THE TENNYSON DICTIONARY (continued 5)

He lies buried in the churchyard of Hathersage in Derbyshire, the grave being over seven feet in length. His ‘goode stout bowe of best yew tree’ is preserved at Cannon hall, near Barnsley.

The Foresters.

LIZARD.

A family of four-footed reptiles.

Œnone; Enoch Arden.

LIZARD-POINT.

Headland on the south coast of Cornwall.

Talking Oak.

LLANBERIS.

A small town at the foot of mount Snowdon.

Golden Year.

LLANBERRIS.

Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

LOCKSLEY.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

LOCKSLEY HALL.

An imaginary place.

Locksley Hall; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

LOCKSLEY SHIELD.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

LOCKSLEY TOWER.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

LODI.

A town in Lombardy, famous for the victory of Buonaparte over the Austrians, 1796.

The Daisy.

LOMBARDY.

Queen Mary.

LONDON (City of).

Edwin Morris; Locksley Hall; Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington; Boädicea; Maud; To the Queen, II; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; The Dawn; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket; Promise of May; The Foresters; To E. Fitzgerald.

LONDON (Bishop of).

Becket.

LONDON BRIDGE.

The first bridge is said to have been built by the Romans. In 1008 it was broken down in the fighting which took place between Ethelred and the Danes who had gained possession of the city of London. This incident is the subject of a Scandinavian poem

Under William Rufus the bridge was repaired, but during the Kentish rising in 1471 it was attacked by the Kentish men under the leadership of Thomas Fauconberg. During the last 700 years it has been destroyed and rebuilt on several occasions; the present structure dating from 1831.

There is an old song entitled London Bridge, the authorship of which is unknown. Several versions of this song are given. Rodwell’s version in his Old London Bridge commences:—

while John o’ London’s translation in his London Stories is:

A later version is as follows:—

Queen Mary.

LOT.

King of Orkney, married Bellicent, daughter of Gorloïs, lord of Tintagel Castle, Cornwall. Father of sir Gawain and sir Modred. Made war on king Arthur on several occasions, notably that of the great battle of the kings. Allied himself with Nero, brother of King Rience of North Wales against Arthur and in the battle which ensued was slain by Pellinore. In Geoffrey of Monmouth he is called king of Norway.

Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Balin and Balan; Lancelot and Elaine.

LOTOS—LOTUS.

A low thorny shrub, a native of Northern Africa, fabled by the ancients to make strangers who ate of it to forget their native country, or lose all desire to return to it.

Œnone; Lotos-Eaters; Akbar’s Dream.

LOTOS-EATERS.

A race of people who lived in Cyrenaica, a district on the north and north-east coast of Africa (Tripoli and Tunis), who lived on the fruit of the lotos tree.

Lotos-Eaters.

LOTOS-LAND.

The north and north-east coast of Africa.

Lotos-Eaters.

LOT’S WIFE.

The Princess.

LOTUS.

See Lotos.

LOUIS. LOUIS OF FRANCE.

Son of Louis VI, whom he succeeded in 1137. Engaged in a crusade but was defeated by Saladin. Having divorced his wife Eleanor, she married Henry II of England by which the provinces of Poitou and Guienne were annexed to the English crown. This produced war between England and France which lasted twenty-one years (1120–1180).

Becket.

LOVER’S BAY.

Lover’s Tale.

LOVER’S LEAP.

Lover’s Tale.

LUCILIA.

See Lucretius.

LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS.

Son of Junius and Tarquinia, sister of Superbus. When Tarquin put his brother to death Brutus pretended to be an idiot, hence his name, meaning ‘stupid.’ When the public indignation was aroused on account of the foul outrage on Lucretia by Tarquin’s son, he raised a revolt and expelled the tyrant from Rome. In 509 he became the first consul of Rome and sentenced to death his two sons found guilty of conspiring to restore the monarchy and in the same year was killed in an attack led on by Aruns, son of Tarquin.

The Princess.

LUCKNOW.

City in British India, and capital of the district of Lucknow and of the old province of Oudh. During the Indian Mutiny it underwent a siege of six months at the hands of the mutineers. It was relieved by sir Colin Campbell.

Defence of Lucknow.

LUCRETIUS.

The poem portrays the ravings of the maddened Lucretius. His wife, Lucilia, not being satisfied with her husband’s conduct towards her, mixed a love-philtre and mingled it with his drink. At one moment he cursed, and the next revelled in, the animal passion.

He raved against love and the gods, and lashing himself into a frenzy committed suicide.

Lucretius.

LUCULLUS.

that Lucullus or Apicus might have sniffed it in their Hades of heathenism,

A Roman general and epicure, who distinguished himself in the war against Mithridates, and who was celebrated for the luxurious life he lived at Rome. For placing before him one day a less sumptuous feast than usual he reprimanded his servant, remarking:

‘Are you aware, sirrah, that Lucullus dines with Lucullus to-day?’

Becket.

LUCUMO.

See Lar.

LUCY.

Daughter of the village squire. She was supposed to have an ungainly deportment.

Village Wife.

LUDGATE.

A famous London gateway supposed to have been built by Lud, king of the Britons, who lies buried beneath the gate.

Queen Mary.

LUNNON (London).

Northern Farmer, Old Style; Promise of May.

LURE.

A decoy, used in falconry for training the hawk.

Merlin and Vivien.

LUSCOMBE.

A farm labourer.

Promise of May.

LUSITANIAN.

= Lusitania, the ancient name for Portugal.

Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue.

LUTHER.

Has reference to Martin Luther, the protestant reformer.

To J. M. K.; Queen Mary.

LUTTERWORTH.

A town in Leicestershire, the church of which John Wycliffe was Rector from 1374 till his death in 1384. He was buried there, but in 1428 his remains were exhumed and burned, and the ashes cast into the river Swift that flows through Lutterworth on its course to the Avon.

‘the little river conveyed Wycliff’s remains into the Avon, Avon into the Severn, Severn into the narrow seas, they to the main ocean. And thus the ashes of Wycliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now is dispersed all the world over.’

Thomas Fuller.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

LYCIAN CUSTOM.

The ‘custom’ referred to here is that the Lycians, inhabitants of the country of Lycia in Asia Minor took their names from their mothers and not their fathers, and always reckoned their ancestry in the female line.

The Princess.

LYDIAN CARPETS.

Lydia was a country of Asia Minor and as early as 700 B.C. was a powerful empire and a centre of religion and culture. It was noted for its music, its purple dyes, and the weaving of carpets in colours and patterns.

The Cup.

LYDIAN LAUGHTER.

= Soft, melodious, as the ancient Greek mode of music known as Lydian.

Frater Ave Atque Vale.

LYNETTE.

Sister to the lady Lyonors. She was a high-spirited girl and exceedingly proud, a fact of which she was reminded by the peacock in his pride that ladies should be of a loving and gentle disposition.

Lynette went to king Arthur to ask for a knight to deliver her sister Lyonors (q.v.) from the tyranny of four knights who held her prisoner in Castle Perilous.

Gareth and Lynette.

LYNX.

An animal resembling the common cat; with a short tail and ears tipped with pencils of hair.

Becket.

LYONESSE—LYONNESSE.

Considered to have been a country uniting the Scilly islands with western Cornwall, and now covered by the sea. The ‘last weird battle in the west’ between king Arthur and sir Modred is supposed to have been fought here.

Morte d’Arthur; Lancelot and Elaine; Last Tournament; Merlin and Vivien; Guinevere; Passing of Arthur.

LYONORS.

The lady of Castle Perilous, where she was held captive by four knights. Her sister, the lady Lynette, went to king Arthur to ask for a knight to deliver her from the tyrants. The king gave the quest to sir Gareth (q.v.) who overcame the knights and liberated the lady, whom according to Malory he married. Tennyson however makes Gareth marry Lynette.

Gareth and Lynette.

MACAW.

A tropical bird of the parrot tribe, with long tail and a hooked jaw.

Day-Dream.

MACHREE.

Tomorrow.

MACREADY.

A famous tragedian; was manager of Covent Garden, and afterwards of Drury Lane Theatres. He was a friend of Tennyson, and on his retirement from the stage the poet addressed the following sonnet to him:

To W. C. Macready.

MADELINE.

Described by the poet as a person of an ever-changing mood. He speaks of her as ‘Ever-varying Madeline,’ and remarks that her smiles and frowns seem to be part of each other.

Madeline.

MAELDUNE.

The hero of an Irish legend A.D. 700. He was the son of Owenacht of Aran, but before his birth his father was killed by a band of robbers. When he had grown to manhood he determined to seek out his father’s murderers, and with a crew of some fifty men set out on his voyage. The vessel was blown away from the coast of Ireland, probably amongst the Hebrides, and they visited islands,—described by the poet as the Isle of a Saint, the Bounteous Isle, Isle of Fire, Isle of Flowers, Isle of Fruits, Isle of Shouting, Isle of the Double Towers, the Isle of Witches, and the Silent Isle—which abounded with monstrous animals, fruits, shouting birds, and biting horses of gigantic size, lakes of fire and of witches. Eventually they came to a bare rock upon which was a fortress where lived his father’s murderers, but instead of slaying them, he forgave them in thankfulness to God for having delivered him from so many perils.

