THE TENNYSON DICTIONARY (continued 3)

Columbus.

DRUID.

A priest among the ancient Celtic nations, particularly of Gaul and Britain.

Boädicea.

DRUIDESS.

A prophetess, or a female Druid.

Boädicea.

DRYAD-LIKE.

In Greek mythology the Dryads were nymphs who were supposed to dwell in the forests.

Talking Oak.

DUBRIC,

or Dubritius, archbishop of Caerleon-upon-Usk; the ‘City of Legions,’ and primate of Britain. Geoffrey of Monmouth says:

He was primate of Britain, was so eminent for his piety, that he could cure any sick person by his prayers.

Tennyson calls him ‘Dubric the high saint,’ and he is mentioned on the occasion of the marriage of king Arthur and Guinevere; and also as having set the crown on the head of Arthur at Caerleon-upon-Usk.

Coming of Arthur; Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid.

DUDLEY (Guildford).

See Guildford Dudley.

DUGLAS.

The scene of four Arthurian battles. The Duglas is said to be the river Douglas in Lancashire which falls into the estuary of the Ribble. Other authorities consider it is a stream in Lennox, which falls into Loch Lomond.

Lancelot and Elaine.

DUMBLE.

Name of a cow.

Queen Mary.

DUNSTAN.

Archbishop of Canterbury, born at Glastonbury in 924. In 945 he was made abbot of Glastonbury by king Edmund, and soon made the monastery famous as a seat of learning. King Edgar created him bishop of Worcester, and afterwards bishop of London. In 959, consequent on the death of Edwy, Edgar became king of the whole of England and he made Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury. He died in 958 and was afterwards canonized.

Harold.

DURHAM (Dean of).

Queen Mary.

DWARF-ELM.

An elm which is much below the ordinary size of its species or kind.

Pelleas and Ettarre.

DYFLEN.

= Dublin.

Battle of Brunanburh.

EAGLE.

A rapacious bird of the genus Falco.

Palace of Art; Golden Year; Godiva; The Princess; Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington; Boädicea; In Memoriam; Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Merlin and Vivien; Last Tournament; Montenegro; Battle of Brunanburh; The Wreck; Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition.

EAGLE-OWL.

A genus of large owls.

Gareth and Lynette.

EDEN.

Two Voices; Gardener’s Daughter; Locksley Hall; Day-Dream; Enoch Arden; The Princess; The Islet; Milton; In Memoriam; Maud; Geraint and Enid; Lover’s Tale; Happy; The Foresters.

EDEN-ISLES.

The Philippine islands.

To Ulysses.

EDGAR (the Atheling).

A Saxon prince, and grandson of Edmund Ironside; was proclaimed king of England after the death of Harold at the battle of Senlac, but was kept out of the throne by the Conqueror. He made two unsuccessful attempts to overthrow William, and compelled to leave the country took refuge with Malcolm, king of Scotland, who married Edgar’s sister Margaret. Embracing the cause of Robert, duke of Normandy against Rufus, he was driven from Scotland and went with Baldwin II, to the Crusades; was finally taken prisoner in 1106 when fighting for duke Robert against his brother Henry I. He died in obscurity.

Harold.

EDGAR (afterwards Mr. Harold).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

EDITH.

Eadgyth Swanneshals (Edith of the Swan’s neck); ward of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards the mistress of king Harold. After the battle of Senlac she went in search of the body of Harold and found it underneath a heap of slain.

Harold.

EDITH.

See Aylmer.

Aylmer’s Field.

EDITH.

Wife of the impetuous boy lover mentioned in Locksley Hall. Years brought reconciliation to him, and a stronger, deeper and more reasonable love for Edith.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

EDITH.

One of two sisters—the other being Evelyn—both of whom were loved by the same man, who eventually married Evelyn, Edith being bridesmaid. During the wedding ceremony she was pale and statuelike, and spoke no word at parting. Her grief at her sister’s marriage with her former lover, was so great that she died soon afterwards.

Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

EDITH. EDITH MONTFORT.

Betrothed to Ralph who took part in the tournament, and earned great praise from his king. At the conclusion of the tournament Edith crowned Ralph

The Tourney.

EDMUND.

Brother of Lawrence Aylmer. On account of ill health he went to the warm climate of Italy, but the journey was taken when it was too late to save his life. Poetry and not money-making was what he cared for:

The Brook.

EDMUND ATHELING.

King of the Mercians and West Saxons, son of Edward the Elder; was present at the battle of Brunanburh in 937, where he and his brother Athelstan (q.v.) gained a decisive victory over Anlaf the Dane, Constantine of Scotland and the Northumbrian Danes; succeeded his brother in 941. On May 26, 946, an outlaw named Leof slipped into the banqueting-hall of Edmund, who was celebrating the festival of St. Augustine at Pucklechurch in Gloucester. The king endeavoured to remove him, whereupon the outlaw stabbed him with a dagger (922–946).

Battle of Brunanburh.

EDMUND IRONSIDE.

See English Ironside.

EDMUND (Saint).

King of the East Angles. Son of king Alkmund of Saxony, he was adopted by Offa, king of the East Angles as his heir, and succeeded 855. In 870, during the Danish invasion, he was defeated at Hoxne, and, being captured by the Danes was beheaded on refusing to renounce Christianity. He was buried at Hoxne, but his remains were afterwards translated to Bury St. Edmunds. He was subsequently canonized (841–870).

Harold.

EDWARD (the Confessor).

King of England and the elder son of Ethelred the Unready; born at Islip, Oxfordshire; married Edith, daughter of the great earl Godwin, and succeeded to the throne in 1042. The greater part of his life was spent in Normandy. He was a pious and peaceful man, but a feeble monarch. He died in 1066 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1161 he was canonized by Alexander III (1004–1066).

Harold.

EDWARD (the Elder).

King of the Anglo-Saxons (921–925). He was the eldest son and successor of Alfred the Great, and most of his reign was spent in war with the Danes, regaining from them the greater portion of central England.

Battle of Brunanburh.

EDWARD (the First).

Surnamed Longshanks, king of England, eldest son of Henry III, born at Westminster in 1239, ascended the throne in 1272, married Eleanor of Castile. He came first into prominence in the war with the Barons, whom he defeated at Evesham; joined the last Crusade in 1270, and distinguished himself at Acre; returned to England in 1274 to assume the crown, having been two years previously proclaimed king. Under his reign Wales was finally subdued and annexed to England, and during the latter part of his reign was largely engaged in Scottish affairs, winning the battle of Falkirk in 1298, and seven years later captured and executed Wallace. Some years previously Edward had, along with queen Eleanor, visited Glastonbury and taken away as relics the skulls of king Arthur and queen Guinevere, which had been found buried in Glastonbury Abbey. He died in 1307 at Burgh-on-sands while leading an army against Robert Bruce.

Queen Mary.

EDWARD (the Third).

King of England, born at Windsor 1312, son of Edward II whom he succeeded in 1327. During his boyhood the government was carried on by regency. In 1328 the independence of Scotland was recognized, but the principal event of his reign was the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War with France. In 1340 Edward defeated the French fleet at Sluys, one of the earliest victories of English arms at sea; on August 26, 1346, he routed the French forces at Creçy; and in October of the same year queen Philippa defeated the Scots—who had invaded England—at Neville’s Cross. In 1347 Edward captured Calais, but the ravages of the black death in the succeeding year stopped hostilities for a time. In 1355 the war was resumed, and in the following year the Black Prince won a brilliant victory at Poitiers. By the peace of Bretigny in 1360 Calais, Ponthieu, Gascony and the greater part of the duchy of Aquitaine were added to the English crown. War broke out again in 1369, but it proved disastrous to England, involving as it did the withdrawal of Edward’s claim to the French crown. The Black Prince died in 1376, and twelve months later Edward died, having reigned fifty years. It was during this reign that the Lords and Commons first sat in different chambers and the Order of the Garter instituted.

On the Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

EDWARD (the Fourth).

King of England, son of Richard, duke of York, born 1442. He succeeded the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1461, whom he defeated at Towton. The chief event of his reign was the War of the Roses, the Yorkists gaining victories at Hedgeley Moor, Hexham, Barnet and Tewkesbury. During his reign Caxton introduced the printing press. He died in 1483.

Queen Mary.

EDWARD (the Sixth).

King of England, son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, born 1537. Being only nine years old at his succession, the government was carried on by regency under the earl of Hertford and later the duke of Somerset. His reign was marked by a victory over the Scots at Pinkie in 1547, and in 1549 the first Prayer Book of Edward VI was issued. In the same year Somerset was deposed from the protectorate, and Warwick, who in 1551 had become duke of Northumberland became supreme, and had Somerset executed in January 1552. In the same year the second Prayer Book of Edward VI—which was of a more reformed type than the first—was issued, as well as the forty-two articles embodying the doctrines of the Church. By the advice of Northumberland he left the crown to lady Jane Grey. He died in 1553, having reigned only six years.

