not do?’ This form of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon quin, but upon the optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, § 542. [464] Ereptum eunt, ‘they endeavour to snatch away,’ or ‘they snatch away.’ [465] Cladi sunt, ‘they are a destruction;’ the same as calamitosae, perniciosae sunt. [466] That is, ‘you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, and haughty commanders.’ Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, Albinus, and Metellus. [467] Attrito, ‘worn away,’ ‘annihilated,’ ‘sacrificed.’ [468] ‘Serve the republic,’ ‘devote yourselves to the public good.’ [469] ‘Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.’ Idem indicates the union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, § 697. [470] ‘I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.’ [471] Decebat, a peculiarity of the Latin language for deceret. See Zumpt, § 518.

86.

[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the legions. They were capite censi, because, when the censors made out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal existence or name for registration. Their being called ‘the sixth class’ is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, classis signifies only ‘a property class.’ As the number of persons of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen’s life, and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. [473] Sua curae; another reading is cura sunt, the sense of which is nearly the same. Sua, ‘a person’s own property,’ or ‘all that belongs to him,’ including the state itself. [474] ‘With a considerably larger army.’ About this meaning of aliquanto with a comparative, see Zumpt, §§ 108, 488. [475] Utica, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is Biserta, north-west of Tunis.

87.

[476] ‘Laden with booty;’ that is, filled with things which can be taken as booty. [477] Pugnae adesse belong together, ‘to take part in the battle.’ Marius’s plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with courage before leading them to labour and hardship. [478] Futuros; supply esse, ‘they would behave;’ hence the adverbs. See Zumpt, § 365.

88.

[479] ‘Contrary to his expectation;’ for spes is often used in the general sense of ‘expecting,’ or ‘looking forward to’ anything, whether good or bad. [480] Armis exuere, ‘to disarm;’ here the same as ‘conquer’ or ‘defeat;’ intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their arms behind. [481] ‘Not calculated to bring the war to a close.’ See Zumpt, § 662. [482] Adversum se erant is a combination of two constructions — adversum se essent and adversum eum erant — of which we have already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122, note 1 [note 326]. [483] To nudatum supply fore, which is to be taken out of the following esse; ‘he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.’ [484] Ne quid — timeret, ‘(requesting him) not to fear anything;’ the imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by the subjunctive. See Zumpt, § 603.

89.

[485] In manus venire, ‘to come within reach,’ ‘engage in close combat;’ for manus conserere, which is much more frequent. [486] ‘It seemed to be time;’ that is, it seemed to be a favourable moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive aggredi. Zumpt, § 659, note. [487] Capsa, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. [488] Immunis, ‘exempt from taxes.’ [489] Other editions have quarum instead of quorum. See Zumpt, § 78, note. [490] Jugis aqua, ‘running water,’ or ‘a well perpetually flowing.’ The other water which they used was rain water, and to pluvia we must supply aqua. [491] Africa — incultius agebat, ‘Africa, which was in a state of greater want of cultivation;’ an unusual transfer of the verb agere (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the country itself.

90.

[492] ‘He was brought into danger’ or ‘difficulty.’ [493] ‘They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.’ [494] Exornat; supply rem, expeditionem, ‘the undertaking or campaign.’

91.

[495] Per implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. [496] Duum for duorum occurs most frequently in connection with milium. See Zumpt, § 115, note 2. [497] Res trepidae, ‘a dangerous situation.’ [498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a town which had surrendered at discretion.

92.

[499] ‘All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted as good services,’ so that to non we have to supply modo. For the phrase in virtutem trahere, see chap. 85: ducere in conscientiam. [500] ‘He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything was revealed to him by divine inspiration.’ [501] Capsensium; supply res, ‘the undertaking against Capsa;’ for the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the town itself. [502] ‘For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, and purposely.’ The accusative omnia is to be taken adverbially, ‘on all sides,’ just as we frequently find cetera and reliqua. See Zumpt, § 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have per omnia, omni parte, omnis, all of which are only attempts to explain the true reading. [503] ‘For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and provisions.’ This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern editions et is omitted, and the passage is given with the following punctuation: nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis frumenti, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. [504] ‘The road of the inhabitants of the castle;’ that is, the only road which led up to the castle. [505] ‘Do their work ;’ namely, break through the wall.

93.

[506] Aestuans is here used figuratively of one who is in care and anxiety. [507] Ligus, ‘a Ligurian,’ belonging to the country of Liguria, which was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. [508] Egressus est, the same as escendit or evasit, ‘he got up.’ [509] ‘The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,’ inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack upon the castle. [510] ‘He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,’ as from his high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; but perscribit may possibly mean only to mark such points as would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality after his return to the camp. [511] ‘The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being with them.’ [512] ‘Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of the Ligurian.’ [513] ‘Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.’ Numero is almost superfluous.