Voyage of Maeldune.

MAGDALEN.

A character in Queen Mary.

Queen Mary.

MAGDALEN (Saint Mary).

Becket.

MAGEE (Molly).

See Dan, Danny O’Roon.

MAGPIE.

A bird of the genus Pica, allied to the jay.

To Rev. F. D. Maurice.

MAHOMET.

Probably refers to the system of Islam, which permits polygamy, or to the general idea that Mahomet considered that women have no souls.

The Princess.

MAHOUND.

The corrupt form of the name Mahomet used by old writers.

Becket; The Foresters.

MAID MARIAN.

Supposed to have been the daughter of sir Richard Lea, who assumed the name of Maid Marian while Robin Hood remained in a state of outlawry. She is frequently mentioned as the paramour of Robin Hood. She was supposed to have been poisoned at Dunmow Priory by order of king John, because she rejected him.

Queen Mary; The Foresters.

MAID OF ASTOLAT.

See Elaine.

Lancelot and Elaine.

MAIDSTONE.

The county town of Kent, situated on the river Medway.

Queen Mary.

MAIDSTONE MARKET.

Queen Mary.

MALET.

William Malet of Graville in Normandy and a companion of the Conqueror. Was sheriff of York till 1068, taken prisoner at the capture of York in 1069, but subsequently released.

Harold.

MALLEOR.

= Sir Thomas Malory, author of Morte d’Arthur.

To the Queen, II.

MALLOW.

A plant which grows on marshy or moist soils.

The Brook.

MALVOISIE.

= Malmsey, a sweet wine from Crete, Canary Islands, and the Azores.

The Foresters.

MAMMON.

Has reference to the Syrian god of wealth, and wishes to convey that persons prevented from marrying on account of material wealth are apt to fall into dissipation.

Aylmer’s Field.

MAMMONITE MOTHER.

The mother subscribes to an Insurance Society and then murders her child in order to get its funeral expenses.

Maud.

MANCHESTER.

Has reference to the ‘School of Manchester’ who protested against the Crimean war.

Third of February.

MANSFIELD.

A town in Nottinghamshire.

The Foresters.

MANTOVANO.

Has reference to Virgil, the Latin poet, who was born near Mantua.

To Virgil.

MAP.

See Walter Map.

MARAH.

Becket.

MARGARET.

Represented by the poet as a pale, delicate and pensive girl, and also appears at times to be given to melancholy. He compares her to the calm sea, and also speaks of her as the evening star.

Margaret.

MARGARET.

Friend of a little girl Alice, who is to be ‘Queen of the May.’

May Queen.

MARGARET.

The three year old daughter of a city clerk, gently born and bred, who with his wife and child was spending a holiday at the sea-side. The mother rocked Margaret’s cradle, singing her to sleep with the well-known slumber song:

Sea Dreams.

MARGERY.

Daughter of a poor woman, who received permission from the priest, Father Philip, to send her daughter into the world to earn her own living as a bower-maid. Margery related ‘he asked our mother if I could keep a quiet tongue i’ my head, and not speak till I was spoke to.’ Fulfilling these conditions she was to be advanced into the service of a great lady, namely Rosamund de Clifford, paramour of Henry the Second. It was Margery, however, who first disclosed to Rosamund the secret fact of Henry’s marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. The news caused great grief to Rosamund. Margery left the bower, singing:

Becket.

MARIA.

= Virgin Mary.

Queen Mary.

MARIAM (ISSA BEN).

See Issa Ben Mariam.

MARIAN.

See Maid Marian.

MARIAN.

The dead wife of a friend in the poem. He induced him to leave London, and come to spend a few days with him at his country home.

The writer thought that a change of scenery would be some consolation to him in his grief for his wife Marian.

To Mary Boyle.

MARIE. MARIE ALEXANDROVNA.

Only daughter of Alexander II, czar of Russia, married to the duke of Edinburgh, second son of the late queen Victoria, at St. Petersburg, January 23, 1874.

A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh.

MARK.

of Tintagel Castle, king of Cornwall. He was a man of vice and treachery, and was hated by all the Knights of the Round Table. He sent an envoy to king Arthur bearing a costly cloth of gold as a gift to the king, with a request that Arthur would knight him, as he had knighted Tristram, but the king rejected with scorn both the gift and the request.

Being jealous of the popularity of his brother Boudwin he murdered him. He married Isolt, daughter of king Anguish of Ireland. He plotted against his nephew Tristram (q.v.), who had married Isolt, daughter of Howell, king of Brittany, and finally slew him whilst dallying with his wife.

Gareth and Lynette; Balin and Balan; Merlin and Vivien; Last Tournament.

MARK ANTONY.

Marcus Antonius, son of Marcus Antonius Creticus and Julia, sister of Julius Cæsar. He became consul with Cæsar 44 B.C., whom he accompanied to Gaul. When Cæsar was murdered on the Ides of March he formed a triumvirate and defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. Fell in love with Cleopatra, with whom he lived in luxury in Egypt. Eventually he was deposed by the Triumvirate and war being proclaimed he was defeated in a naval engagement off Actium, by Octavius, B.C. 31. His outburst against Cleopatra after his defeat is depicted in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra, Act iv. Scene xii.

and when she has left him, he proceeds:

Twelve months later he committed suicide (83–30 B.C.).

Dream of Fair Women.

MARRIS (Bessy).

See Bessy Marris.

MARS.

The Roman god of war. He was regarded as the father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.

Maud; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

MARSH-DIVER.

The Princess.

MARSH-MARIGOLD.

A genus of plants of the Ranunculus order, having large yellow flowers, common in marshes.

Queen Mary.

MARY.

= ‘Hail Mary,’ a prayer to the Virgin Mary.

Mariana in the South; Harold; The Foresters.

MARY.

One of four girl friends spoken of by Alice, the ‘Queen of the May.’

May Queen.

MARY.

Sister of Martha and Lazarus.

In Memoriam.

MARY.

= Mary Boyle, to whom the Progress of Spring is dedicated.

To Mary Boyle.

MARY.

Wife of Romney, the great painter, who married when he was only nineteen. Sir Joshua and other artists remarked to him that marriage spoiled an artist, and almost immediately he forsook his wife and young child, and scarcely saw them until the close of his life. When old and weary and desolate he returned to her, who received him kindly and nursed him until he died. Before his death he implored for her forgiveness, and said he

Romney’s Remorse.

MARY.

Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. On the death of Edward VI she was proclaimed queen. The duke of Northumberland had however induced Edward VI to set aside Henry’s will in favour of lady Jane Grey, who had married his son, lord Guildford Dudley, but the country favoured Mary and she entered London in triumph on July 10, 1553. Northumberland and others were executed, including lady Jane Grey and her husband, and the Roman Catholic religion was again restored. The unpopularity of the proposal to marry Philip of Spain brought about the rebellion of sir Thomas Wyatt, which was crushed with severity, and the princess Elizabeth being suspected was committed to the Tower, and afterwards removed to Woodstock. In 1555 persecution broke out which gave her the name of ‘Bloody Mary,’ some 300 persons, including Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer being sent to the stake. At the instigation of Philip she declared war with France, with the result that Calais was lost to England. During the last years of her reign she suffered from ill-health, and her unhappy and childless marriage, aggravated by the loss of Calais, produced a fever of which she died on November 17, 1558, and with her ended the domination of the papal power in England.

Queen Mary.

MARY. MARY MORRISON.

The lover, and eventually the wife of William, son of farmer Allan.

Dora.

MARY OF ENGLAND.

See Mary (Queen of England).

MARY OF SCOTLAND.

See Scots (Mary, Queen of).

MASTIFF.

A large dog.

Promise of May.

MATILDA (or Maud).

Daughter of Henry I of England. Married in 1114 to the emperor Henry V, and after his death in 1128 to Geoffrey Plantagenet. On the death of her father, her cousin Stephen (q.v.) became king, and civil war broke out. In 1139 she arrived in England from Normandy, defeated and took Stephen prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, but being defeated herself she fled to Normandy. In 1153 a peace was concluded by which it was agreed that Matilda’s son Henry should be Stephen’s successor.

Becket.

MAUD.

Daughter of a man who by speculation came into possession of a hall and certain estates. The son of the ruined man thought of leaving the hateful neighbourhood, but as Maud, the playmate of his youth, returned to the hall, he remained. Maud was perfectly beautiful, but her face was expressionless. She grew to love the playmate of her youth, to whom she had been betrothed since birth. Her harsh brother forbade all intercourse, but her lover invited her to meet him in the garden, using the lovely lyric,

The trysting-place was however discovered by her brother and a certain young lord. High words ensued, followed by a duel. Maud’s brother was shot dead—and the lover fled to the Breton coast. The news of Maud’s death reached him and he fell into the apathy of despair.

