THE TENNYSON DICTIONARY (continued 4)

Talking Oak.

HARRY.

One of the sons of an old woman, who outlived all her children. She fancied they were not dead, but were all about her yet.

He died at the age of sixty.

Grandmother.

HARRY.

Husband of Ellen, with whom she quarrelled on account of a letter written him by a girl in Dorsetshire. Harry wrote his wife assuring her that all would come right again. He left for Jersey, stating he had found work there, but while crossing the boat went down and he was drowned. His wife, who had refused to say good-bye to him, felt she was to blame.

First Quarrel.

HARRY BOLINGBROKE.

Henry IV—surnamed Bolingbroke, from the place of his birth—king of England from 1399 to 1418; the first of the Lancastrian kings; eldest son of John of Gaunt and grandchild of Edward III. After spending some time of his life in exile at Paris, he invaded England, and owing to the misrule of his cousin Richard II had little difficulty in deposing that monarch and assuming the crown. This usurpation of the throne gave rise to civil strife known as the Wars of the Roses, which broke out during the reign of Henry VI.

During his reign wars were successfully undertaken against the Welsh under Glendower, and against the rebellion of the Percies in their attempt to win the crown for Mortimer. A statute for the burning of heretics—the first in England for the suppression of religious opinion—was passed during his reign (1366–1413).

Queen Mary.

HARRY OF MONMOUTH.

See Henry V.

HARRY THE EIGHTH.

See Henry VIII.

HARRY THE SEVENTH.

See Henry VII.

HARRY THE SIXTH.

See Henry VI.

HARWICH.

A seaport in Sussex.

Queen Mary.

HASTINGS (Francis).

Second earl of Huntingdon, eldest son of George Hastings, first earl. Joined the duke of Northumberland against the protector Somerset, and on October 13, 1549, conducted Somerset to the Tower. In order to strengthen his alliance with Northumberland married his son Henry to Northumberland’s daughter Katherine on the same day as lord Guildford Dudley married lady Jane Grey. He was one who signed the agreement to maintain lady Jane Grey’s succession to the crown, and on the death of Edward VI joined Northumberland in declaring her Queen. By order of Mary was arrested and sent to the Tower; being released, was sent down to Leicester to suppress the revolt headed by the duke of Suffolk, whom he brought back a prisoner to the Tower in February 1555. After obtaining several minor appointments under Mary and Elizabeth he died at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 1561.

Queen Mary.

HASTINGS.

A town and seaport in Sussex, near to which place was fought the battle of Senlac, 1066. On a hill near the town are the ruins of the castle built by the Conqueror.

Harold.

HAVELOCK (General Sir Henry).

of Bishop-Wearmouth, Durham. Educated at the Charter-house, and in 1823 proceeded to India. Served with distinction in the Afghan and Sikh Wars and in the Persian Expedition. On the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny he was sent to the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow, the latter of which places he entered on September 25, 1857. He was however in turn himself besieged, but held out until relieved by sir Colin Campbell. Almost immediately afterwards he was attacked by dysentery and died on November 22, 1857, and was buried in the Alum-Bagh.

Defence of Lucknow.

HAVERINGATTE-BOWER.

A village in Essex. It was the seat of some of the Saxon kings, and a favourite resort of Edward the Confessor. It abounded with nightingales—being a woody and peaceful place—and it is said that they sang so loudly that the king was disturbed in his devotions. The ruins of Edward the Confessor’s palace are still to be seen.

Harold.

HAWA-I-EE.

One of the Sandwich islands. It contains the famous volcano Kilauēä, the crater of which is one of the world’s wonders, being nine miles in circumference, and which is filled with boiling lava which ebbs and flows like an ocean tide.

Kapiolani.

HAWK.

One of a numerous species of rapacious birds of the family Falconidæ.

Hawk’s cast = feathers, fur, and other indigestible matters ejected from the stomach by a hawk after it has devoured its prey.

Poet’s Song; Aylmer’s Field; Marriage of Geraint; Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham; Harold; Becket; The Foresters.

HAWTHORN.

A thorny shrub or tree, with small fragrant flowers. It is extensively used for hedges.

May Queen; Progress of Spring.

HAZEL. HAZEL-TREE.

A shrub or small tree of the genus Corylus.

Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue; Enoch Arden; In Memoriam; May Queen.

HEAD (Edward).

See Edward Head.

HEAGLE.

= Eagle.

Owd Roä.

HEATH (Sir Nicholas).

See Nicholas, Nicholas Heath.

HEATH.

A small evergreen shrub, growing on waste lands.

Maud; Coming of Arthur; Pelleas and Ettarre; The Ring.

HEATHER.

= Heath.

Romney’s Remorse; June Bracken and Heather.

HEAVY BRIGADE.

A brigade consisting of two squadrons of the Scots Greys, and the 2nd squadron of Inniskillings, commanded by sir James Yorke Scarlett which made the famous charge at Balaclava, October 25, 1854.

Charge of the Heavy Brigade at Balaclava.

HEBE.

The goddess of eternal youth, daughter of Zeus and Hera; cup-bearer to the immortals, before Ganymede (q.v.) superseded her. She became the wife of Hercules after his admission among the immortals.

Gardener’s Daughter; The Princess; Romney’s Remorse.

HEBREW.

Among the Jews it was a reproach to women to be childless, as each hoped to be the maternal ancestor of the promised Messiah.

Dream of Fair Women.

HECTOR.

Son of Priam and Hecuba, and chief hero of Troy in the Trojan war. He was a favourite of the gods, especially of Apollo. His chief exploits were his single combat with Ajax, and his slaying of Patroclus the friend of Achilles. In revenge for the latter deed Achilles stabbed him and fastened his body to his chariot, and dragged it three times round the grave of Patroclus, but Apollo preserved it from mutilation. The Iliad of Homer describes the last meeting of Hector and Andromache, her lament upon his death, and the mourning of his mother, his wife and Helen at the funeral obsequies.

Specimen of Iliad.

HEDGAR (Edgar).

See Eva.

Promise of May.

HEDGEHOG.

A prickly-backed insectivorous quadruped, able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It makes a hole or nest for itself a few inches below the surface of the ground, and is nocturnal in its habits.

Aylmer’s Field.

HEDGE-PIG.

= a young hedgehog.

The Foresters.

HEDGE-ROSE.

= the wild rose.

Queen Mary.

HELEN.

Has reference to Helen of Troy, daughter of Zeus and Leda, and the wife of Menelaos, king of Sparta, who was carried off to Troy by Paris (q.v.), the shepherd-prince of Troy.

Lucretius.

HELEN’S TOWER.

Helen’s Tower stands on a hill on the southern shore of Belfast Lough. It was built for the purpose of enshrining the following verses written by lady Dufferin to her son, the great British diplomatist, on his coming of age in 1847:

TO MY DEAR BOY ON HIS 21ST BIRTHDAY.

With a Silver Lamp.

Fiat Lux.

In 1861 the marquis of Dufferin addressed to Tennyson a letter to the effect that he had erected on a hill in his park in Ireland a tower which he had named after his mother ‘Helen’s Tower,’ and that the only thing wanting to make it a perfect little gem of architecture and decoration, was ‘a voice.’ In answer to this the poet sent the marquis the following lines:—

Helen’s Tower.

HELICONIAN HONEY.

Lucretius.

HELICONIAN RIDGE.

Part of the mountain range of Parnassus sacred to the Muses.

Tiresias.

HELLSTOW.

Becket.

HEMAN.

Son of Joel, and grandson of Samuel the prophet. He is called the musician, and was one of the three Levites—the others being Asaph and Ethan—in charge of the vocal and instrumental music in the second Temple.

Harold.

HEMLOCK.

The name of several poisonous herbs. In ancient Greece the punishment of death was inflicted by criminals being forced to drink a decoction of the hemlock.

The Princess; Lover’s Tale; Demeter and Persephone.

HENGIST.

The first Saxon king of Kent and joint-founder with his brother Horsa of that kingdom; arrived at Ebbsfleet from Jutland in 449 A.D. at the invitation of Vortigern to help him in repelling the Picts and Scots; but afterwards turned against the Britons themselves and was defeated at Aylesford, 455.

Guinevere.

HENRY (Bedingfield).

See Henry Bedingfield.

HENRY (the First).

King of England, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, and the first monarch of the Norman line who was English by birth. He succeeded his brother William Rufus in 1100, at which time his brother Robert was in Normandy. Soon after Robert invaded England, but agreed to renounce his claim to the throne. Robert was however persuaded again to resort to arms and Henry invaded Normandy, defeated him and brought him prisoner to England where he died in Cardiff castle, and Normandy was united to England. William, Robert’s son, however secured the assistance of Louis VI and the counts of Flanders and Aragon, and in order to defend himself Henry married his daughter Matilda to the emperor Henry V, and in 1110 defeated the French king at Brémule. Henry died suddenly at Rouen in 1135, and was buried at Reading.