94.

[514] Pergit; namely, Ligus. [515] ‘That it might proceed more easily.’ [516] ‘In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make less noise.’ [517] ‘And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;’ for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. [518] ‘He himself foremost (potissimus) tried those places which it was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.’ [519] ‘And then immediately withdrawing;’ namely, in order to make room for those who followed. [520] ‘The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, correcta) by chance, found praise instead of blame.’ The sudden terror of the Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.

95.

[521] Quos refers to the equites implied in the word equitatus. This is a construction ad sensum, of which many examples occur in Sallust (compare Cat. 7), though the present case is rather unusual. [522] Res, ‘the subject,’ ‘the present discussion,’ or ‘the context of the narrative.’ [523] Persecutus; supply Sullae naturam cultumque. L. Sisenna, an early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. [524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a physical decay of the family. [525] Atque doctissime, ‘and that very profoundly;’ the same as et doctissime quidem. [526] Nisi quod adds a limitation or exception to something stated before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the spur of a momentary passion. Potuit consuli; supply ab eo; that is, potuisset consulere. [527] Amicitia facilis, ‘pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or friendly intercourse.’ [528] Altitudo animi, the unfathomableness of a man’s character and designs — a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become hypocritical, ad simulationem et dissimulationem. [529] ‘His good fortune was never greater than his activity;’ that is, his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither good-luck nor activity.

96.

[530] For intra breves tempestates, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in Cat.]. [531] Id laboro. See Zumpt, § 385. Ut illi deberent should properly be sibi or ipsi; but see Zumpt, § 550. [532] Multus adesse, ‘he was present in many places,’ multiplying, as it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84.

97.

[533] Rationes trahere implies slow and careful deliberation, as in chaps. 34 and 93. [534] Die for diei. See page 115, note 3 [note 289]. [535] ‘The night would not he an obstacle to them’ (in their pursuit). Nullo obsolete for nulli. See Zumpt, § 140. [536] Simul cognovit — et hostes aderant, ‘he at once learned — and the enemy was there;’ that is, between the receiving of the information and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. Sarcinas colligere; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put together in a heap, as in Caes. Bell. Gall. vii. 18. [537] Signum here is ‘the watchword,’ which is given out by the general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling another. Sometimes signum is the signal given by a cornu or tuba. To make the former known throughout an army required some time, but not so the latter. Signa afterwards are the standards of the maniples, cohorts, and legions. [538] Latrocinium, ‘a predatory attack,’ as opposed to a regular battle. [539] Obtruncare in opposition to caedere (cut down) signifies ‘to mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.’ The word multos is chosen here only for variety’s sake, instead of alios. [540] The words veteres novique express a whole sentence: ‘as old and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and cohorts) of the army;’ and it is to this meaning that ob ea (for this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say squares), which was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a superior enemy.

98.

[541] Quam tamen — nihil remittere, ‘while the barbarians nevertheless did not leave off.’ For quum with the historical infinitive, see Zumpt, § 582. Pro se, ‘favourable to them.’ [542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as it required only to be slightly fortified. Quaerebat for requirebat, which is more common in this sense. [543] ‘As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;’ so that neque, being properly used for et non, must here be taken for etiam non or ne — quidem. [544] Pleno gradu, ‘at a quick pace,’ which, however, is not running. This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had been worsted in the attack. [545] Fugere, ut pro, is the reading of the manuscripts, ‘as they did not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.’ Ut pro signifies ‘both as victors and as if they were,’ the ut and pro signifying nearly the same thing.

99.

[546] ‘Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually heard at the different night watches.’ The night was divided by the Romans into four watches (vigiliae), the beginning of which was announced by a horn (buccina). Canere is here used intransitively, ‘to sound,’ as in Cat. chap. 59 Below, it is used transitively, in the sense of ‘to blow,’ or ‘give a signal.’ [547] The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in some parts very minute. Formido is the highest degree of fear (timor), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition quasi vecordia.

100.

[548] The superlative dextimus does not differ in meaning from the positive dexter. See Zumpt, § 114, note 1. [549] Minime cari; that is, maxime viles, ‘who were most indifferent,’ or ‘valueless to him,’ whose lives he was least inclined to spare. [550] ‘As if he had not placed (there) any commander.’ Imponere, used absolutely, ‘to appoint;’ namely, in the place spoken of. Nullo for nemine, the ablative as well as the genitive of nemo not being in use. [551] Cogebat; supply armatos intentosque esse. [552] Construe neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere; that is, his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed in marching. [553] The singular in porta is here used because the author is speaking especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the porta praetoria opposite the porta decumana). At this gate a strong body of outposts (excubitores) was stationed, consisting of the most trustworthy soldiers. [554] Futurum, quae imperavisset, an old-fashioned mode of speaking for futura esse, quae. Besides this passage, there is no other certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. [555] ‘Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.’ Aliquid mihi est volenti. See p. 139, note 1 [note 441]. [556] Malum is here the same as ‘punishment,’ or poena. [557] Nisi tamen introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius’s indulgence. Compare p. 92, note 2 [note 153].