Maud.

MAURICE (Rev. Frederick Denison).

Theologian and social reformer and friend of the poet. Son of a Unitarian minister, in 1812 went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and founded—in conjunction with Sterling—the Apostles Club; in 1834 proceeded to Oxford and took his degree; appointed chaplain of Guy’s Hospital 1837; and from 1846–53 was Professor of Theology at King’s College, having in the meantime appeared before the principal to answer the charges of heterodoxy brought against him in the Quarterly Review.

In 1852 he was godfather to Hallam Tennyson.

In the following year upon the publication of his Theological Essays was, by the Council of King’s College, requested to retire. He subsequently accepted the Incumbency of Vere Street Chapel, which he held until appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge. Incumbent of St. Edward’s, Cambridge, 1870–72 and Cambridge preacher at Whitehall 1871. He died in the following year and was buried at Highgate.

To Rev. F. D. Maurice.

MAURICE. MAURICE BERKELEY.

Sir Maurice Berkeley. Fought on the side of Mary in the Wyatt insurrection, 1554. Wyatt surrendered to him at Temple Bar.

Queen Mary.

MAVIS.

= The song-thrush.

Claribel; Gareth and Lynette; The Foresters.

MAVORS.

= Mars.

Lucretius.

MAYFLY.

A short-lived fly which appears in May.

Maud.

MAY LILIAN.

See Lilian.

MAY-SWEET.

Lover’s Tale.

MEADOW-CRAKE.

= the corn-crake. It builds its nest in meadow grass.

The Princess.

MEADOW-SWEET.

A fragrant herbaceous plant with white flowers, called also queen of the meadow.

The Brook; Promise of May.

MEDITERRANEAN.

An inland sea enclosed east by Asia, south by Africa and north by Europe.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

MEDWAY.

A river of Kent.

Queen Mary.

MEG.

A colloquialism for Margaret.

The Princess.

MELISSA.

Daughter of lady Blanche and friend of Ida, heroine of The Princess, one of the young ladies who accompanied Ida to her house of learning. Melissa is the Greek word for ‘Bee’ or ‘Honey.’ She was supposed to be a maiden of youthful charm and one whose tender conscience and loving manner could not brook the shadow of deceit. At the college she occupied a subordinate position, but her youthful charm and subordinate sphere formed a striking contrast to the princess who was the embodiment of majestic dignity.

The Princess.

MELPOMENE.

The Muse of Tragedy. Her attribute is a tragic mask, or a sword. The Muses (q.v.) were nine in number, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and were considered as goddesses dwelling in Olympus.

In Memoriam.

MEMMIAN NAPHTHA-PITS.

= Mennis, a place in Mesopotamia with Naphtha-pits, identified with the modern Kerkuk, or Kirkook, in Asiatic Turkey, twenty hours’ journey from Arbela.

Alexander quartis castris ad Mennin urbem pervenit. Caverna ibi est, ex qua fons ingentem vim bituminis effundit, adeo ut satis constet, Babylonios muros ingentis operis fontis bitumine interlitos esse.

Q. Curtius: Hist. Alex. Magni v. i. 16.

See Professor Bensly’s communication to Notes and Queries, February 14, 1914, p. 137.

Alexander.

MEMMIUS.

= A Roman citizen. Was tribune, pretor and subsequently governor of Bithynia; banished by Cæsar. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him.

Lucretius.

MEMNON.

The beautiful son of Tithonus and Eos. He was sent by his father to assist in the Trojan war and slew Antilochus, but was himself killed by Achilles; whereupon his mother besought Jupiter to immortalize his memory. This, however, did not calm her sorrow, for she bears witness to her weeping in the dews of the morning. A colossal statue of king Amenophis built near Thebes, and which was said to emit a musical sound at dawn, was given the name of Memnon.

Palace of Art; The Princess.

MENŒCEUS.

A young Theban, son of Creon. During the siege of Thebes, Tiresias prophesied that victory would ensue on the side of Thebes if the wrath of the god Arês was pacified by a descendant of the warriors that had sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus (q.v.) at the well of the Dircê being sacrificed. Menœceus, one of the last of the race, slew himself on the wall and his body fell down into the cave which had been the haunt of the dragon.

Tiresias.

MEN-TOMMIES.

= Sweet-hearts.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

MERCURY.

The Italian god of commerce.

Lucretius; Lover’s Tale.

MERIDES.

The personification of the noonday sun. The name of a knight—one of four brothers—who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, where the lady Lyonors was held captive, and who was overthrown by sir Gareth.

Gareth and Lynette.

MERLE.

= The blackbird.

Gareth and Lynette; The Foresters.

MERLIN.

The magician of Arthur’s court. He is supposed to have been a bard, born about the year 470 A.D., and adopted the name of Ambrose. He first served the British chief Ambrosius Aurelianus, and afterwards king Arthur.

In 457 A.D., after the defeat of the Saxons under Hengist, Merlin conveyed great stones from Ireland to England, and set them up at Stonehenge as a monument to the British chiefs who had been slain by Hengist, where they still remain.

He received king Arthur after his birth and handed him to sir Anton to bring him up.

He afterwards made the Round Table at Camelot to seat 150 knights and built a castle to accommodate the magic table.

Various accounts are given as to the manner of his death, but Tennyson says that his fair mistress Vivien (q.v.), who never left his side, followed him to the wild woods of Broceliande where she induced him by craft to reveal to her the secret of his magic strength. Having learnt this, Vivien confined him in a hollow tower from which there was no escape.

Morte d’Arthur; Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Merlin and Vivien; Holy Grail; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Passing of Arthur; Merlin and the Gleam.

MERSEY.

= The river Mersey.

Edwin Morris.

METHUSALEH.

Eh! if I could ha’ gone on wi’ the plowin’ nobbut the smell o’ the mou’d ’ud ha’ maäde ma live as long as Jerusalem.

Eva. Methusaleh, father.

Promise of May.

MEW.

= A sea-gull.

Sea Fairies; The Princess.

MEXICO.

A republic of North America.

Mine be the strength; Queen Mary.

MICHAËL.

An archangel, and leader of the heavenly host, who drove the rebel angels out of heaven.

Last Tournament.

MICHAEL ANGELO.

A famous Italian sculptor, painter and poet.

In Memoriam.

MILAN.

A city of northern Italy, and capital of the province of Milan.

The Daisy; Queen Mary.

MILLY.

Servant to farmer Dobson.

Promise of May.

MILTON.

Poet (1608–1674).

Palace of Art; Milton; Romney’s Remorse.

MINNETH.

The chief city of the Ammonites.

And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith. Judges xi. 33.

Dream of Fair Women.

MINNIE.

Minnie and Winnie.

MINNOW.

A small fresh-water fish.

Miller’s Daughter.

MIRIAM.

Sister of Moses and Aaron, and a prophetess. After the passage of the Red Sea she took a cymbal in her hand, and followed by the whole female population of Israel sang a song of thanksgiving to God for having delivered Israel from the Egyptians. Exodus xv. 20–21.

The Princess.

MIRIAM. MIRIAM ERNE.

Cousin of Muriel Erne, in whose company she was often to be found, Muriel fishing and Miriam sketching by a certain brook. Miriam married, but died during the first year of her married life, leaving a little daughter also called Miriam.

The Ring.

MIRIAM. MIRIAM LANE.

The landlady of the village tavern in Enoch Arden.

Enoch Arden.

MISERERE MEI.

The Fifty-first psalm.

Queen Mary.

MISTLETOE.

A parasite plant or shrub, which grows on different trees. When found upon the oak it was regarded by the Druids as an object of superstition.

Day-Dream.

MIZPEH.

Dream of Fair Women.

MNEMOSYNÊ.

In Greek Mythology, the goddess of memory and mother of the muses.

The Princess.

MOAB.

Last Tournament.

MOCK-HYMEN.

See Hymen.

MODRED.

Son of Lot, king of Orkney, and Bellicent, daughter of Gorloïs and Ygerne, and brother of sir Gawain and sir Gareth. His name signifies ‘Biter,’ which represents the serpent of which king Arthur was by Merlin warned to beware. When king Arthur (q.v.) was absent on a campaign abroad he left Modred regent; but he usurped the kingdom and tried to wed Guinevere the queen. Upon Arthur learning the news he returned and in the ‘last weird battle in the west’ Modred was slain and Arthur also received his death-wound.

Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Lancelot and Elaine; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Guinevere; Passing of Arthur.

MOLE.

A small animal which burrows in the ground and casts up little heaps of mould.

My life is full; Aylmer’s Field; Defence of Lucknow.

MOLL.

A colloquialism for Mary.

The Princess.

MOLLY.

Servant girl to an old spinster who had named all her cats after her former sweethearts. She seemed to induce Molly to believe her ideas.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

MOLLY.

One of the daughters of the new village squire, and described by the village wife.

Village Wife.

MOLLY. MOLLY MAGEE.

See Dan, Danny O’Roon.