Becket.

HENRY (the Second).

King of England, eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet; succeeded Stephen in 1154. Through his father and mother, Aragon, Touraine, Normandy and Maine were added to the English crown; while through his wife, Eleanor—the divorced wife of Louis VII of France—he secured the provinces of Poitou, Limousin and Gascony. His reign was troubled by disputes between himself and Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in 1170; and Henry was obliged by the pope to undergo penance at the tomb of the archbishop at Canterbury. In 1170 he caused his son Henry to be crowned king, and three years later his sons, at the instigation of their mother, rebelled against him on account of his attachment to Rosamund de Clifford. In 1183 his son Henry died, and Richard, his third son, revolted against his father, and being supported by the king of France defeated him in Normandy. He died at Chinon 1189.

Becket.

HENRY (the Third).

King of England, eldest son of John, whom he succeeded in 1216, when only ten years of age. He was of a feeble character, and during his reign Normandy and other French provinces were relinquished to the king of France. Civil war broke out, and from 1258–64 a struggle took place between the king and the barons, and at the battle of Lewes in 1264 Henry was defeated and taken prisoner, but promised to accept the Provisions of Oxford. At the battle of Evesham the Barons were totally defeated, chiefly through the courage of Henry’s son Edward, whereupon he deprived several of them of their estates. He cancelled the Great Charter and allowed the pope to collect tithes in England. By the treaty of Shrewsbury in 1267 Wales was pacified. He died in 1272 at Westminster and was buried in the Abbey.

On the Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

HENRY.

Son of Henry II, born in 1155 and married at the age of five to princess Margaret of France. Crowned as his father’s successor at Westminster 1170, and again with his queen at Winchester 1172. In the following year he rebelled against his father, and fled to Normandy; became reconciled to his father in 1174, and eight years later made war on his brother Richard in Aquitaine, and afterwards on his father. He died penitent, of fever, at Martel at the age of twenty-eight, and was buried at Rouen (1155–1183).

Becket.

HENRY (the Seventh).

King of England, son of Edmund Tudor and of Margaret, of the house of Lancaster. Henry, who was in Brittany, was invited to invade England to rescue it from the usurper Richard III, and in 1485 landed in Wales and marched to Bosworth in Leicestershire, where Richard was defeated and slain, Henry being crowned king upon the spot. He united the houses of York and Lancaster, by marrying Elizabeth daughter of Edward IV. During his reign a joiner’s son named Simnel, who pretended to be the young earl of Warwick, rose in rebellion, but was suppressed by Henry’s victory at Stoke, near Newark, in 1487. Some years later a Yorkist pretender from Flanders, named Perkin Warbeck, personated Richard, duke of York, who was believed to have been murdered in the tower, claimed the crown, but he was apprehended and confined to the Tower, where, with the earl of Warwick, he was executed (1499). Henry died at Richmond in 1509, and was buried in Henry the Seventh’s chapel, built by him in Westminster Abbey (1457–1509).

Queen Mary.

HENRY (the Sixth).

King of England, son of Henry V. Being only ten years of age when he was proclaimed king, the country during his long minority was governed by the Privy Council. Charles king of France, dying soon after, the duke of Orleans encouraged by the minority of Henry assumed the title of king, under the name of Charles VII. Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster in 1429, and king of France at Paris in 1431; but the conclusion of peace between Charles VII, and Burgundy, and the death of the duke of Bedford brought ruin to the English arms in France. The siege of Orleans was raised by the French in 1429, inspired by Jeanne d’Arc; Normandy was lost in 1450, and in 1483 with the exception of Calais the English were expelled from France. The king being declared insane, the duke of York was made protector, and on Henry’s recovery York openly claimed the crown, civil war, known as the Wars of the Roses, broke out, and at the first great battle at St. Albans in 1455 Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. For the two succeeding years there was peace, York governing in Henry’s name, but in 1459 war again broke out, the Yorkists winning the battle of Bloreheath, but were defeated at Ludlow. In the following year the Yorkists won the battle of Northampton, but were defeated at Wakefield by Margaret, Henry’s queen, York himself being slain. In 1461 York’s son Edward gained a victory at Mortimer’s Cross, and although Warwick was defeated by Margaret at the second battle of St. Albans, young Edward was crowned at Westminster, and Henry fled to Scotland. After wandering for four years he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower, where after the defeat of Margaret at Tewkesbury, and the murder of prince Edward after the battle, he was murdered (1421–71).

Queen Mary.

HENRY (the Eighth).

King of England, son of Henry VII, whom he succeeded in 1509 at the age of eighteen. In the same year he married Catherine of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur, and the early years of his reign were very popular. In 1512 he joined the Holy League, formed by pope Julius II, and Henry invaded France, and having won several victories, concluded peace with the French king, Louis XII. During his absence James IV of Scotland invaded England, but was defeated and slain at Flodden Field. Forming an attachment for Anne Boleyn, he determined to divorce his wife Catherine, his plea being that she was his brother’s widow, and the divorce being refused by the pope, Henry assumed the title of head of the English Church. In 1522 Cranmer, who had been created archbishop of Canterbury, declared Henry’s marriage with Catherine void, and the king married Anne Boleyn, but some years later, on the ground of infidelity, she was executed, and Henry married Jane Seymour, but she dying soon after the birth of Edward VI, Henry married Anne of Cleves, who was in 1540 divorced. Henry next married Catherine Howard, niece of the duke of Norfolk, who was subsequently beheaded for infidelity, after which he married Catherine Parr, who happily survived him. During his reign the Reformation made great headway; statutes were passed by parliament completely abrogating the papal authority in England, and in 1535 an act made Henry the supreme Head of the Church. The monasteries were suppressed, but this act aroused discontent, and an outbreak known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, headed by Robert Aske, broke out in 1536. The rebels were defeated in Lincolnshire, but took possession of York, and marching on Doncaster were dispersed by the duke of Norfolk. In the following year they again rose, but were promptly suppressed and the leader executed (1491–1547). See Harry.

Queen Mary.

HENRY (the Second).

King of France, succeeded his father Francis in 1547. He married Catherine de Medici, but was largely under the influence of his celebrated mistress Diane de Poitiers, and the family of Guise. He formed an alliance with Scotland, and declared war against England which ended in 1558 with the loss of Calais, the last English possession on French soil, that city having been in the hands of the English for 210 years. Henry was accidentally wounded in a tournament held in honour of his daughter’s marriage, by Montgomery, a Scottish nobleman and captain of the guard, of which he died on July 10, 1559. It was his fixed intention to destroy all the Protestants in his dominions, and his sudden death preserved him from the execration which clings to the name of Charles IX.

Queen Mary.

HENRY BEDINGFIELD.

A Privy Councillor, son of sir Edmund Bedingfield. On the death of Edward VI he supported the cause of Mary, and was appointed Constable of the Tower in 1555 in succession to Lord Williams of Thame, when the princess Elizabeth was committed to his keeping for supposed complicity in the rebellion of sir Thomas Wyatt. On the accession of Elizabeth he retired into private life.

Queen Mary.

HENRY OF ENGLAND.

See Henry (the Second).

HENRY OF WINCHESTER.

Henry of Blois, brother of king Stephen. Abbot of Glastonbury, where he built a palace and abbey buildings; created bishop of Winchester in 1129, and procured the throne for his brother Stephen—whom he crowned—by guaranteeing the liberty of the Church.

Was suspended from his bishoprick for advising Stephen to forbid Theobald’s attendance at the papal council at Rheims in 1148, but obtained absolution three years later. Consecrated Becket as primate in 1162, and supported him against Henry II, and on his deathbed rebuked Henry for the murder of Becket.

Becket.

HENRY (the Fifth).

King of England, surnamed Monmouth from the place of his birth, eldest son of Henry IV. Henry having laid claim to the French crown, left the kingdom in the hands of a regency, and invaded France, where he won, in 1415, a great victory at Agincourt. Three years later he married Catharine, daughter of the French king, and by the treaty of Troyes got himself appointed as successor to the French throne. One of the most illustrious men of this reign was sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham (q.v.), a nobleman who had fought with success in France during the reign of Henry IV, and a friend of Henry V. Being a convert to Lollardism he was summoned by archbishop Arundel to appear before his court, and being found guilty of heresy, Henry had the unpleasant task of choosing between his old comrade and the Roman prelate, with the result that Cobham was condemned and burnt to death, December 1417.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

HERBERT (of Bosham).

Born at Bosham, 1162. On the election of Becket to the archbishoprick of Canterbury, Bosham was appointed his special monitor. Accompanied Becket to the Council of Tours (1163), and the Councils of Clarendon and Northampton in 1164. Went with Becket into exile, and returned with him in 1170, but returned almost immediately to France. He returned again to England in 1184, and died two years later and was buried in Bosham Church. He was the author of a biography of Becket.