101.

[558] Hostes adesse intellegitur is a nominative with the infinitive, for intellegunt hostem adesse. See Zumpt, § 607. It is, however, not impossible that hostis may be the accusative plural for hostes. [559] Aeque, ‘equally;’ for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. [560] The meaning is — Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, and attacked the enemy. [561] Neque — affuerant, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, being the subject, should be in the nominative, for sed — qui non affuerant, or neque ii — affuerant. The omission is singular, but not without other examples. See Zumpt, § 806. The prior pugna is the one described in chaps. 97-99. [562] ‘He rode secretly, with few companions,’ to another place, where the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. Convertit for convertit se. See Zumpt, § 145. [563] Respecting the position of quos adversum, instead of adversum quos, see Zumpt, § 324. [564] That is, ipsius comitibus. [565] ‘By making a skilful movement with his body,’ dum corpore evitat tela. [566] A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting is over. Afflicti, ‘thrust down to the ground,’ implying the notion of persons being severely wounded. Niti, ‘to attempt to rise.’ Qua visus erat, ‘as far as one could see.’

102.

[567] Post ea loci, ‘afterwards.’ [568] ‘Whither he had at first directed his march. ‘Profectus might have been omitted, but its meaning is, ‘having once set out on his march.’ [569] ‘About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.’ [570] Placuit; supply eos, which might also have been expressed by the relative pronoun, quos placuit. See Zumpt, § 804. The ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his designs. [571] Rati; namely, Romani, which must be taken out of populo Romano. [572] The manuscripts have esses, which can be explained only by an amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form of politeness which is not contained in perpessus es. [573] The infinitive placuisse depends on scilicet, which is here quite the same as scire licet, as in chaps. 4 and 113. In ordinary language, scilicet is a mere adverb, ‘evidently,’ ‘forsooth.’ [574] ‘You have many opportunities;’ consequently the same as magnam opportunitatem. See Zumpt, § 756. [575] Demittere in pectus, ‘to impress upon one’s mind,’ sibi persuadere. [576] This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, chap. 111. [577] Tum, ‘now.’ See Zumpt, § 732. [578] Namely, legates mittendi, ‘after he had obtained permission to despatch an embassy to Rome.’

103.

[579] Hibernacula, ‘a winter-camp;’ the same as hiberna, ‘winter-quarters;’ for in chap. 100 it was stated that Marius ordered quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents made for the purpose. If the latter — in hibernaculis is used in its proper sense. [580] Turrim is here the same as castellum. Perfugae omnes are not ‘all the deserters,’ but ‘nothing but deserters,’ or ‘all deserters;’ for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters. [581] Venerant has the meaning of evenerant. Respecting sibi for ipsi, see p. 121, note 2 [note 320]. [582] Reliquerat, not ‘he had left them behind,’ which is the usual meaning of relinquo, but ‘he had left them unbribed:’ that is, he had neglected to bribe them. [583] That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander. [584] ‘He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;’ for they were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace having yet been concluded. The epithet vani belongs to them, because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. Accurate, ‘with care,’ ‘with respect.’ [585] Volens expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does. [586] ‘Were considered as acts of kindness,’ as parts or proofs of a kindly disposition. [587] Benevolentiae sunt, ‘are calculated to produce good-will’ towards the king.

104.

[588] Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier; that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had the jus praetorem in his province, he was sometimes simply called praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its real conclusion rested with the senate. [589] Ea, the neuter plural, though referring to induciae. [590] Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto been the case with the Roman war. [591] The manuscripts have Rufone, which unusual name must be corrected either into Rufo or Rusone. We prefer Rufo, because Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the Octavii Rufi as a senatorial family of the time here spoken of. [592] Deprecati sunt; that is, deprecantes dixerunt; for deprecari properly signifies ‘to avert something by prayers.’ [593] Gratiam facere, ‘to grant pardon for something.’ To quoniam poenitet we must supply eum.

105.

[594] ‘By whose decision a final determination might be come to respecting the common affairs.’ Respecting the ablative arbitratu, see Zumpt, § 190. [595] The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and as socii of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500 paces. The Pelignians are a people of central Italy, not far from the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore arma velitaria (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems that this was their proper armour. [596] Non amplius. See Zumpt, § 485. [597] ‘They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them against the supposed enemy,’ but without making actual use of them. [598] ‘As was in reality the case;’ namely, that the approaching cavalry had no hostile intentions.

