CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME
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PART I. ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST.
CHAPTER I. PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN.
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Palæolithic Man of the River-Drift 1
Cave-dwelling Palæolithic Man 2
Neolithic Man 3
Celts and Iberians 5
The Celts in Britain 6
Goidels and Britons 6
Phœnicians and Greeks 7
Gauls and Belgians in Britain 8
Culture and War 9
Religion of the Britons 10
The Romans in Gaul B.C. 55 10
Cæsar's First Invasion. B.C. 55 11
Cæsar's Second Invasion. B.C. 54 11
South-eastern Britain after Cæsar's Departure. B.C. 54—A.D. 43 12
The Roman Empire 12
The Invasion of Aulus Plautius. A.D. 43 12
The Colony of Camulodunum 13
The Conquests of Ostorius Scapula 14
Government of Suetonius Paullinus. 58 14
Boadicea's Insurrection. 61 15
The Vengeance of Suetonius 15
Agricola in Britain. 78—84 16
Agricola's Conquests in the North 16
The Roman Walls 17
The Roman Province of Britain 19
Extinction of Tribal Antagonism 21
Want of National Feeling 22
Carausius and Allectus. 288—296 22
Constantius and Constantine. 296—337 22
Christianity in Britain 23
Weakness of the Empire 23
The Picts and Scots 23
The Saxons 24
Origin of the Saxons 24
The Roman Defence 24
End of the Roman Government. 383—410 25
CHAPTER II. THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS.
Britain after the Departure of the Romans. 410—449? 26
The Groans of the Britons 26
The Conquest of Kent. 449? 27
The South Saxons. 477 27
The West Saxons and the East Saxons 28
The Anglian Settlements 28
Nature of the Conquest 28
The Cultivators of the Soil 29
Eorls, Ceorls, Gesiths 29
The Gesiths and the Villagers 30
English and Welsh 31
The Township and the Hundred 31
Weregild 32
Compurgation and Ordeal 32
Punishments 32
The Folk-moot 33
The Kingship 33
The Legend of Arthur 33
The West Saxon Advance 34
Repulse of the West Saxons 35
The Advance of the Angles 36
The Kymry 36
Britain at the End of the Sixth Century 37
CHAPTER III. THE STRIFE OF THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS.
England and the Continent 37
Æthelberht's Supremacy 38
Gregory and the English 38
Augustine's Mission. 597 39
Monastic Christianity 39
The Archbishopric of Canterbury 40
Death of Æthelberht. 616 41
The Three Kingdoms opposed to the Welsh 41
Æthelfrith and the Kymry 41
Æthelfrith's Victories 42
The Greatness of Eadwine 43
Eadwine's Supremacy 44
Character of the later Conquests 44
Political Changes 45
Eadwine's Conversion and Fall 46
Oswald's Victory at Heavenfield 47
Oswald and Aidan 47
Oswald's Greatness and Overthrow 47
Penda's Overthrow 48
The Three Kingdoms and the Welsh 48
The English Missionaries 49
Dispute between Wilfrid and Colman. 664 49
Archbishop Theodore and the Penitential System 50
Ealdhelm and Cædmon 51
Bede. 673—735 52
Church Councils 52
Struggle between Mercia and Wessex 52
Mohammedanism and the Carolingian Empire 54
Ecgberht's Rule. 802—839 54
CHAPTER IV. THE ENGLISH KINGSHIP AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE DANES.
The West Saxon Supremacy 55
The Coming of the Northmen 56
The English Coast Plundered 57
The Danes in the North 57
Ælfred's Struggle in Wessex. 871—878 58
The Treaty of Chippenham, and its Results. 878 59
Ælfred's Military Work 60
His Laws and Scholarship 60
Eadward the Elder. 899—925 62
Eadward's Conquests 62
Eadward and the Scots 63
Æthelstan. 925—940 63
Eadmund (940—946) and Eadred (946—955) 63
Danes and English 64
Eadwig. 955—959 64
Dunstan 65
Archbishop Oda 65
Eadwig's Marriage 67
CHAPTER V. EADGAR'S ENGLAND.