MOLOCH.

Refers to the fire god of the Ammonites, which was worshipped in Rabba, and to whom human sacrifices were offered.

The Dawn.

MOLOWNY.

A priest.

Tomorrow.

MOLY.

A fabulous herb of magic power, said by Homer to have been given by Hermes to Odysseus to counteract the spells of Circe.

Lotos-Eaters.

MONA.

The Roman name of the isle of Anglesey. Upon the occasion of the second Roman invasion of Britain, it was the only place where Druidism existed, which was finally destroyed by the Roman General Suetonius Paulinus in A.D. 61.

Boädicea.

MONACO.

A small principality on the shores of the Mediterranean sea.

The Daisy.

MONMOUTH (Harry of).

See Harry of Monmouth.

MONNA GIOVANNA.

See Federigo degli Alberighi.

MONTE ROSA.

A glacier mass between Switzerland and Italy.

The Daisy.

MONTFORT (Edith).

See Edith, Edith Montfort.

MORCAR.

Earl of Northumbria and son of Alfgar of Mercia; joined his brother Edwin, earl of Mercia in his revolt against Tostig: and was defeated by the Norsemen under Hardrada at Fulford Bridge, near York, September 20, 1066. After the battle of Senlac he made submission to the Conqueror and was pardoned. In 1071 he joined the insurgents in the Isle of Ely under Hereward the Wake and on surrendering was committed to the custody of Roger de Beaumont; in 1087 he was imprisoned at Winchester.

Harold.

MORE (Sir Thomas).

Son of sir John More and the author of Utopia. Succeeded Wolsey as Lord Chancellor 1529, but resigned the office (1532) because he could not support Henry VIII’s action in the matter of his divorce; with John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was committed to the Tower for refusing to take the oath of supremacy; found guilty and was beheaded July 6, 1535; his body was buried in the Tower and his head exhibited on London Bridge (1478–1535).

Queen Mary.

MORELAND (Emma).

See Emma Moreland.

MORGANORE.

One of the petty kings overcome by king Arthur fighting on behalf of Leodogran, king of Cameliard.

Coming of Arthur.

MORIAH.

A mountain near Jerusalem where king Solomon built the temple. 2 Chronicles, chap. iii.

The wandering of the dead after the crucifixion is referred to in St. Matthew xxvii. 50–53.

Holy Grail; Columbus.

MORRIS (Edwin).

See Edwin, Edwin Morris.

MORRISON (Mary).

See Mary, Mary Morrison.

MORS.

An infernal deity, the offspring of Night.

Gareth and Lynette.

MORVILLE.

See De Morville.

MOSES.

Tomorrow.

MOTH.

A family of nocturnal insects.

The Princess; In Memoriam; Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham; Becket; Promise of May.

MOUNT OF BLESSING. MOUNT OF VISION.

Ancient Sage.

MOUSE.

A small rodent quadruped, of the genus Mus.

Mariana; Aylmer’s Field; Northern Farmer, New Style; Maud; Village Wife; Spinster’s Sweet-Arts; Owd Roä; Queen Mary; The Falcon.

MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD.

The description given by Columbus to the beautiful and fertile shore of Paria, South America, which he considered to have been the abode of Adam and Eve. He presumed that the stream of fresh water which filled the Paria, and sweetened the salt ocean in its vicinity being supplied by the fountain mentioned in Genesis, as springing from the tree of life in the Garden of Eden.

Columbus.

MUCH.

The ‘miller’s son,’ one of Robin Hood’s band of outlaws.

The Foresters.

MUGGINS.

A methodist preacher supposed to have preached a sermon on ‘Hell-fire an’ the loov o’ God fur men,’ when Sally and her lover the northern cobbler, first went to the meeting together. He was supposed to have had some influence over the cobbler in getting him to give up his habit of drunkenness.

Northern Cobbler.

MULE.

A hybrid animal, generated between an ass and a mare.

Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere.

MURIEL ERNE.

Muriel and Miriam Erne were cousins. The latter died leaving a little girl who was also named Miriam Erne. Muriel, out of pity for the lonely child, took her and nursed her, and in later years became the child’s stepmother.

The Ring.

MUSCOVITE.

= a native of Moscow, or of Russia.

Poland.

MUSES, THE.

Goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing, and the liberal arts. They were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosynê, and were nine in number:—

Calliope: the Muse of eloquence and epic poetry. Her symbols are a tablet and stylus; sometimes a scroll.

Clio: the Muse of history. Her symbol is a scroll.

Erato: the Muse of erotic poetry and elegy. Her symbol is a lyre.

Euterpe: the Muse of music. Her symbol is a flute.

Melpomene: the Muse of tragedy. Her symbol is a tragic mask, or a sword.

Polyhymnia: the Muse of sacred poetry. She has no attribute.

Terpsichore: the Muse of choral song and dance. Her symbols are a lyre and the plectrum.

Thalia: the Muse of comedy. Her symbol is a shepherd’s staff, or a wreath of ivy.

Urania: the Muse of astronomy. Represented as holding a staff with which she points to a globe.

The Princess; In Memoriam; To Virgil; Dead Prophet; Parnassus.

MUSSULMAN.

= The Persian form of Moslem.

Recollections of the Arabian Nights; Romney’s Remorse; Akbar’s Dream; Becket.

MYRTLE.

An evergreen shrub of the genus Myrtus. The ancients considered it sacred to Venus, the goddess of Love.

The Islet; The Cup.

NADIR.

Represents the lowest point.

Merlin and Vivien.

NAÏAD.

In Greek mythology the Naïads were female nymphs, represented as presiding over fresh-water fountains and streams, and endowed with prophetic power.

Leonine Elegiacs; Adeline; To E. L.

NAPLES.

A city of Italy and capital of the province of Naples.

The Brook; The Ring; Queen Mary.

NEILGHERRY.

A mountain district in south India. It is a bracing district and much frequented by Europeans as a health resort. In some respects it resembles the climate of England, hence ‘half-English.’

The Brook.

NELL. NELLY.

See Ellen.

NELLY.

Daughter of the village squire.

On account of this the village wife recommended that she must emigrate.

Village Wife.

NELSON.

Horatio, Lord Nelson.

The Fleet.

NEMESIS.

In Greek mythology the goddess of moral justice and the personification of Divine retribution. According to Hesiod she is the daughter of Night, and with Aidos, the divinity of modesty, left the earth on the advent of the iron age. Her statue at Athens is said to have been executed by Phidias, the greatest sculptor the world has ever seen, out of a block of Parian marble which Darius brought from Persia, and which he had intended to set up in Athens as a monument of his victory over the Greeks at Marathon. It was used instead to record his defeat.

The Princess.

NENE.

A river which has its source in Northamptonshire, and enters the North Sea by the Wash.

Becket.

NERONIAN.

Refers to the Roman army under Suetonius Paulinus who destroyed the Druidical power in the Isle of Mona (Anglesey) A.D. 61.

Boädicea.

NETHERLANDS.

= The low countries.

Queen Mary.

NEW ENGLAND.

A name applied to the former British possession in North America, and now comprising the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The inhabitants are descendants of English Puritans. Captain John Smith made an extensive exploration of the region in 1614, and suggested that it should be called ‘New England.’

Hands All Round.

NEW FOREST.

A royal forest of England, enclosed by William the Conqueror, and situated in the south-western portion of Hampshire. Contains the Rufus stone marking the traditional site of the death of William II.

Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

NEWFOUNDLAND (dog).

Aylmer’s Field.

NICHOLAS (Saint).

Patron saint of Russia; was bishop of Myra in Lycia, and suffered persecution under Diocletian. Children, especially schoolboys, are regarded as being under his guardianship, and he still survives in the Santa Claus of Christmas rejoicings.

The Foresters.

NICHOLAS. NICHOLAS HEATH.

Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor; fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge, 1521, and of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1524, vicar of Hever 1531–32, and in 1534 appointed archdeacon of Stafford. Created bishop of Rochester, 1539; and in 1542 succeeded Latimer in the see of Worcester, but was deprived in 1551. On the accession of Mary was restored to Worcester, and subsequently elected archbishop of York, vacant by the deprivation of archbishop Holgate. In 1556 he was appointed Lord Chancellor. On the death of Mary he proclaimed Elizabeth in the House of Lords, and for a short time continued to hold the office of Chancellorship. Was deprived of his archbishoprick for refusing to take the oath of supremacy and committed to the Tower, but was subsequently set at liberty on giving an undertaking not to interfere in Church and State matters. He died in 1579, and was buried in the chancel of Cobham Church.

Queen Mary.

NIGHTINGALE.

A small bird of the Passerine family. It sings at night and is celebrated for the sweetness of its song.

Palace of Art; Gardener’s Daughter; Vision of Sin; Poet’s Song; Aylmer’s Field; The Princess; Grandmother; In the Garden at Swainston; Marriage of Geraint; Balin and Balan; First Quarrel; Ancient Sage; Demeter and Persephone.

NILE.