106.

[599] To this and the following infinitive we must supply dicit, which is to be taken out of the preceding negat. See Zumpt, § 774. [600] Mansurum potius, quam — vitae parceret is correctly said, though it might also be quam vitae parsurum. See Zumpt, § 603, 2. The indicative quos ducebat is a remark of the historian; quos duceret would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been the regular form. Coenatos esse, ‘they were to have finished dining.’ See Zumpt, § 148. [601] Ante eos, ‘before them;’ that is, on the road along which they had to march.

107.

[602] ‘He protects the Mauretanian against violence.’ [603] A dative. See Zumpt, § 419. [604] The same as inermibus. See Zumpt, § 101. Nudum et caecum corpus, ‘the undefended part of the body, and not provided with eyes;’ that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards the enemy, if he wants to be safe. [605] ‘It seemed to him to be the most advisable.’ Instead of factu, other editions have factum, ‘it seemed to him to be the best thing.’ [606] ‘As the matter stood,’ a limitation suggesting that, under other circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen. [607] ‘As they had come upon him unexpectedly;’ for Jugurtha had not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass through his lines.

108.

[608] ‘As ambassador with a public commission,’ though at the same time he privately acted the part of a spy. [609] ‘That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been previously determined upon with Sulla.’ [610] ‘In order that the common business might be conducted the more carelessly.’ The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha’s ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. Non pertimescere are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of contemnere, ‘he should disregard’ the ambassador, and accordingly act with Bocchus more confidentially. [611] The infinitive of the impersonal passive cavetur ab insidiis, ‘precaution is taken against snares.’ [612] Punica fides is proverbially the same as mala fides, the Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious double-dealers. Attinere is the same as morari, ‘to detain.’ [613] ‘His inclination.’

109.

[614] ‘And says (which must be taken from the preceding jubet) that as yet he had determined upon nothing.’ As past time is here spoken of, it should properly not be etiamnunc, but etiamtunc; and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts tum etiam ought not to be received into the text. If etiamnunc is correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to the present. [615] ‘A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both’ (Sulla and Bocchus).

110.

[616] The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not, like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor Sulla was by no means a private person. [617] ‘I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man’s assistance.’ [618] Fuerit mihi eguisse, the concessive mood: ‘granting that it was the case that I needed,’ might also have been expressed simly by eguerim. [619] ‘This you may try at once.’ For this meaning of adeo, whereby that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, § 281. [620] ‘Unimpaired,’ ‘in the same condition.’ [621] We should express the same idea rather thus: regem munificentia vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis. [622] About factum volui, see Zumpt, § 611. [623] ‘Your wish will not be refused by me.’ Bocchus no doubt here alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to whether it is worthy of himself.

111.

[624] ‘What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than his.’ [625] ‘Would then come to him,’ implying an advantage gained without exertion. [626] Negitare, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple negare, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The affinitas (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned chap. 80, a daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their cognatio (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings. Intervenisse — that is, factum esse — referring especially to foedus.

112.

[627] ‘That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.’ [628] Pax conventa, ‘the peace which is agreed upon.’ Observe the rare use of the passive participle; for convenire is commonly intransitive — as pax convenit, a ‘peace is concluded.’ [629] In potestatem habere is ungrammatical for in potestate habere, but is found now and then. See Zumpt, § 316. [630] The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam should have a verb of its own, which, however, would be a part of the leading verb — namely, qui in hostium potestate esset.

113.

[631] ‘In contradiction with themselves,’ ‘contradictory.’ [632] ‘The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.’ Ceteris refers to the preceding amicis, but is used instead of iis, to form antithesis to himself: ‘after the removal of all the rest, he deliberated by himself.’ [633] Vultus, chiefly ‘the look of the eyes,’ but also ‘the features of the countenance,’ by which the inward emotions are manifested; hence Sallust here, by the addition of corporis, opposes the outward expression to the emotions of the mind: ‘He changed (varied) in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his sentiments.’ Quae scilicet patefecisse, ‘which, as could be seen, revealed his mental emotions.’ Quae is the neuter plural, and scilicet contains the leading verb. [634] That is, ut praeceptum erat, and not dictum in the sense of edictum; for according to the deceitful agreement, the condiciones pacis were to be determined peaceably. [635] Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring.

114.

[636] ‘During the same time;’ that is, the time during which Marius, as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105, in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (Galli) are the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes, and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been wandering about in Gaul. [637] Illique; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in the time of Sallust. Sic habuere, ‘entertained this opinion.’ [638] Certare; supply se; unless we read certari, to which it is easier to supply a se. [639] On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome, was put to death in the public prison near the Forum — which is described by Sallust, Cat. 55 — at the same hour in which Marius offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the Capitol.