Queen Mary.

EDWARD.

Christian name.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

EDWARD BULL.

A curate friend of Edwin Morris, who was spending a holiday by a lake.

Edwin Morris.

EDWARD GRAY.

The lover of Ellen Adair, who on account of her shyness, which he mistook for coldness, left her, and went across the sea. On his return he found she had pined and died. He reproached himself for his treatment of her, and

Edward Gray.

EDWARD HEAD.

The subject of a conversation between two men walking to the mail. He left his country house and went abroad, vex’d with a melancholy that possessed him like an evil spirit.

Walking to the Mail.

EDWIN.

The absent lover of one of two sisters, who had gone on a voyage to

While he was away her father planned a marriage which to her was loathsome, and in order to avoid it, the two sisters decided to fly away together.

The Flight.

EDWIN.

Earl of Mercia, son of Alfgar, whom he succeeded in 1062; joined his brother Morcar in his revolt against earl Tostig, and was defeated by the Norsemen, under Hardrada at Fulford Gate, near York, September 20, 1066. After the battle of Senlac he opposed the Conqueror, and made his last stand in person on the banks of the river Weaver, near Nantwich, but being defeated, surrendered, made submission to William and was pardoned. In 1071 he joined the insurrection in the Isle of Ely under Hereward the Wake, and met his death on his way to the ‘Camp of Refuge.’

Harold.

EDWIN. EDWIN MORRIS.

A man skilled in botany and geology, a poet, and with various other accomplishments.

He made the friendship of a man who had intended to spend a holiday by the lake, but being disappointed in his love affair,

Edwin Morris.

EDYRN.

Son of Nudd, and nephew of earl Yniol. He was a malicious man, and was called the ‘sparrow-hawk.’

He ousted his uncle from his earldom and attempted to win his daughter Enid, but was unsuccessful. Being overthrown in a tournament by sir Geraint, he was compelled to restore the earldom to Yniol, after which he was sent to the court of Arthur, and became a reformed character.

Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid.

EFFIE.

Sister to the ‘Queen of the May’ (q.v.).

May Queen.

EGBERT.

Has reference to Egbert, king of the West Saxons.

Aylmer’s Field.

EGLANTINE.

A name given to the sweet-brier, and some other species of rose. Milton seems to have applied the name to some twining plant—

The Window; Lover’s Tale.

EGLATERE.

= Eglantine.

A Dirge.

EGYPT.

Dream of Fair Women; The Princess; To Professor Jebb; Becket; The Cup; Promise of May; Columbus.

ELAINE.

The ‘lily maid of Astolat,’ daughter of king Pelles, and mother of Galahad, son of Lancelot; a lady at the court of king Arthur in love with Lancelot, whose shield she had in her charge.

When Lancelot claimed the shield and bid the damsel good-bye she confessed her love for him; but being told by Sir Lancelot that his love was another’s, she pined and died. According to her dying request her dead body was placed on a bed in a barge, with a letter in her right hand, and, thus conveyed to the palace of king Arthur. The letter, telling of her love for Lancelot was handed to the king who ordered her story to be blazoned on her tomb.

And while my body is hot, let this letter be put in my right hand, and my hand bound fast with the letter until that I be cold and let me be put in a fair bed ... and so let my bed ... be laid with me in a chariot unto the next place where Thames is, and there let me be put within a barget,

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book XVIII. chap. xix.

When the barget arrived before the king, he took the latter and brake it and made a clerk to read it: this being the substance of the letter:

Most noble knight, Sir Launcelot, now hath death made us two at debate for your love; I was your lover, that men called the fair maiden of Astolat; therefore unto all ladies I make my moan; yet pray for my soul, and bury me at the least and offer ye my mass-penny. This is my last request. And a clean maiden I died, I take God to witness. Pray for my soul, Sir Launcelot, as thou art peerless.

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book XVIII. chap. xx.

Lancelot and Elaine.

ELBURZ.

A mountain range in North Persia, south of the Caspian.

A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh.

ELEANOR.

of Aquitaine, daughter of duke William X of Aquitaine; married Louis VII of France, 1137, divorced 1152, and in the following year married Henry, count of Anjou and duke of Normandy, afterwards Henry II of England. Became jealous of Henry on account of his paramour the ‘fair Rosamund,’ whom she poisoned. For exciting her sons to rebel against their father she was imprisoned for sixteen years, released on the accession of Richard I, and in his absence in the Holy Land was made regent. She died a nun in the Abbey of Fontevrault in 1204.

Dream of Fair Women; Becket.

ELEÄNORE.

Eleanore.

ELEUSIS.

A town in ancient Attica, north-west of Athens. It possessed a famous temple for the worship of Demeter, and was the scene of an annual festival lasting nine days held in honour of Demeter and Persephonè. The Greek Archæological Society a few years ago discovered the remains of some of its famous buildings.

Demeter and Persephone.

ELF.

A supernatural being, much like a fairy, supposed to haunt hills and wild places.

The Foresters.

ELISABETTA.

Nurse to count Federigo degli Alberighi.

The Falcon.

ELIZABETH.

Queen of England, and only child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, born at Greenwich, 1533. She was educated in the Protestant religion, and in the reign of Mary was sent to the Tower, afterwards to Woodstock, where she was kept till 1555, being then taken to the royal palace at Hatfield. On the death of Mary in 1558 she was proclaimed queen, and four years later refused the offer of Philip II of Spain (husband of Mary) of marriage. In 1561 Mary, queen of the Scots, claimed to be Mary’s successor, but being defeated at Langside, fled to England and was confined by Elizabeth in Tutbury castle, and on the charge of conspiracy was beheaded. Pope Pius V in 1570 issued a bull excommunicating the queen, an act which was immediately answered by the enactment of penal statutes against the Roman Catholics. The chief event of her reign occurred in 1588, when Philip of Spain sent against England his Armada, to which the pope had given the appellation of Invincible—which was defeated by Drake and Hawkins. She died in 1603.

Dream of Fair Women; The Princess; Queen Mary.

ELIZABETH (Aunt).

Aunt to Walter, son of sir Walter Vivian, who lived at Maidstone Park. At the time of speaking, Elizabeth with others, was spending the day at the house of sir Walter Vivian, where a festival was being held.

The Princess.

ELLEN.

An Isle of Wight girl, who told the story of her unhappy life to a sympathetic doctor. When quite young she was the sweetheart of a boy of the same village. When the boy—Harry—was grown up, a farmer relative sent for him to work on his farm. He said good-bye to Ellen, went to Dorsetshire, and while there got into trouble with another girl. He returned, and on Christmas Day married Ellen. Work was, however, scant in the Isle, so Harry crossed the Solent in search of employment. In waiting for his return Ellen set to righting the house, and found a letter written to Harry by the Dorsetshire girl. On his return she refused to be reassured by his assurances of his love and trust. He left her, and she refused to say good-bye. He wrote to say he had work in Jersey but in crossing, the boat went down and he was drowned.

First Quarrel.

ELLEN. ELLEN ADAIR.

A maiden in love, much against the will of her parents, with a certain Edward Gray, who mistook her quiet and reserved manner for coldness and pride. Being angry with her he fled over the sea.

During his absence she pined and died. On his return he saw his folly, but it was now too late.

Where her body is buried, there lies his heart also.

Edward Gray.

ELLEN. ELLEN AUBREY.

The subject of a song sung by Everard Hall, at the conclusion of a picnic, in reply to that sung by his friend, Francis Hale. Everard found the song in a book of songs, but substituted familiar names—of which Ellen Aubrey was one—in place of the original ones.

Audley Court.

ELM. ELM-TREE.

A tree of the genus Ulmus.

Ode to Memory; Gardener’s Daughter; Amphion; The Princess; In Memoriam; Balin and Balan; Lover’s Tale; The Ring; To Ulysses; To Mary Boyle; May Queen; Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere.

ELSINORE.

A seaport on the island of Zeeland in Denmark; and the scene of Shakespeare’s Hamlet.

Buonaparte.

ELY (Bishop of).

See Thirlby.

ELY (City of).

Harold.

ELYSIAN.

= Elysium, the Greek heaven. There is a description of the place in the Odyssey.

Lotos-Eaters; The Princess.

ELYSIUM.

The land of the blest, where the souls of the righteous passed without dying. The place is considered to be the Canary Islands.

Demeter and Persephone.

EMILIA.

Sister of Ellen Aubrey, both of whom are mentioned in a song sung by Everard Hall, at a picnic held at Audley Court. Francis Hale, friend of the poet, sang a song, and Everard replied with one the opening lines of which were—

Audley Court.

EMMA MORELAND.

Met Edward Gray on his return to his native country, and asked him,

to which he replied, weeping,

He related to her the sad death of Ellen Adair, and told her that love will never again touch his heart, as it is buried with Ellen Adair.