Has reference to lord Nelson’s victory at the battle of the Nile, August 1, 1798.

Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington.

NILUS.

Has reference to the annual overflow (July to October) of the river Nile.

Dream of Fair Women.

NIOBE.

In Greek mythology the daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. She had twelve children, six sons and six daughters, and she scorned the goddess Leto who had only two children, Apollo and Diana. These two children being indignant at the insult to their mother slew with their arrows all Niobe’s children. For nine days they lay in their blood, and on the tenth day the gods buried them. Niobe fled to mount Sipylos, in Asia Minor, where she was turned into a stone.

Walking to the Mail; Promise of May.

NIOBËAN.

Has reference to Niobe (q.v.) queen of Thebes.

The Princess.

NOAILLES.

Antoine de Noailles (1504–1562), soldier and diplomatist.

Queen Mary.

NOÄKS.

A notorious character, a poacher, who was supposed to have shot a keeper and according to the story told by an old farmer, was condemned and hanged.

Northern Farmer, Old Style.

NOKES.

A character in Queen Mary.

Queen Mary.

NOKES.

A farm hand.

Promise of May.

NORFOLK (Duke of).

Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk (1473–1554), tried to suppress the Wyatt rebellion, but was unsuccessful.

Queen Mary.

NORMANDY.

An old province of France of which Rouen was the Capital.

Harold; Becket.

NORMANLAND.

= Normandy.

Harold.

NORSELAND.

= Scandinavia, but more particularly Norway.

Harold.

NORTHAMPTON.

In 1164 Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, was summoned by Henry II to a Council at Northampton to give an account of the various sums of monies received by him during the time he held the office of Lord Chancellor. Judgment being given against him, Becket left the palace, and stealing away by night, reached Sandwich, and thence by boat to Flanders.

Becket.

NORTH-SEA.

Lancelot and Elaine.

NORTHUMBERLAND.

See Northumbria.

Coming of Arthur; Harold.

NORTHUMBERLAND (Earl of).

John Dudley, first duke of Northumberland; executed (1553) for resisting the accession of Mary to the throne. His son lord Guildford Dudley was married to lady Jane Grey.

Queen Mary.

NORTHUMBRIA.

An ancient British kingdom reaching from the Humber to the Firth of Forth and from the North Sea westward to the Celtic Strathclyde. It was founded by Ida in 547.

Harold.

NORWAY.

Has reference to the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights.

The Princess.

NORWAY (King of).

See Hardrada.

NORWAY.

The northernmost country of Europe.

Harold.

NOTTINGHAM.

The Foresters.

NOX.

In Greek mythology the goddess of night.

Gareth and Lynette.

NUDD.

Father of Edyrn (q.v.).

Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid.

OAF.

A changeling left by the fairies.

The Foresters.

OAK. OAK-TREE.

A tree of about 300 species.

Buonaparte; Talking Oak; Amphion; Lord of Burleigh; Aylmer’s Field; The Princess; Boädicea; In Memoriam; Geraint and Enid; Balin and Balan; Merlin and Vivien; Last Tournament; Hands all Round; To Mary Boyle; The Oak; The Tourney; Claribel; Gareth and Lynette; The Cup; The Foresters.

OBALISQUE.

A name given to a female slave in the Turkish harem.

The Princess.

OBERON.

King of the Fairies. He is one of the characters in Shakespeare’s Midsummer-Night’s Dream.

The Foresters.

ODIN.

or Wodin, the chief god of the Teutonic tribes. His seat was Hlidskialf in Asgard and he held his court in Walhalla (q.v.), where the warriors slain in battle spent their future existence. He was attended by two black ravens, Hugun and Munin, representing Thought and Memory respectively.

The Victim.

ODO.

Half-brother of William the Conqueror, who created him bishop of Bayeux in 1049. Accompanied the Conqueror to England and fought at the battle of Senlac, for which service he was created earl of Kent and rewarded with Dover Castle. During William’s absence from England was viceroy; built himself a palace at Rome, and even aspired to the popedom; arrested and imprisoned at Rouen. During the reign of William II he became the centre of conspiracy and was compelled to flee to Normandy. In 1085 was present at the proclamation of the first Crusade and in the following year accompanied duke Robert of Normandy as a crusader. He died at Palermo in 1097.

Harold.

ŒNONE.

A nymph of Mount Ida, daughter of Kebren, the river-god, and the wife of Paris (q.v.) the shepherd-prince of Troy. She was endowed with the gift of prophecy and told her husband that his journey to Greece would be his ruin. During the siege of Troy he was wounded by an arrow, and sent for Œnone, but on her arrival she found him dead and stabbed herself over the body.

Œnone; Death of Œnone.

OLAF.

Olaf II, king of Norway; wrested the throne of Norway from Eric and Jarl; endeavoured to exterminate paganism by fire and sword; excited disaffection among his subjects, who rebelled, and with the assistance of Canute overpowered him. Fled to the court of his brother-in-law, Jaroslav of Russia; by his help he tried to recover his throne, but was defeated and slain by Canute at Stiklestad. Was canonized in 1164 and is the patron saint of Norway (995–1030).

Harold.

OLDCASTLE (Sir John).

See Cobham.

OLDHAM.

A farm labourer.

Promise of May.

OLEANDER.

An evergreen shrub having clusters of beautiful red or white flowers.

The Daisy.

OLIVE.

A tree cultivated in the East for its oily fruit. Its branches are the emblems of peace.

The Princess; The Daisy; Maud; Frater Ave Atque Vale.

OLIVE.

= A girl’s name.

Talking Oak.

OLIVET.

Mount of Olivet or Olives, also called Mount of Corruption. A rising ground to the east of Jerusalem over against the Temple hill, and separated from it by the Kidron valley. At its summit is the church of the Ascension, and on its west slope Gethsemane.

In Memoriam.

OLIVIA.

Betrothed to a young Englishman named Walter. During his absence she spent much of her time beneath the boughs of an old oak-tree. When Walter returned, the oak-tree—supposed to be gifted with speech—gave him an account of her doings during his absence. In return for the information he vowed to make for his bride a bridal wreath of alternate leaf and acorn ball.

Talking Oak.

OLYMPIAN.

Has reference to an Olympian Ode, written by Pindar in honour of the victors at the Olympian games.

To Professor Jebb.

OMAR.

Fitzgerald’s translation of Omar Khayyám, the astronomer poet of Persia.

To E. Fitzgerald.

OPHIR.

In his fourth voyage Columbus arrived at Veragua, and the amount of gold obtained from the mines of that district led him to believe that he had discovered the place from which Solomon obtained his supplies of gold. See 1 Kings ix. 28.

Columbus.

OPPIAN LAW.

See Cato.

The Princess.

ORAN.

A port in Algeria.

Ballad of Oriana.

ORANGE.

A tree of the genus Citrus.

Queen Mary; Promise of May.

ORANGE.

Was the capital of the small principality of Orange in France. Passed by marriage into the hands of the house of Nassau in 1531, and the first Nassau prince of Orange was the father of William the Silent. The principality was annexed by France in 1713.

Queen Mary.

ORCHIS.

A genus containing ten of the British species of orchids.

In Memoriam.

OREAD.

A mountain-nymph.

Œnone; Lucretius; Maud.

ORIANA.

Heroine of the Ballad of Oriana. As she stood on the castle wall, watching her lover go forth to battle, she was pierced through the heart by an arrow.

Ballad of Oriana.

ORIEL.

A recess in a room with a bay-window.

Palace of Art; Day-Dream; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail.

ORION.

In Greek mythology a giant and hunter, son of Hyrieus. He fell in love with Merope, daughter of Œnopion, but was struck blind by Œnopion because of his treatment of her, but recovered his sight by exposing his eyeballs to the rays of the rising sun. At his death he was placed in the heavens as a constellation.

Locksley Hall; Maud.

ORKNEY.

A group of islands north of Scotland.

Coming of Arthur; Harold.

ORM.

Father of Gamel.

Harold.

O’ROON (Danny).

See Dan, Danny O’Roon.

O’SHEA (Shamus).

See Shamus, Shamus O’Shea.

OSIER.

A water-willow, from withes of which baskets are made.

Enoch Arden.

OUTRAM (Sir James).

Son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall, Derbyshire. Appointed in 1840 a British Political Agent in Sind, and distinguished himself by his heroic defence of the British Residency at Hyderabad. Appointed Chief Commissioner of Oudh in 1843, and in 1857 joined the Persian expedition. During his absence the Mutiny broke out, and on his return was offered the commandership of the Lucknow Relief Force, but waived his military rank and acted as a volunteer under Havelock (q.v.), who had already fought eight victorious battles with the rebels. After Lucknow was relieved he assumed the command, only to be in turn himself besieged, and relieved by sir Colin Campbell. Was rewarded with a baronetcy, a pension of £1,000 and the Freedom of London. He died at Paris in 1863, and was buried in Westminster Abbey where the slab on his grave bears the epitaph: The Bayard of India. Statues have been erected to his memory in London and Calcutta.