Becket.

HERB-OF-GRACE.

The common rue, a perennial suffrutescent plant, with a bitter taste.

Queen Mary.

HERCULES.

Has reference to Hercules, son of Zeus and Alkmene, the typical hero of the Greeks.

Dream of Fair Women; Gardener’s Daughter.

HERCULES.

Bishop Foliot’s reference to archbishop Becket.

Becket.

HERÈ.

Wife of Zeus and the queen of heaven, whose sacred bird was the peacock. In Greek mythology the attendant at the banquet of the gods, whose food was ambrosia and whose drink was nectar. In Italian mythology she was identified with Juno (q.v.).

Œnone; The Princess.

HEREFORD (Bishop of).

Gerard, archbishop of York, sent by William II in 1095 on a secret mission to pope Urban, from whom he obtained the despatch of a legate and pallium. On his return was created bishop of Hereford, and crowned Henry I; translated to York in 1100; opposed archbishop Anselm in the investiture dispute, but was repudiated by the pope, and compelled to profess obedience to Anselm. He attempted to consecrate bishops, and on his death was refused burial in the minster, but was subsequently transferred thither by archbishop Thomas II.

Becket.

HEREWARD THE WAKE.

A yeoman who made a gallant attempt to rally his countrymen against the Conqueror. He held the Isle of Ely for about twelve months (1070–71), and when William succeeded in encompassing the English, and penetrating their camp of refuge, he cut his way through the besieging army and escaped. His subsequent fate is not certain.

The Foresters.

HERMON HILL.

A mountain on the north-eastern border of Palestine, over against Lebanon, and a great landmark to the Israelites. It is referred to in many instances in the Bible, and the mount on which Christ was transfigured.

Happy.

HERN.

The Heron.

The Brook; In Memoriam; Gareth and Lynette; Geraint and Enid; Lancelot and Elaine; The Falcon.

HEROD.

Queen Mary.

HEROD.

Has reference to Herod Agrippa in Acts xii. 22–23.

And the people gave a shout, saying, It is the voice of a god, and not of a man.

And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms and gave up the ghost.

Palace of Art.

HEROD-HENRY.

Refers to Henry VIII’s repudiation of the papal authority in England.

Queen Mary.

HERON.

A large water-fowl, with long sharp bill and long legs and toes.

Happy.

HESPER.

The personification of the evening star.

Leonine Elegiacs; Mariana in the South; In Memoriam; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

HESPERIAN.

The golden apple that grew in the fabulous garden of Hesperides the daughter of Hesperus, or Night, in Africa.

Œnone.

HESPER-PHOSPHOR.

Hesper and Phosphor are two names for the same star, i.e. Venus as she is the evening or the morning star.

In Memoriam.

HESPERUS.

The personification of the evening-star. The name of a knight—one of four brothers—who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, where the lady Lyonors was held a prisoner, and who was overthrown by sir Gareth.

Leonine Elegiacs; Gareth and Lynette.

HETAIRAI.

A supposed primitive state of society, in which all the females of a tribe were held in common.

Lucretius.

HETTY.

Daughter of the village squire, supposed to be weak-minded.

Village Wife.

HIC JACETS.

The first words on old tombstones—‘Here lies.’

Merlin and Vivien.

HIDALGOS.

Spanish noblemen.

Columbus.

HIGGINS.

A farm labourer.

Promise of May.

HILDEBRAND.

Pope Gregory VII, born in Tuscany. His youth was passed at Rome in the monastery of St. Maria, and afterwards studying at Clugny became famous as a preacher. Elected pope in 1073; deposed by the emperor Henry IV, but Gregory retaliated by excommunicating the emperor, and finally compelled him to do penance. Gregory was however subsequently deposed in favour of Clement III, in 1080, by Henry, who besieged and captured Rome, but Gregory was liberated by Robert Guiscard, and retired to Salerno, where he died.

Harold.

HILL OF HOPE.

Lover’s Tale.

HILL OF WOE.

Lover’s Tale.

HILLS.

A millionaire family.

Edwin Morris.

HISPANIOLA.

The largest of the West Indian Islands, now known by the name of Hayti, discovered by Columbus in 1492. In 1697 the island was ceded to France, but in 1791 after a revolution, the natives swept the island of all Europeans, and established a republican form of government.

Columbus.

HO.

A word used by the Heralds to stop fighting in tournaments in mediæval times.

Coming of Arthur.

HOLLY.

An evergreen shrub, with hard, prickly leaves and red and yellow berries.

The Princess; Spiteful Letter; In Memoriam; Pelleas and Ettarre; Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

HOLLY-HOAK.

A rich luxuriant plant, a favourite in English shrubberies, with a great variety of colour in its flower.

The Princess.

HOLLYHOCK.

A kind of mallow, bearing flowers of various colours.

A Spirit Haunts; Aylmer’s Field.

HOLMES.

A clergyman present at the house of Francis Allen, on Christmas Eve, when a conversation on the decay of Christmas customs and the Christian religion took place between some college-friends assembled round the wassail-bowl.

The Epic.

HOLOFERNES.

The Assyrian general in command of Nebuchadnezzar’s army. As he was besieging the town of Bethulia, Judith, a Jewish heroine, made her way into his tent and cutting off his head as he lay asleep, bore it in triumph to the town. The subject forms part of the apocryphal book of Judith, but it is not mentioned by Josephus, and is therefore considered spurious. Judith, a poem, the authorship of which is unknown, gives in some 350 lines the slaughter of Holofernes and Judith’s summons to the Israelites.

The Princess.

HOLY CROSS.

See Waltham.

HOLY ELDERS.

Has reference to the Magi who were led to Bethlehem by the Star in the East where they presented to the new-born Christ their offerings of gold, frankincense and myrrh. St. Matthew ii. 11.

Morte d’Arthur; Passing of Arthur.

HOLY GRAIL.

The vessel made of emerald stone, said to have been used by Christ at the last supper, and in which Joseph of Arimathæa caught some of the blood that flowed from His wounds on Calvary.

The story is, that after Joseph of Arimathæa had begged the body of Christ he followed Philip to Gaul as a preacher, and being sent across the Channel to carry the gospel into Britain, came to Glastonbury in Somersetshire. He brought with him the dish which was eventually lost, and the quest of the Grail was undertaken by several knights of the Round Table. As the Knights were seated at the Round Table at Camelot, a noise as of thunder was heard and the palace shook, and there came from the beam a vision of the Holy Grail, covered with white samite and borne by invisible hands; all the knights heard the noise, but only sir Galahad the pure was permitted to see it with his bodily eyes, after which it was borne away to the holy heavens.

The Cathedral of Genoa is supposed to contain the Holy Grail. It is a shallow basin made of dark green glass, and was for centuries regarded as an emerald. It was brought to Genoa in 1101 A.D. by Guglielmo Embriaco, a native of Genoa and a Crusader. Embriaco invented the movable wooden towers used at the siege and capture of Jerusalem in the First Crusade.

Sir Galahad; Holy Grail.

HOLY LAND.

= Palestine.

In Memoriam; Lover’s Tale; Happy; The Foresters.

HOLY ROOD.

The cross or crucifix fixed over the entrance to the chancel of a church.

Harold; Queen Mary; Becket; The Foresters.

HOLY SEPULCHRE.

The Sepulchre in which the body of Christ was laid.

Columbus.

HOLY WAR.

The name given to an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Happy.

HOLY WRIT.

= The Scriptures.

Merlin and Vivien; Holy Grail; Queen Mary; The Foresters.

HOMER.

The great epic poet of Greece, and author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.

The Princess; On Translations of Homer; Epilogue; Parnassus.

HOMERIC.

Has reference to the poetry of Homer the famous Greek poet.

The Epic.

HONEYSUCKLE.

A flowering plant with cream-coloured flowers.

May Queen; Aylmer’s Field; Gareth and Lynette; City Child.

HONG-KONG.

= the three cities.

To Ulysses.

HONORIUS.

Flavius Honorius Augustus, emperor of Rome, second son of Theodosius. He suppressed the gladiatorial combats practised in Rome. It was during his reign that the persecution of the pagans began (384–423).

St. Telemachus.

HOOD (Robin).

See Robin, Robin Hood.

HOOPER (John).

Born in Somersetshire in 1518, and became a Cistercian monk at Gloucester. A study of the writings of Zwingli converted him to the reformed faith, and in 1550 he was created bishop of Gloucester by Edward VI, but was imprisoned in the Fleet prison for objecting to wear the episcopal habit. In 1552 he was made bishop of Worcester. On the accession of Mary he was committed to the Tower, and after eighteen months’ imprisonment was tried for heresy, condemned to death, and burnt at Gloucester, February 9, 1555.

Queen Mary.

HOP.

A bitter plant, the cones of which are much used in brewing.

Aylmer’s Field; The Princess.

HORACE.

The Roman lyric poet.

