INDEX.

Abridge, well at, 190

Accident tools, Mather and Platt’s, 138-143

Acton, wells at, 190

Africa, rainfall in, 30

Air freshening in wells, 53

Albany Street, well at, 190

Aldershot Place, wells at, 190

Alluvion, 5, 7

America, North, rainfall, 30, 31

—— South, 31

American tube well, 81

Amwell End, well at, 190

Apothecaries’ Hall, well at, 191

Apparatus for boring, 68, 71, 72

Arlesey, well at, 190

Artesian well, definition, 2

—— —— causes of failure, 2-4

Ash, well at, 190

Asia, rainfall in, 29, 30

Augers, 62-64

Available rainfall, 27

Bagshot Sands, 5

—— well at, 190

Balance-beam, Kind’s, 91

Balham Hill, well at, 190

Ball-clack, 91

Bank of England, well at, 190

Bare outcrop, 18-21

Barking, well at, 190

Barnet, wells at, 190

Battersea, wells at, 190

Bearwood, well at, 191

Beaumont Green, well at, 191

Bell-box, 64

Belleisle, well at, 191

Berkeley Square, well at, 191

Bermondsey, wells at, 191

Berry Green, well at, 191

Bexley, well at, 191

Bexley Heath, wells at, 21

Bickford’s fuse, 50

Birkenhead, wells at, 155

Birmingham, wells at, 156

Bishop Stortford, wells at, 167, 191

Blackfriars, well at, 191

Blackheath, well at, 191

Blasting, sinking by, 44

Bootle, wells at, 158

Borers or drills, 47

Boring, 60-80

—— apparatus for, 61, 68, 71, 72

—— at great depths, 85

—— cost of, 80, 209

—— chisels, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

—— difficulties of, 80

—— direct from surface, 72

—— Kind-Chaudron system, 93

—— Mather and Platt’s system, 126-149

—— machine, Mather and Platt’s, 127-130

—— rate of, 207, 208

—— rods, 64, 65

—— rods, hollow, 80

—— sheer-frame Frontispiece, 72

—— tools, 62-79

Boston Heath, well at, 191

Bow, well at, 191

Box-clutch, 107

Box-joint for mizer, 57

Boxley Wood, well at, 191

Braintree, well at, 168, 191

Breaking-up bar, 139, 141

Brentford, well at, 191

Brick steining, 55, 59, 205

Bricks, good, characteristics, 205

Brickwork in wells, 205

Brighton, wells at, 168

Broken tubing, 74-79

—— rods, extracting, 64, 107, 122

Bromley, wells at, 191

Broxbourne, well at, 191

Bucket, sinkers’, 67, 150

Bucket grapnel, 140, 142

Bull or clay-iron, 50

Bunter sandstone, 35, 36

Burton-on-Trent, wells at, 156

Bushey, well at, 191

Butte-aux-Cailles, well at, 179

Camberwell, well at, 191

Camden Station, well at, 191

Camden Town, wells at, 192

Canterbury, well at, 192

Carbonic acid in wells, 209

Carburetted hydrogen in wells, 210

Cartridges for blasting, 50

Cast-iron tubes, 66, 143

Caterham, well at, 192

Cement backing, 111, 112

—— ladle for tubbing, 111, 112

Chalk, 5, 7

—— headings or tunnels in, 54

—— level of water in, 8

—— marl, 5

—— rainfall on, 27

Charge of powder, rule for, 45, 46

Chelmsford, well at, 169, 192

Cheshire, thickness of trias, 36

Cheshunt, wells at, 170, 192

Chinese system of boring, 60, 61

Chisels for boring, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

—— or trepans, 113, 115

—— tempering, 209

Chiswell Street, well at, 192

Chiswick, wells at, 192

Clamp for tube well, 81

Claw grapnel, 139

Clay, 12

—— grapnel, 140, 141, 143

—— iron or bull, 50

Cleaning pipes, tube well, 83