Edward Gray.

EMMIE.

A little girl who died in the ward of a children’s hospital, after undergoing an operation.

In the Children’s Hospital.

EMPEROR-MOTH.

One of the several large and beautiful moths, the prevailing colours being dark grey, brown and reddish yellow.

The Princess.

EMRYS (Aurelius).

See Aurelius.

’ENEMIES.

Anemones.

Northern Farmer, Old Style.

ENGLAND.

Talking Oak; Amphion; Enoch Arden; Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington; Third of February; A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh; The Daisy; On Translations of Homer; Milton; In Memoriam; Dedication of Idylls; To the Queen, II; Dedicatory Poem to the Princess Alice; Defence of Lucknow; Columbus; To Victor Hugo; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; Prologue to General Hamley; Epitaph on Lord Stratford de Redcliffe; Hands all Round; The Fleet; To Professor Jebb; Kapiolani; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket; The Foresters.

ENGLISH GARTER.

The Order of the Garter, an order of Knighthood instituted in 1344, by Edward III; it is the highest order of Knighthood, and is designated K.G.

Queen Mary.

ENGLISH IRONSIDE.

Edmund the Second, commonly known as Ironside on account of his bravery, son of Ethelred the Unready and half-brother to the Confessor. Elected king in 1016, but only London acknowledged him, the rest of England accepting the rule of Canute the Dane, who was chosen king at Southampton. A fierce struggle therefore raged between him and Canute, and Edmund defeated the Danes at Pen in Somersetshire, at Sherborne, and at Otford. He was however defeated at Assandûn, where ‘all the flower of the English race perished’ and an arrangement was entered into at Olney, an island in the Severn, by which the kingdom was divided, Edmund receiving Wessex, East Anglia, Essex and London; and Canute Mercia and Northumbria; and it was further agreed that on the death of either the survivor was to succeed him. A few weeks after this agreement Edmund was assassinated at Oxford by two of his chamberlains (981–1016).

Harold.

ENID.

Daughter of earl Yniol and the wife of sir Geraint, a Knight of the Round Table, who had delivered the earl from the tyranny of his nephew Edyrn. When Guinevere’s infidelity was spread about the court of Arthur, Geraint, in order to save Enid from the taint, left the court and removed to his mansion in Devonshire. Overhearing the latter part of a sentence uttered by her, Geraint charged her with unfaithfulness, and bade his wife to wear her meanest apparel.

Being wounded in battle Enid nursed him with such devotion that he saw he had misjudged her. Full of repentance he expressed his mistake and they became reconciled, and ‘crown’d a happy life with a fair death.’

At the court of Arthur she was called ‘Enid the fair,’ but the people called her ‘Enid the good.’ The representation of purity, she was loved by queen Guinevere and was the most beautiful lady at Arthur’s court next after the queen.

Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid; Guinevere.

ENNA.

A city of Sicily, remarkable for its fertile soil and numerous springs. In ancient times it possessed a famous temple of Demeter and another of Proserpine. Proserpine was carried off by Pluto while gathering flowers in the plain.

Edwin Morris; Demeter and Persephone; To Professor Jebb.

ENOCH. ENOCH ARDEN.

The hero of Enoch Arden. He was a ‘rough sailor’s lad.’ At first he was successful, prospered in his fishing, became an able seaman on board a merchantman, and before he attained the age of twenty-one purchased his own boat and married Anne Lee, ‘the prettiest little damsel in the port.’ All things continued to go well until he fell from a mast and broke a limb, and the master of the ship he had served in hearing of his misfortune offered to take him as boatswain, to which Enoch consented. When the day of his departure arrived he kissed his wife and his two elder children, but the youngest, asleep in the cot, he would not waken, but took away with him a little curl from the baby’s head.

During his absence his wife had no success, and had it not been for Philip Ray would have sunk into poverty. Ten years passed away, and nothing having been heard of Enoch, Philip offered to marry her, and she became his wife. In the meantime, Enoch had on his homeward voyage been wrecked on a desert island. During his solitary life on the island, the sights and sounds of his home passed continually through his mind, until at length a ship took him off and he returned to England. Arriving at the little port he reached his old home,

Going to the village tavern he found that during his absence the landlord had passed away, but his widow, Miriam Lane, still held the house and here he rested. So completely had he changed that he lived at the tavern without being identified, and learned from Miriam Lane the story of his house.

But Enoch longed to see his wife again, and in the darkness went to Philip’s house, and through the window saw his wife and children in comfort on Philip’s hearth. Creeping from the garden he fell upon the earth and prayed for strength not to tell her, never to let her know. But he did not live long. Finding death dawning upon him he called for Miriam Lane, and under promise on the Bible not to divulge until after death, told her who he was, and taking from his pocket the dead child’s curl bade her to give it to Annie in order that she might know that it was really he, and to tell her that he died blessing her and her children and Philip. Three days afterwards he passed away, and in gratitude to this devoted soul was, by the villagers, accorded a rich funeral.

Enoch Arden.

EPHESIAN ARTEMIS.

= Diana of the Ephesians. Her magnificent temple at Ephesus was burnt to the ground by Herostratos, in the same night in which Alexander the great was born (B.C. 356). It was rebuilt by contributions from all the Ionian cities, and was regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world. This ‘Ephesian Artemis’ was apparently an ancient Asiatic deity whose worship the Greeks found in Ionia. Its image is stated to have fallen down from Jupiter (Acts, chap. xix. verse 35), the lord of Heaven.

The Cup.

EPHESUS.

Has reference to the seven Christian youths of Ephesus, who, in order to escape from the persecution of the Christians under Decius took refuge in a cave near that city. Being discovered, great stones were rolled against the entrance to the cave in order that they might die of hunger. They however fell into a supernatural sleep, and some 200 years afterwards, in the reign of Theodosius, they were discovered. One of the seven was sent to the city to purchase provisions, but was arrested for offering a coin of the time of Decius and brought before the authorities; but leading his accusers to the cavern where his six companions were found, was liberated. The seven sleepers is a favourite subject in early mediæval art.

Harold.

ERIN.

The Celtic name for Ireland.

Coming of Arthur.

ERNE (Miriam).

See Miriam, Miriam Erne.

ERNE (Muriel).

See Muriel Erne.

EROSES.

= gods.

The Islet.

ESAÏAS.

= Isaiah.

Queen Mary.

ESAU.

Godiva.

ESH. ESHTREE.

= Ash-tree.

Northern Farmer, New Style; Promise of May.

ESHCOL.

The name signifies a bunch of grapes. See Numbers xiii. 23–24.

To E. Fitzgerald.

ESSEX.

Queen Mary.

ESTHER.

A Jewish maiden, the niece of Mordecai, a Jewish resident at the court of Ahasuerus. Was chosen as queen in place of Vashti, who had refused to obey the king’s command. Esther.

Marriage of Geraint.

ETHELRED (the Second).

Called the ‘Unready’; king of Saxon England, son of Edgar and Elfrida; succeeded his half-brother Edmund the Martyr in 979. During his reign the Danes invaded England, and Ethelred defeated them at Watchet in Somersetshire and at Maldon, but his unmanly spirit submitted to pay a tribute to the Danes by a tax levied on his subjects known as the ‘Danegeld.’ In 1002 during the time of peace he ordered a general massacre of all the Danes in England, and Sweyn, king of Denmark, entered his kingdom and he fled to Normandy. Sweyn dying soon afterwards Ethelred returned and in 1014 he defeated Cnut, but in the following year Cnut renewed his attack, ravaged Mercia and Wessex, and was preparing to march on London when Ethelred died April 23, 1016.

Harold.

ETTARRE.

A lady loved by sir Pelleas, but being so proud she scorned him, and said she would never return his love even if he died for her. But Pelleas promised to follow her from place to place, and never to leave her until she returned his love; but she sent her knights to fight with him and treated him very shamefully.

Sir Gawain then promised to advocate his cause with the lady, but she played him false, for sir Pelleas coming to the pavilion outside Ettarre’s castle found them caressing each other.

The Damosel of the Lake then came to Pelleas and bade him come forth with her in the country, and ‘she rejoiced sir Pelleas, and they lived together during their life days’ and the lady Ettarre died from sorrow.

Pelleas and Ettarre.

EUROPA.

A beautiful maiden, daughter of Agenor, king of Phœnicia. While gathering flowers she was carried off to Crete by Zeus, disguised as a white bull.

She was worshipped in Crete under the name of Hellotis, and a festival called Hellotia was held in her honour, at which her bones were carried surrounded by wreaths of myrtle.

Palace of Art.

EUROPE.

Locksley Hall; Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington; Third of February; To Rev. F. D. Maurice; Defence of Lucknow; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; Queen Mary; Becket; The Foresters.

EUSTACE.