Epilogue; Poets and their Bibliographies.

HORSELEECH.

Golden Year.

HORTENSIA.

In 44 B.C. after the assassination of Julius Cæsar there was formed in Rome a Commission, called the Commission of Public Safety. This Commission, having declared war against Brutus (the murderer of Cæsar), levied a war tax on the wealthy ladies of Rome, but the eloquent pleading of Hortensia succeeded in the proposed tax being rejected. She was the daughter of the famous orator Hortensius.

The Princess.

HOUGOUMONT.

= Battle of Waterloo.

To the Queen, II.

HOURIS.

Seventy-two beautiful virgins of paradise, whose companionship, according to the teaching of the Koran, is part of the reward of every faithful Mohammedan after death. They are possessed with perpetual youth and beauty.

Palace of Art; Promise of May.

HOURS.

Three sisters, attendants on the gods.

Tithonus.

HOWARD (Thomas).

See Thomas Howard.

HOWARD (Lord William).

See William, William Howard.

HOWL.

= Owl.

Owd Roä.

HOWLABY BECK.

Church-warden and the Curate.

HOWLABY DAÄLE.

Owd Roä.

HUBERT.

Lover of Miriam Erne, only child of the late Miriam Erne. Hubert was spoken of by Miriam’s father as the fairy prince. On the wedding morning Miriam asked her father to wish her joy. He replied,

The Ring.

HUGH.

An old knight who had fought at Agincourt where Henry V defeated the French in 1415. Walter, son of Walter Vivian, showed to some of his friends invited to spend the day with them, some of the articles which adorned his father’s house, and which had been collected from all quarters of the globe and at all eras of history. And ‘this’ he said, ‘was Hugh’s at Agincourt.’

The Princess.

HUGH (de Morville).

See De Morville.

HUMBER (river).

Harold.

HUNGARY.

In 1848–9 the Hungarians under Louis Kossuth rebelled against Austrian rule, but, with the aid of Russia, were reduced to subjection.

Maud.

HUNTINGDON (Earl of).

See Robin, Robin Hood.

HUTTERBY HALL.

Northern Cobbler.

HYACINTH.

A beautiful bulbous-rooted flowering plant of many varieties. The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyakinthos, a youth killed by Apollo with a quoit.

Balin and Balan; Guinevere.

HYADES.

A Greek word meaning the ‘rainers’; and a name given to seven stars in the constellation Taurus; their rising and setting simultaneously with the sun is believed to be attended with wet weather.

Ulysses.

HYMEN.

In Greek mythology the god of marriage, son of Apollo; represented as a boy with wings, and carrying in his hand the marriage torch and bridal veil. Originally a song sung at a Greek wedding.

The Cup.

HYPERION.

The name given by the poets to the Sun.

Lucretius.

IBYCI.

Has reference to the wife of Ibycus, a Greek lyric poet.

Becket.

ICELAND.

An island in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Harold.

ICENIAN.

An ancient British tribe who inhabited the present counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Under their queen Boädicea (q.v.) they rose against the Romans, destroyed the Roman colonies of Colchester, St. Albans and London, and slew 70,000 Romans, but were in turn defeated by Suetonius Paulinus the Roman governor of Britain.

Boädicea.

IDA.

A mountain range in Asia Minor extending from Phrygia through Mysia into the Troas. It was the scene of the rape of Ganymede and the judgment of Paris, and the place from which the gods watched the battle between the Trojans and the Greeks. Zeus is said to have been born here, and it possessed a temple in honour of Cybele the Idæan Mother. The rivers Gramcus, Simois, Scamander and many other smaller streams have their sources in the mountain, hence Tennyson’s epithet of Many-fountain’d Ida.

Œnone; Lucretius; Death of Œnone.

IDA.

Heroine of The Princess, betrothed in infancy to prince Arac. On attaining marriageable age she determined to found a college for women, and rigidly exclude all men. She was essentially earnest and devoted to her cause for its own sake, and would undoubtedly have shrunk from no personal sacrifice which might have promoted the welfare of her darling purpose. In her position as head of the college she was the embodiment of majestic dignity, her voice resonant and divine and formed a striking contrast to some of the subordinate members of her staff. In founding the college her chief aim was for the betterment of woman’s position. She thought that the province of woman in the economy of nature was intellectual eminence.

The prince put on woman’s clothing, and was admitted to the college as a girl student. The prince’s father declared war upon the father of the princess to enforce the marriage contract, and it was agreed to settle the quarrel by a combat of fifty warriors on either side; the prince was beaten and the college was turned into a hospital for the wounded men, most of the girl graduates being ordered home. The princess remained to nurse the defeated prince, with the natural consequence that in tending him she was drawn to love him, abandoned the college, and married her betrothed.

The Princess.

IDALIAN.

Idalium, an ancient town in Cyprus. It possessed a temple sacred to Aphroditè, from which she was sometimes called Idalia.

Œnone.

IDEN.

Has reference to Alexander Iden, a Kentish squire who slew Jack Cade (q.v.) and brought his head to Henry VI, for which service he was knighted. Shakespeare in Second Part of King Henry VI, Act v. Scene i, alludes to it:

Queen Mary.

IDRIS.

A mythical Welsh giant, whose rocky chair was on the mount of Cader Idris in Merionethshire. Tradition says that any one passing the night in the chair, would, in the morning either be found dead or endowed with poetical inspiration.

Marriage of Geraint.

ILIAD.

The great epic poem by Homer.

Parnassus.

ILION.

= The city of Troy, built by the gods Neptune and Apollo, for Laomedon, the father of Tithonus.

Œnone; Tithonus; Lucretius; To Virgil; Death of Œnone.

ILLYRIAN.

The coastlands east of the Adriatic and north of Greece.

To E. L.

IMMANUEL GOLDSMITHS.

A jeweller, whose shop was ransacked and ‘ower a hoonderd pounds worth o’ rings stolen.’

Promise of May.

IND.

= India.

Buonaparte; Queen Mary.

INDIA.

Milton; A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh; To the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava; On the Jubilee of Queen Victoria; Defence of Lucknow.

INDIES.

= West Indies.

Columbus; Queen Mary.

INNISKILLENS.

The second squadron of Inniskillings, who, with two squadrons of the Scots Greys made the famous charge at Balaclava.

Charge of the Heavy Brigade at Balaclava.

INQUISITION DOGS.

= The Spanish Inquisition established in 1480.

The Revenge.

IONIAN ARTEMIS.

See Ephesian Artemis.

IONIAN FATHER.

= Homer.

Palace of Art.

IONIAN HILLS.

May probably refer to the neighbouring hills of Mysia.

Œnone.

IRÂN.

= The Persian empire.

Akbar’s Dream.

IRELAND.

Last Tournament; Harold.

IRIS.

The daughter of Thaumas and Electra. She was a virgin goddess and a messenger of the gods, and swift as the breeze with wings of gold. She was the personification of the rainbow.

Œnone; Achilles over the Trench.

IRIS.

A genus of plants having showy flowers and bulbous roots.

In Memoriam.

ISABEL.

Has reference to Tennyson’s mother. The poem itself is a description of her.

Isabel.

ISCARIOT.

= Judas, surnamed Iscariot, one of the twelve Apostles, who betrayed his Master for thirty pieces of silver.

St. Simeon Stylites; Queen Mary.

ISIS.

An Egyptian goddess and the goddess of procreation and birth, her symbol being the cow. Her principal temple was at Busiris in the Delta of the Nile. Several feasts were held in her honour, and there were also special mysteries of Isis, supposed to have been borrowed from the Eleusinian mysteries of Demeter.

Maud.

ISLAMITE.

= Obedience to God’s Will.

Palace of Art.

ISLE OF FINN.

= Ireland.

Voyage of Maeldune.

ISLE OF A SAINT. ISLE OF FIRE. ISLE OF FLOWERS. ISLE OF FRUITS. ISLE OF SHOUTING. ISLE OF THE DOUBLE TOWERS. ISLE OF WITCHES.

See Maeldune.

ISLE OF WIGHT.

An island in the English Channel.

To Ulysses; To Rev. F. D. Maurice.

ISLIP.

A town near Oxford.

Queen Mary.

ISOLT.

According to the Arthurian tradition there were two ladies of this name, Isolt the Fair, daughter of Anguish, king of Erin, wife of king Mark (q.v.) of Cornwall; and Isolt of the ‘White Hands,’ daughter of Howell, king of Brittany, and the wife of sir Tristram (q.v.). It is the latter lady to whom Tennyson refers.

Last Tournament; Guinevere.

ISSA BEN MARIAM.

= Jesus, the son of Mary, founder of the Christian religion.

Akbar’s Dream.

ISSUS.

A Cilician town, famous for the victory which Alexander the Great obtained over Darius, 333 B.C.

Alexander.

ITALY.

The Brook; The Daisy; To Dante; Queen Mary.