—— shot-holes, 49

Clewer Green, wells at, 192

Cold-drawn wrought-iron tubes, 66

Colnbrook, well at, 192

Colney Hatch, well at, 192

Core box, 206

Core grapnel, 140

Cost of boring, 80, 209

—— of headings in sandstone, 54

Covent Garden, well at, 192

Coventry, wells at, 155

Covered outcrop, 21

Cretaceous strata, 167-201

Crewe, wells at, 158

Cribs, fixing, 94

Cricklewood, well at, 192

Crow, Kind-Chaudron, 107

Crow’s foot, 64

Croydon, wells at, 192

Curb in underpinning, 40

Cutting grapnel, 139, 141

Cylinder, Mather and Platt’s, 130

Cylinders, iron for lining, 56

Dartford Creek, wells at, 193

Deep boring, 72, 85-150

Defective tubing, 74-79

Denham, well at, 193

Deptford, well at, 193

Depth of rainfall, 26

Difficulties of boring, 80

Dip-bucket, 150

Dogs, 65, 67

Dolly, 67, 74

Dorking, well at, 171

Drainage area, definition, 25

Drift, 5-7, 21, 22

—— outcrop covered by, 21

Driving tubes, 67, 73, 74

—— tube well, 81-83

Drum curb, 42

Dru’s first trepan, 113

—— system, 113

—— ——, summary, 126

Dudlow Lane well, 160

Dulwich, well at, 193

Durham, sinkings in, 93

—— wells in, 155

Dyke, effect of, 4

Dynamite, 44

Earth-fast, definition, 44

East Barnet, well at, 190

East Ham Level, well at, 193

Edgware, well at, 193

Edgware Road, well at, 193

Edlesborough, well at, 193

Eltham, wells at, 193

Enfield Lock, well at, 193

Enlarging hole below tubes, 67, 68

—— shot-holes, 48

Epping, well at, 193

Erith, well at, 193

Europe, rainfall in, 28, 29

Euyenhausen joint, 85, 88

Excavation in wells, table of, 204

Explosive agents, use of, 45

Fan, for ventilation, 52

Farnham, well at, 193

Fault, effect of, 4

Fauvelle’s system, 79

Fissures, 2, 12

—— in blasting, 46

—— in chalk, 8

Flat chisels, 62

Fleet Street, well at, 193

Formation, mineral character of, 11

Foul air in wells, 52, 209

Four and a half inch steining, 59

Free-falling tools, Dru’s, 117-123

Freshwater, well at, 187, 188

Fulmer, well at, 193

Fuse for blasting, 50

Gases in wells, 52, 209

Gault, 5

General conditions of outcrop, 18

Geological conditions, epitome of, 10

—— —— primary, 4

Gneiss, rainfall on, 27

Golden Lane, well at, 193

Granite, rainfall on, 27

Grapin, or clutch, 107

Grapnels, 107, 139-141

Gravesend, well at, 193

Green Lane wells, 160

Greensands, 5, 8

Greenwich, wells at, 193

Grenelle, well at, 85, 179

Guides, bore-head, 132

——, Dru’s, for rods, 121

Guncotton, 44

Gunpowder, 44

—— weight of, 49

Hackney Road, well at, 193

Haggerstone, well at, 194

Hainault Forest, well at, 194

Half-brick steining, 59

Halstead, well at, 194

Hammersmith, well at, 194

Hampstead, wells at, 194

—— Road, wells at, 194

Hand-dog, 65

Hand-jumpers, 47

Hanwell, well at, 194

Hard rock, Dru’s system, 125

—— —— sinking in, 44, 53

Harrow, well at, 171, 194

Hastings sand, 5

Haverstock Hill, well at, 194

Hayes, well at, 194

Headings or tunnels, 53, 54

Hedgerley, sands and clays at, 17

Height of strata above surface, 23

Hendon, well at, 194

Herne Bay, section at, 12

Highbury, wells at, 172, 194

Hills or mountains, 5

—— drift on, 6

—— flat-topped, 20

—— outcrop on, 19

Hoddesdon, well at, 194

Holloway, wells at, 194

Hollow rods, 80

Hoop-iron, boring with, 60, 61

Horizontal strata, 9

Hornsey, wells at, 194

Horselydown, well at, 194

Hoxton, well at, 195

Hungerford, section near, 14

Hyde Park Corner, well at, 195

Hydraulic tube-forcers, 146-148

Ickenham, well at, 195

Instruments used in blasting, 46

Iron cylinders for lining, 56

—— drum curb, 42

—— for drills and jumpers, 47

—— rods, 64, 65, 80, 120

—— tubbing, 95, 97, 98

Isle of Dogs, well at, 195

—— of Grain, well at, 195

Isleworth, wells at, 195

Islington Green, well at, 195

Joints, Kind-Chaudron rod, 105-107

—— tubbing, 109

—— tube, 75, 143, 144

Journal of well-work, 206

Jumpers, 47, 48

Kensington, wells at, 195

Kentish Town, well at, 172, 195

Keuper, 5, 35, 36

Key, Kind-Chaudron, 105

Kilburn, well at, 195

Kind-Chaudron system, 93

Kind’s moss-joint, 123, 124

—— system, 85-93

Kind’s system, time employed, 92

Kingsbury, well at, 195

Kingston-on-Thames, well at, 195

Knightsbridge, well at, 195

Ladle, cement, for tubbing, 111

Lagging of drum curb, 42

Lambeth, wells at, 195, 196

Lancashire, thickness of trias, 36

Lea Bridge, well at, 196

Leamington, well at, 158

Least resistance, line of, 45, 46, 50

Leatherhead, sands and clays at, 17

Leek, wells at, 163

Leicester Square, well at, 196

Lias, 5, 8

Lifting dog, 65

Lift of rods, 70

Limehouse, wells at, 196

Line of least resistance, 45, 46, 50

Lining or steining wells, 54-59

—— tubes for bore-hole, 66, 143, 144

Liquorpond Street, well at, 196

Lithofracteur, 44

Liverpool, wells at, 158

London Basin, wells in, 190-201

—— average section of strata, 13

—— clay, 5

—— measurement of sections, 15, 16

Long Acre, well at, 196

Longton, wells at, 162

Loughton, well at, 196

Lower Morden, well at, 196

—— tertiaries, outcrop of, 23

Luton, well at, 196

Magnesian limestone, 5, 10

Maldon, well at, 196

Margate, well at, 196

Marylebone Road, well at, 196

Mather and Platt’s system, 126-154

Measure of water in wells, 204

Michelmersh, well at, 176

Middlesborough, well at, 163

Mile End, wells at, 176, 196

Mile End Road, well at, 197

Millbank, wells at, 197

Mineral character of formation, 11

Mitcham, well at, 197

Mizers, 56, 57

Molasse sandstones, 5

Monkey for tube well, 81

Monkham Park, well at, 197

Mortlake, wells at, 197

Moss box, Kind-Chaudron, 110, 111

Moss joints, 110, 111, 123

Mountain slopes, springs in, 6

Mountains or hills, 5

Muschelkalk, 35

New Barnet, well at, 190

New Cross, well at, 197

New red sandstone, 5, 8, 35

—— —— headings in, 54

New Wimbledon, well at, 201

Nine-inch steining, 59

North America, rainfall, 30, 31

Northampton, well at, 166

Northolt, well at, 197

Norwich crag, 5

—— well at, 177

Notting Dale, well at, 197

—— Hill, well at, 197

Number of bricks in wells, 205

Observations with rain-gauge, 24

Off-take of rods, 70

Old Kent Road, well at, 197

Old Windsor, wells at, 197

Oolitic strata, 5, 8, 166

Orange Street, well at, 197

Outcrop, 11

—— position of, 18

—— rainfall on, 11

—— rainfall on district, 24

Oxford Street, well at, 197

Paris, wells at, 179

Pass pipes for tubbing, 98

—— valves for tubbing, 98

Passy, well at, 85, 180

Pebble Hill, section at, 14

—— beds, 36, 37

Peckham, well at, 197

Penge, well at, 197

Pentonville, wells at, 197

Permeability of new red sandstone, 37

Permian strata, 155

Picker, 58

Pimlico, wells at, 197

Pinner, well at, 197

Pipe-dolly, 67

—— iron, 74

Plaistow, well at, 197

Planes of bedding, 12

Plant, Dru’s system, 114, 115

—— Kind-Chaudron system, 99

—— well sinking, 40-58

—— well boring, 61-79

Plug, tube straightening, 140, 149

Plugs for tamping, 52

Ponders End, wells at, 187, 197

Porous soils, 8

Position of outcrop, 18

—— of well, 207

Pot mizer, 57

Preparations for sinking, 40

Pricker, 50

Primary beds, 5, 9

Principles of blasting, 45

Prong grapnel, 139, 149

Pudsey Hall, well at, 198

Pumps, Mather and Platt’s, 149-154

Quantity of brickwork in wells, 205

Quicksand, modes of piercing, 98

Rainfall, 24

—— on new red sandstone, 37

—— on outcrop, 11

—— tables of, 28-32

Rain-gauge, instructions for using, 24

Ratcliffe, wells at, 198

Rate of boring, 207, 208

—— ——, Dru, 123

—— of working, Mather and Platt’s, 137

Reculvers, section at, 12

Regent’s Park, wells at, 198

Rhætic beds, 5

Richmond, wells at, 198

Rimers, 68

Riming spring, 68

Ring for broken rods, 64

River deposits, 22

Rock, chisels for, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

—— intersected by dyke, 4

—— sinking in, 44

Rod guides, Dru’s, 121

—— joints, Dru’s, 121

—— at Passy, 86, 89

Rods, boring, 64, 65

—— boring, Dru’s, 120, 121

—— Kind-Chaudron system, 101

—— remarks on, 126, 127

Romford, well at, 198

Rope, boring with, 60, 130

Ross, well at, 165, 166

Rotherhithe, wells at, 198

Ruislip, well at, 198

Running sands, Dru’s system, 125

Saffron Walden, well at, 198

St. Helens, wells at, 166

Sand, 11

—— Mather and Platt’s system, 143

Sandhurst, well at, 198

Sandstone, new red, 35

Sandwich, well at, 198

Scaffolding for boring, 71

Scratcher, 58

Screw grapnel, 139, 142

Screw-jacks, 144, 145

Searching for water, 9

Secondary beds, 5

Setting rain-gauge, 24

Shallow surface springs, 21

Sheer-frame, boring, _Frontispiece_, 72

Sheer-legs, 69

Sheerness, wells at, 198

Shell, 63, 122

—— at Passy, 90

—— Kind-Chaudron system, 105

—— or auger, 63

—— pump, Mather and Platt’s, 134, 136

—— —— jammed, 141, 142

Shoreditch, well at, 198

Shorne Meade Fort, well at, 198

Shortlands, well at, 199

Shot-holes, boring, 48

—— in wet stone, 50

Sinkers’ bucket, 67, 150

Sinking mine shafts, 93

—— plant for, 96

—— with drum curb, 42

Sinkings in Durham, 93

—— in hard rock, 44-53, 94

Site for rain-gauge, 24

Slate, rainfall on, 27

Slope of hills, outcrop on, 19

Slough, wells at, 199

Small-shot system in blasting, 44

Smithfield, well at, 199

Snow, measuring fall of, 25

South America, rainfall, 31

Southend, well at, 199

Southwark, wells at, 199

Speed of holing with hand-drills, 48

Spitalfields, well at, 199

Spithead, well at, 146

Spring, definition, 1

—— cutter for tubes, 78, 79

—— darts, 67

—— pole, 61

Springs, 1, 2

—— in alluvium, 7

—— in drift, 6

—— in chalk, 7

—— in permeable strata, 1

—— surface, 21

Staffordshire, thickness of trias, 36

—— wells in, 162, 163

Steam jet for ventilation, 52

Steel for drills, 47

Steining, 40, 43, 54-59

Stemmer or tamping bar, 51

Step-ladder, 139, 141

Stifford, well at, 199

Stockwell Green, wells at, 199

Stone steining, 55

Storing well-water, 206

Strata, disturbances of the, 32

—— table of, 202, 203

Stratford, wells at, 199

Stratified rock, blasting in, 46

Streatham, well at, 199

Stud-block, 66

Sudbury, well at, 199

Sulphuretted hydrogen in wells, 210

Superficial area, extent of, 11

Superintending well-work, hints on, 206

Surface, height of strata above, 23

—— of outcrop, 11

—— springs, 21

Swanage, Dorset, well at, 167

Tables of excavation in wells, 204

—— rainfall, 28-32

—— of strata, 202, 203

Tamping, 50, 51

—— bar, 51

—— tools, 50-52

T-chisels, 62

Tempering boring chisels, 209

Tertiary beds, 5

—— district, division of, 34

Testing machine, for tubbing, 108, 109

Thames Street, Upper, well at, 200

Tillers, 62, 65

Timber steining, 55

Tongs, 67

Tools for well boring, 62-79

Top rods, 65, 66

Tottenham, wells at, 199

Tottenham Court Road, well at, 199

Tower Hill, well at, 199

Trafalgar Square, well at, 199

Trepan at Passy, 85

—— Dru’s first, 113

—— Kind-Chaudron system, 101-105

—— Kind’s, 86, 87

Trias strata, 35, 36, 155

Tubbing, 94, 95

—— pass pipes for, 98

—— placing Kind-Chaudron, 108, 109

—— testing machine for, 108, 109

Tube clamps, 67

—— forcing apparatus, 74, 144-148

—— grapnel, 139, 149

—— joints, 66, 75

—— well, American, 81

Tubes, 66, 143

Tubing, when necessary, 73

Tunnels or headings, 53, 54

Underpinning, 40

Upchurch, wells at, 199, 200

Upper Thames Street, well, at, 200

Uxbridge, wells at, 200

Valleys, drift in, 6

—— outcrop in, 18

Valve for mizer, 56, 57

Valves for shell, 64, 122, 123, 134

Vauxhall, well at, 200

V-chisels, 62

Wad-hook, 64

Waltham Abbey, well at, 200

Walthamstow Marsh, well at, 200

Wandsworth, wells at, 200

Warwickshire, thickness of trias, 36

Water in new red sandstone, 38

—— measure and weight in wells, 204

—— searching for, 9

Water-bearing deposits, value of, 10

—— strata, height of, above surface, 23

—— —— sinking through, 56, 93

Well, Artesian, definition, 2

—— —— causes of failure, 2-4

—— boring, 60-80

—— sinking, 40

Well-water, storing, 206

Wealden clay, 5

Wedging cribs, 94, 95

Weight of water in wells, 204

Westbourne Grove, well at, 200

West Drayton, wells at, 200

West Ham, wells at, 102

West India Dock, well at, 201

Westminster, wells at, 201

Wet stone, shot-holes in, 50

Whitechapel, wells at, 201

Willesden, well at, 201

Wimbledon, wells at, 201

Windsor station well, 160

Windsor, wells at, 201

—— wells at Old, 197

Winchfield, well at, 189

Windlass, 42, 60, 72

Winkfield Plain, well at, 201

Witham, well at, 201

Withdrawing tools, 64

Withdrawing tubes, 74-79

Wolverhampton, wells at, 166

Wooden drum curb, 41, 42

—— rods, 89, 101, 106

Wood tubbing, 95

Woodley Lodge, well at, 201

Woolwich beds, 5

—— wells at, 201

Worm-auger, 64

Wormley, wells at, 201

Wormwood Scrubbs, well at, 201

Wrought-iron tubes, 66

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.