An artist—a very muscular and well-made person.

Along with an artist friend they went to see the gardener’s daughter. Eustace painted Juliet, fell in love with her, and after a year had passed married her.

Gardener’s Daughter.

EVA.

Daughter of farmer Steer, and sister of Dora Steer. Under a promise of marriage, she was seduced by Philip Edgar, a wealthy gentleman. She ran away, leaving a letter to the effect that she would drown herself. At the news of her disgrace the old father worked himself into a fury which subsided into paralysis. After many years’ absence Edgar returned under the name of Harold, but on account of his beard passed unrecognized. Dobson, a farmer who was himself in love with Dora Steer, suspected him, but Edgar showed him a newspaper cutting of his father’s death, which he easily passed off as his own. Edgar made love to Dora, who was easily won, when news arrived that a lady had been run over in a neighbouring lane. The injured lady, who was nursed by Dora, was none other than Eva, who yearned for her father’s forgiveness, but the old man was too troubled with his disease to understand. Edgar and Eva eventually met, and Dora learned who her lover really was. At the sight of the meeting Eva fell dead, and over her sister’s dead body Dora cursed the man, who hoped by marrying her to make amends for Eva’s seduction.

Promise of May.

EVANGEL.

= The Gospels.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

EVANGELIST.

= St. John.

In Memoriam.

EVE.

Day-Dream; Maud; Becket.

EVELYN.

One of two sisters—the other being Edith. She married her sister’s former lover, but was quite unconscious of the fact, which was only made known to her after her sister’s death. The news caused some estrangement between husband and wife. During the second year of her married life she died.

Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

EVERARD. EVERARD HALL.

A poet. While at college he wrote an epic about king Arthur, but thinking that

destroyed it. His college friend, Francis Allen inquired later as to what had become of it. He replied that considering it of small value he had destroyed it.

Francis had however, rescued the eleventh book from the hearth, and forthwith produced it

The Epic; Morte d’Arthur.

EVERGREEN.

A plant that remains green all the year, as the laurel and the ivy.

Enoch Arden; Spiteful Letter; Gareth and Lynette.

EWE. EWE-LAMB.

A female sheep.

The Princess; Becket.

EXCALIBUR.

King Arthur’s magic sword. It meant cut-steel and would cut through iron or steel; in poetic language, it is called a sword as its blade flashed like fire. It was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake, and she was nine years in the shaping of it, sitting in the deeps upon the hidden bases of the hills.

Arthur and his enchanter Merlin rode one day by a broad lake, and afar out in the midst of the lake an arm clad in white samite rose from out of the water and held up a fair sword. Then came the Lady of the Lake moving upon the water. ‘Enter into yonder barge,’ she said, ‘and row to the sword and take it and the scabbard.’

Tappan: Heroes of the Middle Ages.

It was so bright in his enemies’ eyes, that it gave light equal to thirty torches. Tennyson in his Coming of Arthur described it:

It was by this sword that Arthur overcame his enemies in battle. After receiving his wound in the last weird battle in the west, king Arthur commanded sir Bedivere to take the sword and return it to the Lady of the Lake.

Twice did sir Bedivere go to the pool and twice did his heart fail him, for instead of flinging the brand into the water he hid it. Returning to the dying king and being questioned as to what he had seen, replied:

but the king detecting the knight’s deception threateningly commanded him to fulfil his task, whereupon the knight went to the lake, and seizing the sword threw it into the water.

Morte d’ Arthur; Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Holy Grail; Last Tournament; Passing of Arthur.

EXETER (Dean of).

Queen Mary.

EYE.

A Castle.

Becket.

FAIR-HANDS.

According to Malory, a nickname given by sir Kay to sir Gareth when he was a kitchen-scullion at the court of king Arthur.

And since he hath no name, I shall give him a name that shall be Beaumains, that is Fair-hands.

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book VII. chap i.

Tennyson in his Gareth and Lynette makes sir Kay address sir Lancelot whilst referring to sir Gareth:

Gareth and Lynette.

FALCON.

A bird of prey formerly trained to the pursuit of game.

Marriage of Geraint; Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Happy; The Falcon; Harold.

FALCON, THE.

Name of a ship.

For a huge sea smote every soul from the decks of The Falcon but one.

The Wreck.

FANNY.

The name of a song.

Fanny be the naäme i’ the song, but I swopt it fur she.

Promise of May.

FATHER PHILIP.

= Philip Ray.

Enoch Arden.

FAUN.

The symbol of a drunkard.

Lucretius; In Memoriam.

FAUNUS.

In Roman mythology the grandson of Saturn, and the god of fields and shepherds. Upon the introduction of Greek mythology Faunus was identified with Pan the protector of flocks and herds. Two festivals were held annually in his honour in the temple on the island in the Tiber, when the peasants brought their simple offerings.

Lucretius.

FEDERIGO. FEDERIGO DEGLI ALBERIGHI.

An impoverished nobleman, in love with a wealthy widow, the lady Giovanna. She had a rival—his favourite falcon—for which the count had a strange affection, the bird at times being as dear to him as his mistress. The son of the lady Giovanna fell sick, and yearned for the count’s falcon. The lady paid a visit to the count at the luncheon hour, with the object of begging the bird from him; but the scanty provision of the larder being insufficient for the meal, the count ordered his foster-brother Filippo to kill the falcon and have it cooked for the lady. When the lunch was spread she could not eat on account of her anxiety for her request; but when she learned that her lover had killed his favourite bird in order to entertain her, she confessed her love for him, and happiness ensued.

The Falcon.

FERDINAND.

the fifth of Aragon, second of Aragon and Sicily, and third of Naples, born at Sos in Aragon; married Isabella of Castile, sister of Henry IV, a step by which these ancient kingdoms were united. It was during his reign that Columbus sailed from Spain on his voyages of discovery, Ferdinand granting him three ships for the purpose.

Columbus.

FERIA.

A Spanish count who came to England with Philip II as one of his ministers. Married in 1558 to Jane Dormer, second daughter of sir William Dormer. He was a bigoted Catholic, and an enemy of Elizabeth, and notwithstanding his apparently friendly speeches, urged Philip to an armed interference in England. In a letter full of friendliness Philip announced to Elizabeth that Feria’s services were required in Flanders, and accordingly he left England. He died in August 1571.

Queen Mary.

FERN.

The popular name of the order of cryptogamic plants called Filices.

Edwin Morris; Talking Oak; Enoch Arden; The Brook; The Princess; Marriage of Geraint; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Sisters (Evelyn and Edith); Harold.

FERRAR (Robert E.)

Bishop of St. David’s. Was an Augustinian Canon and monk of St. Mary’s Priory, Oxford; became a convert to the reformed religion, but was compelled to recant; created bishop of St. David’s by Edward VI; deprived 1554, and being charged by Gardiner with having violated his monastic vow was burnt to death, 1555.

Queen Mary.

FIGTREE.

A small tree, with lobed, rough and deciduous leaves, cultivated in warm climates for the sake of its fruit.

The Princess.

FILIPPO.

Foster-brother to count Federigo degli Alberighi.

The Falcon.

FINE-FACE.

According to Tennyson sir Kay was addressing sir Lancelot, but referring to sir Gareth, who was a kitchen-scullion at the palace of king Arthur.

Gareth and Lynette.

FINN.

According to tradition an Irish leader of the third century, and the son of Cumall the hero of the Ossianic tales. After his defeat in County Meath he escaped, but was slain soon afterwards at Athbrea. Other authorities say he did not die but passed to the blessed land. In this, as in many other respects, he resembled the British king Arthur.

Voyage of Maeldune.

FIR.

The name of several species of cone-bearing trees, some of them valued for their timber and others for their resin.

Gareth and Lynette; Lover’s Tale.

FIRE-FLY.

A name applied to many phosphorescent insects, some giving forth a steady light, others flashing light intermittently.

Locksley Hall; The Princess.

FISHER (JOHN).

Bishop of Rochester, born at Beverley; was distinguished at Cambridge and became chaplain to the mother of Henry VIII who had him appointed first lady Margaret professor of divinity in 1503. In the following year he was elected Chancellor of the University and bishop of Rochester; fined for denying the validity of the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, 1534; and in the same year was with sir Thomas More sent to the Tower for refusing to swear to the Act of Supremacy; deprived and beheaded by order of the king, 1535. He was beatified in 1886.

Queen Mary.

FITZ.

Edward Fitzgerald, English poet and translator, and a friend of Tennyson; first met at the home of James Spedding, in the Lake District. Upon his death in 1883, Tennyson wrote the following lines:

Life of Tennyson.

Some years later his widow wrote to the poet thanking him for dedicating Tiresias to the memory of her late husband.

To E. Fitzgerald.

FITZURSE.

See Reginald, Reginald Fitzurse.

FLAG-FLOWER.

= the Iris; an original of the fleur-de-lys in the arms of France.