Eadgar and Dunstan. 959—975 67
The Cession of Lothian 68
Changes in English Institutions 69
Growth of the King's Power 69
Conversion of the Freemen into Serfs 69
The Hundred-moot and the Lord's Court 72
The Towns 72
The Origin of the Shires 73
The Shire-moot 73
The Ealdormen and the Witenagemot 73
The Land 75
Domestic Life 75
Food and Drink 75
CHAPTER VI. ENGLAND AND NORMANDY.
Eadward the Martyr. 975—979 78
Æthelred's Early Years. 979—988 79
The Return of the Danes. 984 79
The Norman Dukes. 912—1002 80
Political Contrast between Normandy and England 81
Svend's Conquest. 1002—1013 81
Æthelred Restored. 1014—1016 82
Eadmund Ironside. 1016 83
Cnut and the Earldoms. 1016—1035 83
Cnut's Empire 84
Cnut's Government 84
The Sons of Cnut. 1035—1042 85
Eadward the Confessor and Earl Godwine. 1042—1051 86
The Banishment of Godwine. 1051 87
Visit of Duke William. 1051 88
William and the Norman Church 88
The Return and Death of Godwine. 1052—1053 89
Harold's Greatness. 1053—1066 89
Harold and Eadward. 1057—1065 90
Death of Eadward. 1066 90
Harold and William. 1066 91
Stamford Bridge. 1066 93
The Landing of William. 1066 96
The Battle of Senlac. 1066 96
William's Coronation. 1066 98
PART II. THE NORMAN AND ANGEVIN KINGS.
CHAPTER VII. WILLIAM I. 1066—1087.
The First Months of the Conquest. 1066—1067 101
The Conquest of the West and North. 1067—1069 102
The Completion of the Conquest. 1070 103
Hereward's Revolt and the Homage of Malcolm. 1070—1072 103
How William kept down the English 104
How William kept down the Normans 105
Ecclesiastical Organisation. 106
Pope Gregory VII. 107
William and Gregory VII. 108
The Rising of the Earls. 1075 110
The New Forest 110
Domesday Book. 1085—1086 111
William's Great Councils 112
The Gemot at Salisbury. 1086 113
William's Death. 1087 114
CHAPTER VIII. WILLIAM II. 1087—1100.
The Accession of the Red King. 1087 114
The Wickedness of the Red King 115
Ranulf Flambard 116
Feudal Dues 116
Archbishop Anselm 117
The Council of Rockingham. 1095 118
William II. and his Brothers 118
William and Scotland. 1093—1094 119
Mowbray's Rebellion. 1095 120
The First Crusade. 1095—1099 120
Normandy in Pledge. 1096 121
The Last Years of the Red King 121
The Death of the Red King. 1100 122
CHAPTER IX. HENRY I. AND STEPHEN. HENRY I., 1100—1135. STEPHEN, 1135—1154.
The Accession of Henry I. 1100 122
Invasion of Robert. 1101 124
Revolt of Robert of Bellême. 1102 124
The Battle of Tinchebrai. 1106 124
Henry and Anselm. 1100—1107 125
Roger of Salisbury 126
Growth of Trade 127
The Benedictines 128
The Cistercians 129
The White Ship 129
The Last Years of Henry I. 131
Stephen's Accession. 1135 131
Civil War 133
Stephen's Quarrel with the Clergy. 1139 134
Anarchy. 1139 134
The End of the War. 1141—1148 135
Henry, Duke of the Normans. 1149 136
The Last Days of Stephen. 1153—1154 137
CHAPTER X. HENRY II. 1154—1189.
Henry's Accession. 1154 138
Pacification of England 138
Henry and Feudality 140
The Great Council and the Curia Regis 141
Scutage 141
Archbishop Thomas. 1162 142
Breach between Henry and Thomas 143
The Constitutions of Clarendon. 1164 143
The Persecution of Archbishop Thomas. 1164 145
The Assize of Clarendon. 1166 146
Recognitions 147
The Germ of the Jury 147
The Itinerant Justices Revived 148
The Inquisition of the Sheriffs. 1170 148
The Nobles and the Church 149
The Coronation of Young Henry. 1170 149
The Return of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 149
Murder of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 149
Popular Indignation. 1171 151
State of Ireland 151
Partial Conquest of Ireland. 1166—1172 152
Young Henry's Coronation and the Revolt of the Barons. 1172—1174 153
The Assize of Arms. 1181 154
Henry II. and his Sons 155
The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187 156
The Last Years of Henry II. 1188—1189 157
The Work of Henry II. 157
CHAPTER XI. RICHARD I. 1189—1199.
Richard in England. 1189 159
William of Longchamps. 1189—1191 159
The Third Crusade. 1189—1192 161
The Return of Richard. 1192—1194 161
Heavy Taxation 162
The Administration of Hubert Walter. 1194—1198 163
Death of Richard. 1199 165
Church and State under the Angevin Kings 165
Growth of Learning 167
The University of Oxford 167
Country and Town 168
Condition of London 169
Architectural Changes 170
PART III THE GROWTH OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTION. 1199-1399.
CHAPTER XII. JOHN. 1199-1216.
The Accession of John. 1199 173
John's First War with Philip II. 1199-1200 173
John's Misconduct in Poitou 1200-1201 174
The Loss of Normandy and Anjou. 1202-1204 174
Causes of Philip's Success 176
The Election of Stephen Langton to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 1205 176
Innocent III. and Stephen Langton. 1206 177
John's Quarrel with the Church. 1206-1208 178
England under an Interdict. 1208 178
John Excommunicated. 1209 178
The Pope threatens John with Deposition. 1212-1213 179
John's Submission. 1213 180
The Resistance of the Barons and Clergy. 1213 180
The Battle of Bouvines. 1214 181
The Struggle between John and the Barons. 1214-1215 181
Magna Carta. 1215 182
War between John and the Barons. 1215-1216 184
Conflict between Louis and John. 1216 184
CHAPTER XIII. HENRY III. 1216-1272.
Henry III. and Louis. 1216-1217 185
The Renewal of the Great Charter. 1216-1217 185
Administration of Hubert de Burgh. 1219-1232 186
Administration of Peter des Roches. 1232-1234 188
Francis of Assisi 190
St. Dominic 190
The Coming of the Friars. 1220-1224 191
Monks and Friars 191
The King's Marriage. 1236 192
The Early Career of Simon de Montfort. 1231-1243 193
Papal Exactions. 1237-1243 194
A Weak Parliamentary Opposition. 1244 194
Growing Discontent. 1244-1254 195
The Knights of the Shire in Parliament. 1254 196
Fresh Exactions. 1254-1257 196
The Provisions of Oxford. 1258 198
The Expulsion of the Foreigners. 1258 199
Edward and the Barons. 1259 199
The Breach amongst the Barons. 1259—1261 199
Royalist Reaction and Civil War. 1261 200
The Mise of Amiens. 1264 200
The Battle of Lewes. 1264 201
Earl Simon's Government. 1264—1265 201
The Battle of Evesham. 1265 203
The Last Years of Henry III. 1265—1272 204
General Progress of the Country 206
CHAPTER XIV. EDWARD I. AND EDWARD II. EDWARD I., 1272—1307. EDWARD II., 1307—1327.
The First Years of Edward I. 1272—1279 208
Edward I. and Wales. 1276—1284 210
Customs Duties. 1275 210
Edward's Judicial Reforms. 1274—1290 212
Edward's Legislation. 1279—1290 212
Edward as a National and as a Feudal Ruler 212
The Scottish Succession. 1285—1290 214
Death of Eleanor of Castile. 1290 214
The Award of Norham. 1291—1292 215
Disputes with Scotland and France. 1293—1295 216
The Model Parliament. 1295 218
The First Conquest of Scotland. 1296 219
The Resistance of Archbishop Winchelsey. 1296—1297 220
The 'Confirmatio Cartarum.' 1297 220
Wallace's Rising. 1297—1304 221
The Second Conquest of Scotland. 1298—1304 221
The Incorporation of Scotland with England. 1305 222
Character of Edward's Dealings with Scotland 222
Robert Bruce. 1306 223
Edward's Third Conquest of Scotland and Death. 1306—1307 224
Edward II. and Piers Gaveston. 1307—1312 224
Success of Robert Bruce. 1307—1314 226
Lancaster's Government. 1314—1322 228
A Constitutional Settlement. 1322 228
The Rule of the Despensers. 1322—1326 228
The Deposition and Murder of Edward II. 1327 229
CHAPTER XV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD III. TO THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI. 1327—1360.
Mortimer's Government. 1327—1330 231
The French Succession. 1328—1331 232
Troubles in Scotland. 1331—1336 232
Dispute with France. 1336—1337 234
Edward's Allies. 1337—1338 235
Chivalry and War 235
Commerce and War 236
Attacks on the North of France. 1338—1340 237
Battle of Sluys. 1340 239
Attacks on the West of France. 1341—1345 240
The Campaign of Creçy. 1346 240
The Tactics of Creçy. 1346 241
The Battle of Creçy. August 26, 1346 242
Battle of Nevill's Cross, and the Siege of Calais. 1346—1347 242
Constitutional Progress. 1337—1347 243
Edward's Triumph. 1347 246
The Black Death. 1348 248
The Statute of Labourers. 1351 248
The Statute of Treasons. 1352 250
The Black Prince in the South of France. 1355 251
The Battle of Poitiers. 1356 251
The Courtesy of the Black Prince 252
Misery of France. 1356—1359 252
Edward's Last Invasion. 1359—1360 252
The Treaty of Bretigni. 1360 253
CHAPTER XVI. REIGN OF EDWARD III. AFTER THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI. 1360—1377.
The First Years of Peace. 1360—1364 254
The Spanish Troubles. 1364—1368 254
The Taxation of Aquitaine. 1368—1369 256
The Renewed War. 1369—1375 256
Anti-Papal Legislation. 1351—1366 257
Predominance of the English Language 258
Piers the Plowman. 1362 258
The Anti-Clerical Party. 1371 259
The Duke of Lancaster. 1374—1376 260
John Wycliffe. 1366—1376 261
Lancaster and the Black Prince. 1376 261
The Good Parliament. 1376 262
The Last Year of Edward III. 1376—1377 262
Ireland from the Reign of John to that of Edward II. 264
The Statute of Kilkenny. 1367 265
Weakness of the English Colony. 1367—1377 265
CHAPTER XVII. RICHARD II. AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 1377—1381.
The First Years of Richard II. 1377—1378 266
Wycliffe and the Great Schism. 1378—1381 266
The Poll Taxes. 1379—1381 267
The Peasants' Grievances 268
The Peasants' Revolt. 1381 268
The Suppression of the Revolt 269
Results of the Peasants' Revolt 269
Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' 270
The Prologue of the 'Canterbury Tales' 270
Chaucer and the Clergy 271
Roads and Bridges 272
Modes of Conveyance 273
Hospitality and Inns 274
Alehouses 274
Wanderers 274
Robbers and Criminals 275
Justices of the Peace 277
CHAPTER XVIII. RICHARD II. AND THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION. 1382—1399.
Progress of the War with France. 1382—1386 278
Richard's Growing Unpopularity. 1385—1386 278
The Impeachment of Suffolk and the Commission of Regency. 1386 279
The Lords Appellant and the Merciless Parliament. 1387—1388 279
Richard's Restoration to Power. 1389 280
Richard's Constitutional Government. 1389—1396 280
Livery and Maintenance. 1390 281
Richard's Domestic Policy. 1390—1391 281
Richard's Foreign Policy. 1389—1396 282
Richard's Coup d'État. 1397 282
The Parliament of Shrewsbury. 1398 283
The Banishment of Hereford and Norfolk. 1398 283
Richard's Despotism. 1398—1399 283
Henry of Lancaster in England. 1399 284
The Deposition of Richard and the Enthronement of Henry IV. 1399 285
Nature of the Claim of Henry IV. 286
PART IV. LANCASTER, YORK, AND TUDOR. 1399—1509.
CHAPTER XIX. HENRY IV. AND HENRY V. HENRY IV., 1399—1413. HENRY V., 1413—1422.
Henry's First Difficulties. 1399—1400 289
Death of Richard II. 1400 291
Henry IV. and the Church 291
The Statute for the Burning of Heretics. 1401 292
Henry IV. and Owen Glendower. 1400—1402 292
The Rebellion of the Percies. 1402—1404 293
The Commons and the Church. 1404 294
The Capture of the Scottish Prince. 1405 295
The Execution of Archbishop Scrope. 1405 296
France, Wales, and the North. 1405—1408 296
Henry, Prince of Wales. 1409—1410 297
The Last Years of Henry IV. 1411-1413 298
Henry V. and the Lollards. 1413-1414 299
Henry's Claim to the Throne of France. 1414 300
The Invasion of France. 1415 301
The March to Agincourt. 1415 302
The Battle of Agincourt, October 25, 1415 302
Henry's Diplomacy. 1416-1417 303
Henry's Conquest of Normandy. 1417-1419 303
The Murder of the Duke of Burgundy and the Treaty of Troyes. 1419-1420 304
The Close of the Reign of Henry V. 1420-1422 306
CHAPTER XX. HENRY VI. AND THE LOSS OF FRANCE. 1422-1451.
Bedford and Gloucester. 1422 307
Bedford's Success in France. 1423-1424 307
Gloucester's Invasion of Hainault. 1424 308
Gloucester and Beaufort. 1425-1428 308
The Siege of Orleans. 1428-1429 309
Jeanne Darc and the Relief of Orleans. 1429 310
The Coronation of Charles VII. and the Capture of the Maid. 1429-1430 311
The Martyrdom at Rouen. 1431 312
The Last Years of the Duke of Bedford. 1431-1435 312
The Defection of Burgundy. 1435 313
The Duke of York in France. 1436-1437 313
The English Lose Ground. 1437-1443 313
Continued Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester. 1439-1441 314
Beaufort and Somerset. 1442-1443 317
The Angevin Marriage Treaty. 1444-1445 317
Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort. 1447 318
The Loss of the French Provinces. 1448-1449 318
CHAPTER XXI. THE LATER YEARS OF HENRY VI. 1450-1461.
The Growth of Inclosures 320
Increasing Power of the Nobility 321
Case of Lord Molynes and John Paston 321
Suffolk's Impeachment and Murder. 1450 322
Jack Cade's Rebellion. 1450 322
Rivalry of York and Somerset. 1450-1453 323
The First Protectorate of the Duke of York. 1453-1454 323
The First Battle of St. Albans and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate 324
Discomfiture of the Yorkists. 1456-1459 325
The Battle of Northampton and the Duke of York's Claim to the Throne. 1460 326
The Battle of Wakefield. 1460 327
The Battle of Mortimer's Cross and the Second Battle of St. Albans. 1461 328
The Battle of Towton and the Coronation of Edward IV. 1461 328
CHAPTER XXII. THE YORKIST KINGS. 1461—1485.
Edward IV. and the House of Commons. 1461 329
Loss of the Mediæval Ideals 330
Fresh Efforts of the Lancastrians. 1462—1465 331
Edward's Marriage. 1464 331
Estrangement of Warwick. 1465—1468 332
Warwick's Alliance with Clarence. 1469—1470 332
The Restoration of Henry VI. 1470 333
Edward IV. recovers the Throne. 1471 334
Edward IV. prepares for War with France. 1471—1474 334
The Invasion of France. 1475 336
Fall and Death of Clarence. 1476—1478 336
The Last Years of Edward IV. 1478—1483 336
Edward V. and the Duke of Gloucester. 1483 337
Fall of the Queen's Relations. 1483 338
Execution of Lord Hastings 338
Deposition of Edward V. 1483 340
Buckingham's Rebellion. 1483 341
Murder of the Princes. 1483 342
Richard's Government. 1484—1485 342
Richard Defeated and Slain at Bosworth. 1485 343
CHAPTER XXIII. HENRY VII. 1485—1509.
The First Measures of Henry VII. 1485—1486 343
Maintenance and Livery 345
Lovel's Rising. 1486 346
Lancaster and York in Ireland. 1399—1485 346
Insurrection of Lambert Simnel. 1487 347
The Court of Star Chamber. 1487 348
Henry VII. and Brittany. 1488—1492 348
Cardinal Morton's Fork. 1491 349
The Invasion of France. 1492 349
Perkin Warbeck. 1491—1494 350
Poynings' Acts. 1494 350
Perkin's First Attempt on England. 1495 351
The Intercursus Magnus. 1496 351
Kildare Restored to the Deputyship. 1496 352
Perkin's Overthrow. 1496—1497 352
European Changes. 1494—1499 352
Execution of the Earl of Warwick. 1499 354
Prince Arthur's Marriage and Death. 1501—1502 354
The Scottish Marriage. 1503 356
Maritime Enterprise 356
Growth of the Royal Power 356
Empson and Dudley 357
Henry and his Daughter-in-law. 1502—1505 357
The Last Years of Henry VII. 1505—1509 357
Architectural Changes and the Printing Press 358