INDEX

Abailard, i, 307, 308 n., 311 sq.

Abassides, the, i, 252, 255

Abauzit, ii, 243

Abbadie, ii, 141, 250, 252

Abbas Effendi, i, 274

Abbot, Archbishop, ii, 11, 22

Abdera, i, 157

Aben-Ezra, i, 335

Abernethy, ii, 461

Aboul-ala el Marri, i, 261

Abraham and Isaac, i, 102

Abraxas, i, 228

Abstractions, deification of, i, 198

Abubacer, i, 270

Abyssinia, magic and religion in, i, 46

Academic thought in England, i, 164, 165, 321

Académie, the French, ii, 227 sq.

Academy, the New, i, 187; of Florence, i, 371

Achamoth, i, 228

Aconzio, i, 392, 468, 469, 470

Acton, Lord, i, 461

Adamites, the, i, 418

Adams, John, ii, 382

—— George, ii, 394

Adamson, Professor, ii, 43 n.; cited, ii, 65 n., 105, 338 n.

Addison, ii, 151

Adler, Felix, ii, 414

Adonai, i, 105

Adonis, i, 75, 101

Afdal-i-káshí, i, 265

Æneas Sylvius, i, 367, 370 n., 415, 418 n.

Ænesidemus, i, 181 n., 190

Aerius, i, 239

Æschylus, i, 130 sq., 148

Africa, Islam in, i, 276

—— unbelief in, i, 34, 35, 38, 39

African tribes, religion of, i, 23, 31

Agathon, i, 162 n.

Agni, cult of, i, 48

Agnosticism, Chinese, i, 83 sq.

—— of Chaucer, i, 346–47

—— Greek, i, 143, 146, 152, 161

—— Mohammedan, i, 255, 263

Agobard, i, 282

Agur, i, 116

Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), i, 68, 111

Ahura Mazda, i, 65 sq.

Aikenhead, ii, 181

Akbar, i, 275

Akerberg, ii, 418

Akhunaton, i, 72 sq.

Akkadian religion, i, 61 sq.

Ala-ud-Dawla, i, 267

Alba, Duke d’, ii, 372

Alberti, cited, ii, 157 n., 190, 368

Albertus Magnus, i, 319, 362, 377 n.

—— of Saxony, i, 360

Albigenses, i, 282, 299 sq.

Alciati, i, 453

Alexander IV, i, 322

—— VI, i, 373

—— of Aphrodisias, i, 376

Alexandria, religion at, i, 189, 226

—— library of, i, 253 n.

—— culture at. i, 188

Alfarabi, i, 267

Alfieri, ii, 369

Alfonso X, the Wise, i, 321, 325, 338–39

—— II, i, 336

—— of Naples, i, 366

—— de Spina, i, 370 n., 376

Algarotti, ii, 369

Algazel, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270

Algebra, ii, 13

Algeria, freethought in, i, 276

Alhazen, i, 268

Alison, cited, ii, 250

Ali Syed, i, 272 n.

Alkaios, i, 200

Alkibiades, i, 159, 160

Al Kindi, i, 267

Al Kindy, i, 258

Allbutt, Professor T. C., cited, i, 40; ii, 103 n.

Allegory, freethinking, i, 145, 161, 191

Allen, Ethan, ii, 382 n.

Allingham, cited, ii, 447

Allix, ii, 98, 252

Allsopp, cited, ii, 444, 446

Almodobar, Duke of, ii, 373

Almoravides and Almohades, i, 269

Alphabetic writing, ago of, i, 105, 194

Alsted, ii, 294 sq.

Alyattes, i, 136

Amadeo de’ Landi, i, 368

Amalrich (Amaury) of Bena, i, 317, 333

Amazons, myth of, i, 173, 185

Amberley, ii, 403

Ambrose, i, 233, 393

American colonies, revolt of, ii, 281

Amen-Ra, i, 69, 72

Ames, ii, 74

Ammianus Marcellinus, i, 234

Ammonios Saccas, i, 226

Amos, i, 104 sq.

Amsterdam, ii, 133, 138

Amun, i, 62

Anabaptists, the, i, 436, 454; ii, 1, 2

Anaita, i, 67

Anatomy, i, 259 n.

Anax, i, 125 n.

Anaxagoras, i, 136, 152 sq.

Anaximandros, i, 136, 138; ii, 47

Anaximenes, i, 136, 138, 152

Ancestor-worship, i, 83

Andamanese, religion and ethics of, i, 93; food supply of, i, 94

André, ii, 122

Angels, belief in, i, 110, 111

Angerio, i, 411

Anglo-Saxons, i, 113

Ani, papyrus of, i, 109

Annet, ii, 169–70, 200, 392

Anomeans, the, i, 242

Anselm, St., i, 307, 308 n., 309 sq.

—— of Laon, i, 315 n.

Ansted, ii, 463

Anstruther, ii, 104, 116, 182

Anthoine, Nicholas, i, 453

Anthropomorphism, i, 182, 195; ii, 29

Antichthon, i, 150

Anti-clericalism in India, i, 55; Paulician, i, 280, 293, 295; of Troubadours, i, 300 sq.; Italian, i, 323, 327, 366; medieval, i, 331 sq.; English, i, 346, 348; French, i, 351, 353; German, i, 361; in the Renaissance, i, 366 sq.

Antinomianism and religion, i, 2, 18, 333, 446

Antisthenes, i, 183

Antonines, the, i, 217

Anytas, i, 171

Aphroditê, i, 124

Apistos, early use of word, i, 1, 127 n., 235

Apocalypse, i, 225 n.

Apollo, i, 124, 145

Apollonius of Tyana, i, 238 n.

Apologetics, Christian, i, 235, 310, 350, 370, 407, 482 sq.; ii, 79 sq., 97 sq., 124 sq., 137, 145, 156, 162 sq., 179, 210, 214

Apostolici, i, 336, 406

Apotheosis, imperial, i, 185, 208, 209

Apthorp, ii, 205

Apuleius, i, 212; cited, i, 77

Aquinas, Thomas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360, 376

Arabs, influence of, on Europe, i, 268, 301 sq., 315 sq., 362, 366; influence of on negro life, i, 276; civilization of, i, 249, 251, 268 sq.; science of, i, 256, 258, 268 sq.; decadence of, i, 258 sq., 269 sq.; persecution of, ii, 56; Himyarite, i, 112, 116

Aranda, Count, ii, 372, 373, 377

Arcadia, religion in, i, 45

Archelaos, i, 136, 160, 163

Archilochos, i, 124 n., 145

Argotti, ii, 54

Aristarchos, i, 188

Aristippos, i, 183

Aristo, i, 184

Aristodemos, i, 170

Aristophanes, i, 152, 167, 171

Aristotle, i, 131, 149, 152, 168, 177 sq., 257, 307, 471; in Campaspe, ii, 3

Aristotelianism, i, 307, 317, 318, 469–70; ii, 63

Arius and Arianism, i, 77, 229 sq.; ii, 151, 153–54

Ark, the Hebrew, i, 101

Arkesilaos, i, 187

Arminianism, i, 462 sq.; ii, 22, 133, 137, 378

Arminius, i, 455, 462

Armstrong, E., cited, i, 408

Arnaldo of Villanueva, i, 339

Arnauld, ii, 125, 129, 142

Arnobius, i, 215, 225

Arnold of Brescia, i, 295

—— the legate, i, 303

—— Gottfried, ii, 294, 307

—— Matthew, i, 457; ii, 255, 403, 408, 441 n., 450, 452

Arnoldson, K. P., ii, 418

Artaxerxes Mnemon, i, 67

Artemis, i, 124

Artemon, i, 230

Arts, effect of, on religion, i, 95–96; affected by religion, i, 365

Aryabhata, i, 57

Aryans, i, 48 sq.

Asceticism, i, 54, 216, 227, 243 sq.

Ascham, i, 467; ii, 2

Aselli, ii, 66

Asgill, ii, 152, 166 n.

Ashari, Al, i, 259

Ashtoreths, i, 79, 81

Asmodeus, i, 111

Asoka, i, 59, 60

Aspasia, i, 155

Assassins, the, i, 266

Asser, i, 284

Associations, religious, in Greece, i, 189

“Assurance,” doctrine of, i, 455

Assyria, religion of, i, 47, 63 sq.

Astrology, i, 401; Chaldean, i, 63; Greek, i, 188; Roman, i, 212; medieval, i, 327; Italian, i, 373; Rabelais on, i, 382, 384; Renaissance, i, 401; and Protestantism, i, 449; assailed by Gassendi, ii, 67–68

Astronomy, Arab, i, 270, 275; Hindu, i, 56–57; Greek, i, 137, 188; Babylonian, i, 62–63, 95, 137; Modern, ii, 41 sq.

Astruc, ii, 236 n., 239, 256, 431

Asvamedha, rite of, i, 53

Aszo y del Rio, ii, 372

Aten, cult of, i, 73, 74 sq.

Athanasius, i, 77

Athanasianism, i, 235

Atheism and atheist, use of words, i, 1, 4, 225

Atheism, Arab, i, 249 sq., 256; Brahmanic, i, 51 sq.; Buddhistic, i, 56, 58; among Sikhs, ii, 497; in Phœnicia, i, 79; in Greece, i, 17, 142, 156, 159, 160, 173, 183, 184, 189; at Rome, i, 211; under Islam, i, 249, 256; in modern Germany, i, 437; ii, 296; in medieval Italy, i, 325; in Renaissance Italy, i, 374; in France, i, 389, 473; ii, 219, 221, 231, 267, 273, 275, 278; in the Netherlands, ii, 135; in Poland, ii, 308; in England, ii, 2, 3, 6 sq., 72, 79, 97, 150, 151, 165; in Scotland, ii, 181, 182; in the French Revolution, ii, 274 sq., 287; rise of modern, i, 466; in Turkey, i, 272; in Japan, ii, 426

Athenaeus, cited, i, 176

Athenagoras, i, 225 n., 230

Athênê, i, 124

Athens, culture of, i, 133, 148, 152 sq.

Atheos, early use of word, i, 127

Atomic theory, i, 80, 157, 312

Atto, i, 291 n.

Aucassin et Nicolette, i, 300–301

Audra, ii, 291

Auerbach, ii, 456

Aufklärung, the, ii, 331, 333, 409, 472, 474

Augsburg, Peace of, ii, 49

Augustine, St., i, 1, 215, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 287, 290; ii, 119

Augustus, i, 204, 207 sq., 213

Aulard, cited, i, 287 n.

Aulus Gellius, cited, i, 200 n.

Auspices, Roman, i, 199

Austore d’Orlac, i, 366 n.

Australian aborigines, religion of, i, 32, 35, 95

Australian, freethought, ii, 412

Austria, freethought in, ii, 305 sq.

Austrittsbewegung, ii, 436 n.

Autocracy and freethought, i, 212 sq.

Auxerre, Bishop of, ii, 264, 269

Avebury, Lord, i, 30–31, 93; ii, 471

Avempace, i, 270, 316

Avenar, ii, 6

Averroës and Averroism, i, 270 sq., 302, 316, 318 sq., 324, 330, 338, 346, 360, 361, 369, 376, 379, 404; ii, 34

Avicebron, i, 316

Avicenna, i, 265, 267

Avignon, the papacy at, i, 354 sq., 398, 443

Azara, ii, 374

Aztec religion, i, 88 sq.

Baals, i, 78–79, 124

Bâb sect, i, 273 sq.

Babylon, religion of, i, 47, 111; freethought in, i, 62–65; science in, i, 62–63, 95, 122

Bacchic mysteries, i, 200

Bachaumont, cited, ii, 221 n., 235 n., 239 n., 240 n., 242 n., 244

Bacon, Francis, ii, 25 sq., 64; on rationales, i, 5; on education, i, 378; on Demokritos, i, 158, 177 n.; method of, i, 178 n.; on second causes, i, 472; on atheists, ii, 4, 282; on religious wars, ii, 13; and persecution, ii, 23; and Aristotle, ii, 63; and Herbert, ii, 70; and Spinoza, ii, 134; cited, ii, 271

—— John, ii, 54

—— Roger, i, 319, 343 sq., 354

Baden Powell, Rev., cited, ii, 13, 178, 463 sq.

Baerlein, H., i, 262

Bagehot, W., criticized, ii, 198

Bahrdt, ii, 319, 320 sq., 424

Bails, ii, 375

Bain, Professor, ii, 404; quoted, i, 174 n., 178, 109, 449

Bainham, i, 458

Bains, i, 456

Baird, H. M., cited, ii, 498

Baker, Sir S., i, 35

Balfour, A. J., ii, 401, 404

Balguy, ii, 173, 174, 193

Ball, John, i, 350

Ballance, ii, 500

Baltus, ii, 226

Balzac, ii, 442

Bandino, i, 469 n.

Banier, Abbé, i, 185

Bantu, the, i, 22

Banvan, i, 429

Baptism, i, 280

Barante, ii, 284 sq.

Bardesanes, i, 227

Barmekides, the, i, 257

Barneveldt, i, 463

Barrington, ii, 173

Barrow, ii, 104

Barth, cited, i, 50

Barthez, ii, 243

Barthogge, ii, 87

Bartholmèss, ii, 43 n.

Bartoli, cited, i, 328 n., 353

Basedow, ii, 315 sq., 323 n.

Basel, University of, i, 447

Basil, Emperor, i, 279

Basileus, i, 125 n.

Basilides, i, 228

Bastian, A., ii, 470

Bataks, the, i, 23

Bathenians, the, i, 255

Baudeau, ii, 244

Baudelaire, ii, 442

Baudrier, President, i, 387 n.

Bauer, A., quoted, i, 156 n.

—— Bruno, ii, 427 sq., 474

—— Edgar, ii, 432

—— G. L., ii, 423, 424

Baume-Desdossat, ii, 239

Baumgarten, ii, 318 n.

Baur, F. C, ii, 325, 354; cited, i, 410, 436; ii, 311, 317, 336 n., 344, 425, 428, 434, 477 sq., 479

—— Rev. W., cited, ii, 336 n., 409 n.

Baxter, i, 350 n.; ii, 71, 82, 84

Bayle, i, 2, 466; ii, 139 sq., 150, 154, 282, 352

Beard, C., cited, i, 464

Beaufort, ii, 257, 368

Beaumont, J., ii, 138

Beating of idols, i, 23 sq.

Beausobre, ii, 239, 347

Bebel, August, ii, 411, 412

—— Heinrich, i, 435

Beccaria, ii, 266, 368

Béda, i, 429

Bede, i, 313

Beethoven, ii, 351

Beghards and Beguins, i, 333, 335, 339, 406

Béha, i, 274

Bekker, ii, 138

Belgium, freethought in, ii, 406 sq.

“Believers in Reason,” ii, 350

Bélisaire, ii, 259 sq.

Bellarmin, Cardinal, i, 462; ii, 22, 57, 119 n.

Bellay, Guillaume de, i, 383

—— Jean du, i, 382

—— Joachim du, i, 390

Bellman, ii, 360

Bel Merodach, i, 62, 64

Benedict XIV, Pope, ii, 368, 369, 370

Benn, A., ii, 389 n., 444 n.; cited, i, 137 n., 138 n., 146 n., 158, 170 n., 178 n., 179–80, 187; criticized, ii, 211

Bennet, Benjamin, ii, 88 n.

—— A., ii, 451

Bentham, ii, 267, 484 sq.

Bentley, ii, 97, 155; cited, i, 8 n.

Béranger, ii, 442

Berault, ii, 98

Berengar, i, 289 sq., 440

Bergier, ii, 245, 250, 253, 256, 275, 287

Berington, Rev. J., cited, i, 300

Berkeley, i, 8 n.; ii, 91, 105, 124, 150, 151–52, 162 sq., 168; and Hume, ii, 180, 251, 252

Berlin, churchgoing in, ii, 438 n.

Bernard, St., i, 295, 312, 313

—— J.-F., ii, 238

—— Sylvester, i, 312

Berquin, i, 429

Berruyer, ii, 215

Berthelot, ii, 122

Berti, cited, ii, 61 n.; quoted, ii, 62

Besant, Mrs., ii, 402, 408, 452

—— Sir W., ii, 452

Bettinelli, ii, 368

Bevan, E. R., cited, i, 186

Beverland, ii, 36

Beyle, ii, 442

Beza, i, 450; ii, 34, 64

Bezold, i, 404, 435 n., 441

Bhagavat Gîta, the, i, 59

Biandrata, i, 420–21, 425, 453, 468; ii, 37

Bibliolatry, i, 403, 439, 454, 457; ii, 25, 26, 32, 35, 61, 209

Bickell, i, 115

Biddle, ii, 78, 83

Bielfeld, cited, ii, 303 n.

Biélinsky, ii, 456

Biology, ii, 207, 459 sq., 464 sq.

Bion, i, 184

Biran, ii, 479

Birch, W. J., ii, 18 n.

Björnson, ii, 457

Black Death, i, 34, 328–29

Blackmore, ii, 173

Blackstone, Sir W., ii, 195–96

Blanchard, ii, 257

Blasphemy, i, 167; ii, 5, 8, 73 n., 76, 99, 147, 149, 159, 170

Blatchford, ii, 408

Bleeckly, H., i, 171 n., 172

Blind, ideas of the, i, 39

Blount, Charles, ii, 96 sq., 99, 115, 149–50, 243, 449

—— Sir T. P., ii, 96 n.

Blunt, cited, i, 458

Bluntschli, ii, 35

Boas, Professor, cited, ii, 12

Boccaccio, i, 327 sq.; ii, 328

Bocher, Joan, ii, 1

Bodin, i, 1, 390; ii, 4, 468

Boeheim, i, 406 n.

Boëthius, i, 246–47, 348; ii, 34

Bogomilians, the, i, 281

Bohemia, Reformation in, i, 415 sq.

Bohemian Brethren, the, i, 419

Bohn, H., ii, 398

Bohun, ii, 99 n.

Boileau, ii, 183

Boindin, ii, 222, 248 n., 257, 258

Boissier, cited, i, 195, 198 n., 205 n.

Bolde, ii, 110

Boleslav, i, 422

Bolingbroke, ii, 143, 154, 164, 178, 196 sq., 223, 232–33, 253

Bolsec, i, 442, 446

Bonamy, ii, 257

Bonaventure Desperiers, i, 379 sq., 391

Boncerf, ii, 290

Boniface, St., i, 282

Bonner, Mrs., ii, 338

Book of the Dead, the, i, 70

Booth, B., ii, 452 n.

Booms, ii, 352

Borowski, cited, ii, 341, 345

Borthwick, F., ii, 182 n.

Bos Homes, i, 297

Bossuet, ii, 65 n., 126, 131, 142, 146, 213, 250, 251

—— cited, ii, 123

Bouchier, Jean, i, 459

Bougre, origin of word, i, 281

Bouillier, cited, i, 377 n.; ii, 121 n.

Boulainvilliers, ii, 213, 237–38, 241

Boulanger, ii, 240, 246–48

Bourdelot, ii, 357

Bourdin, ii, 65

Bourget, ii, 442.

Bourgeville, i, 473

Bourne, cited, ii, 108 n., 114 n.

Bouterwek, cited, ii, 40, 41 n.

Boyle, i, 5; ii, 91, 155

—— lectures, ii, 97, 166

Boyse, ii, 188

Bradke, Von, cited, i, 49

Bradford, Bishop, ii, 98

Bradlaugh, ii, 399 sq.

Bradley, J., ii, 98

—— F. H., i, 140

—— A. C., ii, 15–16

Brahé, Tycho, ii, 355

Brahmanism, i, 51 sq.; schisms in, i, 54; ii, 497; Dravidian influence on, i, 56 n.

Brahmo-Somaj movement, ii, 497

Brandes, G., ii, 457

—— E., ii, 457

Braun, ii, 418

Breasted, J. H., cited, i, 74

Breitburg, ii, 136 n.

Breitinger, ii, 234 n.

Brethren of the Free Spirit, i, 2, 317, 333, 335, 362, 446

—— Sincere (of Purity), i, 256

—— Bohemian, i, 419

—— of the Common Lot, i, 438

Bretschneider, ii, 423, 425

Brett, Prof., ii, 66 n.

Brewster, cited, ii, 110, 112, 113, 151, 178, 464

Briçonnet, i, 428

Bridges, Dr., i, 344 n.

Brihaspati, i, 53, 54

Brissot de Warville, ii, 244

“Broad Church,” ii, 375

Brooke, ii, 20

Brougham, ii, 448 n., 449 n.

Brown, ii, 194

—— W., ii, 458 n.

Browne, Sir T., i, 3, 11; ii, 100 sq.

—— Bishop, ii, 150

—— E. G., cited, i, 261

Browning, ii, 413, 452

—— quoted, ii, 231

Brunetière, ii, 443

Brunetto Latini, i, 348, 398 n.

Bruno, Giordano, i, 21, 411 n., 451, 469; ii, 43 sq., 134, 458

Bryce, cited, i, 18, 294

Bucer, i, 447

Buchanan, ii, 283

Büchner, ii, 418, 436 n., 478 sq.

Buckingham, ii, 97

Buckle, i, 13, 480; ii, 402, 469; cited, i, 272, 306, 341, 356, 391 n., 481 n.; ii, 66, 105, 173, 224–25, 227, 228, 256, 269 n.

Buckley, i, 130 n.

Buddeus, i, 11

Buddha, traditions of, i, 55 sq.

Buddhism, i, 52 n., 55 sq., 149; ii, 491 sq., 497

Budé, i, 388

Budge, Dr. Wallis, i, 70, 75

Budny, ii, 37

Buffier, ii, 130, 215, 249 n.

Buffon, ii, 207, 262, 264

Bulgarians, i, 281; ii, 498

Bull, Dr., ii, 114

Bullen, cited, ii, 100 n.

Burckhardt, cited, i, 131, 328 n., 367 n., 369, 409

Burgers, ii, 416

Burghley, cited, i, 468

Buridan, i, 360

Burigny, ii, 225, 226, 238, 241, 245, 248, 258

Burke, ii, 205, 209

Burke, V. R., cited, i, 340–41

Burlamaqui, ii, 379

Burleigh, Walter, i, 346 n.

Burnet, Bishop, cited, i, 6, 432 n., 460 n.; ii, 78, 111, 153, 166; ii, 365

—— Dr. J., cited, i, 122, 142, 149, 151, 192

—— Dr. T., ii, 109, 115, 176, 182

Burns, i, 352; ii, 208–209

Bury, A., ii, 111

—— J. B., i, 10, 126 n., 247 n.

—— Richard de, i, 334

Busher, Leonard, ii, 24

Busone da Gubbio, i, 328 n.

Bussy, ii, 142

Butler, ii, 143, 168, 179, 251, 252

Byron, ii, 444

Byzantium, civilization of, i, 246; freethought in, i, 277 sq.

Caballero, ii, 387

Cabanis, ii, 387, 459 sq., 462

Cadell, Mrs. A. M., i, 264 n.

Cælestius, i, 229, 232

Cæsar, i, 206 sq., 212

Cagnuelo, ii, 375

Caird, E., i, 441

Cairns, ii, 265, 274 n.

Calas, ii, 220

Calderon, ii, 39

Calendar, reform of, i, 262, 457

Callidius, ii, 33

Callimachus, i, 184

Calovius, i, 457

Calvert, A. F., cited, i, 95

Calvin, i, 2, 379, 383, 392, 408 n., 414, 431, 439, 442 sq., 455

Calvinism, i, 442 sq., 462; ii, 22, 378 sq.

Cambridge university in 18th century, ii, 167

Cambyses, i, 66, 76

Camden, cited, ii, 5 n.

Campanella, ii, 309

Campanus, i, 435

Cannibalism, i, 43

Cantatapiedra, Martinez de, ii, 39

Cantù, i, 13; cited, i, 411 n.

Caraffa, Cardinal, i, 408, 412

Cardan, i, xv, 349 n.

Carducci, ii, 454

Carlile, ii, 394, 408

Carlyle, ii, 232, 270 n., 313 sq., 447, 448, 449, 450, 466 n., 469, 489

Carmelites, the, i, 330

Carneades, i, 187, 200

Carnesecchi, i, 412

Caroline, Queen, ii, 165 n.

Carpi, Marquis of, ii, 365

Carpocrates, i, 228

Carra, ii, 243

Carranza, ii, 44

Carriere, cited, i, 390 n.; ii, 49 n.

Carrol, ii, 109

Cartaud, ii, 291

Cartesianism, ii, 103 sq., 121, 128, 133

Casaubon, Isaac, i, 464

—— Meric, ii, 86

Casimir the Great, i, 423

Cassels, W. R., ii, 439 n.

Cassini, ii, 178

Castalio, i, 392, 442, 446

Castelli, ii, 58

Castelnau, ii, 45

Castillon, ii, 239, 241

Casuistry, ii, 74

Cataneo, ii, 218, 280

Cathari, i, 292, 296

Catherine the Great, ii, 260, 364

Catholic Church and civilization, i, 192–93

Cato, i, 199, 200–201

Cavalcanti, the two, i, 325 and n.

Cavoli, i, 411

Caxton, i, 353

Cecco d’Ascoli, i, 327

Cellario, i, 412

Celso, i, 392

Celsus, i, 236 sq.

Censorship, Roman, i, 212

Centeno, ii, 375

Cerinthus, i, 225 n.

Cerise, ii, 461 n.

Cerutti, ii, 280

Cervantes, ii, 39, 40

Cesalpini, ii, 63 n.

Chaeremon, i, 211

Chaitanya, ii, 497

Chaldea, science in, i, 180

Chalmers, ii, 485; cited, i, 85

Chaloner, ii, 78

Chamberlain, B. H., cited, ii, 491 sq.

Chambers, R., ii, 464 sq.

Chamfort, ii, 259, 279, 288

Champion, i, 476 n., 479; ii, 233

Chandragupta, i, 59

Channing, ii, 344

Chapman, G., ii, 13, 17

—— Dr. John, ii, 408 n.

Charlemagne, i, 24, 293

Charles II, ii, 73, 84

—— III of Spain, ii, 377

—— IV of Spain, ii, 377

—— IV, Emperor, i, 415

—— V, i, 341, 401, 408, 412, 414; ii, 32

Charleton, W., ii, 81, 82

Charron, i, 480 sq.; cited, ii, 492

Chastellain, i, 429

Chateaubriand, ii, 421, 438, 441

Châtelet, Marquise du, ii, 230

Chatham. See Pitt

Chatterton, ii, 199

Chaucer, i, 346 sq.

Chaumette, ii, 278

Chazars, the, i, 292 n.

Cheffontaines, i, 474

Chelsum, ii, 205

Chénier, A., ii, 254

Chesterfield, cited, ii, 165 n.

Cheyne, Dr., ii, 431 n., 434

—— cited, i, 105 n., 106, 107, 112, 115; ii, 167 n., 175–76

Chillingworth, ii, 106

China, thought in, i, 82 sq.

—— evolution of, i, 136

Chivalry and religion, i, 356 sq.

Choiseul, ii, 236

Cholmeley, ii, 12

Chosroes, i, 240 n.

Christian II of Denmark, ii, 138

—— III, ii, 354

Christianity, theory of, i, 18; rise of, i, 210, 216; hostility of to freethought, i, 224; in Egypt, i, 77; strifes of, i, 215–16; and conduct, i, 18, 19, 223; and cruelty, i, 172; and war, ii, 500

Christie, R., i, 383 n., 386; ii, 51, 53 n.

Christina, Queen, ii, 121, 357 sq.

Chronology, Biblical, criticism of, ii, 9

Chrysostom, i, 239 n., 241, 242

Chubb, ii, 161

Chuen-Aten, i, 72 sq.

Church, popular hostility to, ii, 75

Church, Dean, cited, ii, 28

Churchill, Lord Randolph, ii, 401

Chwang-Tsze, i, 86

Cicero, i, 168, 175, 199, 202 sq.

Clairaut, ii, 177

Clarke, i, 8 n.; ii, 98, 104, 105, 150, 166, 168, 196

—— John, ii, 394

—— W. R., i, 232

Clarkson, ii, 76

Claudius of Turin, i, 282, 298 n.

—— of Savoy, i, 468

Clavel, ii, 129 n.

Clayton, Bishop, ii, 189

Cleanthes, i, 184; in Campaspe, ii, 3

Clemens Alexandrinus, i, 175, 225, 226

—— Romanus, i, 227

Clement IV, i, 343

—— VII, i, 382, 408

—— XIV, ii, 369 sq., 371

Clergy, extortion by, i, 292, 311

—— vice among, i, 292, 331

—— hostility to, i, 282, 292, 295; ii, 79, 171

Clerke, ii, 114

Clifford, M., ii, 90

—— Professor, ii, 403, 450, 467

Clitomachos, i, 187

Clootz, ii, 244, 278

Clough, ii, 452

Cobbett, i, 404

Coger, ii, 282

Coifi, i, 39

Colbert, ii, 67, 142

Cole, P., ii, 5

Colenso, i, 38, 108; ii, 418, 431, 433

Coleridge, i, 231; ii, 9, 349 n., 443–44, 446, 447, 450, 487 sq.

Colet, i, 404 n.

“Collegiants,” the, ii, 136 n.

Colletet, ii, 122

Collins, Anthony, i, 7, 21; ii, 113, 138, 150 n., 154 sq., 166, 174, 225

—— W. E., cited, i, 306

—— Prof. J. C., ii, 232–33

Columbus, i, 345

Combe, G. and A., ii, 398

Comenius, i, 5; ii, 30

Comines, i, 356

Communism, primitive, and ethics, i, 93

—— in the Reformation, i, 418, 425

Comparison of creeds, effect of, i, 44, 135, 198

Comte, Auguste, ii, 405, 467, 468, 479, 483 sq.

—— Charles, ii, 468; cited, ii, 281 n.

Comtism, ii, 405, 483 sq.

Conches. See William

Concordat, Napoléon’s, ii, 293

Condillac, ii, 235, 261, 265, 459

Condorcet, ii, 227, 243, 274, 285, 468

Confucianism, ii, 111, 494

Confucius, i, 82 sq.; ii, 111

Connor, ii, 115

Conrad, Joseph, ii, 451

—— the Inquisitor, i, 305 n.

—— of Waldhausen, i, 415

Conservatism, savage, i, 22; chiefs and, i, 41; and interaction of communities, i, 44; and economics, i, 64; of Confucius and Lao Tsze, i, 84; of Romans, i, 203

Constance, Council of, i, 366, 417

Constans, i, 240 n.

Constant, B., i, 31; ii, 442, 470 n.

Constantine, i, 233

—— Copronymus, i, 281

Constantius, i, 234, 240 n.

Conway, M. D., ii, 402, 413 sq., 453 n., 454

—— cited, i, 220 n.; ii, 384 n.

Conybeare, ii, 173

—— F. C., i, 280 n.; ii, 425 n.

Cooke, Miss A. M., i, 395

Cooper, J. G., ii, 201

—— T., ii, 201

Coornhert, ii, 33 sq.

Copernicus, i, 441, 456, 457, 477 n.; ii, 32, 41 sq., 47

Coping, John, ii, 5

Coquereau, ii, 291

Coquerel, ii, 404

Coras, i, 393

Corelli, Miss, ii, 451

Corneille, i, 2; ii, 122

Cornelius Agrippa, i, 402

Cornford, F. M., i, 13, 139

Cornill, i, 112

Cornutus, i, 191

Corodi, ii, 432

Corporate culture, i, 122–23, 139

Cosimo dei Medici, i, 372

Cosmas Indicopleustes, i, 241

Cosmology, ancient, i, 80, 118, 125

Cotta, i, 203

Cotterill, J. M., i, 238 n.

Counter-Reformation, the, ii, 56

Cousin, i, 313, 321 n.; ii, 52 n., 124 n., 479

Coward, ii, 152, 166

Cowell, Professor, cited, i, 264

Cowper, ii, 207

Craig, ii, 116, 150 n.

Craik, cited, ii, 149 n.

Cramer, ii, 418

Cranmer, i, 459

Crates, in Campaspe, ii, 3

Creation, doctrine of, i, 118

Creator-Gods, i, 62, 90, 182

Credulity, evolution of, i, 91 sq.

Cremonini, ii, 57, 63 n.

Créqui, Madame de, ii, 223 n.

Croce, on Vico, ii, 366 sq.

Cromwell, i, 206 n.; ii, 73, 78

Crotus, i, 434, 435

Crousaz, cited, ii, 165

Cruelty, Christian and pagan, i, 172, 246; Moslem, i, 264

Crusades, effects of, i, 47 n., 295

Crusius, ii, 346

Cudworth, i, 4; ii, 87, 95, 101 n., 104, 149–50

Cuffelaer, ii, 258

Culverwel, ii, 80

Cumberland, i, 30; ii, 80, 103, 104

Cuper, Franz, ii, 136

Curnier, cited, ii, 210 n.

Curtius, E., cited, i, 127

Cuvier, ii, 449 n., 463, 464

Cybelê, cult of, i, 64

Cynics, the, i, 183

Cyrano de Bergerac, ii, 123

Cyrenaics, the, i, 183

Cyril, i, 235, 239

Cyrus, i, 64, 65, 66

Czechowicz, ii, 37

D’Aguesseau, ii, 258

Daillé, ii, 120

Daillon, ii, 138

D’Alba, ii, 372

D’Alembert, ii, 177, 235, 236 n., 258, 271 sq., 286, 372

Dalton, cited, i, 41 n.

Damilaville, ii, 267, 291

Damiron, ii, 480

Damon, i, 154

Dandolo, ii, 367

Dante, i, 324, 325 sq., 330 n.

Danton, ii, 279

Daoud, i, 101

Darboy, Archbishop, ii, 406

Dareios, i, 65, 66

D’Argens, ii, 225, 238, 242, 262

D’Argenson, ii, 223, 235 sq., 258, 281, 282 n., 286, 288 n.

Darigrand, ii, 291

“Dark Ages,” the, i, 277 n.

Darmesteter, cited, i, 68

D’Arusmont, Madame, ii, 499

Darwin, C., ii, 207, 450, 464, 465, 466, 467

—— E., ii, 207, 464

Darwinism, early, ii, 365, 366

Daudet, ii, 442

Daumer, ii, 433

David, King, i, 101

—— of Dinant, i, 317, 333

Davides, i, 421; ii, 37

Davids, Rhys, cited, i, 55, 58

Davidson, J., ii, 453

Davies, J. C., ii, 201

—— Archbishop, ii, 98

—— Sir John, ii, 21

Davis, ii, 205

Deaf-mutes, beliefs of, i, 42

De Brosses, ii, 246, 250, 470

Decameron, The, i, 350 sq.

Decharme, i, 13, 127, 132

De Crousaz, ii, 237 n.

Deffand, Madame du, ii, 223 n.

Degeneration in religion, i, 87, 91 sq., 243

D’Eichthal, ii, 440

Deification, i, 185, 208, 209

“Deism” and “deist,” use of words, i, 4, 466; ii, 91

—— early Italian and French, i, 328

—— English, ii, 25, 28, 31, 69 sq., 147 sq.

—— French, ii, 223 sq.

—— German, ii, 302 sq., 329 sq.

—— American, ii, 317 sq.

—— Scottish, ii, 182

“Déiste,” introduction of word, i, 1

Dekker, ii, 17

De la Chambre, ii, 226

De la Chapelle, ii, 226

Delamare, cited, ii, 141

Delambre, ii, 254

De la Serre, ii, 225, 226, 238

Deleyre, ii, 239

Delisle de Sales, ii, 242, 290

Delmedigo, E. and J. S., i, 379

De Lolme, ii, 290

De Longue, L. P., ii, 238

Delphi, oracle of, i, 135, 186

De Maillet, ii, 239, 262 sq.

Dêmêtêr, i, 153

Demetrius Phalereus, i, 183

—— Poliorkêtes, i, 186

Democracy and freethought, i, 151, 155, 160, 167; ii, 209, 277 sq., 282 sq.

Demokritos, i, 136, 157 sq., 181

Demonax, i, 190

Denk, i, 436

Denman, Lord, ii, 395

Denmark, culture history of, ii, 354 sq., 457

Denyse, ii, 215

D’Epinay, Madame, ii, 223 n.

De Prades, ii, 224, 239, 269 sq.

De Roches, ii, 234 n.

Dersdon, ii, 88

Descartes, i, 470; ii, 36, 64 sq., 72, 73, 121, 133, 134, 150

Descente de Saint Paul aux Enfers, i, 326

Desdouits, Professor, ii, 49 sq.

Desforges, ii, 291

Des Fournéilles, ii, 104

Desgabets, ii, 128

Deshoulières, Madame, ii, 142

Deslandes, i, 7, 236, 237, 238; ii, 214, 225

Desmoulins, ii, 254

Destutt de Tracy, ii, 254

De Thou, i, 482 n.

Deukalion, i, 173

Deurhoff, ii, 138

Deus ex Machina, i, 163

Devienne, i, 477

De Villars, ii, 125

D’Holbach, ii, 77, 221, 242–43, 245, 249, 253, 271 sq., 285, 393

Diagoras, i, 130 n., 159

Dick, ii, 463 n.

Dickens, ii, 451

Dickinson, T. L., cited, i, 100

Diderot, ii, 218, 226, 229, 247, 248, 249, 254, 259, 261, 264, 266 n., 267 sq., 285 sq., 364, 371; cited, i, 209 n.; ii, 199, 221, 223 n., 278

Dikaiarchos, i, 184

Dill, Sir S., i, 246 n.

Dillon, Dr., cited, i, 112, 113, 115

Diodoros, cited, i, 71, 72

Diogenes of Apollonia, i, 138 n., 154

—— Laërtius, i, 138 n., 144, 145, 183

—— the Babylonian, i, 184 n.

Diogenes the Peripatetic, i, 188

Dionysios, the younger, i, 175, 176

—— the Areopagite, i, 229 n.

Dionysos, i, 125, 134, 145, 164

Diopeithes, i, 154

Dippel, J. Conrad, ii, 304

Dissent, English, and Liberalism, ii, 326

Dissenters’ Chapels Act, ii, 334

Divination, Hebrew, i, 99

Dixon, Prof., cited, ii, 492 sq.

Doddridge, ii, 173

Dodwell, H., senr., ii, 153

—— H., junr., ii, 170

—— W., cited, ii, 191

Dolcino, i, 337

Dolet, i, 21, 380, 383, 385 sq.

D’Olivet, ii, 145

Döllinger, i, 331 n.

Dominic, St., i, 333, 340

Dominicans, i, 333, 334, 335; ii, 43

Domitian, i, 214

Domitius, i, 206 n.

Donatists, the, i, 232

Dooman, ii, 493

Dostoyevsky, ii, 457

Douglas, S. A., ii, 419

Douglass, Frederick, ii, 419

Dove, Dr. John, ii, 21, 79

—— J., ii, 201

Drama, freethought in, i, 133, 148, 161, 302; Elizabethan, ii, 16; Spanish, ii, 39

Draper, i, 13; ii, 469

Drews, A., i, 13, 168

Driver, Canon, ii, 433, 434 n.; cited, i, 105, 106, 112

Droz, cited, ii, 275

Drummond, H., ii, 403

Drunkenness, Protestant, i, 455

Dryden, ii, 90 n., 93 sq., 190

Dualism, i, 68, 154, 174, 227, 255, 280

Du Barry, Madame de, ii, 236

Dubois, Dr., ii, 461 n.

Duchâtel, Bishop, i, 383, 384, 387

Du Châtelet, Marquise, ii, 230

Ducket, ii, 167

Duclos, ii, 215, 258, 291

Dudgeon, ii, 184, 201

Duels, veto on, i, 283 n.

Dujardin, i, 108

Dulaurens, ii, 237 n.

Dumarsais, ii, 238, 243, 248, 272

Dunbar, W., quoted, ii, 183

Duni, ii, 367

Dunlop, R., cited, ii, 172

—— Mrs., ii, 275 n.

Duns Scotus, i, 336, 359

Du Pin, ii, 144

Dupuis, ii, 274, 404

Durand, i, 360

Durkheim, ii, 469

Duruy, ii, 227 n., 406

Duvernet, ii, 222 n., 244, 290

Earthquakes, i, 278

Eberhard, ii, 260 n., 315, 317

Ebionites, i, 225

Ecclesiastes, i, 114 sq., 207

Eckhart, i, 362

Economic causation, i, 36, 41, 60, 71 sq., 77, 87, 233 sq., 287 sq., 292 sq., 305–306, 339, 341, 357, 377, 404 sq., 414, 423 sq., 427 sq., 431 sq.; ii, 160, 171, 216

Ecphantos, i, 150

Edelmann, ii, 307 sq.

Edersheim, cited, i, 118

Edgeworth, Miss, ii, 451

Education and Protestantism, i, 436

—— in England in eighteenth century, ii, 200

Edwards, T., cited, ii, 77–78

—— Jonathan, ii, 438

—— John, ii, 98, 109, 110

Egypt, ancient, religion of, i, 69 sq.; freethought in, i, 70; influence of on Greece, i, 121, 129; influence of on Gnosticism, i, 227; modern, i, 22, 274–75

Eichhorn, ii, 423, 424, 431

Elcesaites, i, 227

Eleatic School, i, 136, 141 sq., 146 sq.

Elements, the four, i, 140

Eleusinian mysteries, i, 159

Elias, i, 334

Eliezer, Rabbi, i, 334

Elijah and Elisha, i, 102

—— Rabbi, ii, 489

Eliot, George, ii, 438, 439, 444, 451, 500

Elizabeth, Queen, ii, 4, 11

—— St., i, 305 n.

Ellis, C., ii, 98

—— Sir A. B., cited, i, 23, 25

—— W., cited, i, 23, 34

Elohim, i, 98; ii, 256

Elwall, ii, 162, 354

Emerson, ii, 100, 450, 453, 488

Emes, ii, 98

Emin, Khalif, i, 257

Emlyn, ii, 188

Empedokles, i, 158

Encyclopédie, ii, 234 sq., 258, 270

Engels, ii, 412

England, medieval, freethought in, i, 297–98, 342 sq.; torture in, i, 322 n.; Tudor, freethought in, i, 458 sq.; ii, 1 sq.; Reformation in, i, 431 sq.; ii, 1 sq.; 15th century, freethought in, i, 393 sq.; 17th century, freethought in, ii, 69 sq.; 18th century, freethought in, ii, 147 sq.; 19th century, freethought in, ii, 386 sq., 431, 433

English influence on France, ii, 223, 250; on Germany, ii, 309, 311 sq.

Ennius, i, 151, 199 sq.

Enoch, Book of the Secrets of, i, 221

Enrique IV, i, 340

Ephesos, i, 124

Ephoros, i, 180

Epic, rise of, i, 126

Epicharmos, i, 152, 199

Epictetus, i, 189, 215, 392, 476

Epicureanism, i, 118, 181 sq., 200, 201 sq., 322, 325, 366; ii, 67, 143

Epicurus, i, 157, 181 sq., 186, 212

Erasmus, i, 370, 403, 406, 429, 440, 450, 461

Erastianism, ii, 71 n.

Eratosthenes, i, 188

Erdmann, cited, i, 314, 345

Erhard, ii, 346

Erigena. See John Scotus

Esoteric religion, i, 71, 87, 191

Esprit fort, use of term, i, 6

Essays and Reviews, ii, 325

Essenes, i, 148

Essex, Earl of, ii, 2

Estève, P., ii, 239

Estienne, i, 391, 473 n.

Ethical Societies, ii, 414

Ethics, progress in, i, 132, 184; ii, 34, 116, 343; of Chinese, i, 85; of Greeks, i, 127, 133; of Hebrews, i, 104, 221; of primitive peoples, i, 28, 93; of Phœnicians, i, 81; of Romans, i, 215; of Mexicans, i, 91; of early Christians, i, 220, 223, 244; of Mohammed, i, 253

Etruscan religion, i, 197, 199, 200

Eucharist, doctrine of the, i, 286, 289 sq., 417–18, 420, 440

Euchite heresy, i, 280 n., 293

Euclides, i, 149 n., 184

Eudemus, i, 138

Eudo, i, 295

Eugenius IV, i, 357

Euler, ii, 177, 310

Eunomians, i, 247

Euripides, i, 127 n., 148, 161 sq., 171, 199

Eusebius, i, 241, 434

Evans, Marian, ii, 438, 439

Evanson, ii, 201–203, cited, 205

Evelyn, cited, ii, 168

Evêmerism among Semites, i, 79–80, 102; among Greeks, i, 169, 185; among Christians, i, 225; among Romans, i, 199

Evêmeros, i, 79, 184

Everlasting Gospel, the, i, 335 sq.

Evolution theory, i, 138, 158; ii, 207

Ewald, ii, 431

Ewerbeck, ii, 433

Exeter, i, 468

Eye, S., ii, 98

Ezél, i, 274

Fabricius, i, 11

Faguet, cited, ii, 442 n.

Fairbanks, i, 137 n., 144 n.

Falkland, ii, 106

“Family of Love,” ii, 4

Farel, i, 428

Farinata degli Uberti, i, 325

Farrar, A. S., i, 14–15

—— cited, i, 308 n., 321 n.; ii, 175

Fathers, the Christian, i, 215, 216

Fatimids, the, i, 256 n.

Fauriel, ii, 460

Faxardo, ii, 375

Faye, La, ii, 44

Feargal, i, 282, 368

Fear in religion, i, 44

Federation, i, 137

Fénelon, i, 363; ii, 126, 130, 142, 146, 213, 250, 252

Ferdinand, King, i, 340

Ferdinando II, Duke, ii, 365

—— III, ii, 371

Ferguson, ii, 186

Ferini and Antiferini, ii, 367

Ferrand, Mdlle., ii, 265

Ferrer, Francisco, ii, 502

Ferri, ii, 469

Fetishism, i, 25, 36

Feuerbach, ii, 474, 475 sq.

Fichte, ii, 345, 347 sq., 425, 471 sq., 473, 475

Fiji, unbelief in, i, 36 n., 43; religion in, i, 37, 43

Filangieri, ii, 369

Finetti, ii, 367

Finlay, quoted, i, 278 n.

Finow, i, 38

Fiorentino, cited, i, 376

Firdausi, i, 262

Firmicus Maternus, i, 233

Firmin, ii, 114

Fischer, Kuno, quoted, ii, 66

Fisher, Bishop, ii, 1

—— Dr. L., quoted, i, 49

Fitzgerald, i, 264

Flade, ii, 33

Flagellants, i, 336

Flanders, civilization of, i, 2; early freethought in, i, 295, 297

Flaubert, i, 140; ii, 442

Fletcher, ii, 19

Floury, ii, 215

Flint, Professor, cited, ii, 35, 366 n., 399 n.

Florence, culture of, i, 325 sq., 407; ii, 365, 387

Florimond de Boemond, i, 479 sq.

Flügel, i, 256 n.

Fogg’s Weekly Journal, quoted, ii, 157

Fontane, cited, i, 50

Fontanier, ii, 122

Fontenelle, ii, 54, 130 n., 142–43, 227 n., 235, 246, 250, 470

Food supply and religion, i, 94–5

Foote, G. W., ii, 400, 408

Forbes, Lord President, ii, 104, 185, 252

Forbonnais, ii, 245

Forchhammer, i, 171 n.

Forgiveness, ethic of, i, 221

Forgery, priestly, i, 72, 101, 230 n., 243

Fotherby, Bishop, ii, 24

Foucher, ii, 258

Founders, religious, i, 68

Fourier, ii, 404 n.

Fourth Gospel, ii, 425

Fowler, Dr., ii, 28, 30 n., 105, 111

—— Dr. Warde, i, 195–96, 200 n., 202, 204, 209

Fox, C. J., ii, 206

—— W. J., ii, 413

Foxe, i, 3, 395, 459

Fracastorio, i, 371 n.; ii, 463 n.

France, early freethought in, i, 291 sq., 296 sq., 299 sq., 317 sq., 351 sq.; Reformation in, i, 427 sq.; influence of, on Germany, ii, 309, 311; influence of, on Italy, i, 351 n.; ii, 371; freethought in, i, 379 sq., 473 sq.; ii, 117 sq., 141 sq., 213 sq., 388; culture-history of, i, 317 sq., 351 sq., 379 sq., 427 sq., 473 sq.; ii, 420, 440 sq.

Francis, King, i, 383, 389, 427

—— of Assisi, i, 333

Franciscans, i, 333 sq., 339, 409

Franck, Sebastian, i, 442

Francklin, T., ii, 180, 203

François de Rues, i, 351

Franklin, B., ii, 381 sq., 384 n.

Fraticelli, the, i, 317, 337

Fraud in religion, i, 26 sq., 108, 109, 175, 230 n., 243, 250

Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 401 n., 471

Frederick II, Emperor, i, 323, 324

—— of Aragon, i, 339

—— the Great, ii, 248 n., 261 n., 269, 287, 305, 311, 312 sq.

—— William, ii, 331, 342

—— IV, ii, 426

—— V, of Denmark, ii, 361

Free Church of Scotland, ii, 410 sq.

Freeman, cited, i, 261

Freemasonry, i, 358; ii, 306, 330

“Free religious” societies, ii, 410, 413

Freeseekers, sect of, 6

Free Spirit. See Brethren

“Freethinker,” origin of word, i, 1, 4, 6 sq.; meaning of word, i, 4 sq., 7 sq.

Freethinker, early journal, i, 7

Freethought, meaning of, i, 1 sq., 8 sq.; and conduct, i, 17 sq.; continuity of, i, 36 sq., 400 sq.; histories of, i, 10 sq.; psychology of, i, 8 sq., 15, 39; resistance to, i, 22 sq.; in religion, i, 36 n.; primitive, i, 26, 33 sq.; early Arab, i, 112, 116; Babylonian, i, 62–65; Chinese, i, 82 sq.; Christian, i, 218 sq.; Egyptian, i, 69 sq.; Greek, i, 128 sq.; Hebrew, i, 104, 111 sq.; Hindu, i, 49 sq.; in 4th and 5th centuries, i, 235; in medieval schools, i, 282, 307 sq.; in medieval England, i, 342 sq.; in the Renaissance, i, 365 sq.; in England in the 15th century, i, 393 sq.; in Tudor England, i, 458 sq.; ii, i, sq.; in Austria, ii, 351; in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, i, 473 sq.; ii, 117 sq., 141 sq.; in France in the 18th century, ii, 213 sq.; in France in the 19th century, ii, 404 sq.; in England in the 16th century, ii, 1 sq.; in England in the 17th century, ii, 69 sq.; in England in the 18th century, ii, 147 sq.; in England in the 19th century, ii, 392 sq.; in Germany, i, 361 sq., 434 sq.; ii, 294 sq., 388, 409 sq., 420 sq., 448, 454 sq.; in Holland, i, 398 sq.; ii, 132 sq., 352 sq.; in Italy, i, 322 sq.; ii, 365 sq., 387, 454; in Spain and Portugal, i, 338 sq., 470 sq.; ii, 372 sq.; in Switzerland, ii, 378 sq.; in Scandinavia, ii, 354 sq., 412 sq.; in the Slavonic States, ii, 362 sq., 412 sq.; in South Africa, ii, 416 sq.; in South America, ii, 407; in the United States, ii, 381 sq.; in Catholic countries to-day, ii, 406 sq.; in the Catholic Church, ii, 5; in Oriental countries to-day, ii, 490 sq.; Phœnician, i, 79, 80; Peruvian, i, 90; psychology of, i, 8 sq., 16 sq.; Roman, i, 199 sq.; under Islam, i, 248 sq., 272; in Persia, i, 273

Free-will, doctrine of, i, 8, 232, 254, 270; ii, 150 n.

Frei-geist, use of word, i, 6; ii, 301

Freke, ii, 114 n.

French Revolution, effect on English freethought of, ii, 209, 386 sq.

Fréret, ii, 241 n., 243, 245, 248, 289

Fréron, ii, 258

Fresnoy, L. du, ii, 206

Freudenthal, i, 142

“Friends of God,” i, 362

“Friends of Light,” ii, 339

Frith, Mrs. I., ii, 43 n.

Froissart, i, 356

Fromman, ii, 298

Fronto, i, 236

Froude, i, 3 n.; ii, 448

Fry, ii, 106

Fuegians, i, 98

Fukuzawa, ii, 491, 493

Fuller, cited, ii, 22 n., 23 n., 24

—— Andrew, ii, 210, 398

Furnival, F. J., cited, ii, 19

Gabler, ii, 423, 424

Gabriele de Salo, i, 369

Gaetano of Siena, i, 369

Gaidi, ii, 221

Gainsford, ii, 11

Galen, i, 471

Galeotto Marcio, i, 369

Galiani, ii, 369, 371

Galileo, i, 377–78, 401, 456; ii, 42, 57 sq., 65

Galitzin, Prince von, ii, 286

Galton, cited, i, 31

Galvani, ii, 371

Gambetta, ii, 500

Ganganelli, ii, 369 sq., 371

Garasse, i, 480 n., 482 sq.; ii, 55, 56

Garat, ii, 280

Garbe, Prof., cited, i, 51

Garcilasso, cited, i, 90

Gardiner, cited, i, 396, 405; ii, 22, 23, 79

Garibaldi, ii, 500

Garlon, ii, 291

Gassendi, ii, 64, 65, 66 sq., 104, 138, 150

Gastrell, ii, 98

Gauchat, ii, 165, 226, 250 n.

Gaul, Christian, freethought in, i, 236; vice in, i, 245

Gaultier, ii, 217

Gaunilo, i, 310

Gaussen, ii, 458

Gautama. See Buddha

Gautier, ii, 250 n.

Gazier, ii, 275 n., 292 n.

Gazzali, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270

Gebhardi, ii, 312

Gebhart, discussed, i, 409

Gebler, criticized, ii, 59

Geddes, Dr., ii, 431

Gegenbauer, Theophilus, ii, 295

Geijer, ii, 417

Gemistos Plethon, i, 371

Génard, ii, 291

Genesis, criticism of, i, 450; ii, 115, 463. See Pentateuch

Genest, ii, 214

Geneva, thought in, i, 2, 446; ii, 379

Gennadios, i, 372

Genovesi, ii, 369

Gentilis, Valentinus, i, 451, 453

Gentillet, i, 468

Geoffrin, Madame, ii, 223 n., 272 n.

Geoffroy d’Estissac, i, 381

Geographical causation, i, 134, 197

Geology, i, 371; ii, 206

George III, ii, 200

Georgios Trapezuntios, i, 372

Gerbert, i, 301 n.

Gerhard, Bishop, i, 291, 336 n.

Germany, Reformation in, i, 403 sq.; freethought in, i, 361 sq., 434 sq.; ii, 294 sq., 388, 409 sq., 420 sq., 454 sq.

Gerson, i, 363, 417

Gervinus, ii, 15

Geryon, i, 185

Geulincx, ii, 138

Gewissener, ii, 296

Ghailan of Damascus, i, 254

Ghibellines, i, 325

Ghillany, ii, 427, 432

Giannone, ii, 368, 369

Gibbon, i, 139, 178, 204–205, 209, 246 n., 262; ii, 229, 398, 399, 447, 468

Gibson, Bishop, ii, 159

Giddings, ii, 469

Gilbert, i, 456

—— Claude, ii, 214, 237

Gildon, ii, 98, 168

Gilman, Arthur, quoted, i, 260

Giorgio di Novara, i, 369

Giraldus Cambrensis, i, 310–311

Girard, i, 127, 131, 167

Gladiatorial games, i, 245

Gladstone, i, 202 n.; ii, 205–206, 255, 489

Glanvill, i, 3; ii, 102–106, 138

Glave, E. J., cited, i, 36

Glisson, ii, 103

Gnosticism, i, 191, 225 sq.

Go, the chief, i, 39

Gobel, ii, 278

“Goddess of Reason,” ii, 274, 278

God-idea, evolution of, i, 197

God-names, Semitic, i, 102

Godwin, ii, 445

Goethe, ii, 48, 317, 333 sq., 447, 464; cited, ii, 309, 310, 323 n., 389

Goeze, ii, 317

Gogol, ii, 398

Goguet, ii, 379

Golden Rule, i, 85, 137

Goldsmith, ii, 195

Goliards, i, 299, 326

Gomates, i, 67

Gomperz, i, 123

Goncourt, de, ii, 442

Goniondzki, i, 425

Good, Dr. T., ii, 87

Goodman, ii, 98

Gordon, T., ii, 201

Gorgias, i, 168

Gorky, ii, 457

Gorlæus, ii, 35

Gospels, freethought in, i, 218 sq.; order of, ii, 425, 427–28

Gostwick, cited, ii, 165

Gottschalk, i, 283, 284 sq.

Gouge, R., ii, 89 n.

Gouvest, ii, 239

Graf, i, 108

Gramond, ii, 53

Granovsky, ii, 456

Grant, Sir A., i, 178 n.

—— General, ii, 408

—— R., cited, ii, 178

Grapius, ii, 259

Grassi, ii, 59

Grätz, i, 115

Gray, cited, ii, 195

Greece, freethought in, i, 120 sq.

—— modern, freethought in, ii, 498

Greef, de, ii, 469

Greek civilization, i, 120 sq., 192; religion, i, 100, 123 sq., 191; influence in India, i, 56; influence on Jews, i, 116; influence on Rome, i, 194, 200 sq.; influence on Saracens, i, 255

Green, J. R., cited, i, 404 n., 439, 460; ii, 17, 200; criticized, ii, 42–43

Greene, ii, 6–7, 16

Greg, W. R., ii, 402, 439

Grégoire, Abbé, ii, 276, 292 n.

—— Bishop, ii, 292

Gregorovius, cited, i, 374 n.

Gregory VII, i, 289, 294

—— IX, i, 305, 323, 376

—— XIII, i, 457

Greissing, ii, 298

Greville, ii, 45

Gribaldo, i, 451, 453

Griffis, cited, ii, 492

Grimm, Jakob, cited, i, 39

—— M., cited, ii, 231 n., 240, 256 n., 266, 267, 273, 275 n., 368, 371, 374 n.

Gringoire, i, 381, 427

Gronvelle, ii, 280

Grosart, Dr., ii, 27

Grosley, ii, 291

Grosse, ii, 298

Grosstête, Robert, i, 320, 345

Grote, ii, 469, 485; quoted, i, 129–30, 133, 145, 169, 171 n., 177, 182

Grotius, i, 463; ii, 35, 70, 366

Gruet, Jacques, i, 442 sq.

Gruppe, i, 42

Guardati, i, 368

Gubernatis, ii, 454

Gueroult de Pival, ii, 241

Gueudeville, ii, 237

Guibert, ii, 291

—— de Nogent, i, 323

Guicciardini, i, 375

Guillaume de Lorris, ii, 351

Guiot, i, 300

Guirlando, i, 468

Guizot, ii, 442; cited, i, 431

Gulick, cited, ii, 493–94

Gumplowicz, ii, 469

Gustavus Vasa, ii, 354

—— III, ii, 360

Gutschmid, cited, i, 68

Guyau, ii, 469

Guyon, Madame, ii, 146

—— Abbé, ii, 228

Hadi, Khalif, i, 257

Haeckel, ii, 466

Hafiz, i, 266

Hagenbach, i, 13; ii, 311

Hahn, i, 13

Haigh, cited, i, 131, 133, 161 n., 163, 166

Hale, Sir M., ii, 101, 176

Hall, Bishop, ii, 74, 105

—— Joseph, ii, 162

—— Robert, ii, 451

Hallam, ii, 468 sq.; cited, i, 357, 369–70, 392 n., 464; ii, 52 n., 63 n., 80

Haller, Von, ii, 261, 310

Halley, ii, 151, 173, 178

Halyburton, ii, 181–82; cited, ii, 166 n., 168

Hamann, ii, 346

Hamilton, ii, 485 sq.

Hammurabi, i, 61

Hamond, ii, 5

Hampden, Dr., quoted, i, 229 n., 307 n., 308, 309, 312 n.

—— Richard, ii, 93

Hancock, ii, 98

Hanyfism, i, 249 sq.

Hanyfites, the, i, 249 n., 255

Hardy, ii, 451

Harnack, cited, i, 231 n.; criticized, i, 233 n.; ii, 436

Haroun Alraschid, i, 257

Harrington, ii, 78

Harriott, i, 456; ii, 9, 12–13

Harris, ii, 98

Harrison, F., i, 313 n.

Hartley, ii, 485

Hartmann, ii, 474

Hartung, i, 166

Harvey, ii, 30, 66

—— Gabriel, ii, 7

Haruspices, i, 199

Hasan-al-Basri, i, 254

Haslam, ii, 395

Hassall, cited, ii, 197

Hassan, i, 266

Hatch, quoted, i, 174 n., 226 n.

Hattem, P. van, ii, 138

Hauréau, i, 345 n.

Hausrath, cited, ii, 426

Havet, i, 107–8; ii, 440

Hawaii, freethought in, i, 38

Hawkins, B., quoted, ii, 448–49

Hawthorne, ii, 453

Hâyitians, the, i, 256 n.

Haym, ii, 473

Haynes, E. S. P., i, 14, 288

Hazlitt, ii, 445, 446

Healy, John, cited, i, 3

Hébert, ii, 278

Hebrews, religion and ethics of, i, 97 sq.; mythology of, i, 102 sq.; freethought among, i, 111 sq.

Hegel, i, 12, 231; ii, 350, 470 n., 471 sq., 475, 476, 477, 490

Heiberg, ii, 362

Heine, ii, 442, 454 sq., 474, 489; quoted, ii, 328, 338, 345, 474

Heiric, i, 318 n.

Hekataios, i, 144, 147

Helchitsky, i, 418–19

Helena, i, 128

Hell, theories of, i, 266, 285, 459; ii, 4, 8, 77, 203

Helvétius, ii, 207, 240, 243, 265 sq., 368, 459

Hemming, ii, 6

Henley, ii, 453

Hennell, C. C., ii, 402, 438

Hennequin, ii, 443

Henotheism, i, 50

Henry, the monk, i, 295

—— of Clairvaux, i, 297

—— IV, of France, i, 481; ii, 314

—— V, of England, i, 394

—— VIII, —— i, 396, 427, 432, 458

—— P. E., cited, i, 444, 445 n., 446, 449 n.

Hensel, i, 457

Herakleides, i, 145, 191

Herakleitos, i, 130, 136, 144 sq.

—— (author of De Incredibilibus), i, 185

Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, ii, 25, 69 sq., 98

Herder, ii, 311, 333, 345, 350, 468

Hêrê, i, 124

Hermeias, i, 177

Hermippos, i, 155

—— i, 154 n.

Hermits, Hindu, i, 54

Hermogenes, i, 214

Hermotimos, i, 136

Herodotos, i, 35 n., 45, 67, 121, 125 n., 147, 156

Hesiod, i, 80, 125 sq., 144

Hetherington, ii, 395

Hettner, ii, 261, 326 n.

Hetzer, i, 435

Hewley, Lady, ii, 160

Hexameter, origin of, i, 126

Heyse, ii, 456

Heywood, Thomas, ii, 16

Hibbert, Julian, ii, 272 n.

Hickes, Dr., ii, 113

Hicksites, the, ii, 385

Hiero, i, 152

Hierocles, i, 226, 238

Hierology, ii, 71, 102, 181

Hieronymos, i, 154 n.

Higginson, Colonel T. W., ii, 453

Higher Criticism, the, ii, 256, 330

High Priests, i, 111

Hiketas. See Iketas

Hildebrand, i, 294

Hillel, i, 117, 218

Hilton, ii, 6

Hincmar, i, 284

Hinduism, i, 48 sq.

Hinsdale, Mrs., ii, 384 n.

Hipparchia, i, 183 n.

Hipparchos, i, 188

Hippias, i, 168

Hippo, i, 156

Hippokrates, i, 169, 180, 471

Hitopadesa, the, i, 54

Hittites, i, 136

Hobbes, ii, 28, 63, 64, 71 sq., 90, 103, 134, 150 n., 253, 255, 282, 380

Höffding, Prof., criticized, ii, 175

Holbach. See d’Holbach

Holberg, ii, 355 sq.

Holcroft, ii, 445

Holdsworth, Dr., ii, 158

Holkot, Robert, i, 334

Holland. See Netherlands

—— G. J., ii, 253

Holmes, O. W., ii, 453

“Holy,” early meaning of, i, 103

Holyoake, G. J., ii, 394 sq., 408

Home, H. See Kames

—— John, ii, 186

Homer, i, 99–100, 123, 145, 197

Homeric poems, i, 100, 120, 124, 126 sq., 135, 152, 161

Honduras, Freethought in, ii, 407

Hone, ii, 394

Honorius of Autun, i, 313

Hooker, i, 394; ii, 25; cited, i, 3; ii, 13, 14

Hooper, cited, i, 3, 459

Horace, i, 209, 215; ii, 35

Horrebow, ii, 355

Hosea, i, 104 sq.

Hosius, i, 426

Hotman, ii, 283

Houston, ii, 385, 393

Houteville, ii, 215

Howe, ii, 82, 91

Howells, ii, 453

Howitt, Dr., 31–2

Huard, ii, 216, 249 n.

Huarte, i, 471 sq.; ii, 56

Huber, Marie, ii, 233, 238, 249

Huet, ii, 126 sq., 131, 217, 250, 252

Hugo, Victor, ii, 442

Hull, John, ii, 21

Humanists, Greek, i, 147; German, i, 403; Italian, i, 327 sq.

Hume, i, 204; ii, 10–11, 67, 102, 174, 178, 180–1, 205 n., 468, 484; cited, ii, 195

Humiliati, i, 334

Humphrey of Gloucester, i, 396

Hungary, thought in, i, 421; reformation in, i, 419 sq.

Hunt, Leigh, ii, 446, 447

Hunter, J., cited, ii, 161

Hurst, Bishop, i, 5, 14; cited, ii, 294, 322, 333 n., 335

Huss, i, 308, 360, 366, 415 sq., 423

Hutcheson, F., ii, 183 sq., 189

Hutchinson, Mrs., cited, ii, 75, 79

—— J., ii, 150, 185

—— Roger, i, 458–59

Huttman, ii, 393 n.

Hutton, ii, 206, 462

Huxley, ii, 174, 450, 464 sq., 466, 467; cited, ii, 263

Huysmans, ii, 443, 451

Hyde, ii, 257

Hygiainon, i, 162 n.

Hyksos, the, i, 73

Hypatia, i, 233

Ibn Ezra, i, 316

Ibn Gebriol, i, 316

Ibn Khaldun, i, 268, 271–72

Ibsen, ii, 457

Ichikawa, ii, 495 n.

Iconoclasm, savage, i, 24; Byzantine, i, 277–89; in the West, i, 282

Ideas, doctrine of, i, 147, 307 sq.

Idolatry, i, 63, 65, 67; early opposition to, i, 63; Christian opposition to, i, 225; Christian, i, 225, 242, 277 sq.

Ignell, ii, 418

Iketas, i, 150

Ilgen, ii, 431

Ilive, J., ii, 200

Imbert, ii, 289

Imitatio Christi, i, 363

Immaculate Conception, i, 336

Immortality, belief in, i, 99, 100, 116–17, 330 n.; savage ideas of, i, 33; theories of, ii, 153; denial of, in India, i, 53, 58; Hebrew, i, 109, 113, 117, 207; Greek, i, 187; Roman, i, 206, 207, 210; Christian, i, 224; Arab, i, 253, 262; Italian, i, 322, 325, 369, 370, 376; Spanish, i, 339, 340; French, i, 361; ii, 119, 230; Polish, i, 424; English, i, 458–59, 460; ii, 8, 76, 196; of animals, ii, 309, 316

Imperialism and freethought, ii, 171, 195

Impostors, the Three, i, 27, 323 sq., 339, 445

Incas, rationalistic, i, 90

Index Expurgatorius, i, 376, 412, 414, 479; ii, 58, 61, 63, 121, 218

India, freethought in, i, 49, 53, 55, 275; magic in, i, 45; religious evolution in, i, 48 sq., 92; ii, 496 sq.

Indra, cult of, i, 49

Indulgences, i, 406, 417

Industrialism, ii, 195; and freethought, ii, 171, 195

Infanticide, Arab, i, 253

“Infidel,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 8

“Infidelity,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 4, 8; ii, 96

Ingelo, ii, 86–87

Ingersoll, ii, 418, 419

Inglis, Sir R., ii, 61

Innocent II, i, 296

—— III, i, 299, 302

—— IV, i, 322

—— VIII, i, 372

Inquisition, the, i, 297, 299, 302, 305, 306, 322, 335 n., 337 sq., 356, 368, 376, 387, 399, 409, 414, 423, 469, 475; ii, 39, 40, 46, 48, 59, 146, 372 sq.

Institutions, power of, in religion, i, 36, 41, 59, 61; lack of rationalist, i, 36, 41

Intolerance, Greek, i, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 174, 184; Roman, i, 206, 213; Christian, i, 172, 232 sq., 240. (See Persecution.)

Intuitionism, ii, 341

Ionia, culture of, i, 123 sq., 135 sq., 180

Ireland, ancient, culture in, i, 283–84; toleration in, ii, 172; Protestantism in, i, 433; freethought in, ii, 188 sq.

Irenæus, i, 232

Iriarte, ii, 375

Isabella, i, 340–41

Isaiah, i, 63, 105, 107

Isenbiehl, ii, 329

Isis, cult of, i, 77

Islam, i, 248 sq.

Ismailites, the, i, 261, 266

Israel, relative freethought in, i, 104 sq.

Ista, ii, 376

Italy, freethought in, i, 3, 322 sq., 365 sq.; ii, 365 sq., 387, 454; influence of, on Europe, i, 466 sq.; reformation in, i, 407 sq.

Iyéyasu, ii, 495

Jaafer, i, 257

Jabarites, the, i, 255

Jacob, i, 102

Jacobeos, the, ii, 377

Jacobi, ii, 333 n., 489

Jacques de Bourgogne, i, 447

Jahedians, the, i, 266 n.

Jahn, ii, 351

Jainism, i, 57; ii, 497

Jamblichos, i, 235

James, Epistle of, i, 224

James I. of England, ii, 4 n., 19, 21 sq.

James, Prof. W., i, 16 n.

—— Henry, ii, 453

Jami, i, 266

Jamin, ii, 252

Jannès, P. de la, ii, 291

Jansenists, ii, 121, 125, 129, 213, 216, 227, 269, 277

Japan, freethought in, ii, 490 sq.; reform in, i, 22

Jean d’Olive, i, 344

—— le Clopinel, i, 351

—— de Caturce, i, 386

—— de Boysonne, i, 386

Jeanne d’Arc, i, 395

Jeannin, i, 481

Jefferies, R., ii, 452

Jefferson, ii, 382, 385

Jeffrey, ii, 386

Jehovah. See Yahweh

Jenghiz Khan, i, 260

Jeremiah, i, 104

Jerome, St., i, 240

Jerome of Prague, i, 417, 423

Jerusalem, J. F. W., ii, 308

—— the Younger, 309 n.

Jesuits, i, 421, 422, 469; ii, 2, 32, 58 n., 60, 65, 121, 125, 143, 145, 227, 236, 245, 251, 277

Jesus, i, 21; the Pauline, i, 219; biography and teachings of, i, 220–21; horoscope of, i, 327 n.

Jevons, F. B., criticized, i, 45

Jewel, Bp., cited, i, 3

Jews in Middle Ages, i, 302, 315 sq., 379; persecutions of, i, 342; modern, ii, 489 sq.

Joachim, Abbot, i, 335

Job, i, 111 sq., 242

Joel, i, 106

John the Scot, i, 283 sq., 308, 309; ii, 488

—— of Baconthorpe, i, 346 n.

—— of Gaunt, i, 349

—— of Jandun, i, 359

—— of Parma, i, 336

—— of Salisbury, i, 310, 314, 315, 376

—— Pannonicus, i, 419

—— Pirnensis, i, 423

—— Sobieski, ii, 363

—— of Wesel, i, 406

—— Wessel, i, 406

—— Zapoyla, i, 420

—— Zimisces, Emperor, i, 281

—— Pope, XII, i, 294

—— Pope, XXI, i, 377 n.

—— Pope, XXIII, i, 417

Johnston, Sir H. H., cited, i, 276

Johnstone, John, ii, 183

Joinville, i, 317, 356

Jonas al Aswari, i, 254

Jonson, Ben, ii, 16, 20; cited, i, 3, 6; ii, 21

Joseph, myth of, i, 102

Joseph II, ii, 315, 351, 360

Joshua, i, 102

Jouffroy, ii, 468, 479

Journalism, freethinking, ii, 400, 407, 408, 411, 419

Jousse, ii, 291

Jovinian, i, 239

Jowett, cited, ii, 229–30

Juan de Paratallada, i, 339

“Juan di Posos,” ii, 214, 352

Judas, i, 172 n.

Julian, i, 189, 217, 238

“Julianites,” i, 459

Julius III, i, 411

Junod, H. A., i, 25, 31, 34

Jurieu, ii, 140, 282

Justinian, i, 240 n., 255

Justin Martyr, i, 236, 244

Juvenal, i, 118, 210, 223

Ka’aba, the, i, 248

Kadarites, i, 254, 270

Kadesh, i, 103

Kaffirs, freethought among, 39

Kafirs of Hindu Kush, i, 40

Kahnis, cited, ii, 300 n., 306, 308, 311, 421 n.

Kaïres, ii, 498

Kaiser, ii, 424

Kalam, the, i, 259

Kalisch, ii, 433

Kames, Lord, ii, 186, 207

Kant, ii, 311, 331, 333, 337 sq., 458, 468, 471 sq., 475; cited, ii, 330 n.

Kantemir, ii, 364

Kantsa, i, 52

Kapila, i, 52

Karaïtes, i, 315

Karians, i, 124

Karma, doctrine of, i, 56

Karmathians, the, i, 260

Karneades, i, 187, 200

Kasimirski, i, 249 n.

Kautsky, i, 416 n.

Keane, cited, i, 95

Keats, ii, 445

Keener, Bishop, ii, 419

Kenrick, ii, 415

Kepler, i, 263, 456; ii, 43

Kerberos, i, 185

Kett, ii, 5, 7 n.

Ketzer, origin of word, i, 292

Kharejites, the, i, 254

Kharvakas, the, i, 51, 53

Kidd, B., ii, 404

Kidder, ii, 98

Kjellgren, ii, 360

Kielmeyer, ii, 464 n.

Kierkegaard, ii, 457

Kindi, Al, i, 267

Kindy, Al, i, 258

King and Hall, cited, i, 74–75

King, Archbishop, ii, 150, 154

Kings, deification of, i, 185, 208, 209

Kingsley, Miss, on fetishism, i, 25

—— Charles, ii, 489

Kipling, ii, 453

Kirke, Edward, cited, ii, 2

Kirkup, cited, ii, 395 n.

Kleist, ii, 454

Klitomachos, i, 187

Knaggs, ii, 98

Knight, ii, 185

Knutzen, Matthias, ii, 296 sq., 297 n.

—— Martin, ii, 307

Koerbagh, ii, 36

Koheleth, i, 109, 114 sq.

Koran, the, i, 248 n., 249 sq.

Korn, ii, 432

Kortholt, i, 324; ii, 297

Krake, Rolf, i, 40

Kratinos, i, 157

Kraus, ii, 347

Krause, E., cited, ii, 207

Kriezanitch, ii, 364

Krishna myth, i, 56

Kritias, i, 160, 171

Krochmal, ii, 490

Kronos, i, 125

Kropf, cited, i, 39 n.

Krug, ii, 424

Ktesilochos, i, 167 n.

Kuenen, i, 106, 250, 254 n., 431, 433

Kumarila, i, 53

Kurtz, cited, ii, 296, 330 n.

Kurz, cited, ii, 329 n.

Kuyper, ii, 136

Kyd, ii, 12, 16

La Barre, ii, 230

Labitte, cited, i, 483 n.

La Bletterie, ii, 257, 289

Labouderie, i, 478

Labour churches, ii, 414

La Bruyère, ii, 142, 143 sq.; cited, i, 47 n.

Lachares, i, 186

Lacordaire, ii, 482

Lactantius, i, 215, 225, 235, 241

Lafayette, ii, 227, 283

Lafitau, cited, i, 30

La Fontaine, ii, 142

Lafuente, ii, 39

Lagrange, ii, 177, 254

La Harpe, ii, 217, 290

Laing, cited, ii, 410

Lalande, i, 11; ii, 254

Lamarck, ii, 207, 263, 464

Lamartine, ii, 442

Lamb, C., ii, 445 sq.

Lambert, François, i, 437

Lamennais, ii, 480 sq.

La Mettrie, ii, 194, 239, 260 sq., 313

Lami, ii, 122, 141 n., 214

La Mothe le Vayer, i, 483; ii, 117, 118 sq.

Landau, cited, i, 350 n.

Lane, cited, i, 22, 275

—— M. A., i, 277 n.

Laney, Bishop, ii, 90

Lang, A., criticized, i, 44 n., 90, 93, 94, 98, 99; cited, i, 37

Lange, i, 10, 178, 180; ii, 64, 148 n., 175, 261 sq., 268, 297 n., 311, 460 n.

Langland, i, 348

Languedoc, civilization in, i, 299 sq.

Lanjuinais, ii, 290

Lanson, cited, i, 354; ii, 124, 144, 217 n., 230 n.

Lao-Tsze, i, 82, 84 sq.

La Peyrère, ii, 196 sq.

Laplace, i, 184; ii, 177, 254, 274, 458

La Placette, ii, 120

La Primaudaye, ii, 6

Lardner, ii, 201–202

La Rochette, ii, 229

Larroque, ii, 440

Lassen, ii, 298

Lasson, Dr., cited, i, 363

Latimer, ii, 1

Latini, Brunetto, i, 326

Latitudinarians, i, 469; ii, 115

Lau, ii, 305

Laukhard, ii, 311

Lavater, ii, 334

Lavergne, Léonce de, cited, ii, 276

Law, William, ii, 110, 168, 173 n., 179

Lawrence, W., ii, 445 n., 461 sq.

Lea, H. C., cited, i, 298, 305 n., 306, 357

Le Breton, ii, 270 n.

Lechler, i, 13; ii, 28

Lecky, i, 13–14; ii, 402; quoted, i, 318 n., 392 n.; ii, 18, 19, 172, 209 n., 254

Le Clerc, i, 464; ii, 75, 97, 116 n., 137, 150

Leconte de Lisle, ii, 443, 453

Lecount, ii, 395

Le Dantec, cited, ii, 125 n.

Lee, Dr., ii, 466 n.

—— Sir Sidney, ii, 71 n.

Leechman, ii, 185

Leenhof, ii, 352

Lefèvre, i, 380, 428, 429

Legate, ii, 21, 23

Legge, Dr., cited, i, 82, 83, 85

Leibnitz, i, 390 n.; ii, 29, 150, 174, 175, 264, 298 sq., 309, 337

Leicester, Lollardry in, i, 349

Leland, ii, 168, 170, 197

Lemaître, ii, 443

Le Monnier, ii, 178

Lenglet du Fresnoy, ii, 262, 290

Lenient, C., cited, i, 299, 332 n., 353

Lennstrand, ii, 418

Lenormant, cited, i, 68 n.

Leo the Armenian, i, 280

—— the Isaurian, i, 255, 277–78

—— X, Pope, i, 377

Leonardo da Vinci, i, 370; ii, 463

Leopardi, ii, 387, 454

Leopold II of Tuscany, ii, 371

Leslie, C., ii, 97, 154 n., 269

—— Prof., ii, 458 sq.

Lessing, i, 328, 471; ii, 229, 309 n., 315, 323 sq., 338, 344, 351, 425

Le Tellier, ii, 142

Letourneau, ii, 469

Le Trosne, ii, 291

Leufstedt, ii, 418

Leukippos, i, 136, 157

Leukothea, i, 143

Levallois, cited, ii, 443 n.

Levellers, the, ii, 77

Lévesque. See Burigny and Pouilly

Levi ben Gershom, i, 317

—— David, ii, 49 n.

Levites, origin of, i, 45, 111

Lévy, A., cited, ii, 476

Lévy-Bruhl, ii, 483 n.

Lewes, G. H., ii, 336, 408, 450

—— John, ii, 5

L’Hôpital, i, 391

Libanius, i, 245; quoted, i, 234

Libertin, use of word, i, 2

Libertini, or “libertines,” use of word, i, 2, 445, 458, 459, 482; tenets of, i, 445 sq.

Libraries, public, i, 208 n.

Lichtenstein, cited, i, 35

Lidgould, ii, 98

Liebknecht, ii, 411

Lieh-Tsze, i, 86

Lightfoot, Bishop, cited, i, 148, 223

Lilienfeld, ii, 469

Lilja, ii, 418

Lillie, cited, i, 55 n.

Lilly, i, 472; ii, 2 sq., 11, 16

Lincoln, President, ii, 419

Linguet, ii, 252, 290

Lipsius, i, 393

Liszinski, ii, 362–63

Littré, cited, i, 355, 356

Livy, i, 196, 198, 200, 209

Llorente, i, 342 n.

Lobeck, i, 165

Localization of Gods, i, 46 sq.

Locke, ii, 98, 106, 107 sq., 129, 130, 138, 147, 150 n., 174, 300; cited, ii, 154–55, 182

Lodge, ii, 16

Loescher, ii, 298

Logos, the, i, 84, 130, 174; ii, 137

Lokâyata, i, 53

Lollards, i, 348, 394 sq., 406

Long, G., ii, 469; cited, i, 206 n.

Longrais, ii, 244

Lope de Vega, ii, 39

Lord’s Prayer, the, i, 222–23

Lorenzo dei Medici, i, 373

Louis, Saint, i, 317, 427; ii, 314

—— Philippe, ii, 404 n.

—— XI, i, 427, 428

—— XII, i, 427, 428

—— XIV, ii, 123, 146, 216

—— XV, ii, 287

Lounsbury, Prof., cited, i, 346–47

Lowndes, Miss, cited, i, 476

Lubbock. See Avebury

Lucian, i, 183, 188 n., 189, 190, 211, 212, 238

Lucilius, i, 203 n.

Lucretius, i, 182–83, 201 sq., 205; influence of, i, 323

Ludovicus Vives, i, 470; ii, 64

Lully, ii, 47

Luthardt, Prof., ii, 466

Luther, i, 366, 405–406, 417, 424, 427, 429, 435, 436, 439 sq., 449, 450, 454, 455; ii, 64

Lutheranism, morals of, ii, 294

Lützelberger, ii, 433

Luzac, ii, 194, 261 n.

Lyall, Edna, ii, 452

Lydgate, cited, i, 397

Lydia, civilization in, i, 136

Lyell, ii, 449

Lyons, ii, 156 n.

Lysimachos, i, 183 n.

Lyttelton, ii, 173

Ma’avi, i, 261

Mabad al Jhoni, i, 254

Mably, ii, 254, 284, 290

Macaulay, ii, 395, 449, 469; cited, i, 47 n.; ii, 152, 172, 204 n.; criticized, ii, 96 n., 181 n., 449

McClellan, i, 233

McCosh, cited, ii, 184 n.

McCrie, i, 408 n., 412 n., 413

Macdonald, D. B., i, 248 n., 256 n., 257

—— Rev. J., cited, i, 36 n.

Machiavelli, i, 332, 373 sq.; ii, 6–7

McIntyre, Prof., ii, 43 n.

Mackay, R. W., i, 12; ii, 402, 439; quoted, i, 137 n., 147 n., 227 n.

Mackenzie, George, ii, 85, 181

Maclaurin, ii, 178

Macolano, ii, 61 n.

Macrobius, i, 240

Mâdhavâchâra, i, 54

Madison, ii, 385

Magi, i, 66, 67, 148

Magian religion, i, 66 sq.

Magic, Savage, i, 35; Christian, i, 242, 287; and religion, i, 45, 46, 401; in Middle Ages, i, 326

Magna Graecia, culture of, i, 151

Magyars, the, i, 280 n.

Mahâbhârata, the, i, 59

Mahaffy, quoted, i, 126, 129, 132, 164, 172

Mahdi, Khalif, i, 257

Mahmoud, Sultan, i, 261, 262

Maillet, ii, 206

Maimonides, i, 302, 315–16, 490

Maine de Biran, ii, 479

Maistre, J. de, ii, 479

Maitland, i, 349 n.

Major, John, ii, 283

Makrisi, i, 268

Malachi, i, 115

Malebranche, ii, 128 sq.

Malesherbes, ii, 235–36, 259, 289

Malherbe, ii, 122

Malik, i, 262

Mallet du Pan, ii, 279 sq., 284 sq.

Malte Brun, ii, 362

Malthus, i, 179; ii, 465, 485

Mamoun, i, 257–58

Mandard, ii, 7

Mandeville, ii, 157, 194, 200, 265, 380, 468

Manfred, i, 325

Manichæism, i, 228, 229, 280, 293

Mansel, ii, 485 sq.

Mansour, Khalif, i, 256

Marcion and Marcionites, i, 227

Marcus Aurelius, i, 211, 215, 217

Mardouk-nadinakhe, i, 47

Maréchal, Sylvain, i, 11; ii, 244, 289

Margat, ii, 290

Margherita de Trank, i, 337

Marguerite of Navarre, i, 2, 380, 386, 389, 428, 429

—— ——, the Second, i, 480

Maria Theresa, ii, 260, 351

Mariner, cited, i, 38

Marini, ii, 61

Mariolatry, i, 336

Marius, i, 206

Marlowe, ii, 4, 7 sq., 16

Marmontel, ii, 259 sq.; cited, 222 n., 280 n.

Marot, i, 380, 388

Marri, El, i, 261

Marriage, ancient, i, 243–44

Mars, i, 197

Marsiglio of Padua, i, 359; ii, 283

Marsilio Ficino, i, 308, 370 n., 371, 372

Marsy, ii, 239, 290

Marten, ii, 78

Martha, Prof., i, 187

Martin Marprelate, ii, 7

Martin, Mrs. Emma, ii, 394

—— Henri, ii, 286 n.

—— St., i, 233 n.

Martineau, J., ii, 415; cited, ii, 135 n.

—— Harriet, ii, 448, 500

Martyrs, i, 243 n.

Marx, ii, 411, 412, 474, 489

Mary of Hungary, i, 420

—— Queen of England, ii, 1 n.

Mary and Jesus, myth of, i, 102

Mascagni, ii, 387

Masillon, ii, 142

Maspero, cited, i, 74

Mass, the, i, 287

Massey, cited, ii, 200

Massinger, ii, 17

Masson, Prof., ii, 105

Mastricht, ii, 133

Masuccio, i, 287 n., 368

Materialism, in India, i, 53, 54; in Persia, i, 273; in Egypt, i, 69; in Greece, i, 125, 153, 157; in Italy, i, 368, 371; in England, ii, 72, 104, 148, 150, 166; in France, ii, 261 sq.

Mathematics, rise of, i, 149; English in 18th century, ii, 177–78

Mathew, John, cited, i, 33

Matter, doctrines concerning, i, 146 n., 150, 316

Matthew Paris, i, 305 n., 315 n.

Matthias of Janow, i, 415

—— Corvinus, i, 419

Maultrot, ii, 221

Maupassant, ii, 442

Maupeou, ii, 140

Maupertuis, ii, 262, 264

Maurice, i, 314; ii, 486, 488; cited, i, 247 n.

Maury, L.-F. A., cited, ii, 241 n.

Mauvillon, ii, 315, 332

Maximillian II, ii, 32

Maximus Tyrius, i, 215

Maxwell, ii, 104

Mayer, ii, 178

Mazarin, ii, 117 n., 122, 123

Mazdeism, i, 65 sq.

Medes, the, i, 66

Medicine, Renaissance, i, 378, 382

Meister, ii, 242, 244, 246, 248, 266 n., 269 n., 286 n.

Melanchthon, i, 401, 408 n., 436, 437, 441, 447, 449, 450, 454; ii, 32

Melissos, i, 146

Menander, i, 186

Mencius, i, 86

Mendelssohn, Moses, ii, 315, 323, 328 n., 489

Mendicant Friars, i, 333

Menippus, i, 189

Menzel, cited, i, 362 n., 438, 455

Menzies, Dr., cited, i, 82, 84, 98

Mercier de la Rivière, ii, 244

Meredith, George, ii, 451

—— E. P., ii, 439

Mérimée, ii, 442

Merivale, criticized, i, 207

Merodach, i, 64

Merry, Dr. W. W., i, 167 n.

Mersenne, i, 4, 73 n., 324, 484

Meslier, ii, 219 sq., 225, 273, 285

Mesopotamia, cults of, i, 47; religious evolution in, i, 61 sq.

Messianism, i, 117

Metempsychosis, i, 158

Metrodoros, i, 161

—— (the second), i, 182

Meung, Jean de, i, 351

Mexico, religions of, i, 88 sq.

Mey, ii, 290

Meyer, E., cited, i, 64–5, 66–7, 68, 125 n., 126, 131, 155 n.; criticized, i, 81

—— Louis, ii, 133

Mezentius, i, 40

Mézières, i, 329

Mezzanotte, i, 370 n.

Michael, Emperor, i, 278–79

—— Scotus, i, 324

Michaelis, ii, 320

Michelet, ii, 277, 442, 469; cited, i, 304, 327 n., 338, 355 n., 405, 451 sq., 460 n.; ii, 256

“Middle Ages,” the, i, 277 n.

Middleton, i, 288, 472; ii, 157, 158, 190 sq.

Mikado-worship, ii, 494 sq.

Miletos, i, 124, 136, 137, 147

Militarism and thought, i, 203; ii, 146

Militz, i, 415

Mill, James, ii, 484; cited, i, 360

—— J. S., ii, 266, 395, 403, 408 n., 447, 450, 485, 486, 489

Millar, J., ii, 186

Miller, Hugh, ii, 463, 465

Millot, ii, 241, 254

Milman, ii, 438, 470; cited, i, 233, 245, 299 n., 318, 362

Milner, Rev. J., ii, 109, 110

Milton, ii, 105, 106

Minnesingers, i, 361

Minoan civilization, i, 120, 121

Mino Celso, i, 392

Minucius Felix, i, 245

Mirabaud, ii, 206, 242, 243, 246, 263

Mirabeau, the elder, ii, 244

—— the younger, ii, 254, 273 n.

Miracles, i, 204, 241 n.; ii, 95, 180, 191, 338, 444, 472

Miriam, i, 102

Mirza Ali, i, 273–74

Mithra, i, 67, 68, 228

Mithraism, i, 67, 68, 229, 240

Mitra, cult of, i, 48

Moabite Stone, i, 105 n.

Mocenigo, ii, 45, 46

Moffat, cited, i, 34, 35

Mohammed, i, 27, 248 sq.

Mohammedanism, freethought under, 248 sq.

Moktader, i, 260

Molech, i, 103

Moleschott, ii, 479 n.

Molesworth, ii, 189

Molière, i, 2, 475; ii, 122–23

Molina, i, 456; ii, 125

Molinists, ii, 146, 213

Molinos, ii, 146

Mollio, i, 411

Molyneux, i, 6; ii, 104, 188

Mommsen, i, 194 n., 195, 197, 198

Monaldeschi, ii, 358 n.

Monarchism and religion, i, 47, 125

Monasteries, dissolution of, in England, i, 458

Monboddo, Lord, ii, 207

Mongault, ii, 258

Monk, ii, 167

Monolatry, i, 57, 98, 249

Monotheism, in Mesopotamia, i, 61 sq.; Arab, i, 254 sq.; Persian, i, 67; Egyptian, i, 69; in China, i, 82–83; Mexican, i, 89, 90; Peruvian, i, 90; alleged primitive, i, 94; Hebrew, i, 97, 100, 118; Greek, i, 178, 181, 184; Roman, i, 209; later Pagan, i, 240; of Mohammed, i, 248 sq.

Monroe, ii, 385

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii, 164

Montaigne, i, 2, 393, 465, 474, 475 sq.; ii, 18, 67, 95, 100, 139 n., 268, 480, 481; cited, i, 2

Montalembert, ii, 482; cited, i, 303 n., 305 n.

Montesquieu, ii, 217 sq., 245, 257, 351, 366, 368, 468

Monti, Pompeo de, i, 412

—— Abbate, ii, 371–72

Moore, G., ii, 451

Moors. See Arabs

Morabethin, ii, 269 n.

More, Sir T., i, 177, 396, 460–61; ii, 1

—— Henry, ii, 65, 81, 88, 102, 104

—— Hannah, ii, 451

Morehead, ii, 450 n.

Morellet, ii, 254

Morelly, ii, 239

Morgan, Professor de, cited, ii, 13

Morgan, T., ii, 169

—— Sir T. C., ii, 462

Morin, i, 324

Morley, Lord, i, 452; ii, 256, 401, 408; cited, ii, 149 n., 228, 261, 267, 272, 285 n., 286 n., 287 n., 311

Mornay, de, i, 2, 473; ii, 18

Moroccan Letters, ii, 331

Morris, Rev. J., ii, 109

—— Gouverneur, ii, 382 n.

Morton, Bishop, ii, 6, 13

Morus, ii, 320

Moschus, i, 80

Moses, i, 102

Mosheim, cited, i, 211, 226, 229 n., 451; ii, 74, 303

Motadhed, i, 259

Motamid, i, 259

Motasim, i, 258

Motawakkel, i, 258

Motazilites, the, i, 254 sq., 272, 316, 328 n.

Motecallemîn, the, i, 267, 270, 328 n.

Moxon, ii, 395

Mozdar, i, 257

Muggleton, ii, 78

Muir, Dr., cited, i, 50

Müller, J., ii, 298

—— K. O., i, 121 n., 123, 131, 133

—— Max, cited, i, 51, 58, 145; criticized, i, 48 n., 54, 95, 162 n., 165; ii, 465

Munter, ii, 361

Muratori, ii, 368

Murchison, ii, 467

Murimuth, i, 335

Murray, Prof. G., cited, i, 122, 135 n., 164–65, 166, 171 n.

Musaeus, ii, 297

Musgrave, i, 165

Musset, de, ii, 442

Mutianus, i, 434 sq.

Mycenean civilization, i, 120

Mylius, ii, 324, 325

Mysteries, Eleusinian, i, 183 n.; Pythagorean, i, 129; Bacchic, i, 200, 210

Mystery-plays, Christian, i, 302

Mysticism, i, 229 n.; Greek, i, 146, 189; Christian, i, 218, 335, 362; Arab, i, 265, 267, 270

Mythology, ii, 246, 319, 424 sq., 470 sq.

Nabonidos, i, 64

Nadaillac, cited, i, 88 n.

Naigeon, ii, 224, 242, 267, 272 sq.

Nanak, ii, 497

Nantes, revocation of Edict of, ii, 141–42

Napier, ii, 182

Naples, freethought in, i, 366–67; ii, 365; reaction in, ii, 387

Napoleon, ii, 292 sq., 387 sq., 458

—— III, ii, 406

Narrien, i, 150

Nashe, ii, 7, 16

Natalius, i, 230

Natura naturans, i, 318, 472; ii, 3, 207

“Naturalist,” use of word, i, 1–2

Naudé, Gabriel, i, 391 n.; ii, 117 sq.

Naylor, James, ii, 83

Neander, cited, i, 287, 288, 446; ii, 431

Nebo, i, 47

Necker, ii, 275, 280

“Negative criticism,” i, 16–17; ii, 197

Neo-Platonism, i, 76, 189, 191, 226

Nero, i, 213

Nestorians, the, i, 241

Netherlands, i, 398 sq., 414, 461 sq.; ii, 33 sq., 132 sq., 352 sq., 407

Netzahualpilli, i, 90

Netzahuatlcoyotl, i, 41, 89

Nevill, ii, 78

“New Christians,” the, i, 342

Newman, J. H., ii, 127 n., 170, 437, 470, 487

—— F. W., ii, 402, 408, 439

—— C. R., ii, 439 n.

New Testament, criticism of, ii, 148, 211, 219, 230, 245, 308, 318, 321, 327 sq., 423 sq.

Newton, ii, 61, 106, 110–11, 112 sq., 150, 174, 178, 202–203, 457 sq.

New Zealand, freethought in, ii, 500; superstition in, i, 46

Nichirenites, ii, 492

Nicholas I, Pope, i, 285

—— IV, Pope, i, 344

—— V, Pope, i, 367

—— the painter, i, 297 n.

—— of Amiens, i, 311

Nichols, Dr., ii, 98

—— James, ii, 22 n.

Nicholson, or Lambert, ii, 1

—— E. B., i, 220 n.

—— R. A., cited, i, 250, 251 n., 252

—— W., ii, 201

Nicolai, ii, 315 sq.

Nicolaus of Autricuria, i, 361, 368

—— of Cusa, i, 367, 368, 398; ii, 42, 47 n.

Nicoletto, Vernias, i, 369

Niebuhr, ii, 368

Nietzsche, ii, 474

Nifo, i, 369

Niketas. See Iketas

Nikias, i, 174

Nikon, ii, 363

Nilus, St., i, 392

Ninon de l’Enclos, ii, 223 n.

Niphus. See Nifo

Nirvana, doctrine of, i, 56

Nizolio, i, 469

Nominalism, i, 283, 307 sq., 358, 360

Nonconformity in England, ii, 160 sq.

Norris, John, ii, 104

Norway, freethought in, ii, 412, 457

Nourisson, ii, 255

Nous, doctrine of, i, 154

Noyes, ii, 453

Numa, i, 374

Numbers, doctrine of, i, 149, 228

Nyström, ii, 418

Obscenity and religion, i, 357 sq.

Occam. See William

Ochino, i, 409, 453, 468; ii, 488

Ogilvie, cited, ii, 207

Oglethorpe, ii, 267 n.

Okeanos, i, 125

O’Keefe, ii, 201

Olavidès, ii, 373

Oldcastle, i, 349

Oldfield, ii, 98

Old Testament, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 97, 131, 132, 134, 156, 167, 211, 256, 307, 318, 321, 359, 431 sq.

Olivetan, i, 379

Omar, the Khalif, i, 251

Omar Khayyâm, i, 262 sq.

Omens, belief in, i, 174, 198, 199, 206

Oracles, i, 136, 157 sq., 174, 186

Orano, cited, i, 411 n.

Origen, i, 226, 236 sq.; ii, 488

Orléans, Duchesse d’, cited, ii, 145

Ormazd. See Ahura Mazda

Ormsby, cited, ii, 40

Orpheus, i, 125 n.

Orphicism, i, 148 n., 149

Ortlieb, i, 333

Orvieto, heresy at, i, 295, 299

Orzechowski, i, 425

Osborn, Major, cited, i, 255 n.

—— Francis, cited, ii, 11

Ostrorog, i, 423

Overton, ii, 79

Ovid, i, 209; ii, 463

Owen, Rev. John, i, 11; cited, i, 191 n., 301 n., 328 n., 352, 368, 374 n., 377 n., 477 n., 479, 480 n., 483; ii, 43 n., 52 n., 125 n.

—— Robert, ii, 395 sq., 399, 405

—— Sir Richard, ii, 465

Oxford in 16th century, ii, 64; in 18th century, ii, 157

Ozanam, cited, i, 230 n.

Pachacamac, i, 90

Padua, school of, i, 330, 379

Paganism, suppression of, i, 234; late, and Christianity, i, 217

Pagitt, ii, 79

Paine, ii, 210 sq., 382 sq., 392, 393, 398, 418, 458

Painting, Italian, i, 365, 370

Palaiphatos, i, 185

Paleario, i, 412

Palestrina, i, 469

Paley, ii, 210, 252; cited, ii, 207, 252

Palissot, ii, 258

Palmaer, ii, 418

Palmer, Herbert, ii, 27

—— Prof., i, 248 n., 249 n., 250

—— Elihu, ii, 385

Panini, i, 53

Pankosmism, i, 144

Pannonicus, i, 419

Pantheism, medieval, i, 2, 285; Indian, i, 48 sq.; Babylonian, i, 62; Egyptian, i, 69, 76; Chinese, i, 84; Greek, i, 130, 132, 137, 142, 144, 150, 162, 184; Moorish, i, 270; Jewish, i, 316; German, i, 333, 398; ii, 303, 308 n., 328; Roman, i, 209, 210 n., 212; Gnostic, i, 226; Sufi, i, 265, 266; Persian, i, 272 sq.; French, i, 317; ii, 129; of Aquinas, i, 318; Italian, i, 373; ii, 49, 52, 63 n., 366; in the Netherlands, i, 398–99; ii, 135, 138; at Geneva, i, 446, 449; English, ii, 148–49, 165; Scotch, ii, 184

Paolo Giovio, i, 374 n.

Papacy, growth of, i, 294 sq.; power of, i, 298, 302 sq.; hostility to, i, 295, 312 n., 322, 325, 331 sq., 419 sq., 422.

Pare, Gian, ii, 1

Parini, ii, 371

Paris, university of, i, 329, 354, 355, 361

Parker, Archdeacon, ii, 91

—— Theodore, ii, 438, 488

—— Prof., cited, ii, 494, 496 n.

Parkes, Prof., cited, ii, 426

Parlement of Paris, ii, 287

Parmenides, i, 136, 146

Parr, ii, 488

Parsees, the, i, 111, 272

Parsons, ii, 9

Parthians, the, i, 68

Parvish, ii, 167

Pascal, i, 478; ii, 85, 121, 124 sq., 251

Paschasius Radbert, i, 286

Pasiphae, i, 185

Passerano, ii, 353

Pastoret, ii, 244

Pastoris, i, 424

Patericke, i, 384–85

Paterini, i, 296, 322, 406

Patin, Gui, i, 389; ii, 57 n., 66, 117 sq., 132 n.

—— Professor, i, 131

Patot, Tyssot de, ii, 214, 227

Pattison, Mark, i, 442, 452, 468 n.; ii, 126 n., 127, 179

Paul, i, 219, 224, 244

—— of Samosata, i, 230

—— II, of Russia, ii, 365

—— II, Pope, i, 370

—— III, Pope, i, 382, 411; ii, 41

—— IV, Pope, i, 412

—— V, Pope, ii, 57

—— Herbert, ii, 166 n.

Pauli, i, 397

—— Gregorius, i, 425

Paulicians, the, i, 2, 279 sq., 291 sq., 309, 406

Paulus, ii, 423, 424 sq.

Pauthier, cited, i, 83

Pavlovsky, cited, ii, 456 n.

Pazmany, i, 422

Pearson, Bishop, ii, 9

Peasant wars, i, 406 n., 417, 419, 436

Pecock, i, 394 sq.; ii, 14

Pedro II, i, 338

—— de Osma, i, 340

Peel, Speaker, ii, 402

Peele, ii, 16

Peirce, ii, 161

Pelagianism, i, 231 sq., 277, 314

Pelagius, i, 229

Pelham, Prof., i, 200 n.

Pelletier, ii, 122 n.

Pellicier, i, 389

Pelling, E., ii, 98

Penn, ii, 114

Pentateuch, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 131, 132, 137, 167, 197, 256, 423 sq., 431 sq.

Pereira, i, 470

Pericles, i, 153 sq.

Perier, Madame, ii, 134

Perkins, W., ii, 74

Perrault, cited, ii, 120

Perrens, i, 13; cited, i, 2 n., 368 n., 381; ii, 120 n., 123 n.

Perrin, i, 443

Persecution, primitive, i, 36 n.; Christian, i, 172, 232 sq., 240, 280, 291, 295, 296 sq., 302 sq., 337, 349, 385, 386, 387, 388, 410 sq., 419, 428 sq.; ii, 1 sq., 22 sq., 83, 122, 141–42, 181, 188–90, 200, 214, 216, 222, 231, 233, 235, 274, 289 sq., 502 (see Inquisition); Mohammedan, i, 257, 259, 261, 271; Greek, i, 142, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 193; Roman, i, 206, 207, 210, 216

Persia, religions of, i, 65 sq.; influence of, on Hebrews, i, 110, 149; freethought in, i, 66, 265; culture-history of, i, 148, 265, 272 sq.

Peru, ancient freethought in, i, 41, 90; religion of, i, 88; modern freethought in, ii, 407

Perugino, i, 370

Pessimism, i, 130

Pestalozzi, ii, 346 n.

Peter the Hermit, i, 295

—— the Great, ii, 364

—— of Alliaco, i, 345

—— de Brueys, i, 295

—— Martyr, i, 409

—— von Mastricht, ii, 133

—— of St. Cloud, i, 353

—— of Vaux, i, 298

Petit, Claude, ii, 122

Petrarch, i, 328 n., 329 sq.

Petrie, W. M. F., cited, i, 72, 75, 76 n., 109

Petrobrussians, the, i, 295

Petronius, i, 211

Peucer, i, 457

Peyrat, ii, 440

Peyrère, ii, 132 sq.

Pfaff, ii, 298

Pfander, i, 166

Pfeiff, ii, 418

Pfeiffer, i, 457

Pheidias, i, 156

Pherekydes, i, 148

Philanthropic Institute, ii, 316, 321

Philip II, i, 341, 414, 472

Philips, A., i, 7

Philiskos, i, 200