Miller’s Daughter.

FLANDERS.

A former name of a country of Europe extending along the North Sea from the Straits of Dover to the river Scheldt.

Queen Mary; Harold.

FLEA.

An insect remarkable for its great agility.

Merlin and Vivien; Queen Mary.

FLEECE, THE.

Name of an Inn.

Audley Court.

FLEUR-DE-LYS.

The flower of the lily. A bearing in the French Arms of the house of Bourbon, represented by three lilies, as emblematic of royalty.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

FLORA.

A famous portrait by Titian, the famous Italian painter, and representation in Roman mythology of the goddess of Flowers and the Spring.

Gardener’s Daughter.

FLORA.

The lady Flora, to whom is related by a young man deeply in love with her, the familiar fairy tale of the Sleeping Beauty. At the time she was working in the drawing room at her embroidery. In conclusion, he told her that he would gladly slumber for a hundred years if at the end of that time he could awake her with a kiss.

The Day-Dream.

FLORENCE.

A famous Italian city, in the valley of the Arno. It is the city of Dante, Petrarch, Angelo and many more of Italy’s great men.

The Brook; The Daisy; Maud; To Dante; The Falcon.

FLORES.

One of the Azores islands. Discovered in 1439 by Vanderberg, it was near this island that sir Richard Grenville in the reign of Elizabeth fought his famous sea-fight.

The Revenge.

FLORIAN.

A friend of prince Arac, one of the three who gained admission to princess Ida’s college. He was described by prince Arac as

The Princess.

FLORIDA.

Mine be the strength.

FLORIO.

Only child of the lady Giovanna, who married count Federigo deghli Alberighi.

The Falcon.

FLOWERING ISLE.

Voyage of Maeldune.

See Maeldune.

FLUR.

The daughter of Mygnach Gorr and the betrothed of Cássivëlaún (q.v.), a king of Britain. Mwrchan, a Gallic chief carried her away to Gaul, but Cássivëlaún invaded Gaul with 60,000 men and gaining a victory, rescued her.

Marriage of Geraint.

FOLIOT (Gilbert).

See Gilbert Foliot.

FONSECA (Juan Rodriguez de).

Archdeacon of Seville; appointed commissioner to superintend the fitting-out of Columbus’ second voyage from Spain. A capable man, but of a very crafty disposition, he objected to the number of footmen which Columbus proposed for his domestic household, and the matter being referred to Ferdinand he was ordered to carry out Columbus’ wishes. Fonseca subsequently became archbishop of Toledo and Patriarch of the Indies.

Columbus.

FORGET-ME-NOT.

A small herb, with beautiful blue flowers, and considered the emblem of fidelity.

Miller’s Daughter; The Brook; Queen Mary; Promise of May.

FORTUNE.

In Roman mythology the goddess of good luck. She was worshipped at a great number of shrines under various titles; but is represented here as holding in her hand the horn of plenty.

Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington.

FORUM, THE.

Was originally the marketplace of the city, but afterwards the centre of the religious, civil and political life of the city.

The Princess; St. Telemachus; To Virgil.

FOX.

An animal of the dog family, remarkable for cunning.

Walking to the Mail; Day-Dream; Aylmer’s Field; Pelleas and Ettarre; Village Wife; Queen Mary; Promise of May.

FOXGLOVE.

= a plant, whose leaves are used as a medicine.

Two Voices; In Memoriam; Sisters (Evelyn and Edith); The Foresters.

FRANCE.

Dream of Fair Women; The Captain; The Princess; Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington; Aylmer’s Field; In Memoriam; To the Queen, II; In the Children’s Hospital; Columbus; To Victor Hugo; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket.

FRANCHE-COMTE.

An ancient province in East France, added to the crown of France at the peace of Nimeguen in 1671. It extends from the Saône to the Jura mountains.

Queen Mary.

FRANCIS. FRANCIS ALLEN.

Friend of Everard Hall who had written an Epic about king Arthur. At the house of Francis on Christmas eve, four college friends sat round the fire talking of Christmas customs. Everard was asked what he had done with his Epic. Francis replied that Everard had burnt it, but he had been fortunate enough to save the eleventh book from the flames and forthwith produced it.

The Epic; Morte d’Arthur.

FRANCIS. FRANCIS HALE.

A farmer’s son, who lived at Torquay, and a friend of Everard Hall. Was present with him at a picnic at Audley Court as

They spent an enjoyable evening, eating homely fare, discussing politics, the king and matters nearer home, and ended the picnic by entertaining each other with a song.

and returned in the dusky moonlight to Torquay.

Audley Court.

FRANCIS OF ASSISI.

Founder of the Franciscan order, born at Assisi in Umbria (1182). Began life as a soldier, but at the age of twenty-four he gave himself up entirely to religious life. He died in 1226 and was canonized in 1228.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

FRANK.

See Francis, Francis Allen.

FRANKFORT.

On-the-Main, one of the old free cities of Germany.

Queen Mary.

FRIAR TUCK.

Robin Hood’s chaplain. He is represented as being fat and very self-indulgent, and a very humorous character. He was a monk of Fountains Abbey, which was of the Cistercian order, and wore a red corded girdle ornamented with gold twist, red stockings and a wallet. He was nick-named ‘Tuck’ on account of his dress being tucked at the waist by a girdle.

The Foresters.

FROG.

An amphibious animal of the genus Rana, remarkable for its activity in swimming and leaping.

On Translations of Homer.

FROTHFLY.

Also called froth-worm and frog-fly; a small insect which in its larva state is found on plants, enveloped in a frothy liquid.

Aylmer’s Field.

FULVIA.

The first wife of Mark Antony and a woman of dissolute character. In 40 B.C., during Antony’s absence from Rome, she raised a revolt in Italy against Augustus, and was besieged in Perusia. On its fall she escaped and fled to Antony. Cleopatra likens her to Eleanor, the queen of Henry II, hence:

Dream of Fair Women.

FURY—FURIES.

The three Greek goddesses of vengeance: named Alecto (She who rests not); Tisiphone (avenger of murder); and Negara (the jealous one). They were the daughters of Gaia and Uranus, and resided at the court of Pluto. They punished without mercy all wicked doers, haunting them on earth and scourging them in hell.

Vision of Sin; Lucretius; In Memoriam; Maud; Sisters (Evelyn and Edith).

FURZE.

A thorny evergreen shrub with yellow flowers.

Becket.

FUZZ.

= Furze.

Northern Farmer, Old Style.

GABRIEL.

The archangel, who announced to the Virgin Mary the solemn intimation that God had elected her to be the mother of the Messiah. Daniel vii. 15–27. Luke i. 26.

By the Mohammedans he is called the ‘Holy Spirit’ and ‘Spirit of Truth’ and is believed to have dictated the Koran to Mahomet.

Milton.

GAD-FLY.

A fly which deposits its eggs in the skin of cattle.

The Princess; The Foresters.

GAFFER.

= A rustic.

The Goose.

GAFFER DEATH.

= A Goodman.

The Foresters.

GALAHAD.

Son of sir Lancelot and Elaine and a Knight of the Round Table. Famous in Arthurian legend for his success in the quest of the Holy Grail. Malory says: ‘and he was named Galahad because sir Launcelot was so named at the fountain-stone; and after that, the Lady of the Lake confirmed him sir Launcelot du Lake.’ He was known as the knight of the ‘long isles’ and was always clad in white armour. His sword was the one which Balin released from the scabbard brought by the damsel to the court of king Arthur, and his shield was snow-white on which Joseph of Arimathæa made a cross with his blood. Sir Galahad was called the ‘perfect knight,’ being the only knight who could sit in the ‘Siege Perilous,’ a seat reserved for the knight who was successful in his search for the Holy Grail. Sir Galahad, with sir Bors and sir Percivale went in quest of the Grail, but only Galahad was permitted to see the vision with the bodily eyes after which his soul was borne to heaven.

Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Becket.

GALATIA.

An ancient district of Asia Minor. It derived its name from the Gauls who took possession of it in the third century B.C. In 25 B.C., during the reign of Augustus, Galatia was made a Roman province.

The Cup.

GALATIAN ARTEMIS.

See Ephesian Artemis.

GALAXY.

The Milky Way, or the luminous band of stars stretching across the heavens.

Lady of Shalott.

GALEN.

See Court-Galen.

GALILEE.

Has reference to Christ rebuking the storm on the Sea of Galilee. Matthew viii. 26; Mark iv. 39; Luke viii. 24.

Aylmer’s Field.

GAMA.

Father of princess Ida. Prince Arac says:

Prince Arac visited him, and reminded him of the former compact. Gama explained to Arac the new ideas of Ida concerning the college for women, and said his chance of winning her was almost as nothing. Gama suggested war, but the prince objected to its almost inevitable accompaniments, and wished to win his bride in some better way.