ITHACENSIAN SUITORS.

Has reference to Penelope, wife of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, who, during the latter’s absence in the Trojan war, was beset by numerous suitors, assuming that Odysseus had perished in the war. Eventually, through the good offices of Pallas Athene, Odysseus returned, and relieved her of her perplexity.

The Princess.

IVIN’.

= Ivy.

Owd Roä; Church-warden and the Curate.

IVY.

A plant of the genus Hedera, with dark smooth evergreen leaves. The stem clings to walls and trees.

Œnone; Lotos-Eaters; Day-Dream; The Brook; Spiteful Letter; Marriage of Geraint; Lover’s Tale; Harold; The Foresters.

IXION-LIKE.

Ixion was the king of the Lapithæ, who attempted to win the love of Juno, but Jupiter substituted a cloud of her instead, whereby he became the father of the Centaurs, and whom Jupiter punished by fastening him to an eternally revolving wheel in hell.

Two Voices.

JACHIN.

A brass pillar, signifying stability, at the entrance to Solomon’s temple. 1 Kings vii. 21.

Harold.

JACK.

The man employed by a farmer named Jocky Dawes to remove his household belongings from the farm as the house was supposed to be haunted.

Walking to the Mail.

JACK.

See Czar.

Maud.

JACKSON.

A labourer to farmer Dobson.

Promise of May.

JACOBINISM—JACQUERIE.

Jacobinism. The policy of the Jacobite faction opposite to legitimate government. Jacquerie. A name given to the French peasants who rose in revolt against the nobles during the absence of king John II of France as a prisoner in England in 1358, the leader of whom assumed the name of Jacques Bonhomme.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

JAEL.

A Jewish heroine, wife of Heber the Kenite, who slew Sisera the captain of the host of the Canaanites, who after being defeated by Deborah and Balak near the brook Kishon, fled and took refuge in her tent. See Judges iv.

The Princess.

JAMES.

A friend of the poet Leonard, also spending a holiday in Llanberis. He had listened to the lines written by Leonard concerning the Golden Age, and added all in heat,

He declares:

Golden Year.

JAMES.

= We got rid of James II, declared the throne vacant, and resisted him by force of arms.

Third of February.

JAMES.

A Protestant who with others was assembled to see the burning of Cranmer, who at the time of the conversation was set upon a scaffold before the people.

Queen Mary.

JAMES, ST.

See St. James.

JAMES WILLOWS.

Cousin of Katie Willows, and also her lover—

Katie and her lover quarrelled, and it was implied that the narrator, Lawrence Aylmer, of whom James was jealous, was the guilty person.

Lawrence, however, did Katie a good turn by engaging the attention of her father Philip, so that she and James had an opportunity of making up the quarrel.

The Brook.

JANE.

See Jenny.

JANE.

Daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset and a distinguished linguist. The duke of Northumberland, who had succeeded Somerset, compelled her to marry against her wish his fourth son, lord Guildford Dudley, and on the death of Edward VI had her proclaimed queen. On the accession of Mary she was sent to the Tower, and being condemned to death was six months later with her husband beheaded.

Queen Mary.

JAPAN.

To Ulysses.

JAQUES.

Has reference to Jaques, a lord attendant on the banished duke in the forest of Arden. Is one of the characters in Shakespeare’s As you like it, All’s well that ends well, and Henry V.

To Rev. W. H. Brookfield.

JASMINE.

A shrubby plant, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odour.

Dream of Fair Women; Aylmer’s Field; The Princess.

JAY.

A bird allied to the crow family with gay plumage.

My life is full; Progress of Spring; The Foresters.

JEAN.

A priest.

Harold.

JENNY.

Cousin of the speaker in the poem, and to whose house she had come with the idea of making trouble between the speaker and her lover Willy. She partially succeeded, being seen one moonlight night taking a walk with Willy. On account of this the speaker suggested to her lover that they should part, but Willy said

Grandmother.

JENNY.

One of a crowd of women and children assembled on London Bridge, who were much against the marriage of Mary and Philip of Spain.

Queen Mary.

JEPHTHA. JEPHTHA’S DAUGHTER.

Has reference to the daughter of Jephtha, who was offered up to God as a sacrifice. See Judges xv.

Aylmer’s Field; The Flight.

JEROOSILIM (Jerusalem).

Tomorrow.

JERSEY.

The largest of the Channel Islands.

First Quarrel.

JERUSALEM.

The capital of ancient Judaea, and of modern Palestine, and the scene of many important events in Biblical history.

Columbus; Becket; Promise of May.

JESSAMINE.

= Jasmine.

Maud.

JESSMINE.

= Jasmine.

Spinster’s Sweet-Arts.

JESSES.

Two short straps round the legs of a hawk to which was attached the leash.

Merlin and Vivien.

JILT.

Name of a horse.

The Brook.

JINNY.

Daughter of the village squire.

Village Wife.

JOAN.

A French maiden, born of poor parents. Professed to have been inspired to liberate France from the English; and in 1428 led the French army to victory, raised the siege of Orleans and saw Charles VII crowned king at Rheims on July 13, 1429. In the following year she was captured and sold to the English, and after being imprisoned at Rouen was brought to trial, and being condemned as a sorceress was burnt to death, May 30, 1431.

The Princess; Romney’s Remorse; Dream of Fair Women.

JOAN.

A country wife.

Queen Mary.

JOÄNES.

Described by an old farmer, whose strength is fast failing, as being devoid of sense, and a person who could be more easily spared to die than the farmer himself.

Northern Farmer, Old Style.

JOAN OF KENT.

Called the ‘Maid of Kent,’ born in 1506. When a domestic servant at Aldington she came out of an illness in a state of religious mania, and under the direction of a monk—sent by archbishop Warham to examine her—gave herself out as a prophetess who had received inspiration from the Virgin Mary. Events having falsified her predictions she was in 1533 examined before parliament, confessed the imposture and was condemned and executed at Tyburn, with other accomplices in April 1534. When brought to the scaffold she described herself as ‘a poor wench without learning, who had been puffed up by praises to her own undoing and that of her companions.’

Queen Mary.

JOCELYN (Bishop of Salisbury).

= Jocelin de Bohun, bishop of Salisbury 1142–1184.

Becket.

JOCKY DAWES.

A farmer—tenant of Sir Edward Head—who removed from his farm as it was supposed to be haunted by a ghost

Walking to the Mail.

JOHN.

The tree had been branded with the letters I.R. (= John Rex or King), denoting that it had been so marked in the reign of King John. The marks thus burnt into the bark of the tree had been concealed from view by the overgrowth of fresh bark, which, falling off centuries after, had disclosed the ancient brand.

Webb: Notes on Aylmer’s Field.

T. J. M. writing in Notes and Queries, September 25, 1880, says:

‘that in cutting down some timber in Birkland and Billagh, in Sherwood Forest, letters have been found cut or stamped in the body of the trees, denoting the king’s reign in which they were so marked. The cyphers were of the reign of James I., of William and Mary, and one of King John. The mark of John was eighteen inches within the tree, and something more than a foot from the centre; it was cut down in 1791. But the middle year of John’s reign was 1207, from which, if we subtract 120—the number of years requisite for a tree of two feet in diameter to arrive at that growth—it will make the date of its planting 1085, or about twenty years after the Conquest.’

J. T. F. in the same issue of Notes and Queries tells us:

‘that a bit of oak bearing the two Roman letters I.R., was given to his grandfather, William Fowler, of Winterton, some sixty years ago, by a gentleman in the neighbourhood of Newark. The letters, which are a little over an inch in height, are cut or branded directly across the grain of the wood. Attached to the fragment is a label inscribed as follows:—

‘This piece of wood was found in an Oak tree, 15 inches below the bark, and contained the Initials of King John, who died at Newark 600 years ago.’

Aylmer’s Field.

JOHN.

St. John the Evangelist. Columbus considered the words in the Book of Revelation, chap. i, verse 1, referred to him.

Columbus.

JOHN.

= The Gospel of St. John.

Queen Mary.

JOHN.

Prince John, afterwards king of England.

The Foresters.

JOHN. JOHN OF OXFORD.

Bishop of Norwich; president of the Council of Clarendon in 1164; in November of the same year—after Becket’s flight—was sent with other bishops, to the French king requesting that he would not receive the archbishop. In 1166 Becket while at Veselay formally excommunicated him, but he obtained absolution from Alexander III. In 1175 he was appointed bishop of Norwich by Henry II. His latter years appear to have been spent in retirement. He died in 1200.

Becket.

JOHN. JOHN OF SALISBURY.

Bishop of Chartres; secretary to archbishop Theobald for some years; fell into disgrace with Henry II and appealed to Becket to intercede for him; left England in 1164 but returned in 1170 after Becket’s interview with Henry at Freteval. Was in the company of Becket when the four knights made their appearance in Canterbury Cathedral, and advised Becket to be prudent in his dealings with them; when the actual attack began he fled and hid himself. After the murder he supported the inclusion of Becket’s name in the calendar of martyrs and wrote a biography of him with a view of securing his canonization. In 1176 he was appointed bishop of Chartres. He died on October 25, 1179, and was buried in the monastery of Josaphat.

Becket.

JOHN (Prester).

See Prester John.

JOHN, ST.

See St. John.

JOHN THE SWEARER.

See John of Oxford.

JONAH.

The Wreck.

JONAH.

Harold.

JONAH’S GOURD.

The Princess.

JOSEPH.

of Arimathæa. The story is that after Joseph of Arimathæa had begged the body of Christ he followed Philip to Gaul as a preacher, and being sent across the Channel to carry the gospel into Britain landed with his boat at Glastonbury.

Arviragus, a heathen king at that time welcomed Joseph and gave him land upon which to build a church, and he erected a wattle church on the site of St. Mary’s Chapel, Glastonbury, which is supposed to have been destroyed by fire about 1180.

Joseph brought with him from the land of Aromat the Holy Grail, the cup in which he is said to have caught some of the blood of Christ, as He hung upon the cross.

Upon landing he planted his pilgrim’s staff into the ground, which took root and grew into a Holy Thorn, which miraculously blossomed every old Christmas eve until it was cut down by a puritan soldier who was wounded in the act. A graft of the thorn is however supposed to exist.

He is the reputed founder of Glastonbury Abbey—which includes in the north transept the Chapel of St. Mary (otherwise known as St. Joseph’s), and he is said to lie buried on a hill known as Chalice Hill.

Balin and Balan; Holy Grail.

JOSHUA.

The successor of Moses as the leader of the Israelites. In the valley of Ajalon, the scene of a battle between the Israelites and five Canaanitish kings, he commanded the sun and the moon to stand still. Joshua x. 12.

Locksley Hall.

JOSHUA.

= Sir Joshua Reynolds, the English painter.

Romney’s Remorse.

JUDAH.

Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

JUDITH.

See Holofernes.

The Princess.

JUDITH.

Judith was the woman who had jilted the grandson of the speaker.

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

JULIAN.

Cousin and foster-brother of Camilla, for whom he conceived a silent love.

When Camilla told him of her love for his friend Lionel his heart was broken and he lived a life of solitude. Camilla married Lionel, but died within the year. She was buried in an open coffin in the family vault, where she was visited by Julian who embraced her in death.

As he held her to him, he felt her pulse beat, she was alive; and taking her into his arms carried her to her mother’s house, where immediately afterwards her child was born. Then Julian made a feast to which Lionel was invited. At the end of the feast, in accordance with a Persian custom which showed the guests the richest treasure of his host, he brought Camilla and the babe into the room. She was reunited to Lionel.

And Julian, magnanimous at the spectacle of their happiness, without bidding farewell, rushed from the scene:

Lover’s Tale.

JULIET.

Gardener’s Daughter.

JULIUS (the Third).

Pope of Rome from 1550 to 1555. As a cardinal he was one of the papal legates at the Council of Trent, and on being appointed pope sent cardinal Pole to England to arrange with Mary as to the best means of bringing the kingdom again in subjection to the papal see.

Queen Mary.

JUMIÉGES.

See Robert of Jumiéges.

JUNO.

In Italian mythology the wife of Jupiter and queen of heaven. Her temple at Rome, which was in the Capitol close to Jupiter, was one of the most ancient and venerated. As queen of the heavens, she presided over marriage, and particularly patronised the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of power and empire, and is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. In another form of worship she is represented as clad in a mantle of goat-skin, bearing a shield and an uplifted spear, and accompanied by a sacred serpent. In Greek mythology she was identified with Herè. Paris (q.v.), the shepherd-prince of Troy, was appointed arbiter to decide which of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas Athene and Venus) was the most beautiful, and to which should be awarded the golden apple, the prize of beauty. On appearing before Paris she made an attempt to bribe him, promising him sovereignty.

Paris however decided in favour of Venus.

A Character; The Cup.

JUPITER.

In Italian mythology the lord of heaven, identified with the Greek Zeus. His chief seat of worship was the Capitol at Rome, an earthenware image being enthroned in the temple, with a thunderbolt in his right hand. After existing for 400 years the temple was burnt down, but was rebuilt with increased magnificence in B.C. 83. It was again destroyed by fire A.D. 70, and scarcely had it been rebuilt by Vespasian when it was again burnt down A.D. 80; but in A.D. 82 Domitian erected a temple which stood as late as the ninth century.

The Cup.

KALIFA.

A title given to the successors of Mahomet.

Akbar’s Dream.

KAPIOLANI.

A great chieftainess who lived in the Sandwich islands at the beginning of the eighteenth century. She won the cause of Christianity by openly defying the priests of the terrible goddess Peelè. In spite of their threats of vengeance she ascended the volcano Mauna-Loa, then clambered down over a bank of cinders 400 feet high to the great lake of fire (nine miles round)—Kilauēä—the home and haunt of the goddess, and flung into the boiling lava the consecrated berries which it was sacrilege for a woman to handle. Poet’s Note.

Kapiolani.

KARNAC.

= The temple of Karnac in Egypt.

To Ulysses.

KATE.

Friend of a little girl Alice, who is to be ‘Queen of the May.’

May Queen.

KATE.

A girl who according to the description given of her by the poet bears a very strong resemblance to Shakespeare’s Kate—the Shrew. She is described as woman-soldier.

Her lover expresses a wish that he were an armed and far-famed knight. Then he thinks that Kate would accept his love:

Kate.

KATE.

An attendant on Maid Marian.

The Foresters.

KATEKIN.

The Foresters.

KATIE WILLOWS.

Daughter and only child of Philip Willows, and born and bred amid country surroundings.

She was betrothed to James Willows, her cousin, with whom she quarrelled. James was supposed to be jealous of a certain Lawrence Aylmer, who afterwards engaged the attention of Katie’s father in conversation concerning the farm, so that she and James had an opportunity of making up their quarrel. Lawrence related how at the conclusion of his conversation with Philip, he

The Brook.

KATTY’S.

The name of the proprietor of a grog-shop.

Tomorrow.

KAY.

A Knight of the Round Table; son of sir Ector and foster-brother of king Arthur. He was a rude and boastful knight, and delighted in giving nicknames. He called sir Brewnor the ‘Shocking Bad Coat’ and sir Gareth he nicknamed ‘Beaumains’ on account of his large hands.

Gareth and Lynette; Last Tournament.

KEMBLE.

John Mitchel Kemble, Anglo-Saxon scholar; son of Charles Kemble. Editor of writings of the Anglo-Saxon period, his chief works being Codex Diplomaticus aevi Saxonici and The Saxons in England. Made the acquaintance of Tennyson whilst at Cambridge and soon afterwards the poet visited him in London.

To W. C. Macready.

KENDAL CHURCH.

Kendal is a town in Westmorland.

Romney’s Remorse.

KENT.

Edwin Morris; A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh; Queen Mary; Becket.

KESTREL.

A small species of falcon allied to the sparrow-hawk.

Boädicea.

KHAN.

A title of a Tartar sovereign or prince.

Columbus.

KILAUĒÄ.

A lake of fire (nine miles round) in the island of Hawaii, the home of the goddess Peelè. It was into this lake that Kapiolani, the chieftainess of the Sandwich islands, defied the goddess by descending and flinging into the boiling lava the consecrated berries which it was sacrilege for a woman to handle.

Kapiolani.

KINGCUP.

= The common buttercup.

Queen Mary; A Dirge; City Child; Last Tournament; Progress of Spring.

KINGSTON.

= Kingston-upon-Thames.

Queen Mary.

KINGSTON BRIDGE.

A bridge over the river Thames.

Queen Mary.

KITE.

A rapacious bird of the hawk kind.

Boädicea; Promise of May; Harold.

KITTEN.

A young cat.

Merlin and Vivien.

KNUT.

King of Denmark, Norway and England. After succeeding his father as king of Denmark he landed in England and was chosen king at Southampton. Edmund Ironside who had been elected king in 1016 on the death of Edward the Confessor however opposed him so bravely that an agreement was entered into at Olney, an island in the Severn, by which the kingdom was divided, but Edmund being assassinated a few weeks afterwards Knut obtained the whole of the kingdom. A famous story is told of him that seated in a chair on the seashore at Southampton he rebuked his flattering courtiers by showing to them how regardless the waves were of his kingly power, and bade them to remember that the Great Being only was the One whom the waters and winds obeyed. In 1027 he made a pilgrimage to Rome and founded the monasteries of St. Bennet at Holme, and St. Edmund’s Bury. He died at Shaftesbury and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. Knutsford (‘Canute’s ford’) a town in Cheshire is supposed to have derived its name from this king (995–1035).

Harold.

KNYVETT.

See Antony, Antony Knyvett.

KORAN.

The Mohammedan bible.

Akbar’s Dream.

KRAKEN.

A fabulous sea-monster, supposed to have been seen in the Norwegian seas.

The Kraken.

KYPRIS.

= Venus.

Lucretius.

LABURNUM.

A small tree with beautiful flowers, a native of the Alps.

In Memoriam.

LACTANTIUS.

A Christian apologist in the fourteenth century.

Columbus.

LADY-FERN.

A pretty British fern.

Balin and Balan.

LADY OF SHALOTT.

A beautiful lady who dwelt in a castle on the island of Shalott.

In this castle she sat and sang, and wove a web of beautiful silk embroidery in many colours. In front of her hung a large mirror, through the medium of which she viewed the outside world, as a curse would fall upon her if she looked through the window.

One night a bride and bridegroom passed down the winding road to Camelot, and as they strolled along the road in the moonlight, and she saw the happiness that shone in their eyes, a longing sprang into her heart, and she cried out in a passionate voice: ‘I am half sick of shadows.’

Eventually on the path leading to Camelot came a figure of a knight. It was sir Lancelot, one of the Knights of the Table Round. On his shield was the figure of a red-cross knight kneeling to a fair lady.

As sir Lancelot approached the magic island, singing ‘Tirra lirra,’ his reflection fell on the magic mirror, and the lady who could no longer resist the temptation, leaned upon the sill of the window, and looked down to Camelot.

Immediately she did so, she heard a fearful crash, and looking behind her saw the magic mirror was cracked from side to side. ‘Alas, for my disobedience!’ she exclaimed, ‘the mirror is broken. The web has gone! The curse is upon me! Where shall I go, or what shall I do?’

Coming to herself she noticed how differently everything around her had become, and leaving the castle, proceeded to the river where she found a boat beneath the willows, on whose prow she wrote in clear letters:—The Lady of Shalott.

Stepping into the boat, she gazed for a moment on Camelot, and knew her end was near.

Lying down in the boat she crossed her hands upon her breast, and singing a beautiful song, allowed the boat to drift down the stream to Camelot.

As the boat approached the city of Camelot no song was heard, and the curiosity of the people being aroused at the boat gliding along by itself they drew it ashore, only to find in it the dead body of the princess. As sir Lancelot drew near and beheld the beautiful form of the lady he exclaimed:—‘How peaceful and lovely a face! God grant mercy to her and to us too, that we also may lead pure and noble lives.’

Lady of Shalott.

LADY OF THE LAKE.

A mysterious personage. She gave to king Arthur the sword Excalibur, in recompense for which she asked for the head of Balin (q.v.) because he had slain her brother, but the king refused the request. ‘Ye would have my head,’ said Balin, ‘therefore ye shall lose thine own,’ and smote off her head in the presence of king Arthur. She was denoted by the sacred fish on her breast.

Morte d’Arthur; Gareth and Lynette; Lancelot and Elaine; Passing of Arthur.

LAIS.

The name of two Greek courtesans of extraordinary beauty. One is said to have been born in Corinth and flourished during the Peloponnesian war. The other was a native of Sicily, but went to Corinth when a child and is said to have been stoned to death by the Thessalian women out of jealousy.

Becket.

LAMB.

= The Saviour of the World.

St. Agnes’ Eve; Columbus.

LAMBERT.

John Lambert; became a convert to protestantism; chaplain to the English factory at Antwerp; imprisoned 1532, but released on the death of archbishop Wareham in the same year; condemned and burnt to death for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation.

Queen Mary.

LAMBETH. LAMBETH PALACE.

A London municipal and parliamentary Borough. The Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Queen Mary.

LAMECH.

Maud.

LAMMAS.

= The Greek Kalends, never.

The Foresters.

LANCASTER.

= Wars of the Roses between the houses of York and Lancaster.

Aylmer’s Field.

LANCELOT.

The son of king Ban and Helen, and the father of sir Galahad, the chastest of the 150 knights, who was allotted the ‘Siege Perilous.’ He was stolen in infancy by Vivian, the Lady of the Lake, who threw him into the water, in consequence of which he was called sir Launcelot du Lake. He was the bravest of all the knights and was honoured by king Arthur more than all the rest.

He fell in love with Guinevere (q.v.) who ordered him to slay the knights who kept the door, but sir Modred escaping informed king Arthur, who condemned Guinevere on account of her unfaithfulness to be burnt, but when at the stake she was rescued by Lancelot. In consequence of this guilty passion for the queen he was commanded to avoid the court, and as king Arthur refused to be reconciled to him he left the realm and retired to Benwick. Going one day to joust at Astolat he left his blazoned shield in charge of Elaine (q.v.), the fair maid of Astolat. Being wounded in the encounter, he was carefully nursed by Elaine. Upon being restored to health he claimed his shield and bid the damsel good-bye, whereupon she confessed her love for him; but being told that his love was another’s, pined away and died.

When the news of the ‘last weird battle in the west,’ in which king Arthur received his mortal wound, reached Lancelot, he made haste to see his noble master to seek his pardon for the injury he had done him. Upon his arrival he found the king had passed away, and kneeling down on the earth wept and prayed heartily for his soul. Going in search of Guinevere he found the queen in a nunnery at Almesbury (q.v.), and after taking farewell of her withdrew into solitude, and for six years led a life of prayer and fasting. In a vision he was told that Guinevere was no more, and hastening to Almesbury found the news too true. With reverence and out of love and gratitude for Arthur he took the body of the queen and laid it by the side of king Arthur in Glastonbury Abbey, after which he again withdrew to his lonely cell; and some weeks later the spirit of this bold warrior passed away and he was buried in Joyous Guard.

Lady of Shalott; Gareth and Lynette; Coming of Arthur; Marriage of Geraint; Balin and Balan; Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Pelleas and Ettarre; Last Tournament; Guinevere.

LANDBIRD.

A reference of the nearness of land which Columbus sighted on October 11, 1492.

Columbus.

LANE (Miriam).

See Miriam, Miriam Lane.

LAPIDOTH.

Has reference to the Hebrew prophetess Deborah, wife of Lapidoth. She joined Barak in a campaign to deliver Israel from the tyranny of Jabin, king of Canaan, and utterly defeated the Canaanites under Sisera near the brook Kishon. After the victory Deborah and Barak sang a song of triumph known as the song of Deborah. See Judges iv. and v.

The Princess.

LAPWING.

A bird of the plover family called also peewit.

Locksley Hall; Queen Mary.

LAR AND LUCUMO.

Two titles of honour borne respectively by priests and nobles among the inhabitants of Etruria, an ancient country in central Italy.

The Princess.

LARCH.

A genus of coniferous trees, distinct from firs, with erect and regularly tapering stem, and small branches.

In Memoriam; Maud.

LARIANO.

Name of the vessel which conveyed the poet and his wife while spending a holiday in Italy, to the various Italian ports.

The Daisy.

LARI MAXUME.

= ‘O great Larius’ i.e. ‘O great Lake of Como.’

The Daisy.

LARK.

A well-known singing bird of the genus Alauda.

Rosalind; Gardener’s Daughter; Audley Court; Talking Oak; Day Dream; Poet’s Song; The Princess; The Window; In Memoriam; Gareth and Lynette; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; Lover’s Tale; First Quarrel; Northern Cobbler; Voyage of Maeldune; Ancient Sage; The Flight; Tomorrow; Progress of Spring; Queen Mary; Harold; The Cup; The Falcon; Promise of May; The Foresters.

LATANGOR.

Coming of Arthur.

LATERAN.

A celebrated church in Rome, so called from its occupying the site of the palace of the Laterani family; and which was until 1308 the residence of the popes of Rome. No fewer than five Œcumenical councils have met within its walls.

Harold; Becket.

LATIMER.

Bishop of Worcester, son of a Leicestershire yeoman. At the beginning of the Reformation was an earnest advocate of popery, but eventually became a convert to the reformed faith. Received permission to preach throughout England, and his fame reaching Henry VIII he was commanded to preach before that monarch, who conferred upon him the bishopric of Worcester in 1535, which See he resigned in 1539 because he could not support the Act of the Six Articles. Twice under Henry VIII he was committed to the Tower, but was released on the accession of Edward VI, who would have restored him to his diocese but he refused; assisted Cranmer in framing the Homilies and in completing the work of the Reformation. In 1555, upon the accession of Mary, he was again committed to the Tower, whence he was with Cranmer sent to Oxford to defend his views before a Commission, and being found guilty of heresy was condemned—and with bishop Ridley (q.v.) burnt to death opposite Balliol College, Oxford, 1555. After commending his soul to God he turned to his companion and exclaimed, ‘Be of good cheer, Master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day light such a candle in England, which by God’s grace will never be put out.’

Queen Mary.

LAUDAMUS.

The Te Deum Laudamus. A hymn which forms part of the morning service in the English Church. The authorship is unknown, though tradition ascribes it to St. Ambrose.

Columbus.

LAUNCELOT.

See Lancelot.

LAURENCE.

A former lover of lady Clara Vere de Vere, whom she first loved, and afterwards rejected. His grief at her conduct probably hastened his death.

Lady Clara Vere de Vere.

LAVAINE.

A Knight of the Round Table, brother of Elaine, and son of sir Bernard, baron of Astolat. Displayed great bravery in battle on behalf of King Arthur; and afterwards departed to Brittany with Lancelot who created him earl of Arminak.

Lancelot and Elaine.

LAWRENCE.

See St. Lawrence.

LAWRENCE.

Sir Henry Lawrence, brigadier-general, and chief commissioner in Oudh. At the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny he was appointed in command of the troops in Oudh, and was killed while holding Lucknow against the mutineers. His death was a blow to the little garrison, but they held out until relieved by sir Colin Campbell.

Defence of Lucknow.

LAWRENCE AYLMER.

Lawrence and Edmund Aylmer were brothers. Edmund on account of ill health left for Italy where he died. The brothers parted by a certain brook known to both since childhood. Near the brook Lawrence met Katie Willows, a farmer’s only child. She had quarrelled with her lover James Willows. Lawrence asked who had angered James and found out from Katie’s manner that he himself was the cause of some little jealousy. He however succeeded in putting an end to the quarrel, by engaging her father in conversation, while Katie and her lover met.

The Brook.

LAZARUS.

Has reference to the raising from the dead of Lazarus, brother of Martha and Mary. John xi.

In Memoriam.

LAZARUS.

Has reference to the beggar in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. Luke xvi. 19–31.

To Mary Boyle.

LAZARUS (Saint).

Brother of Martha and Mary, and reputed first bishop of Marseilles.

Becket.

LEA (Sir Richard).

See Richard, Richard Lea, Richard of the Lea.

LEA (Walter).

See Walter, Walter Lea.

LEAR.

A legendary British king, hero of one of Shakespeare’s tragedies. In his old age he divided his kingdom between two of his elder daughters, on condition that each should alternately, month by month, provide him with a home. They however showed him very scant hospitality, whereupon the youngest daughter Cordelia—who had been disinherited, and who had married the king of France, raised an army in order to dethrone her sisters, but was defeated and put in prison where she died. The elder sister then murdered her younger sister from jealousy, after which she committed suicide herself.

Promise of May.

LEBANON.

The lofty mountain-range in the southern part of Syria.

Maud.

LEBANONIAN CEDAR.

A mountain range in Palestine. Originally the mountains were covered with trees, but are now almost bare, only a few of the famous cedars remaining.

The Princess.

LEE (Annie).

See Enoch, Enoch Arden.

LEGEND OF GOOD WOMEN.

A poem by Chaucer, consisting of nine legends and a prologue, celebrating the faithfulness of the brides of ancient song: Cleopatra, Thisbe, Dido, Hypsipyle and Medea, Lucrece, Ariadne, Philomela, Phillis, and Hypermnestra.

Dream of Fair Women.

LEICESTER.

The capital of Leicestershire.

Queen Mary.

LEICESTER (Lord).

Robert de Beaumont, first earl of Leicester. Was present at the council of Northampton, 1164.

Becket.

LENNOX (Lady).

Lady Margaret Douglas, niece of Henry VIII, who in 1544 married Matthew Stewart, earl of Lennox; planned marriage between her son lord Darnley and Mary queen of Scots; imprisoned for treasonable intentions by Elizabeth in 1562; released, but again imprisoned in 1565; released immediately after the murder of Darnley, and at the court of Elizabeth denounced Mary queen of Scots for the crime. Her ambition was realized in 1567 by the accession of her grandson, James VI, to the throne of England. She died in 1578.

Queen Mary.

LENT-LILY.

= the daffodil, as flowering in Lent.

Gareth and Lynette; Progress of Spring.

LEODOGRAN.

King of Cameliard, and father of Guinevere. King Arthur rescued him from king Rience of North Wales. Uther gave him the famous Round Table which would seat 150 knights, and when king Arthur married Guinevere, Leodogran gave him the table with 100 knights as a wedding gift.

Coming of Arthur.

LEOFRIC.

A nephew of earl Leofric, and abbot of Peterborough 1053–66. Was present at the battle of Senlac.

Harold.

LEOFWIN.

Son of earl Godwin; accompanied his father in exile in 1051, and returned with him and was made earl of the present counties of Kent, Surrey, Essex and Middlesex. Accompanied his brother Harold to the battle of Stamford-bridge in 1066, and in the same year fought at Senlac where he was slain.

Harold.

LEOLIN.

A barrister, brother of Averill the rector of the parish in which Aylmer’s hall was situated; he was in love with Edith, daughter and heiress of sir Aylmer and lady Aylmer (q.v.).

Aylmer’s Field.

LEONARD.

A poet who was spending a holiday in Llanberis, but was sought out by his friends. His morning had been spent in writing lines concerning a Golden Age that was to be brought about by the peaceful growth of commerce binding the nations together. He said that in the Golden Year wealth will be more equally distributed, but men will not all be reduced, as in socialistic schemes, to one dead level.

Golden Year.

LEONARD.

Son of Edith and of the boy lover in Locksley Hall. He was drowned at sea when quite a young man. The speaker, talking to his grandson, says:

Locksley Hall Sixty Years After.

LEOPARD.

A rapacious quadruped of the cat tribe, a native of Southern Asia and Africa.

The Princess.

LETTY. LETTY HILL.

Millionaire’s daughter, who fell in love with a visitor to the lake, but on being found in his company was forced by trustees and aunts and uncles to forsake him and marry Sir Robert (q.v.).

Edwin Morris.

LEVERET.

A hare in its first year.

Audley Court.

LEWES.

Battle of Lewes, 1264, between Henry III and the barons under Simon de Montfort.

Third of February.

LIBYAN.

A district in north Africa.

Dream of Fair Women.

LIGHT BRIGADE.

Consisted of the 13th Light Dragoons, the 17th Lancers, the 11th Hussars, the 4th Light Dragoons, and the 8th Hussars commanded by lord Cardigan, who made the famous charge at the battle of Balaclava, October 25, 1854.

Charge of the Light Brigade.

LILAC.

A shrub bearing flowers of a delicate purple tint.

On a Mourner; The Princess.

LILIA.

One of the young ladies engaged at the college founded by princess Ida, and supposed to be chaperoned by a certain aunt Elizabeth. A very lively sort of person. At the time of speaking, Lilia with others was spending a day at the house of sir Walter Vivian, and during the afternoon aunt Elizabeth was slightly offended at the frivolous behaviour of Lilia and a certain Walter.

The Princess.

LILIAN.

The subject of a short poem written in praise of her. She is described by the poet as resembling a fairy with her vivacious manner:

Lilian.

LILY.

A genus of plants of many species, producing flowers of beauty and variety of colour.

Supposed Confessions of a Second-rate Sensitive Mind; Ode to Memory; Adeline; Lady of Shalott; Œnone; Gardener’s Daughter; Sir Galahad; Lady Clare; To E. L.; The Princess; City Child; In Memoriam; Maud; Geraint and Enid; Balin and Balan; Lancelot and Elaine; Voyage of Maeldune; Ancient Sage; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket; Promise of May; The Foresters.

LILY MAID OF ASTOLAT.

= Elaine (q.v.).

Lancelot and Elaine.

LIME.

The linden tree.

Margaret; Lady Clara Vere de Vere; On a Mourner; Gardener’s Daughter; Talking Oak; The Princess; In Memoriam; Maud; To Ulysses.

LIMOURS.

= Doorm (q.v.).

Marriage of Geraint; Geraint and Enid.

LINNET.

A singing bird of the finch family.

Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere; The Princess; Minnie and Winnie; The Window; In Memoriam; Gareth and Lynette; Guinevere; Lover’s Tale; Progress of Spring.

LINTWHITE.

= Linnet.

Claribel.

LION.

A fierce quadruped of the genus Felis found in southern Asia and in many parts of Africa.

Lady Clara Vere de Vere; Dream of Fair Women; Locksley Hall; Aylmer’s Field; The Princess; The Daisy; Maud; Gareth and Lynette; Balin and Balan; Lancelot and Elaine; Holy Grail; The Revenge; Tiresias; Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; St. Telemachus; The Foresters; Queen Mary; Harold; Becket; The Cup.

LIONEL.

See Julian.

LIONESS.

A female lion.

The Princess; Demeter and Persephone; The Foresters.

LISBON.

The capital of Portugal.

Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington.

LITTLECHESTER.

Promise of May.

LITTLE JOHN.

Robin Hood’s lieutenant. His name is supposed to have been John Little, but standing over seven feet in height, his companion Will Stutely in merry mood reversed the names.