Defence of Lucknow.

OUZEL.

One of the several species of thrushes, especially the blackbird.

Gardener’s Daughter.

OWL.

A bird that seeks its food by night, noted for its howling or hooting noise.

The Owl; St. Simeon Stylites; The Princess; Gareth and Lynette; Balin and Balan; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Despair; Forlorn.

OWLBY.

Church-warden and the Curate.

OWLET.

A young owl.

Leonine Elegiacs.

OXFORD.

A city and capital of Oxfordshire. It is the seat of one of the English Universities.

Queen Mary; Becket; The Foresters.

OXLIP.

A species of primrose.

Talking Oak.

PADRE (Goan).

See Goan Padre.

PADUA.

A city of Venetia.

Queen Mary.

PÆAN.

An ancient Greek hymn, sung in honour of Apollo.

Two Voices.

PAGET (Lord).

William Paget, first baron; played a prominent part in the plot to set aside the will of Henry VIII; joined queen Jane’s council on the death of Edward VI, but sanctioned the proclamation of Mary. Made Lord Privy Seal, but on accession of Elizabeth he relinquished the office (1505–1563).

Queen Mary.

PALLAS. PALLAS ATHENE.

In Greek mythology the goddess of Wisdom, daughter of Zeus, identified with the Roman Minerva. She was produced from Zeus’ brain without a mother. The story is that Zeus in fear that a son stronger than himself would be born, devoured his first wife Metis, but Hephæstus clave open his head with an axe and Athene sprang forth in full armour, the goddess of eternal virginity. Her powers were equal to those of Zeus; she could hurl the thunder of Jupiter, and bestow the gift of prophecy. A yearly festival, called Panathenæa, was founded in her honour by Theseus, one of the Greek heroes. A magnificent temple called the Parthenon was built on top of the Acropolis at Athens in her honour, and a colossal statue wrought in ivory and gold, some thirty feet in height, was erected. Her attributes are the helmet, the lance, the round shield with the Gorgon’s head, the olive branch and the owl. When Paris (q.v.) the shepherd-prince of Troy was appointed to decide which of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas Athene, and Venus) was the most beautiful, and to which should be awarded the golden apple, the prize of beauty, Pallas attempted to bribe him by promising him wisdom.

Paris decided in favour of Venus.

A Character; Œnone; The Princess; In Memoriam; Achilles over the Trench; Tiresias.

PALM. PALM-TREE.

A tropical tree of many varieties bearing at the summit large leaves like the palm of the hand. A leaf of the palm, anciently borne was a symbol of victory or rejoicing.

Arabian Nights; Palace of Art; Lotos Eaters; ‘You ask me why,’ etc.; St. Simeon Stylites; Locksley Hall; Enoch Arden; Aylmer’s Field; The Princess; A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh; The Daisy; The Islet; In Memoriam; Gareth and Lynette; Lover’s Tale; Columbus; The Wreck; To Ulysses; Akbar’s Dream; Harold; The Foresters.

PALMYRENE.

Zenobia, wife of Bedouin Septimius Odenathus, king of Palmyra. After her husband’s death she was appointed queen and conquered Egypt. She then aimed at the complete independence of the Roman empire but was defeated by Aurelian at Hemesa, A.D. 272, and herself captured. She was taken to Rome, but was presented by Aurelian with possessions at Tivoli, where she passed the rest of her life in the society of her two sons. She was a beautiful woman, endowed with prudence and great courage.

The Princess.

PAN.

In Greek mythology the son of Hermes and the god of shepherds. The Romans identified the Greek Pan with their god Faunus (q.v.). He is represented with horns and goat’s feet; hence is derived the modern devil of Christianity.

In Memoriam.

PANCRATIUS (St. Pancras).

Son of a heathen noble of Synnada in Phrygia. Being taken to Rome he was during the persecution of Diocletian executed, when only fourteen years of age. He is represented as the Latin saint of children, with a sword in one hand and a palm in the other. St. Pancras Station, the terminus of the Midland Railway in London, is named from the parish in which it is situated.

Harold.

PANDORA-BOX.

In Greek mythology a beautiful woman whom Jupiter in order to punish the human race—because Prometheus had stolen the heavenly fire—constructed on earth. Jupiter gave her a box containing all human ills which, when opened, escaped and spread over all the earth, Hope alone remaining at the bottom of the box.

Promise of May.

PANSY.

A species of violet.

Gardener’s Daughter.

PANTHER.

A fierce spotted quadruped, allied to the leopard.

Œnone; Death of Œnone.

PAPHIAN.

Paphos, a town in Cyprus, chiefly identified as a centre of the worship of Aphroditè, the Greek goddess of love and beauty. Aphroditè means ‘sea-foam’ and Paphos is the place where she is said to have landed after her birth from the sea.

Œnone.

PAPHLAGONIA.

An ancient country in Asia Minor. The country was independent under Persian and Macedonian rule. It passed later to Pontus and subsequently became a Roman province, B.C. 65.

The Cup.

PARAGUAY.

A South American state.

To Ulysses.

PARIS.

Son of Priam and Hecuba, king and queen of Troy. When an infant his mother dreamed that she saw a flaming brand in the cradle where the child lay. Hecuba, very anxious to know the meaning of the dream, decided to ask an oracle to explain it, and was informed that the child was destined to bring destruction on his native city. To escape this calamity Paris was carried away to a forest to die of hunger, but was found by shepherds who brought him up, hence he is called the shepherd-prince of Troy. He married Œnone, daughter of the river-god Kebren, but was afterwards rewarded by Venus with the love of the beautiful Helen of Sparta whom he carried off to Greece and which led to the Trojan War. The story is, that on the occasion of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Eris the goddess of strife was the only goddess not invited to the wedding, and to show her displeasure threw among the guests a golden apple on which was written ‘For the fairest.’ The three goddesses (Juno, Pallas Athene, and Venus), each claimed the apple, and Paris was appointed to judge which of the three was the most beautiful. On appearing before Paris they each made attempts to bribe him in order to gain the verdict. Juno promised him sovereignty:

Pallas Athene promised him wisdom:

Venus promised him the fairest woman in Greece for his wife:

Paris handed the apple to Venus. Subsequently during a visit to Sparta he abused the hospitality of Menelaos, for during his absence in Crete Paris eloped with Helen. To avenge this insult Menelaos laid siege to the city of Troy, and fought a single combat with Paris, whom he defeated, and who would have perished had not Venus interfered. In a succeeding battle Paris slew Achilles, the most famous of all the Greek heroes in the war, but on the fall of the city, being himself mortally wounded by a poisoned arrow of Philocteles, he sent for Œnone whom he had abandoned, but upon her arrival she found him dead, and in despair threw herself upon his body and stabbed herself.

Œnone; Death of Œnone.

PARIS (city of).

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; Romney’s Remorse; The Dawn.

PARMA.

An Italian town.

The Daisy.

PARNASSUS.

The highest peak of a range of mountains in Greece, dedicated to the Muses, Apollo and Bacchus.

In Memoriam.

PARROT.

One of a family of tropical birds, remarkable for its beautiful plumage, and its powers of imitating the human voice.

Locksley Hall; Day-Dream; The Princess.

PARTHENON.

A celebrated temple on the Acropolis at Athens, built under Pericles and dedicated B.C. 438 to Athena. It is considered the finest specimen of Greek architecture extant. A gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athene stands in the midst of the Parthenon.

Freedom.

PARTHIAN.

The last Parthian shaft of a forlorn Cupid at the King’s left breast, and all left-handedness and under-handedness.

An arrow discharged at an enemy when retreating from him, as was the custom of the ancient Parthians.

Becket.

PARTRIDGE.

A wild gallinaceous bird of the genus Perdix. It is noted as a game bird.

Lover’s Tale.

PASSION-FLOWER.

A flower so-called from a fanciful resemblance to a crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ’s passion.

Maud; Voyage of Maeldune.

PAUL.

Saint Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles.

Godiva; In Memoriam; Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham; Queen Mary.

PAUL THE FOURTH (Pope).

See Caraffa.

PAUL’S.

= St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. Founded by Ethelbert. In Roman times a temple of Diana is believed to have stood on the site, as a stone altar sculptured with the image of Diana was found during the excavations for the foundations of Goldsmith’s hall, in 1830. Destroyed by fire 1087, and again in the great fire of 1666; rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren 1675–1710.

Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue.

‘PEACE, BE STILL!’

Has reference to the words of Christ in the storm on the Sea of Galilee.

Columbus.

PAYNIM.

= Pagan.

Balin and Balan; Holy Grail; Last Tournament.

PEACH.

A tree with a delicious juicy fruit.

Progress of Spring; The Falcon.

PEACOCK.

A large bird of the pheasant kind remarkable for the beauty of its plumage, especially that of its tail.

Œnone; Day-Dream; The Princess; The Daisy; Maud; Gareth and Lynette; Queen Mary.

PEACOCK-YEWTREE.

A yewtree clipped into the shape of a peacock.

Enoch Arden.

PEA-HEN.

The female of the peacock.

The Falcon.

PEELÈ.

A goddess who had her home in a great lake of fire nine miles round—Kilauēä—(q.v.) the largest active volcano in the world.

Kapiolani.

PELEÏAN BANQUET-HALL.

The banquet-hall in which the guests at the marriage of Peleus and Thetis assembled, and where Eris the goddess of strife threw among the guests the golden apple of discord.

Œnone.

PELEION.

= Achilles, so-called because he was the son of Peleus.

Achilles over the Trench.

PELEUS.

Has reference to the marriage of Peleus with the sea-nymph Thetis, and where Eris the goddess of discord threw the golden apple among the guests, to show her resentment at not being invited.

Œnone.

PELICAN.

The pelican used as a crest was a symbol of devotion to a kinsman.

Holy Grail.

PELLAM.

King of Listengise. He gave a feast to all the knights of the Round Table and their ladies; and they all rose from the table and attacked Balin for having slain sir Galon, Pellam himself being wounded by a miraculous spear but was healed of the wound by sir Galahad.

Balin and Balan.

PELLEAS.

A Knight of the Round Table, created to fill one of the gaps made by the quest of the Holy Grail, and lord of many Isles. Fell in love with the lady Ettarre (q.v.) but the lady did not return his love. For some time was knight to queen Guinevere. Was slain by sir Meliagrance in defending his mistress.

Pelleas and Ettarre.

PEMBROKE (Earl of).

Sir William Herbert, first earl Pembroke; son of sir Richard Herbert. Became a gentleman-pensioner in 1526. For having killed a mercer in a fracas escaped to France and joined the French army; returning, he married Anne, sister of Henry VIII’s sixth queen, and at once rose in royal favour. At the dissolution of the monasteries he received the Abbey of Wilton, destroyed the monastic building and built a magnificent mansion. Further grants of land were made him by Henry VIII and Edward VI. On the outbreak of the quarrel between Somerset and Warwick Pembroke sided with the latter for which he was suitably rewarded, receiving Somerset’s estates in Wiltshire. He signed the agreement for the succession of lady Jane Grey to the throne, and was with her at the Tower of London, but later he declared in favour of Mary and accompanied the Lord Mayor of London to Cheapside to read the proclamation. On the outbreak of the Wyatt rebellion—although his loyalty was regarded as suspicious—was appointed chief in command of the army to resist Wyatt’s entry into London, but his troops made such a feeble resistance that Wyatt succeeded in entering the city. He introduced into the royal presence the Spanish ambassador who came to represent Philip at the formal betrothal of the Queen, and on the arrival of Philip met him at Southampton, and was one of the four peers who gave Mary away at the wedding in Winchester Cathedral. Although a great favourite with both Mary and Philip his loyalty was regarded from time to time with such suspicion that Mary was advised to place him under arrest. Immediately upon Mary’s death, Pembroke went to Hatfield and attended Elizabeth’s first Privy Council, and zealously supported a protestant revival. Appointed Lord Steward of the royal household in 1568, he compromised his position by supporting the proposed marriage of the duke of Norfolk with Mary, queen of Scots, and was arrested, admitted sympathy with the scheme but denied the charge of disloyalty. He died in 1570, and was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Queen Mary.

PENDRAGON.

A title—meaning ‘chief leader in war’—conferred upon several British chiefs in times of distress. Uther and Arthur were each appointed to the office to repel the Saxon invaders.

Lancelot and Elaine.

PENDRAGONSHIP.

Has reference to the title of Pendragon (q.v.).

Guinevere.

PENEÏAN.

The river Peneus in Thessaly which flows through a narrow pass, and is extremely beautiful on account of the precipitous rocks on either side.

To E. L.

PENENDEN HEATH.

but ten thousand men on Penenden Heath all calling after your worship,

Pennenden Heath. Originally a large common near Maidstone in Kent. In Saxon times the Witenagemot was held here, since which time it has been the meeting place for large and important gatherings. A large portion of the common has now been built upon, and part is now used as a public recreation ground under the control of the Maidstone Corporation.

Queen Mary.

PENUEL.

Clear-headed Friend.

PERCIVALE.

A Knight of the Round Table, son of Pellinore, king of Wales. In Lancelot and Elaine he is called ‘the meek Sir Percivale’ and in the Holy Grail is known as ‘the Pure’ and is hailed as the guardian of the Holy Grail:

Sir Percivale accompanied sir Galahad and sir Bors in the quest of the Holy Grail and was present when it appeared, but whether he was permitted to see it with his bodily eyes is not known. Some authorities consider that sir Galahad only saw the vision, while others contend that both sir Galahad and sir Percivale beheld the holy vessel, after which Percivale withdrew into a hermitage and spent the rest of his life in prayer.

Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Pelleas and Ettarre.

PERSEPHONÈ.

In Greek mythology the daughter of Jupiter and Demeter, and queen of the lower world. As a maiden she was carried off, while plucking flowers in Enna, into the lower world by Pluto in his car, and is represented sitting on an ebony throne wearing a crown.

She married Pluto and became the mother of the Furies. In Italian mythology she is identified with Proserpine.

The Princess; Demeter and Persephone.

PERSIA.

An Asiatic country.

Alexander; Lover’s Tale.

PERSIAN GIRL.

= Anis al-Jalis, in Burton’s Arabian Nights.

Recollections of the Arabian Nights.

PERU.

Queen Mary.

PETER.

= Saint Peter, one of the twelve Apostles.

Godiva; Gareth and Lynette; To E. Fitzgerald; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket.

PETER.

A character at a meeting of the hounds.

Aylmer’s Field.

PETER.

= Pope of Rome.

Queen Mary.

PETER (Peter Martyr).

Pietro Martire Vermigli, born at Florence 1550. Was an Augustinian monk, but became a convert to the reformed faith, and in consequence had to flee from Italy in 1542. Professor of Divinity at Strasburg 1542–7, and at Oxford in 1548; returned to Strasburg in 1553, and became Professor of Divinity in the following year; died at Zurich in 1562.

Queen Mary.

PETERBORO’.

Harold.

PETER CAREW.

Son of sir William Carew. In the reign of Henry VIII was sheriff of Devonshire. On the death of Edward VI he opposed the succession of lady Jane Grey and proclaimed Mary as queen in the West. Conspired against the Spanish marriage and the plot being discovered escaped to the continent. Passing through Antwerp he was arrested by lord Paget, sent back to England, and confined in the Tower. On the accession of Elizabeth he rose in favour, and was Constable of the Tower in 1572, when the duke of Norfolk was convicted for treason. The latter part of his life was spent in recovering his property in Ireland. He died in 1575, and was buried in the church at Waterford.

Queen Mary.

PETERS.

Gentleman to lord Howard.

Queen Mary.

PETER’S-PENCE.

An annual tribute of one penny paid to support the pope. Presented by Ina of the West-Saxons for the endowment of an English College at Rome, 725, it was confirmed by Offa, 777, and afterwards claimed by the pope as a tribute from England and collected regularly until its abolition by Henry VIII in 1534.

Talking Oak.

PETHER.

= St. Peter.

Tomorrow.

PEVENSEY. PEVENSEY CASTLE.

A village in Sussex on the English Channel twelve miles from Hastings. It was in the bay of this little village that William, duke of Normandy, landed with his army on September 28, 1066. The Romans built here a castle—now in ruins—the fortress of which was of great strength. It withstood for six days the attack of the army of Rufus against Odo, bishop of Bayeux; king Stephen and Simon de Montfort besieged it unsuccessfully; but it was again successfully defended by lady Jane Pelham in 1399. The castle remained a fortress until the time of Elizabeth.

Harold; Becket.

PEWIT.

= The lapwing.

Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue.

PHARAOH.

Aylmer’s Field.

PHAROS.

An island near Alexandria on which a lighthouse was erected by Ptolemy I, B.C. 250.

The Princess.

PHENOMENON.

Name of a horse.

The Brook.

PHILIBERT. PHILIBERT OF SAVOY.

Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, born 1528, succeeded 1553; died 1580.

Queen Mary.

PHILIP.

A priest.

Queen Mary.

PHILIP.

King of Naples and Sicily, afterwards king of Spain, son of the emperor Charles V. In 1554 married Mary, queen of England in Winchester Cathedral, and became unpopular. In the following year left England in disappointment that an expected heir was not born to him; resolved to extirpate protestantism in his dominions, and employed sword and fire with bitterness; the Netherlands however resisted the attack and succeeded in throwing off the Spanish yoke; made overtures to queen Elizabeth, but was refused and in 1559 married Isabella, daughter of the king of France. In 1588 he sent his ‘Invincible’ Armada against England, which was almost totally destroyed, the defeat of which marked the beginning of the decline of Spain. The only praise that can be accorded to this tyrant is that he gave a certain amount of encouragement to the advancement of the Arts and Sciences (1527–1598).

Queen Mary.

PHILIP.

Father of Katie Willows.

The Brook.

PHILIP. PHILIP RAY.

See Enoch, Enoch Arden.

PHILIP (de Eleemosyna).

Pope’s Almoner; called the Abbot of l’Aumône; was of the Cistercian order.

Becket.

PHILIP (Philip Edgar, afterwards Mr. Harold).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

PHILIP EDGAR (afterwards Mr. Harold).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

PHILIP HAROLD (Philip Edgar).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

PHILIP HEDGAR (Edgar).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

PHILIPPINES.

An archipelago, lying between the China Sea in the west, and the Pacific Ocean in the east.

Queen Mary.

PHLEGETHON.

In Greek mythology a river of hell.

Demeter and Persephone.

PHŒBE.

A priestess in the temple of Artemis, along with Camma. Camma’s husband Sinnatus was slain by Synorix. Camma married Synorix, and seemed to have no fear of him. Phœbe reminded her of the shyness with which she faced her first marriage, and was horrified to think that Camma should marry and ‘clasp a hand Red with the blood of Sinnatus?’ but she endured it all that she might pass to Sinnatus on the other side of Death, and tell him that he was avenged.

The Cup.

PHOSPHOR.

The light-bringer or morning star.

In Memoriam.

PHOSPHORUS.

The personification of the ‘Morning-star.’ The name of a knight—one of four brothers—who kept the passages of Castle Perilous where the lady Lyonors was held captive, and who was overthrown by sir Gareth.

Gareth and Lynette.

PHRA-BAT.

The footstep of the Lord on a rock. See Phra-Chai.

To Ulysses.

PHRA-CHAI.

The shadow of the Lord. Certain obscure markings on a rock in Siam, which express the image of Buddha to the Buddhist more or less distinctly according to the faith and his moral worth.—Poet’s Note.

To Ulysses.

PHRYNE.

Has reference to Phryne, a Greek courtesan. On account of her beauty she obtained numerous suitors who lavished gifts upon her so freely that she became exceedingly rich. She was a model to Praxiteles for his statue of Venus. Being accused of profanity she was brought before the Tribunal, and was defended by Hyperides, one of her lovers; but seeing that the eloquence of Hyperides failed to convince the judges, she exposed her person, and was immediately acquitted, and carried in triumph to the temple of Venus.

Becket.

PIACENZA.

An old Italian city.

The Daisy.

PICUS.

King of Latium, son of Saturn, and the Italian god of agriculture. He married the nymph Canens, and became the father of Faunus. When out hunting in the woods one day he was met by Circe, who changed him into a woodpecker, because he rejected her love and was faithful to Canens.

Lucretius.

PIERIAN.

A regular epithet for the muses.

Parnassus.

PIERO.

Piero was cruelly murdered by the captain of a band of highwaymen. The reason given by his wife for such an outrage is

The bandit dragged the woman to his cave in the mountain, where she lived in hatred of her husband’s murderer, crying to the saints to avenge. On the birth of a son, however, there seemed to be a little less hatred between them. Being tracked by the police, the bandit accidentally strangled the child as he utter’d a cry. The woman’s loathing revived, she stabbed him as he slept, put the head in a cloth, and set out to receive the promised ransom.

Bandit’s Death.

PIERO.

The dead lover of Elisabetta, nurse to Count Federigo degli Alberighi. Elisabeth remonstrated with the count for his extravagance towards the lady Giovanni for whom he had bought a diamond necklace, and pointing to her own said:

The Falcon.

PIGEON.

A well-known bird of the genus Columba.

Audley Court; The Brook; Gareth and Lynette.

PIKE.

A large fresh-water fish.

Village Wife.

PILATE.

Pontius Pilate.

Becket.

PILGRIM’S PROGRESS.

An allegory by John Bunyan, recounting the adventures of the hero Christian in journeying from the City of Destruction to the heavenly Jerusalem. It was written by Bunyan during his imprisonment in Bedford jail, between 1660 and 1672.

Promise of May.

PINDAR.

The greatest lyric poet of Greece.

To Professor Jebb.

PINE.

A cone-bearing evergreen tree.

Leonine Elegiacs; Two Voices; Œnone; Lotos-Eaters; Amphion; The Voyage; Aylmer’s Field; Lucretius; The Princess; Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington; A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh; The Daisy; To Rev. F. D. Maurice; The Islet; The Window; Maud; Gareth and Lynette; Lover’s Tale; Voyage of Maeldune; To Ulysses; Progress of Spring; Death of Œnone; Bandit’s Death; Queen Mary; Becket; The Cup.

PLANE.

= a tree of the genus Platanus.

Lucretius; The Princess; The Cup.

PLANTAGENET.

Refers to the songs supposed to have been composed by Richard I during his captivity.

Margaret.

PLANTAGENET.

A line of English kings who reigned from the extinction of the Norman line to the accession of the Tudor, 1154–1485. See Geoffrey.

Queen Mary; The Foresters.

PLANTAIN.

A common weed, with broad, strong leaves.

Aylmer’s Field.

PLATO.

A Greek philosopher, 427–347 B.C.

Palace of Art; Lucretius; The Princess; Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

PLEIADS.

A cluster of seven stars; applied in Greek mythology to seven Greek poets.

Locksley Hall; Queen Mary.

PLOVER.

= the lapwing.

May Queen; Come not, when, etc.; Geraint and Enid; Happy; Becket.

POET-SATYR.

Silenus, who was caught asleep and bound with flowers as narrated in Virgil’s Sixth Eclogue.

To Virgil.

POINET (JOHN).

Bishop of Winchester; became a convert to the reformed faith, and was appointed chaplain to archbishop Cranmer in 1547. Created bishop of Rochester by Edward VI in 1550 and translated to Winchester in the following year. On the accession of Mary he was deprived and fled to Strasburg where he died in 1556.

Queen Mary.

POITEVINS.

= The people of Poitou.

Becket.

POITOU.

A province of France.

Harold.

POLAND.

Has reference to the Polish insurrection against Russia in 1831. The rebellion proving a failure, Cracow, which had been hitherto an independent state was annexed to Austria, and the remainder of the kingdom of Poland was made a constitutional monarchy under the Czar of Russia.

Maud; Poland.

POLE (Reginald).

See Reginald Pole.

POLECAT.

An animal of the weasel kind, which has glands secreting a disagreeable odour.

The Foresters.

POLLIO.

Roman historian and poet; the Pollio is the fourth Eclogue of Virgil, which the poet dedicated to him.

To Virgil.

POLYTHEISM.

The doctrine of the belief in a plurality of gods each with a sphere of his own, and each a personification of some elemental power in the government of the world.

Akbar’s Dream.

PONTHIEU.

A French province.

Harold.

PONTIC.

To Ulysses.

PONTIGNY.

A French village possessing a famous Cistercian monastery built in the twelfth century, and the monastery in which Becket took refuge when he fled to France in 1164.

Becket.

PONTIUS.

= Pontius Pilate.

St. Simeon Stylites.

PONTUS.

An ancient district of Asia Minor on the south-east coast of the Euxine or Black Sea. In Pontus a native monarchy arose soon after 400 B.C. which reached its chief importance under Mithridates VI the Great, who carried on several wars with Rome. In 63 B.C. after the conquest of Mithridates, Pompey made the western half a Roman province, and in 63 A.D. the eastern half was also added to the Roman empire.

The Cup.

POPLAR. POPLAR-TREE.

A tree of the genus Populus.

Leonine Elegiacs; Mariana; Ode to Memory; Amphion; In Memoriam; Lancelot and Elaine; Sisters (Evelyn and Edith); Voyage of Maeldune; Balin and Balan; The Cup.

POPPY.

A plant of the genus Papaver having large showy flowers.

Lotos-Eaters; Dora; The Princess; Last Tournament; Voyage of Maeldune; Spinster’s Sweet-Arts; The Tourney.

PORTUGAL.

Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

PRASÚTAGUS.

King of the Iceni, husband of queen Boädicea. On his deathbed, 60 A.D., he made the emperor Nero with his two daughters joint heir of his wealth, in the hope of securing Nero’s protection for his family and the people of Iceni; but no sooner was he dead than the Romans seized the territory and treated the inhabitants with cruelty, who under Boädicea (q.v.) rose against them but were defeated.

Boädicea.

PRESTER JOHN.

A supposed king and priest who is said to have reigned over a kingdom in the interior of Asia. This idea was universal until the beginning of the fourteenth century when it was transferred to Ethiopia and the title applied to a ruler of the Abyssinian kingdom. He claimed to have been the mightiest monarch on earth, no less than seventy-two kings being his tributaries. In 1221 he was defeated by Genghis Khan, one of the tributary kings who had revolted against him.

Columbus.

PRIVET.

A shrub, much used for hedges.

Walking to the Mail.

PROSERPINE.

In Italian mythology the daughter of Zeus and Demeter; identified with the Greek Persephonè (q.v.). Whilst gathering wild asphodels in the fields of Enna was seized and carried off by Pluto to the infernal regions and made queen of Hades.