The Princess.

GAMEL.

A Northumberland Thane, son of Orm. Was by treachery murdered by earl Tostig, who had invited him into his room on pretence of peace.

Harold.

GAMMER.

= An old woman.

The Goose.

GANYMEDE.

A beautiful youth, son of Tros, king of Dardania, whom Zeus, attracted by his beauty, carried off disguised as an eagle to heaven, and conferring immortality upon him, made him cup-bearer to the gods in place of Hebe. As a compensation to Tros, Zeus presented him with four immortal horses for his chariot.

Palace of Art; Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue; The Princess.

GARCIA (Villa).

See Villa Garcia.

GARDA. GARDA LAKE.

An Italian lake on the edge of the plain of Lombardy.

Queen Mary; Frater Ave Atque Vale.

GARDINER (Stephen).

Bishop of Winchester, born 1483. Private secretary to Wolsey; in 1528 sent as ambassador to pope Clement VII, he obtained a second commission on the royal divorce question; after Wolsey’s fall acted as secretary to Henry VIII; created bishop of Winchester 1531; ambassador in France 1531–32; falling into disfavour he was ousted from the council and the chancellorship of Cambridge, deprived of his see, and was imprisoned in the Tower during the whole of the reign of Edward VI. On Mary’s accession he was liberated, reinstated, and made Lord Chancellor; opposed the Spanish marriage and advocated severe measures against Elizabeth, whom he caused to be declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament. He died in 1555.

Queen Mary.

GARETH.

A Knight of the Round Table, who ‘underwent the sooty yoke of kitchen-vassalage.’ Malory says that he

‘was the youngest son of Lot, king of Orkney and Morgawse, Arthur’s sister,’

but according to Tennyson he was

‘the last and tallest son of Lot king of Orkney and of Bellicent his wife.

In order to please his mother he concealed his name and served as kitchen-knave at Arthur’s court for a twelve-month and a day, and on account of his large hands was by sir Kay nicknamed Fair-hands:

And since he hath no name, I shall give him a name that shall be Beaumains, that is Fair-hands.

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book VII. chap. i.

At the end of the twelve-month he was knighted, and a maiden called Lynette (q.v.) went to king Arthur to ask for a knight to deliver her sister Lyonors (q.v.), who was held captive in Castle Perilous. The king gave the quest to Gareth, but Lynette became indignant and treated him with indignity, calling him ‘a master of dishes and a kitchen knave.’ He bravely endured her insults, and eventually won her admiration by his courageously slaying the four knights who kept the passage to Castle Perilous and liberating her sister, whom, according to Malory, he married. Tennyson however makes him marry Lynette.

Gareth was slain by sir Lancelot in the rescue of Guinevere from the stake.

Gareth and Lynette; Lancelot and Elaine.

GARGARUS.

The highest peak of the Ida range rising about 4,600 feet above the level of the sea.

Œnone.

GARLON.

A Knight of the Round Table. He was a man of secrecy, and went about invisible inflicting wounds. He was slain at a feast by Balin in revenge for having slain two of his (Balin’s) knights.

Soon Balin asked a knight. Is there not a knight in this court whose name is Garlon? Yonder he goeth, said a knight, he with the black face; he is the marvellest knight that is now living, for he destroyeth many good knights, for he goeth invisible.... Therewith this Garlon espied that this Balin behind him, and then he came and smote Balin on the face with the back of his hand.... Give me the truncheon, said Balin to his lady, wherewith he slew your knight ... and therewith Balin smote him through the body, and said openly, With that truncheon thou hast slain a good knight, and now it sticketh in thy body.

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book II. chap. xiv.

Balin and Balan.

GARRICK.

David Garrick, dramatist, born at Hereford, 1717; was a pupil of Samuel Johnson, whom he accompanied to London in 1737. Four years later he commenced his career as an actor and in 1747 became, with Lacy, joint-proprietor of Drury Lane Theatre, which he continued to direct until his retirement from the stage in 1776, when he sold his half-share for £35,000. He died in 1779, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In all Saints Church, Hereford, a brass plate bears the following inscription: ‘In memory of David Garrick, who was born in this parish, and baptized in this Church, 28th February 1717, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.’

To W. C. Macready.

GASCON.

= Wine from Gascony, a province of France.

Becket.

GAWAIN.

A Knight of the Round Table, son of king Lot, nephew of king Arthur, and brother of Modred and Gareth. He was the second of the fifty knights created by Arthur, and was considered to be the most reckless and irreverent of them all. He fought with, and struck off the head of sir Priamus, but the headless knight picked up his head again and walked away, requesting sir Gawain to meet him twelve months hence. Gawain kept the appointment and was sumptuously entertained by Priamus. Gawain counselled king Arthur not to be over hasty in punishing Guinevere for her unfaithfulness. Gawain was considered at first to be the hero of the quest of the Holy Grail, but was deprived of that honour by Malory. According to the prophecy of Merlin Gawain fell in fighting for king Arthur against sir Lancelot in Benwick; and previous to the ‘last weird battle in the west’ Arthur is represented as seeing the ghost of Gawain ‘blown along a wandering wind’ and crying out.

To which sir Bedivere replied:

Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Passing of Arthur.

GEMINI.

The Twins, two stars in the southern hemisphere, named Castor and Pollux.

Maud; The Foresters.

GENEVA.

A city of Switzerland.

Queen Mary.

GEOFFREY (of Monmouth).

A Welsh monk and celebrated chronicler and ecclesiastic of the twelfth century, born in Monmouth, where he was educated in a Benedictine monastery. In this monastery there is a chamber—with a projecting window, called ‘Geoffrey’s window’—said to have been used by the monk as a study. Chaplain till 1128 to count William of Normandy; archdeacon of Monmouth, 1140; created bishop of St. Asaph 1152. His chief work is Chronicon sive Historia Britonum, which was the basis of a number of works of the Arthurian cycle (1100–1154).

To the Queen, II.

GEOFFREY. GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET.

Son of Rosamund and Henry II.

Becket.

GEORGE.

Patron Saint of England, represented on horseback slaying a dragon. He is supposed to have sprung from Cappadocia, and to have suffered martyrdom under Diocletian, A.D. 303. The historian Gibbon identifies him with George of Cappadocia the Arian archbishop of Alexandria, who, for his tyranny and oppression was massacred by the people, December 24, 361. Clapton in his Life of St. George, says:

It is unfortunate that the life history of this saintly martyr has been absurdly mixed up, even by the historian Gibbon, with that of the Arian George of Cappadocia, who lived more than half a century later, became by fraud archbishop of Alexandria, and turned out so great a villain that he was lynched by his own people, and his body cast into the sea.

The historical reason for the introduction of the saint in England is this:—In the wars of the Crusades he is said to have appeared at the head of a large army, carrying a banner with a red cross engraved upon it, to help Godfrey de Bouillon against the Saracens at the siege of Antioch.

In a vision Richard Cœur de Lion was bidden to take for his battle-cry ‘Saint George for England.’ This he did, and won the day, and St. George was adopted by Richard as his patron saint.

By the decree of the Council of Oxford, in 1222, the festival of St. George assumed a national character, but it was not until 1349, in the reign of Edward III, that he was definitely recognized as the nation’s patron saint.

About 126 churches are dedicated to his honour, and it was under the flag of St. George that Nelson won the battle of the Nile. The Union Jack, the national flag of Great Britain and Ireland, consists of a combination of the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick, denoting the union of England, Scotland and Ireland.

At St. Neot in Cornwall, the life of the saint is depicted in twelve panels of stained glass, beneath each of which is a Latin scroll:

1. S. George fights against the Gauls.

2. He is captured by them and slain at the shrine of the Blessed Virgin, who

3. brings him back to life from the grave, and

4. arms him.

5. He rescues Princess Cleodolinda and slays the dragon.

6. He is arrested for treason and brought before the king.

7. His body is torn with rakes.

8. On hands and knees he is ridden by the emperor’s son.

9. He is heavily weighted and hung by the wrists.

10. He is set in boiling lead.

11. He is dragged by a wild horse.

12. He is beheaded.

The Foresters.

GERAINT.

A tributary prince of Devon, and brother of Gareth and one of the Knights of the Round Table. He was married to Enid (q.v.) only child of Yniol. Overhearing the latter part of her speech, he charged her with unfaithfulness, and commanded her to put on her meanest dress and follow him silently through the world. Being wounded in fighting against the Saxons, Enid nursed him with such devotion that he could no longer doubt her fealty, confessed his error, and they lived together happily.

Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid; Lancelot and Elaine.

GERMANY.

On Translations of Homer; Becket.

GHOUL.

An imaginary eastern demon, who was supposed to subsist on human flesh.

Ancient Sage.

GIDEON.

The Israelite judge, who was appointed by God to destroy the altar and groves of Baal. With a small army of 300 men he gained a complete victory over the Midianites. See Judges, chap. vii. The reference here is to Napoleon, who with a mighty army thought to conquer the world, but was defeated by the British both in Egypt and at Trafalgar—

Buonaparte.

GIGGLESBY GREEÄN.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

GIGGLESBY HINN.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

GIGGLESBY WOOD.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

GILBERT BECKET.

A London merchant and a native of Rouen; father of Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury.

Becket.

GILBERT FOLIOT.

Bishop of London, prior of Clugny and Abbeville and afterwards abbot of Gloucester; created bishop of Hereford in 1147, and translated to London in 1163; opposed election of Becket to the archbishoprick of Canterbury, and refused to yield him obedience; excommunicated by Becket in 1167, and again in 1169, but was absolved at Rouen in the following year; consecrated Henry II’s eldest son for which act he was again excommunicated and again absolved in 1172.

Becket.

GILEADITE.

Has reference to Jephthah, one of the Judges of Israel. See Judges xi.

Dream of Fair Women.

GILLYFLOWERS.

A name given by old writers to the clove pink.

Aylmer’s Field.

GIOVANNA (The Lady).

See Federigo degli Alberighi.

GLASTONBURY.

A city in Somerset, built in the form of a cross and situated on the peninsula formed by the river Brue called the Isle of Avalon. It was one of the earliest centres of Christianity in Britain; its abbey is supposed to have been founded by Joseph of Arimathæa, and the place where he is represented to have landed in his boat with the Holy Grail. On setting foot on land he planted his pilgrim’s staff which took root, and grew into a holy thorn which miraculously blossomed every old Christmas-eve until it was cut down by a puritan soldier, who was maimed in the act. A graft of the thorn is however supposed to exist. King Arthur is supposed to have been buried in the abbey.

Balin and Balan; Holy Grail.

GLIMMER-GOWK.

= An owl.

Village Wife.

GLO’STER (Gloucester).

Becket.

GLOW-WORM.

A beetle of the genus Lampyris, having phosphorescent structures on the abdomen.

Vision of Sin; The Princess; Becket; The Foresters.

GNAT.

A genus of troublesome winged insects of numerous species.

Caress’d or Chidden; Day-Dream; Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Vastness; Harold.

GNOME.

An imaginary creature, represented as a protector of mines and quarries.

Merlin and the Gleam.

GOAN PADRE.

Goan: a place in India. Padre: a priest.

Akbar’s Dream.

GOAT.

A ruminating quadruped, allied to the sheep.

Œnone; Morte d’Arthur; Locksley Hall; The Princess; Merlin and Vivien; Last Tournament; Passing of Arthur.

GODIVA.

Wife of Leofric, earl of Mercia and lord of Coventry. About 1040, in order to save Coventry from excessive taxation, she consented to ride naked through the streets of that city. The deed is commemorated by a stained-glass window in St. Michael’s Church, Coventry, bearing the inscription:

The legend of the prying, inquisitive tailor, who looked out of a window being struck blind was also commemorated in an effigy of ‘Peeping Tom of Coventry’ which long protruded from an upper window in High Street, adjoining the King’s Head Tavern.

Godiva.

GODSTOW. GODSTOW NUNNERY.

A nunnery on the banks of the Isis, two miles from Oxford, the ruins of which may still be seen. It was founded in the reign of Henry I by Editha, a lady of Winchester. Rosamund de Clifford (q.v.), the mistress of Henry II, was buried here in 1177.

Becket.

GODWIN.

Earl of the West Saxons, being appointed by Canute; married a daughter of Ulf, Canute’s brother-in-law. In 1042 took a prominent part in raising to the English throne Edward the Confessor, to whom he married his daughter Edith, and headed the national party against the Norman favourites. On the accession of Jumiéges to the See of Canterbury the old charge of having caused the death of Alfred the Atheling was revived, and in 1051 was, with his sons, outlawed and took refuge with count Baldwin of Flanders. He returned in the following year and was restored to favour, and died in 1054 of apoplexy while dining with the king.

Harold.

GOLDEN FLEECE.

The name of an Inn. Has reference to the fleece of a ram which Phryxos, after he had sacrificed it to Zeus, gave to Æetes, king of Colchis, who hung it on a sacred oak, and had it guarded by a dragon. It was however stolen by Jason in his Argonautic expedition.

The Brook.

GOLDEN FLEECE.

An order of knighthood instituted in 1429 by Philip, duke of Burgundy.

Queen Mary.

GOLD-LILY.

Edwin Morris.

GOLDSMITHS (Immanuel).

See Immanuel Goldsmiths.

GOLIATH.

Has reference to the landing in England of William, duke of Normandy. See 1 Samuel xvii.

Harold.

GOOD FORTUNE.

Name of a ship.

Enoch Arden.

GOOSE.

An aquatic fowl of the genus Anser.

The Goose; The Brook; Maud; Gareth and Lynette; Last Tournament; Becket; The Foresters.

GORGON.

A hideous looking creature with a hissing serpent on her head in place of hair, the sight of whom turned the beholder to stone. Perseus, son of Zeus and Danäe, being armed with a sharp sickle, discovered the Gorgons asleep, cut off Medusa’s head, and thrusting it into a bag flew away, being pursued by two other gorgons.

Death of Œnone.

GORLOÏS.

Lord of Tintagel in Cornwall. He is by some authorities considered to be the father of king Arthur. His daughter Bellicent became the wife of Lot, king of Orkney.

Coming of Arthur.

GORSE.

= the furze, a prickly shrub with yellow flowers.

Voyage of Maeldune.

GRACES.

The Graces were three goddesses named Aglaïa, Thalia, and Euphrosyne, representing Grace, Gentleness and Beauty.

Vision of Sin; The Princess.

GRAIL.

See Holy Grail.

GRAMERCY.

A word formerly used to express thanks.

The Foresters.

GRASSHOPPER.

An insect that lives among grass, closely allied to the locust.

Leonine Elegiacs; Œnone; Becket.

GRANADA.

Queen Mary.

GRAY (Edward).

See Edward Gray.

GRAYHOUND.

A tall slender dog kept for the chase, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness.

Harold.

GRAYLING.

A silvery-gray fish of the salmon genus.

The Brook.

GREAT SEAL.

The principal seal of England with which all state documents are stamped.

Becket.

GREAT SILENCE.

= be killed.

Queen Mary.

GREECE.

Œnone.

GREENWICH.

Queen Mary.

GREGORY.

Refers to the popes in general, more particularly to Gregory VII, pope of Rome from 1073 to 1085 A.D.

Becket.

GREGORY.

= Gregory I, pope of Rome from 590 to 604 A.D.

Becket.

GREGORY.

Becket.

GRENVILLE (Sir Richard).

See Richard, Richard Grenville.

GRESHAM (Sir Thomas).

See Thomas Gresham.

GREYS.

The Scots Greys, who, with the 2nd squadron of Inniskillings made the famous charge at Balaclava.

Charge of the Heavy Brigade at Balaclava.

GRIFFIN.

A fabulous monster represented as half lion and half eagle.

Holy Grail; Merlin and the Gleam.

GRIFFYTH.

A king of Wales; joined with Elfgar, earl of East Anglia, and gathering a large army of Welshmen and Irishmen invaded England. The earl of Hereford, king Edward’s nephew, met him, but was defeated, and Griffyth sacked the city of Hereford and burnt the Cathedral to the ground. Harold, earl of Wessex, afterwards king of England, was sent by Edward the Confessor to avenge this disaster, and with earl Tostig succeeded in suppressing the rebellion (1063). In the same year Griffyth was slain by his own men and his head brought to Harold who sent it to the king.

Harold.

GRIM (Edward).

A monk of Cambridge. Was cross-bearer to Thomas Becket. When the four knights—murderers of Becket—entered Canterbury Cathedral, Grim stood by the archbishop during his altercation with them, and shielded him from their violence until his own arm was nearly cut off by a stroke aimed at the primate. Falling to the ground, he crawled away to the altar where the other clerks had taken refuge, and escaped with his life. He was the author of a biography of Becket.

Becket.

GUANAHANI.

An island in the West Indies on which Columbus first landed on October 12, 1492, and to which he gave the name of San Salvador.

Columbus.

GUERNSEY.

Second in size and population of the Channel Islands.

Queen Mary.

GUILDFORD DUDLEY.

Fourth son of the first duke of Northumberland. At the instigation of his father—whose object was to get the succession of the crown transferred from Mary—he married lady Jane Grey, daughter of the duke of Suffolk. The plot however failed, and upon the accession of Mary, Dudley was committed to the Tower, and thence to trial at the Guildhall, where he was condemned, sentenced to death and beheaded on Tower Hill, February 12, 1554.

Queen Mary.

GUINEA-HEN.

An African bird of the pheasant family, having dark-gray plumage variegated with small white spots.

The Brook.

GUINEVERE.

Daughter of Leodogran, king of Cameliard.

After king Arthur had assisted king Leodogran in clearing his kingdom of wild beasts and heathen hordes, he sent three of his knights to Leodogran to ask for the hand of Guinevere, and Leodogran consenting they were married by Dubric, at Camelot, in the church of St. Stephen’s. She entertained a guilty passion for sir Lancelot (q.v.) and was in consequence condemned to be burnt. When she was at the stake she was rescued by Lancelot, who carried her off to his castle at Joyous Guard, which castle was besieged by Arthur. Ultimately Guinevere was given up by Lancelot, and received back by Arthur, who, on the advice of Gawain waged a second war on Lancelot in Benwick. During the absence of Arthur on his expedition against the Romans, Modred, nephew of Arthur, who had been left in charge of the kingdom, traitorously proclaimed himself king, and seized Guinevere whom he kept prisoner. Upon receiving the news, Arthur hurriedly returned, and defeating Modred rescued Guinevere. After the battle, she with two other queens received Arthur in a barge and conveyed him to the Isle of Avalon, where he died, after which Guinevere retired to the nunnery at Almesbury.

And when queen Guenever understood that king Arthur was slain ... she went to Almesbury, and there she let make herself a nun, and wore white clothes and black.

Malory: Morte d’Arthur, Book XXI, chap. vii.

and on the death of the Abbess was chosen as her successor, and remained head of the establishment for a period of three years.

Her death being revealed to Lancelot in a dream, he proceeded to Almesbury, and taking the body of the queen he laid it by the side of king Arthur in the chapel of Glastonbury.

Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere; Coming of Arthur; Marriage of Geraint; Balin and Balan; Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Guinevere.

GUISNES.

A town near Calais. The garrison commanded by lord Grey was besieged and surrendered to the duke of Guise in the reign of Mary.

Queen Mary.

GULISTAN.

A Persian word for rose-garden.

The Princess.

GULL.

A web-footed sea-fowl of the genus Larus.

Pelleas and Ettarre.

GURNION.

The scene of king Arthur’s eighth battle against the Saxons:

where Arthur bore the image of the Holy Virgin, Mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flight, and pursued them the whole day with great slaughter.

Nennius: Six Chronicles.

It is however supposed to have been the head of the Virgin Mary engraven on the shield borne by Arthur.

The Castle of Gurnion is generally considered to have been in Wales.

Lancelot and Elaine.

GURTH.

Earl of East Anglia and son of earl Godwin; accompanied his father in exile in 1052, and returned with him the following year; succeeded to the earldom of East Anglia in 1057. He accompanied his brother Harold to the battle of Stamford-bridge. Gurth advised Harold not to appear in person against William, but to stay and guard the city of London. Fought by the side of Harold at the battle of Senlac, where he threw a spear at the charger ridden by the Conqueror and killed it; but William rushed forward on foot and slew Gurth with his own hand.

Harold.

GUY.

Count of Ponthieu. Earl Harold sailing one day in a fishing boat in the English Channel was driven by storm on the coast of Ponthieu, and was taken prisoner by Guy, count of Ponthieu. Harold, however, sent a message to duke William of Normandy complaining of the treatment he had received, and asking his interference. William ordered his release, and invited him to his court, when it is said he persuaded Harold to swear to assist him to the crown of England upon Edward’s death.

Harold.

GWYDION.

The tale is that of ‘Math,’ son of Mathonwy, who, with Gwydion sought to form, by enchantment, a wife for Llew.

So they took the blossoms of the oak, and the blossoms of the broom, and the blossoms of the meadow-sweet, and produced from them a maiden, the fairest and most graceful that man ever saw.

Guest: The Mabinogion: Math the Son of Mathonwy.

Marriage of Geraint.

GYNÆCEUM.

The women’s quarters in a Greek house.

The Princess.

HALCYON.

= the kingfisher.

Progress of Spring.

HALE (Francis).

See Francis, Francis Hale.

HALL (Everard).

See Everard, Everard Hall.

The Epic; Morte d’Arthur.

HAMAN.

Has reference to Haman, king Ahasuerus’ chief minister, who was hanged on the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. Esther vii.

The Foresters.

HAMILTON (Lady).

The daughter of a labourer, born at Ness, Cheshire, in 1763. For some years she lived under the protection of sir William Hamilton, whom she married in 1791. She was a woman of extraordinary beauty, and is immortalized in many portraits by Romney.

She subsequently became the mistress of lord Nelson, and although a widow with a fortune, fell into debt and died in poverty in 1815.

Romney’s Remorse.

HAMPDEN.

Has reference to John Hampden who withstood the illegal exaction of Charles I in 1627, and whose refusal to pay ship money in 1635 to his being tried before the court of exchequer; and although judgment was given against him, the country expressed itself strongly on the side of Hampden and the Long Parliament reversed the decision of the court.

England and America.

HAMPTON COURT.

A palace situated on the Thames erected by Cardinal Wolsey in 1515, and presented by him to Henry VIII in 1526. Mary, Elizabeth, Cromwell, the Stuarts, William III, and other monarchs have resided there, but since the time of George II it has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now occupied by pensioners of the crown.

Queen Mary.

HANNIE (Annie).

Eldest child of the village squire, disliked by the village wife.

Village Wife.

HANOVER SHIP.

Has reference to the Norwegian rat, which came to England during the eighteenth century. This rat infests ships and thus was carried into countries where they were unknown. The Jacobites claimed that this rat had come to England with the House of Hanover in 1714, when George Ludwig, elector of Hanover, succeeded Anne on the English throne, hence it was called the ‘Hanoverian rat.’

Maud.

HAPPY ISLES.

The Isles of a happy abode for the departed, identified with the Canaries and the Azores.

Ulysses.

HARDRADA.

Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, who, at the invitation of earl Tostig (q.v.) came to England and defeated Edwin and Morcar at the battle of Fulford in Yorkshire, but was in turn defeated by Harold at the battle of Stamford-bridge, Hardrada and Tostig being among the slain.

Harold.

HARE.

A rodent of the genus Lepus, with long ears, a short tail, soft hair, and a divided upper lip.

Aylmer’s Field; The Foresters.

HAREBELL.

A small branching plant with pale blue bell-shaped flowers.

The Princess; Promise of May.

HARFLEUR.

A French village on the estuary of the Seine. In the Hundred Years’ War it was taken after a six months’ siege by the English under Henry V (1415), and during the succeeding twenty years changed hands three times. The town was lost to England on November 4, 1435.

Harold.

HAROLD.

King of England, second son of earl Godwin. Was in 1051 along with his father banished, and took refuge with count Baldwin of Flanders. He returned the following year, and on Godwin’s death became earl of Wessex, and the right hand of king Edward the Confessor. In 1064 he was shipwrecked on the coast of Ponthieu and taken prisoner by Guy (q.v.) count of Ponthieu. Harold complained to duke William of Normandy of the treatment he was receiving at the hands of the count, and asked his interference. William ordered his release, invited him to his court, where it is said he made him swear that he would, on the death of Edward the Confessor, help to make him king of England. On the death of Edward Harold was proclaimed king. His younger brother Tostig (q.v.) rebelled, and invited over to England Harold Hardrada (q.v.), king of Norway. Hardrada sailed up the Humber and with Tostig defeated the English troops at Fulford Bridge in Yorkshire. Harold however marched to meet them, and joined forces with them at Stamford-bridge, where, after a bloody struggle, he won a complete victory on September 25, 1066, Tostig and Hardrada being among the slain. Four days later, news arrived that duke William of Normandy had landed at Pevensey. Harold marched southward, and with his troops occupied the hill of Senlac, near Hastings. There he was visited by a monk who urged him to yield to the pope, who had given encouragement to the claims of William. Harold in anger repudiated Rome’s authority:

The battle, which lasted from nine o’clock in the morning until after sunset was fought on October 14, 1066, and after a desperate struggle the English were defeated, owing to their allowing the pretended flight of the Normans to draw them from their impregnable position on the hill, Harold himself being slain by an arrow which pierced his eye. Harold’s body was found upon the field of battle, and was, by William, ordered to be buried there, saying ‘He guarded the shore when living, let him guard it now he is dead,’ but afterwards he permitted it to be interred at Waltham Abbey.

Harold.

HAROLD (King of Norway).

See Hardrada.

HAROLD (Mr. Philip Edgar).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

HAROLD THE SAXON.

See Harold (King of England).

The Foresters.

HAROUN ALRASCHID.

(Aaron the Orthodox.) The most renowned of the Bagdad caliphs, succeeded to the Caliphate in 786 A.D. He maintained a magnificent court where he gathered round him a company of poets and scholars. He was a contemporary of Charlemagne, and figures as the chief character in the Arabian Nights.

Recollections of the Arabian Nights.

HARRY.

Has reference to the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII.