INDEX.

* * * The Roman Numerals refer to the Volumes—the Arabic Figures to the Pages of each Volume.

Abbassides, encouragement of science and art by the, ii. 121; progress of their dynasty, 122; its decadence, 123.

Abdalrahman proclaimed khalif of Cordova, ii. 122.

Abelard (Peter), enthusiasm excited by the teachings of, iii. 420; his erratic career, 421.

Acre, consequences to commerce by the capture of, iii. 329; vices of its inhabitants, ib. note ^m.

Adorni and Fregosi factions, disruption of Genoa by the, i. 496.

Adolphus of Nassau elected emperor of Germany, ii. 82.

Adrian II. (pope), attempts to overawe Charles the Bald, ii. 173.

Adrian IV. (the only English pope), insolence of, towards Frederic Barbarossa, ii. 195; his system of mandats, 212.

Adventurers (military). See Military Systems.

Æneas Sylvius (afterwards Pius II.), instance of the political foresight of, i. 504; he abets the war against the Turks, ii. 137; specimen of his oratory, 138 note; his singular suggestion to Mahomet II., ib. note; he plays into the hands of the pope, 253; he obtains the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction, 255; his sketch of Vienna, iii. 345 note ^u.

Agriculture, cause of the low state of, iii. 312, 359 and note ^m; superior cultivation of church lands, 360; exemplary labours of the Benedictines, ib. note ⁿ; agricultural colonies, 361 and notes ^p and ^q; early enclosures and clearances, 362; exportation of corn, how limited, 364; usual prices of land, ib.; high state of Italian agriculture, ib.; effects of pestilence, 365; excellence of the Italian gardens, ib.; neglect of horticulture in England, 366.

Alaric, tolerance of, towards his catholic subjects, i. 3 note ^f; defeated by Clovis, 4; laws compiled by his order, iii. 414.

Albert I. of Germany, ii. 82; his rule in Switzerland, 108; his expulsion and assassination, 109; the French crown offered to him, 231.

Albert II. succeeds Sigismund as emperor of Germany, ii. 88.

Albigensian heresy, spread of the, i. 28; massacre of the Albigeois, ib., 29 notes; See Religious Sects.

Albizi, ascendency in Florence regained by the, i. 496; Cosmo de' Medici banished at their instigation, 499; their overthrow, ib.; exclusion of their family from the magistracy, 499.

Alcuin teaches Charlemagne, iii. 419; he discourages secular learning, 420; character of his poetry, 474.

Alexander II. (pope), election of, ii. 184; he deposes the English prelates, 305 note ^h.

Alexander III. (pope), supports Thomas à Becket, ii. 195; adopts the system of mandats, 212.

Alexander V. elected pope, ii. 243; his successor, ib.

Alexander III. king of Scotland, opposition to papal domination by, ii. 217.

Alexius Comnenus attacks the Turks, ii. 128; he recovers the Greek territories, ib. and note.

Alfonso I. of Aragon bequeaths his kingdom to the Knights Templars, ii. 8.

Alfonso III. of Aragon compelled to apologise to his people, ii. 45.

Alfonso V. of Aragon (the Magnanimous), i. 490; adopted by Joanna II. of Naples, ib.; she revokes the adoption, 491; his accession, ib.; his imprisonment by the Genoese, 492; his alliance with Milan, ib., 493; his virtues and patronage of the arts, 493; his literary medicine, 494 note; his love of Naples, ii. 42.

Alfonso V. and VI. of Castile, towns incorporated by, ii. 6.

Alfonso VII. of Castile, unwise division of his dominions by, ii. 9.

Alfonso X. of Castile, scientific acquirements and governmental deficiencies of, ii. 12; law promulgated by him, 37; his election as emperor of Germany, 76; tithes established in his reign, 146 note ^a; clerical encroachments favoured by him, 220 note ^r; he exempts the clergy from civil jurisdiction, 226.

Alfonso XI. of Castile assassinates his cousin, ii. 14; his disregard of law, 36.

Alfred the Great, rescue of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy by, ii. 271; his alleged division of the kingdom into counties, &c., 280; ascription of trial by jury to him, 285; his high claim to veneration, 289; extent of his acquaintance with Latin, iii. 286; his declaration of the ignorance of the clergy, 288; his zeal for learning, ib. note ⁿ.

Aliens held liable for each other's debts, iii. 336.

Almamùn and Almansor, khalifs of Bagdad, patronage of letters by, ii. 121.

Alodial tenure, characteristics of, i. 147, 148 and notes; converted into feudal tenure, 163; except in certain localities, 164 and note; causes of the conversion, 317, 318; alodial proprietors evidently freemen, 324.

Alvaro de Luna. See Luna.

Amadeus (duke of Savoy), elected pope, ii. 248.

Amalfi, early commercial eminence of, iii. 328 and note; its decline, ib.; alleged invention of the mariner's compass there, 332 and note; discovery of the Pandects, 415.

Amurath I., progresses of the Turkish arms under, ii. 132.

Amurath II., rout of the Hungarians by, ii. 105; reunion of the Ottoman monarchy under him, 135; he perfects the institution of the Janizaries, 137.

Anastasius confers the dignity of consulship on Clovis, i. 107; elucidatory observations thereon, 107-111.

Andalusia, conquest of, by Ferdinand III., ii. 9.

Andrew of Hungary married to Joanna of Naples, i. 486; his murder imputed to Joanna, ib.

Anglo-Normans. See England.

Anglo-Saxons, divisions of England under the, ii. 270; their Danish assailants, 271; Alfred and his successors, 272, 273; descent of the crown, 273; influence of provincial governors, 274; thanes and ceorls, 275; condition of the ceorls, ib.; privileges annexed to their possession of land, 276; position of the socage tenants, 277; condition of the British natives, ib.; absence of British roots in the English language, 278 and note ^g; constitution of the Witenagemot, 279, 374-379; administration of justice, and divisions of the land for the purpose, 280; hundreds and their probable origin, 280, 281, 379-381; the tything-man and alderman, 282, and 283 note ^u; the county court and its jurisdiction, 282; contemporary report of a suit adjudicated in the reign of Canute, 283, 284 and note ^y; trial by jury and its antecedents, 285-288; introduction of the law of frank-pledge, 289, 290; turbulence of the Anglo-Saxons, 290; progress of the system of frank-pledges, 291; responsibilities and uses of the tythings, 292, 293 and notes; probable existence of feudal tenures before the Conquest, 293-301, 408-410; observations on the change of the heptarchy into a monarchy, 352-356; consolidation of the monarchy, 356-358; condition, of the eorls and ceorls further elucidated, 358-371; proportion of British natives under the Anglo-Saxon rule, 371-374; judicial functions of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 381; analogy between the French and Anglo-Saxon monarchies, 383; peculiar jurisdiction of the king's court, 384-386.

Anjou (Louis, duke of), seizure of Charles V.'s treasures by, i. 65, 66; his claim as regent, 68 and note; his attempt on the crown of Naples, and death, 69. See Charles of Anjou.

Anselm (archbishop), cause of his quarrel with William II. and Henry I., ii. 194; Descartes's argument on the Deity anticipated by him, iii. 428.

Appanages, effect of the system of, i. 88.

Aquinas (Thomas), metaphysical eminence of, iii. 427; comparative obsoleteness of his writings, 428 note ⁱ.

Aquitaine, extent of the dominions so called, i. 116; character of its people 116, 117; effect of the wars of the Merovingian kings, 282.

Arabia and the Arabs. See Mohammed.

Aragon, bequest of to the Templars by Alfonso I., and reversal thereof, ii. 8; rise of the kingdom in political importance, 39; struggle for the succession to its crown, 39-41; points of interest in its form of government, 43; privileges of its nobles and people, 43, 44; its natural defects and political advantages, 45; statistics of its wealth, population, &c., ib. note ^r; grant of the "privilege of union," 46; supersession thereof, 48; the office of justiciary, ib.; instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49; and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54; duration and responsibilities of the office, 54; the Cortes of Aragon, 56; social condition of the kingdom, 58; its union with Castile, ib.; its burgesses, iii. 331 note ^u.

Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54. See Military Systems.

Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. 346; early castles in England, ib.; improvements thereon, 347; early houses, 348; revival of the use of bricks, 349; arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, 350; dwellings in France and Italy, 350, 351; introduction of chimneys and glass windows, 351-353 and notes; house furniture and domestic conveniences, 353, 354 and notes; farm-houses and cottages, 355; ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, 355-359 and notes; domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, 479-482.

Arian sovereigns, tolerance of the, i. 3 and note ^f.

Aribert declared king of Aquitaine, i. 115.

Aristocracy. See Nobility.

Aristotle, writings of, how first known in Europe, iii. 426 and note ^f; ignorance of his translators, 429 and note ^k; character of the Aristotelian philosophy, 430; its influence on religion, ib. notes.

Armagnac (count of), opposes the duke of Burgundy, i. 71; massacre of himself and partizans, 72; assassination of a later count of Armagnac, 89.

Armagnacs, rise of the faction of the, i. 71; tactics of the dauphin towards them, 72; their league with Henry IV. of England, 74; their defeat by the Swiss, ii. 112.

Armorial bearings, general introduction of, i. 190; instances of their earliest use, 191 note.

Armorican republic, questionable existence of the, i. 2; hypothesis of Dubos relative thereto, ib. note; further elucidation thereof, 103; supposed extent of its territories, 103, 104.

Armour. See Military Systems.

Artois. See Robert of Artois.

Arundel (bishop and archbishop), remonstrates with Richard II., iii. 67; deprived of, and reinvested with, the great seal, 73; his subsequent deprivation and banishment, 77.

Arundel (earl of, temp. Richard II.), favoured by the parliament, iii. 65; his conduct as a lord appellant, 72; his breach with the duke of Lancaster, 74; refuses to aid in legitimating Lancaster's children, 75; his decapitation, 77.

Aschaffenburg, concordats of, ii. 253.

Athens (duke of). See Brienne.

Augustin (St.), specimen of the verses of, iii. 282 note ^o.

Aulic council, powers and jurisdiction of the, ii. 99.

Auspicius (bishop of Toul), character of the poetry of, iii. 282; specimen thereof, ib. note ^p.

Austrasia, characteristics of the people of, i. 118.

Auxiliary verb active, probable cause of the, iii. 280.

Averroes, error relative to, iii. 422 note ^o; his eminence as a philosopher, 426 note ^f; tendency of his commentaries, 430.

Avignon, removal of the papal court to, ii. 233; rapacity of its popes, 237, 238; its abandonment by the popes, 240.

Azincourt (battle of), i. 74 and note.

Bacon (Roger), a true philosopher, iii. 429 note ^k; his acquaintance with mathematics, 432; parallel between him and Lord Bacon, ib. note ^s; his knowledge of Greek, 464.

Bagdad, celebrity of the early khalifs of, ii. 121; character of its later khalifs, 122; frequency of their assassination, 123; defection of its provinces, 124.

Bajazet, military successes of, ii. 132; defeated and captured by the Tartars, 134.

Baltic trade. See Trade.

Banks and bankers of Italy, iii. 340, 341.

Barbiano (Alberic di), military eminence of, i. 474; his pupils, 481.

Barcelona, feudal submission to France of the counts of, i. 10, note; its early commercial eminence, iii. 331; its code of maritime laws, 333 and note; and of marine insurance, 339 note ^c; its bank of deposit, 340.

Bardas, revival of Greek literature by, iii. 468 note ^z.

Bardi, Florentine bankers, English customs farmed by the, iii. 340 note ^d.

Barons (in France), occasional assemblages of the, i. 219; consequences of their non-attendance at the royal council, 222; they become subject to the monarch, 223; their privileges curtailed by Philip IV., 226. See Nobility.

Barristers' fees in the 15th century, iii. 371.

Basle, council of. See Council.

Beaumanoir, definition of the three conditions of men by, i. 197, 200.

Bedford (duke of), regent for Henry VI., i. 76; his character, 77; his successes in France, ib.; overthrow of his forces by Joan of Arc, 79.

Belgrade, siege and relief of, ii. 106.

Benedict XI. reconciles Philip the Fair to the holy see, ii. 232; he rescinds the bulls of Boniface VIII., 233.

Benedict XII., purport of his letter to Edward III., i. 51 note; his rapacity, ii. 237.

Benedict XIII. elected pope by the Avignon cardinals, ii. 242; deposed by the council of Pisa, 243; Spain supports him, ib.

Benedictines, exemplary agricultural labours of the, iii. 360 note ⁿ.

Benefices, grants of land so called, i. 159; conditions annexed to them, ib.; their extent, 160 and note; their character under Charlemagne and Louis the Debonair, 313; views of various writers concerning their nature, 313-315; character of hereditary benefices, 320; their regenerative effects upon the French people, ib.

Benevolences, by whom first levied in England, iii. 200.

Berenger I. and II. See Italy.

Bermudo III. (king of Leon), killed in battle, ii. 4.

Bernard (grandson of Charlemagne), deprived of sight by judicial sentence, i. 14.

Berry (duke of), appointed guardian of Charles VI., i. 65; his character, 69.

Bianchi. See Superstitions.

Bianchi and Neri, factions of, i. 402; iii. 445.

Bigod (Roger, earl of Norfolk), patriotism of, iii. 2.

Bills. See Parliament.

Birth, privileges of. See Nobility.

Bishops. See Church, Clergy.

Blanchard (Alain), unjustifiable execution of, i. 84.

Blanche of Castile, acts as regent during the minority of Louis IX., i. 30; quells the rebellion of the barons, ib.; instance of her undue influence over Louis, 32.

Boccaccio, occasion of the Decamerone of, i. 57; appointed to lecture on Dante, iii. 448.

Boccanegra (Simon), first doge of Genoa, story of the election of, i. 451.

Bocland, nature of, ii. 294, 408.

Bohemia, nature of its connection with Germany, ii. 100; its polity, 101; the Hussite controversy and its results, 102, 103.

Bohun (Humphrey, earl of Hereford), patriotism of, iii. 2.

Bolingbroke (earl of Derby and duke of Hereford), made lord appellant, iii. 72; he sides with the king, 74; his quarrel with the duke of Norfolk, 79; advantage taken of it by Richard II., 80 and note ^z; his accession to the throne, 81. See Henry IV.

Bolognese law-schools, iii. 415.

Boniface (St.). See Winfrid.

Boniface VIII. suspected of fraud towards Celestine V., ii. 228; his extravagant pretensions, ib. and note; disregard of his bulls by Edward I., 229; his disputes with Philip the Fair, 230-232; success of Philip's stratagem against him, 232; his death, ib.; rescindment of his bulls, 233; Ockham's dialogue against him, 236 note ⁿ; rejection of his supremacy by the English barons, 239.

Boniface IX., elected pope, ii. 242; his traffic in benefices, 245, 246; his rapacity in England checked, 250, 251.

Books and booksellers. See Learning.

Boroughs. See Municipal Institutions, Parliament, Towns.

Braccio di Montone, rivalry of, with Sforza, i. 481.

Brienne (Walter de, duke of Athens), invested with extreme powers in Florence, i. 427; his tyranny and excesses, 428; his overthrow, 429.

Britany, origin of the people of, i. 98 and note; grant of the duchy to Montfort, 99; its annexation to the crown, 100; alleged existence of a king of Britany, 103; right of its dukes to coin money, 206.

Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, i. 5; her character and conduct, 6 note; her mayor, Protadius, 114; her scheme of government, 117; she falls into the hands of Clotaire II., and is sentenced to death, 119; cause of her overthrow, note 157, 293, 309; pope Gregory I.'s adulation towards her, ii. 162 note ^q.

Buchan (earl of), made constable of France, i. 78.

Burdett (Thomas), cause of the execution of, iii. 199 and note ^o.

Burgesses. See Parliament.

Burgesses of the palisades, origin of the, ii. 92.

Burgundians, Roman provinces occupied by the, i. 1; their tolerance, 3 note ^f; their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146; elucidatory observations thereon, 275-278.

Burgundy (Eudes, duke of), undertakes the protection of his niece Jane, i. 45; he betrays her cause, 46.

Burgundy (duke of), named guardian of Charles VI., i. 65; loses his ascendency over the king, 69; regains it, ib.; his death, 70.

Burgundy (John, duke of, "Sans-peur"), assassinates the duke of Orleans, i. 70; his supposed provocation, ib. note; obtains pardon for the crime, 71; consequence of his reconciliation with the court, 71, 72; is assassinated, 73 and note; his defeat at Nicopolis, ii. 133 note.

Burgundy (Philip, duke of), allies himself with Henry V., i. 76; his French predilections, 82; and treaty with Charles VII., ib. 90 note ^r, 91 note ^s; splendour of his court, 91; jealousy of his subjects concerning taxation, 93 note ^x.

Burgundy (Charles, duke of), character and ambitious designs of, i. 91 and note, 92; his contumacious subjects, 92; his rash enterprises and failures, 93; is defeated and killed, 94; adventures of his diamond, ib. note.

Burgundy (Mary, duchess of), defends her rights against Louis XI., i. 94 and notes; marries Maximilian of Austria, 95; her death, 96.

Caballeros of Spain, privileges enjoyed by the, ii. 8.

Calais, abject condition of the citizens of, i. 58 note ^k; terms of instruments signed there, 60.

Calixtins, tenets of the, ii. 103.

Calixtus II. (pope), compromise effected by, ii. 188; he abolishes feudal services by bishops, 189.

Calverley (Sir Hugh), characteristic anecdote of, i. 65.

Cambridge university, first mention of, iii. 424 note ^y.

Canon law, promulgation of the, ii. 203; its study made imperative, 204.

Capet (Hugh), usurpation of the French throne by, i. 18; antiquity of his family, ib. note ^r; state of France at his accession, 22; opposition to, and ultimate recognition of his authority, 23 and note ^g; period of his assumption of regal power, 128; degree of authority exercised by his immediate descendants, 24, 136; his sources of revenue, 208.

Capitularies, what they were, i. 215; their latest date, 218 and note.

Caraccioli, favourite of Joanna II. of Naples, i. 489; his assassination, 491 note.

Carloman, inheritance of the children of, usurped by Charlemagne, i. 9 note ^y.

Carlovingian dynasty, extinction of the, i. 17.

Carrara (Francesco da), Verona seized by, i. 464; killed in prison, 465.

Carroccio, the, i. 467 and note ^d.

Castile and Leon united into one kingdom, ii. 4; their subsequent re-division and reunion, 9; composition and character of the cortes of Castile [see Cortes]; the council and its functions, 33, 34; administration of justice, 35; violations of law by the kings, 36; confederacies of the nobility, 37; similarity of its polity to that of England, 38; establishment of tithes in Castile, 146 note ^a.

Castle, graphic description of a, i. 322.

Castruccio Castrucani, success of, i. 410.

Catalonia, character of the people of, ii. 57; severity of the state of villenage there, ib. note ^c.

Catharists, religious tenets held by the, iii. 384.

Catholics, treatment of the, by their Gothic conquerors, i. 3 note ^f.

Cava (count Julian's daughter), legend of the seduction of, ii. 62.

Celestine V., fraud of Boniface VIII. towards, ii. 228.

Champ de Mars. See Field of March.

Charlemagne, reunion of the Frankish empire under, i. 9 and note ^y; his victories in Italy and Spain, 9, 10; obstinate resistance and ultimate submission of the Saxons to his rule, 10; his Sclavonian conquests, 11; extent of his dominions, ib.; his coronation as emperor, ib. and note ^c; its consequences, 12; his intellectual acquirements and domestic improvements, ib. and note ^e; his vices, cruelties, religious edicts, 13; his sons and successors, 14; his control over the clergy, 16; degeneracy of his descendants, 17; state of the people under his rule, 18; his dread of the Normans, 21; his alleged election by the Romans as emperor discussed, 122-124; question of succession involved in his elevation to the imperial title, 124-126; his wise provisions relative to fugitive serfs, 198 note ^q; his revenue, how raised, 208; peculiarities of his legislative assemblies, 215, 216; French ignorance of his character in the 14th century, 228; his capitulary relative to tithes, ii. 145, 146 and note ^z; his authority over the popes, 182; state of his education, iii., 286 and note ^f; his library, 292 note; his encouragement of ordeals, 295; his agricultural colonies, 361; public schools in France due to him, 419; becomes a disciple of Alcuin, ib.

Charles the Bad. See Charles of Navarre.

Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and note on p. 17; ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21; his imbecile government and its consequences, 135; his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157; he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.

Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17; position of Germany at his death, ii. 66; arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.

Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.

Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law, i. 48; conduct of Edward III. of England after his death, ib.

Charles V. (the Wise) submits to the peace of Bretigni, i. 59; his summons to Edward the Black Prince, 63; his treaty with Henry of Castile, ib. note ^t; his successes against the English, 64; his premature death and character, 65; seizure of his treasures by the duke of Anjou, 65, 66; expenses of his household, 68 note ^z; his conflicts with the States-General, 230, 231; he imposes taxes without their consent, 232.

Charles VI., accession of, i. 65; state of France during his reign, 66; defeats the citizens of Ghent, 67; misapplication of taxes during his minority, 68 and note ^z; his seizure with insanity, 69; disgraceful conduct of his queen, ib. and note; his death, 76; his submission to the remonstrances of the States-General, 232.

Charles VII., state of France at the accession of, i. 77; his impoverished exchequer, 78; his Scotch auxiliaries, ib.; his character, and choice of favourites, 79; change wrought in his fortunes by Joan of Arc, 79, 80; his connection with Agnes Sorel, 80 note ^z; restores Richemont to power, 80; is reconciled with the duke of Burgundy, 82; reconquers the provinces ceded to the English crown, 83; his cruelty to English captives, 84; consolidation of his power, 85; insurrection of Guienne against taxation, 86 and note; his conduct relative to the States-General, 234; he levies taxes of his own will, 235; he enacts the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255.

Charles VIII., accession of, i. 98; contest for the regency during his minority, ib. 236; marries Anne of Britany, 100; consolidation of the French monarchy under his sway, 100, 101 and notes; proceedings of the States-General during his minority, 236, 237.

Charles of Anjou (I. of Naples), seizure of the crown of Naples by, i. 406; he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407; he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany, ib. and note; revolt of his subjects, 410.

Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485; his death, ib.

Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew, i. 486 note ^q; puts queen Joanna to death, 487; his assassination, 488.

Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85; his Golden Bull, 86 and note ^e; he alienates the imperial domains, 94; advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.

Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7; site and importance of the battle, ib. note ^q; its object, 12; his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.

Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56; his crimes, 57; allies himself with Edward III., ib.

Chartered towns. See Municipal Institutions, Towns.

Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii. 160 note; character of his works, 456, 457.

Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii. 95.

Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 and note ⁱ; his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.

Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.

Children, crusade undertaken by, iii. 296 note ^z.

Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119; oppressive taxes levied by him, 306; tumult which ensued, ib.; what followed after his death, ib.; his attempts at poetry, iii. 283; his attack on the sanctuary, 303.

Chimneys. See Architecture.

Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390; remoteness of its origin, 391; individual honour its keystone, 392; types of chivalry, 392 and note ^s; its original connection with feudal service, 394; effect of the crusades, 395; its connection with religion, 395, 396; enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398; licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399; virtues inculcated by it, 400; practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403; obligations of chivalry to the East, 403; its attendant evils, 404; education preparatory to knighthood, 405; chivalric festivals, 406; tournaments and their dangers, 407; privileges of knighthood, 408; who were admissible thereto, ib. and note; military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 and notes; causes of the decline of chivalry, 411; influences by which it was superseded, 412 and note ^d.

Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by, i. 121; its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.

Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140; its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141; source of its legitimate wealth, 142; its religious extortions, 143; privileges attached to its property, 144; institution of tithes, 144-146 and notes; liability of church property to spoliation, 146; origin of precariæ, 147 note ^d; extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and note ⁱ; its participation in the administration of justice, 149; limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151; its political influence, 152; source thereof, 153; its subjection to the state, ib.; Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and notes; its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157; obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158; investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181; their simoniacal practices, ib. and note ^q; canons and chapters, 191; liberties of the Gallican church, 256; high church principles always dangerous, 257 note ^x; privileges of sanctuary, iii. 302, 303. See Clergy, Monasteries, Papal Power.

Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.

Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. 199.

Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221; their influence on Thomas à Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.

Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 note ^t.

Cities. See Municipal Institutions and Towns.

Civil Law. See Laws.

Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215; opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.

Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485; his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215; he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233; his contests with the emperor Louis, 234; England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 notes; his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.

Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487; his licentiousness, ii. 238.

Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240; division of the papacy thereupon, 242; proceedings after his death, 242, 243.

Clergy, ascendency of the (temp. Charles the Bald), i. 135; their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196; fighting prelates, 195 note ^f; their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215; privileges of their tenants, 319; bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and note ^x; share of the citizens in their election, 366 and note ^y; a robber archbishop, ii. 95; immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and notes; their acquisition of political power, 152, 153; their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177; sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and note ^d; lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 notes; practice of simony, 179; consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, ib.; interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and note ⁿ; character of the clergy of Milan, 187 note ^g; taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216; tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217; their disaffection towards Rome, 218; their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221; extortions of Edward I., 229; effects of Wicliff's principles, 252; priests executed for coining, ib. note ^e; spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. 4, 5; their qualifications, 122; clergy summoned to send representatives, 131; cause of their being summoned, 132; result of their segregating themselves from the commons, 133; instances of their parliamentary existence, 135-138; right of bishops to be tried by the peers, 204-207; mediæval clergy not supporters of despotism, 258; their ignorance of letters, 287-289; their monastic vices, 303; why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, 306 note ^u. See Church, Monasteries, Papal Power, Superstition.

Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.

Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4; proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 note.

Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4; union of the whole under him, 5; re-division amongst his sons, ib.; criminality of his character, 119.

Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5; nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.

Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3; her sons, 4.

Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2; accepts the title of consul, ib. and note ^d; defeats the Alemanni, 3; his conversion to Christianity, ib.; defeats Alaric, 4; his last exploits and sanguinary policy, ib. and note ^g; division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and notes; the last of his race, 8; his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, Note III. 106-111; his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155; theory built on the story, 301, 302; crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. 306 and note ^u.

Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.

Cobham, lord (temp. Richard II.). banished, iii. 77.

Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205; debased money issued by them, 206; systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231; measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 note ^h; grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230; priests executed for coining, ii. 252 note ^e; an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. 205; clipping of coins by the Jews, 369 note ^t.

Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.

Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.

Combat. See Trial.

Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.

Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. 281; specimen thereof, ib. note ⁿ.

Comnenus. See Alexius.

Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.

Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166, 167 and notes; elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68; his ancestry, ib. note ^f.

Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38; elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.

Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392; his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, ib.; his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.

Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407; put to death by Charles of Anjou, ib.

Constance, council of. See Council.

Constance, treaty of, i, 376.

Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.

Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125; its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126; its capture by the Latins, 128; its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130; Vandalism of its conquerors, 130; its recapture by the Greeks, 131; besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135; attacked by Mahomet II., 136; its fall, 136, 137; unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.

Constitution of England. See English Constitution.

Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9; its extent and wealth, ib. note ^m.

Corn. See Agriculture, Trade.

Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20; dwindling down of their numbers, 21; their remonstrance against corruption, 22; spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and notes; control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25; their resolute defence of their right, 26; their control over expenditure, 27; its active exercise, 28; their forms of procedure, 29; their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the kings, 29-32; their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34; position of the clergy therein, iii. 106 note.

Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106; his patronage of literature, 107 and note ^d.

Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247; reforms effected by it, 248 and note; its indiscretions, ib. and 250 note.

Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned, ii. 102; deposes John XXIII., 243; preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244; French opposition to the English deputies, ib. note; tactics of the cardinals, 246; national divisions in the council, ib.; its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and note.

Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165; its importance in papal history, ib.

Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.

Council of Pavia, ii. 247.

Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.

Cours plénières, character of the, i. 220.

Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. 66.

Crecy, battle of, i. 55.

Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and note.

Crusades, origin of the, i. 33; energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34; inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35; crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36; results of the first crusade, 37; second crusade, 38; its failure, ib. and notes; origin of the third crusade, 40; its famous commanders and inconclusive results, ib.; crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and note; cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. 305; their demoralizing influence, 307.

Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 note ^h; further observations thereon, 267, 268.

Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6; nature of the authority exercised by him, 117; progress of the arts in his reign, 119.

Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.

Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.

Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.

Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402; his birth, iii. 445; style of his Vita Nuova, ib. note; characteristics of his great poem, 446-448; enthusiasm which attended its publication, 448.

Dauphiné annexed to the French crown, i. 100; its origin, 101, note ^k.

Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95; its abolition, 96.

De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56; conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, 57; elected speaker of the commons, 58.

Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424; driven into exile, 425.

Derby (earl of). See Bolingbroke.

Diet. See Council.

Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94; abolishes the right of defiance, 96; establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.

Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. 362 note ^r.

Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. 341-345; income and style of living, 370.

Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.

Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. 294 and note ^u.

Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58; his character 64; he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15; is taken prisoner, ib.

Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158; elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.

Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274 note ^p.

Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.

Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389; pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, ib. note ^f; his fall, 406.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See Church, Clergy, Papal Power.

Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and note ^f.

Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.

Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and note; his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44; he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224; his tyranny towards them, 228; his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. 1; his despotic tendencies, 2; he confirms the charters, 3 and note ^c.

Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45; he yields to the pope, ii. 239.

Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48; its injustice shown, ib. and note 49; his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49; his chances of success, 51; attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, ib. note; principal features in his character, 52; extent of his resources, 53, 54, and notes; excellence of his armies, 55 and note; his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56; his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57; conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59; his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and note ^p; his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and notes; his opposition to the pope, ii. 239; progress of parliament under him, iii. 42; his attempts at encroachment, 44-47; ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, 55; ordinance against Alice, 56; repeal thereof, 57; revival of the prosecution against her, 58 and note ^g; his debts to Italian bankers, 340.

Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52; his victory at Poitiers, 55; created prince of Aquitaine, 61; his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63; summoned before the peers of France, ib. and note ^t; machinations relative to his heir, iii. 55 and note ^a; his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, 56; his death, 57.

Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89; his military force, ib. note ^p; Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90; his accession to the throne, iii. 198; his inexcusable barbarities, 199; popularity of his government, ib.; his system of benevolences, 200.

Edwy and Elgiva. See Dunstan.

England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21; its resources under Edward III., 53, 54; causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77; high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 note ^t; discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79; impolicy touching its relations with France, 82; deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83; its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158; its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225; its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and notes; its share in the council of Constance, 244 and note; enactment of the statute of præmunire, 251; effect of Wicliff's principles, 252; progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see Anglo-Saxons]; its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303; fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and notes; expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and note; attempted suppression of its language, 306 and note; wholesale spoliation of property, 308; abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310; vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310; conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311; forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and notes; depopulation of the towns, 312; establishment of feudal customs, 314; preservation of the public peace, 315; difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317; hatred by the English of the Normans, 318; oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320; nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322; laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324; banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325; establishment of Magna Charta, 326; difficulty of overrating its value, 327; outline of its provisions, 321, 328; confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329; constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334; limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and notes; institution of the various courts of law, 336-338; origin of the common law, 339-341; character and defects of the English law, 341-343; hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346; legal position of the gentry, 346-348; causes of civil equality, 348-351; character of its government, iii. 147; prerogatives of its kings, 147-150; mitigation of the forest laws, 150 and note ^p; jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, 151, 152 and notes; spirit of independence exhibited in mediæval ballads, 265-267; its customs farmed by Italian bankers, 339, 340 note ^d.

English constitution, character of the, iii. 152; Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, 153-155; Hume's erroneous views regarding it, 155, 158; causes tending to its formation, 159; effect of the loss of Normandy, 160; real source of English freedom, 162; principle involved in the relationship between lords and their vassals, ib.; right of distress on the king's property, 163; feudal sources of constitutional liberty, 164; influence of the nobility, 165; salutary provisions of Edward I., 169; nature and gradual extinction of villenage, 171-183; instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded, 184-190; doctrine of prerogative, 257-260. See Anglo-Saxons, England, Feudal System, Parliament.

Erigena. See Scotus (John).

Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 note ^a, 263.

Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127; his qualifications for the dignity, ib.

Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See Burgundy.

Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116; receives aid from Charles Martel, ib.

Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with Amurath, ii. 105; its fatal consequences, 106; other instances of his perfidy, 210 note ^e; his contests with the councils, 247; his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and note ^q.

Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 note ^f.

False Decretals. See Isidore.

Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.

Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.

Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494; attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, ib.; his odious rule, 503 and note.

Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.

Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18; they succeed to the Castilian throne, ib.; Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42; arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59; conquest of Granada, 59, 60.

Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.

Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign of, ii. 12, 13; his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.

Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145; nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes; distinction of laws, 151; origin of nobility, 157-159, 189; fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent, 159, 160; introduction of subinfeudation, 161; origin of feudal tenures, 163; custom of personal commendation, 164; its character, ib., 165; edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and notes; principle of a feudal relation, 167; rights and duties of vassals, ib.; ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169; obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170; military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and notes; feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173; of fines on alienation, 174; the custom of frérage in France, 176; escheats and forfeitures, 177; objects for which aids were levied, ib.; limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178; institution of wardships, ib.; their vexatious character in later times, 179; extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180; introduction of improper feuds, 181; fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and notes; feudal law-books, 182; the Milanese collection, 183; difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184; the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186; localities over which it extended, 187, 188; privileges of nobility, 191-194; difference between a French roturier and an English commoner, 191 note ^p; condition of the clergy, 195, 196; of the classes below the gentry, 196; assemblies of the barons, 219; the cours plénières, 220, 248; legislative and judicial assemblies [see Legislation, States-General, Justice]; decline of the feudal system, 249; its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254; rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see Towns]; commutation of military service, 261 [see Military Systems]; decay of feudal principles, 268; influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and France, 269; civil freedom promoted by it, 270; its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271; its value as an element of discipline, ib.; and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272; the mundium, 318 note; essentials of the feudal system, 319; its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321; Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322; laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365; question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii. 293-301; feudalism under the Normans, 314; innovation introduced by William I., 315; difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318; tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410; abuses of feudal rights, iii. 150.

Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.

Fiefs. See Benefices, Feudal System.

Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed, i. 212, 213; their character, 213, 214; not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282; how often held, 308.

Field Sports. See Sports.

Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.

Fire-arms. See Military Systems.

Fiscal lands. See Benefices.

Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44; successful resistance of its people, ib.; large capture of gilt spurs by them, ib. note ^a; their commerce with England, 54; their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and notes; their insubordination, 92; their resistance to taxation, 93 and note; their woollen manufacture, iii. 318, 319; their settlement in England, 320 note ^h; its policy relative thereto, 321 and note ^o. See Trade.

Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420; exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, ib.; Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, ib.; corporations of the citizens, 421; its magistracy, ib.; curious mode of election, 422; the consiglio di popolo, 423; defiance of law by the nobility, 424; Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425; rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426; Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427; his tyranny and excesses, 428; his overthrow, 429; singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430; machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433 and note ^c; prostration of the Guelfs, 434; insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435; his judicious administration, 436; restoration of the Guelfs, 437; comparative security of the Florentines, 438; their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440 and notes; Pisa bought by them, 443; further disquietudes in their government, 496; rise of the Medici [see Medici]; first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and note; Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. 340 and notes.

Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.

Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421, 427, 449.

Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312; mitigation of their severity, iii. 150; punishments inflicted, 311.

Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. 154.

France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 note ⁱ; insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and note ^m; loss of the English possessions in, 27; increase of the French domains, 42-45; its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51; its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56; assembly of the States-General, ib.; desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and note; ravaged by banditti, 58; the Jacquerie insurrection, ib. and note ^k; state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66; under Charles VII., 77, 84; consolidation of its dominions, 100; its historians, 101 note ^m; its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135; its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152; succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 note; its progress from weakness to strength, 204; revenue of its kings, how raised, 208; its coinage, 210, 211; taxation, 211, 212; its constitution never a free one, 229 note ^b; designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 et seq.

Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68; its extinction, 71.

Frankfort, council of. See Council.

Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and note ^c; their probable origin, Note II. 104, 105; their position under Pepin, 117, 118; their promise to Pepin, 127, 154; character of their church dignitaries, 150 note ^q; increase of the power of their kings, 155; serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200; extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and note; origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279; their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292; presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296; extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.

Fredegonde, queen. See Chilperic.

Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40; title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45; commencement of his career in Italy, 371; he besieges Milan, 372; subjugation and second rise of its citizens, ib.; destruction of their city, 373; league of Lombardy against him, 374; his defeat and flight, 375; peace of Constance, 376; his policy relative to Sicily, 378; his response to Roman oratory, 415 and note; his accession to the German throne, ii. 73; Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and note ^y; he institutes the law of defiance, 95; his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195; his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227; his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 note ^d; his patronage of learning, 422.

Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385; cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386; rancour of papal writers against him, ib. note ^c; result of his crusade, 387; his wars with the Lombards, ib.; his successes and defeats, 390; animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391; sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391; his accession to the German throne, ii. 75; his deposition, 76; he restrains the right of defiance, 96; his imperial tribunal, 97; his poetry, iii. 442.

Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and note; his significant motto, 89 note ⁱ; objects of his diets, 96, 97; he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.

Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 note ^k.

Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323; alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324; other freemen, 325; consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.

Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.

Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 note ^x.

Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 note ^e.

Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41; his death and failure of his son, ib. note ^e.

Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2; condition of its Roman natives, 149; privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 note ^r, 281 and note ^e; retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282; their cities, 286; their subjection to taxation, 287; their accession to high offices, 293; their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294; presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.

Genoa, early history of, i. 444; her wars with Pisa and Venice, ib.; victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445; insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446; her subsequent reverses, 447; surrender of her forces to Venice, 448; decline of her power, 449; her government and its various changes, ib.; dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450; her first doge, 451; frequent revolutions of her citizens, ib.; the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496; commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. 329; their position in Constantinople, 330; their manufactures, 331; their money transactions, 337, 340; state security taken by their bankers, 341.

Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10; held by Louis his grandson, 16; passes away from his family, 17; its Hungarian assailants, 19; its first apostles, 121; political state of ancient Germany, 145; mode in which kings were chosen, ib.; lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146; customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes; superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204; causes of the reversal of this state of things, ib.; degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions, 273-275; character of its governments, 302; limited power of its kings, 302-304; its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66; election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80; partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84; importance of its free cities, 90; privileges conferred on them, ib.; their warfare with the nobles, 91; the sanctuary of the palisades, 92; league of the cities, ib.; polity of the principalities, 93; extent of the imperial domains, ib.; their gradual alienation by the emperors, ib.; the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98; limits of the German empire at various periods, 100; absence of towns, iii. 312; pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, 314. See Diet, Justice.

Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93; policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 note; its trading eminence, iii. 319; its houses and population, 320 note ^f.

Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73. See Guelfs.

Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403; result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.

Gloucester, duke of (temp. Richard II.), speaks for the parliament, iii. 67, 68 note ^c; made lord appellant, 72; reinstated in the council, 73; his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, 74, 75; his seizure by the king, 76; his murder and posthumous attainder, ib.

Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38; his reasons for refusing the title of king, ib. note ^g; his feats of strength, ib. note ^h.

Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60; its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, ib.

Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.

Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.

Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120; its theological dissensions, ib.; revival of its power, 124; tactics of its emperors, 125 and note ⁿ; exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126; results of the first crusade, 127; expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128; sacking of the capital, 128-130; partition of the empire, 130; its declining state, 132; lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135; fall of the empire, 136; the last of the Cæsars, ib.; Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. 315 note ^a. See Constantinople.

Gregory I., character of, ii. 161; he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, note ^r.

Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's protection, i. 122.

Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.

Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34; his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380; his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184; elected pope, 184; his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany, 184, 185 and note; rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186; his exile and death, 187; his declaration against investitures, 189; his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192; his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193; his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.

Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391; his further designs against Frederic, ib.; Decretals published by his order, ii. 203; his encroachments on the English church, 212; his pretext for levying contributions, 216; immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.

Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.

Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.

Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.

Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.

Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 note ^f; iii. 429 note ^k, 464.

Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471; success of his operations, ib.

Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382; their German antecedents, 383 and note; characteristics of the two parties, 384; irrationality of the distinctions, 406; temporary union of the factions, ib.; expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407; revival of their party, 410; origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73; See Florence, Genoa.

Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.

Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43; restored to England, 44; insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and note; suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and note.

Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363; he takes Leo IX. prisoner, ib.; his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.

Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363; declared king by Innocent II., 364; he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187; he subjugates Amalfi, iii. 328; he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, 331.

Gunpowder. See Military Systems.

Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310; Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.

Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. 325.

Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121; African principalities in his reign, 122.

Hastings, lord (temp. Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI., i. 90; his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, ib. note ^q.

Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472; gratitude of the Florentines towards him, ib.; his skill as a general, 473.

Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard II., iii. 76, 102; important principles involved in his case, 76 notes.

Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14; his defeat and subsequent victory, 15; his vow to preserve justice, 36.

Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.

Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17; deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, ib.; futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18; contests after his death, ib.; his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.

Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.

Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25; opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222; cause of his dispute with Thomas à Becket, 223.

Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213; abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217; his submissiveness, 226; provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328; worthlessness of his character, 329; his perjuries, 330; his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331; his expensive foreign projects, 332; demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333; his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. 164.

Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74; circumstances attending his succession, iii. 81; invalidity of his hereditary title, 82; his tactics towards the parliament, 83; aid granted to him in 1400, 85; policy of the commons towards him, 86, 87; limitations imposed on him, 93, 94; he comes to terms with them, 94. See Bolingbroke.

Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of France, i. 74 and note ⁿ; invasion of France by, ib. and note ^o; his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75; his marriage and death, 76; life subsidies granted to him, iii. 87; improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, 96; his claims on popular affection, ib.; his clemency to the earl of March, 194.

Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii. 97, 98; unpopularity of his marriage, 98; his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, 99; state of the kingdom during his minority, 183; his imbecility, ib.; solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy, 186-190; provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, 190-194.

Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii. 200 and note ^q.

Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24 note ^h; extent of authority exercised by him, 137.

Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67; his scheme for improving his territories, ib. note ^d.

Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.

Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68; instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95; his judicious nomination of popes, 183.

Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69; conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70 note ^k; his abduction by Hanno, ib.; his excommunication and its consequences, ib. and note ⁿ; his remains insulted by Rome, 71; zeal of the cities in his cause, 90; his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185; his humiliation by Gregory, 186; the tables turned, 187; animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.

Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71; privilege granted by him to the cities, 90; his compromise with the popes, 188.

Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor and the popes, i. 381; production of his alleged will, ib.; his ambitious project, ii. 74; his death, 75.

Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85; his opposition to the papal power, 234.

Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72; consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.

Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73; fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.

Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154 note ^f, 299; disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273; establishment of the principle in England, 343-346; elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.

Hereford (earl and duke of). See Bohun, Bolingbroke.

Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304 note ^f.

Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161 note ^p.

Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.

Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206; refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.

Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.

Hugh Capet. See Capet.

Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20; their ferocity towards the clergy, ib. note ^z; their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104; their wars with the Turks, 105-107.

Hungary, kings and chiefs of. See Andrew, Corvinus, Hunniades, Ladislaus, Louis of Hungary, Sigismund, Uladislaus.

Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii. 58.

Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106; his death, 106.

Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102; characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii. 389 and note ^m, 390.

Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28; his ambitious policy, 379; his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381; position of the Italian cities towards him, ib.; use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385; increase of temporal authority under him, 416; his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195; extravagance of his pretensions, 196; his scheme of universal arbitration, 197; his decrees and interdicts, 199; his interference with the German emperors, 200; his claim, to nominate bishops, 212; cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213; he levies taxes on the clergy, 216; his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220; he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221; his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.

Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391; his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392; he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213; height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217; his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231 note ^g; anecdote of him, 238 note ^r.

Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.

Interdicts, ii. 172, 260 note ^g, and 261. See Papal Power.

Ireland a mediæval slave depôt, iii. 316 and note ^d.

Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122; Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne, ib.

Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards her husband, i. 69; her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72; joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.

Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.

Isabella of Castile. See Ferdinand II.

Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166; their character and object, 166, 167 and notes; authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.

Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1; its subjection by the Lombards, 8; conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9; its king Bernard, 14; its state at the end of the ninth century, 355; authorities referred to for its history, ib. note; its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 and note ^c; assumption of power by Otho the Great, ib.; execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359; election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin, ib.; condition of its people under Henry II., 360; cause of its subjection to German princes, ib.; accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences, 360, 361; its Greek provinces, 361, 362; incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364; progress of the Lombard cities [see Lombards]; accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [see Frederic I.]; cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378; its domestic manners, iii. 342, 344.

Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, and note ^k.

James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485; invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231 note ^g.

Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45; betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47; she recovers Navarre, ib. note ^g.

Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.

Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.

Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38; its conquest by Saladin, 40; restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41; oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180; title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386 note ^d.

Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209; their early celebrity as usurers, ib. note ^b; their final expulsion from France, 210 and note ^d; ordinances against them, 222; exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320; their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii. 297; their liability to maltreatment, 305; barbarous customs regarding them, ib. note; the Jew-drowning story, 306 note ^u; their early money dealings, 338; toleration vouchsafed to them, ib.; decline of their trade, 339; their addiction to coin-clipping, 369 note ^t.

Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80; her betrayer, 84 note ^f; her name and birthplace, 143; great merit of Southey's poem, ib.

Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486; her husband's murder imputed to her, ib. and note ^q; she dies by violence, 487.

Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489; her vacillation relative to her successors, 490; puts Caraccioli to death, 491 note.

John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15; his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.

John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his infancy, ii. 15, 16; he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17; his death, 17; its results, 58.

John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26; results of his contumacy, 27; singular fines levied by him, ii. 320; his rapacity, 326 and note ^q; Magna Charta, 326, 329; curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii. 65 note ^t.

John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 and note ^e.

John II. of France, character of, i. 53; taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58; bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57; submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59; his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.

John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483; result of his intrigues, 484.

John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174; asserts a right to nominate the emperor, ib.

John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235; his dispute with Louis of Bavaria, ib.; he persecutes the Franciscans, 237; his immense treasures, 238; his imposts on the clergy, 238 note ^x.

John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance, ii. 243.

Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last crusade, i. 42 note.

Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.

Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend, ii. 62-65.

Jury. See Trial by Jury.

Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238; various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239; judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240; cruel custom in Aragon, 241 note ^q; trial by combat, 242, 243 and notes; the Establishments of St. Louis, 244; limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247 note ^p; royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246; the court of peers, 247; the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248; jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337; its constitution, 337; imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97; its functions and jurisdiction, 98; the six circles and the Aulic council, 99; character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425; importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336 note ^r; functions of the court of exchequer, 336 and note ^s, 425; institution of justices of assize, 337; establishment of the court of common pleas, 338; origin of the common law, 339; difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of jurisprudence, 339, 340; complicated character of English laws, 341; necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 and note; jurisdiction of the king's council, iii. 138-147, 249-257; safeguard for the independence of judges, 152 note ^t; rarity of instances of illegal condemnation, 156-158; origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery, 241-249.

King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii. 138; its composition, ib.; its encroachments, 140; limitations on its power, 141; remonstrances of the commons, ib.; its legislative status, 143; its frequent junction with the lords' house, 144-146 and notes; views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject, 249-257.

Knighthood. See Chivalry.

Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40; their large possessions and rapacity, ib. and note ^s; question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139; Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142; Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142; their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.

Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.

Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii. 372, 373; degree of comfort thereby indicated, 373, 374 and notes.

Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488; energy displayed by him, 489; his death, ib.

Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105; his accession to the throne, ib.; his death, ib.; suspicions relative thereto, 106 note.

Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.

Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii. 55; his ambitious projects, ib.; cause of his retirement from court, 58; he curries favour with the commons, 65 and note ^t; his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester, 74; his marriage with Katherine Swineford, ib.; his antenuptial children by her, 75; conduct of Richard II. on his death, 80.

Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii. 197.

Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435; his just exercise of power, 436; sent into exile, 438.

Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 note ^e.

Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 note ^h.

Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285; principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.

Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and note; devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and notes; its cession to the crown of France, 29; its provincial assembly, 234.

Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. 56; their further tactics regarding him, 59.

Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. 275. See Learning.

Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See Petrarch.

Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297; study of the civil law, iii. 414; fame of the Bolognese school, 415; necessity for legal knowledge in mediæval magistrates, 416; unpopularity of the Roman law in England, 417; neglect of the elder civilians, 418, 419 and note ^x. See Justice.

Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. 270; neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, 273; blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, 274; corruption of the Latin tongue, 275; rules observed in its pronunciation, 276-278; errors of the populace, 278; changes wrought by the Italians and French, 279, 280; neglect of quantity, 281; specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, 282-284 notes; change of Latin into Romance, 283; Italian corruptions of the Latin, 285; effect of the disuse of Latin, 286; ignorance of various sovereigns, ib. notes; extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, 286 and note ^f; ignorance of the clergy, 287, 288, and notes; scarcity of books, 289 and note ^p; erasure of manuscripts, 289; lack of eminent learned men, ib.; John Scotus and Silvester II., 290 and note ^r; preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, 291-293; non-existence of libraries, 292 note; prevalence of superstitions, 293-295; revival of literature, 413; study of civil law, 414-419; establishment of public schools, 419; Abelard and the university of Paris, 420, 421; Oxford university and its founders, 422, 423, and notes; rapid increase of universities, 423-425; causes of their celebrity, 425; spread of the scholastic philosophy, 426; its eminent disputants, 427; influence of Aristotle and of the church, 429, 430; unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, 430, 431; labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, 432 and note ^s, 433; cultivation of the new languages, 433; the troubadours and their productions, 434-436; origin of the French language, 436; early French compositions, 437, 438; Norman tales and romances, 439; the Roman de la Rose, 440; French prose writings, 441, 442 and notes; formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, 442, 443, and notes; rapid growth of the Italian language, 443, 444; excuses of Italians for writing in French, 445 note ^z; Dante and his Divine Comedy, 445-449; Petrarch and his writings, 449-452; dawn of the English tongue, 452; Layamon's Brut, 453 and note ^k; Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, 453; merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, 454; cause of the slow progress of the English language, ib.; earliest compositions in English, 455; pre-eminence of Chaucer, 456; revival of classical learning, 457; eminent cultivators thereof, 458; invention of paper, 459; transcribers and booksellers, ib. note ^x; rarity and dearness of books, 460; recovery of classical manuscripts, 461; eminent labourers in this field, 462, 463; revival of the study of Greek, 465, 466; state of learning in Greece, 466; services rendered by the mediæval Greeks, 467-469 and notes; opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, 470; fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, ib.; invention of printing, 471; first books issued from the press, ib.; first printing presses in Italy, 472; elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, 474-476; Dr. Maitland's views thereon, 476-479; earliest use of the English language in public documents, 484-486.

Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212; the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214; participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336; Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215; cessation of national assemblies, 218; assemblies of the barons, 219; the cours plénières, 220; limitation of the king's power, 221; substitutes for legislative authority, ib.; ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222; general legislation, when first practised, ib.; increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes, 223, 224; convocation of the States-General, 224; constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279; Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and note; prerogatives of the crown, 410; custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412. See Justice, Parliament, States-General.

Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 note ^p.

Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11; his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122; Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.

Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182 and note ^x.

Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363; devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364. See Papal Power.

Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3; its king killed in battle, 4; its union with Castile, 9.

Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.

Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. 460, 461, and notes.

Literature. See Learning.

Lollards, rise of the, iii. 388; their resemblance to the Puritans, 389.

Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 and note ^t; extension of their dominions, ib.; defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9; their mode of legislating, 212; position of their Roman subjects, 295; progress of their cities, 365; frequency of wars between them, ib.; acquisition of territories by them, 368; democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369; destruction of Lodi by the Milanese, ib. and note ⁱ; courage of the citizens of Como, 370; exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities, ib.; siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372; efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372; destruction of Milan, 373; league of the Lombard cities, 374; defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375; peace of Constance, 376; their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377; their wars with Frederic II., 387; party nature of these struggles, 388; arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389; chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390; their papal supporters, ib.; causes of their success, 392; their means of defence, 394, 395; internal government of their cities, 395; revival of the office of podestà, 396; position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397; duties and disabilities of the podestà, 397, 398; their internal dissensions, 398, 399; artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400; vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401; inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results, 402; effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404; moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409; the Visconti in Lombardy, 464. See Visconti.

Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established by the banishment of, ii. 325.

London, early election of the magistrates of, iii. 219; its municipal divisions, 220; its first lord mayor, 221; not exclusively a city of traders, 223; its extent and population, ib.; comparison with Paris, 224.

Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.

Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his father, i. 15; his jealousy of his half-brother, 16; territories allotted to him, 16, 17, and notes ^{o, p}; cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.

Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 and note ^p; failure of his scheme of succession, 72; the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195 note ^g.

Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85; his contest with the popes, 234; he aids the Visconti, 235; he dies unabsolved, 236.

Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14; his cruelty to his nephew, ib.; his character, 15; associates his sons in power with him, ib.; his second marriage and its consequences, 16; enmity of the clergy against him, ib.; his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239, note ^h; his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156; he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii. 295 note ^x.

Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his father, i. 15; share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.

Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles from, i. 126.

Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128; Fulk's saucy retort, iii. 286 note ^e.

Louis V., i. 18, 128.

Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24; his contests with the Norman princes, 25; his participation in judicial matters, 244 note ^c.

Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25; confirms the rights of the clergy, 27; joins in the second crusade, 38; his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.

Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29; issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.

Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30; revolt of the barons against him, ib.; excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32; undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32; his superstition, 33 and note; he embarks in the crusades, 33; calamitous results of his first crusade, 41; his second expedition and death, ib.; his Establishments, 222, 224, 244; his open-air administrations of justice, 244; the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 and note; his submissiveness to the church, 226; his restraint on the church holding land, 227 and note.

Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45; treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46; his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202; he renounces certain taxes, 227.

Louis XI., accession of, i. 86; his character and policy, 86, 87; bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88; and then deprives him of it, 89; grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90; his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, and notes; and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, and notes; his last sickness and its terrors, 96; his belief in relics, 97 and note; court boast relative to his encroachments, 235; civic liberty encouraged by him, 352; he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255; his people oppose the repeal, ib.; his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258, note ^c.

Louis XII. See Orleans.

Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.

Louis of Anjou adopted by Joanna of Naples, i. 487; his death, 488.

Louis II. of Anjou and Naples, accession of, i. 488; subdued by Ladislaus, ib.

Louis III. of Anjou and Naples called in by Joanna II., i. 489; his doubtful prospects, and death, 491.

Lucius II. (pope), cause of the death of, i. 416.

Luna (Alvaro de), influence exercised by, ii. 16; disgraced and beheaded, 17; law on which his opponents relied, 38.

Luna (Antonio de) assassinates the archbishop of Saragossa, ii. 41.

Luna (Frederic count of) claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41; care taken of his interests by the court, ib.

Luna (Peter de). See Benedict XIII.

Lupus Servatus, literary performances of, iii. 475 note ^a.

Luxemburg (John of), execution of prisoners of war by, i. 84; betrays Joan of Arc to the English, ib. note ^f.

Magna Charta. See England.

Mahomet the prophet. See Mohammed.

Mahomet II. attacks the Venetians, i. 493; his success, 495; failure of his assault upon Belgrade, ii. 106; he captures Constantinople, 136; unrealised schemes for his expulsion, 136, 137; his European successes and reverses, 138; Æneas Sylvius's odd proposal, ib. note.

Mandats and their abuses, ii. 212.

Manfred, brave retention of the imperial throne by, i. 392; killed, 406.

Manicheans. See Religious Sects.

Manners. See Chivalry, Domestic Life, Learning, Superstition.

Manufactures. See Trade.

Manuscripts. See Learning.

Marcel (magistrate of Paris), why assassinated, i. 232.

March (Roger, earl of) opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56; his significant policy, 57; his popularity with the parliament, 65; his exclusion from the throne, 82, 194; clemency of Henry V. towards him, 194.

Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI., iii. 98; consequences of her impolicy, 194, 197. See Henry VI.

Mariner's compass, tradition of the invention of the, iii. 332, 333.

Maritime laws of early times, iii. 333; prevalence of piracy, 334; law of reprisals, 335.

Marriages, capricious decrees of the popes concerning, ii. 208; dispensations and their abuses, ib.

Martin (prince of Aragon) marries the queen of Sicily, i. 490; his death, ib.

Martin (king of Aragon) succeeds to his son's Sicilian dominions, i. 490; contests for the Aragonese throne at his death, ii. 39.

Martin V. elected pope, ii. 246; he convokes the council of Pavia, 247; his anger at the English statute of præmunire, 251, note ^y; his concordat with England, 251; powers reserved to him by the German concordats, 252, 253; rejection of his concordat by France, 254.

Mary of Burgundy. See Burgundy.

Matilda (countess) bequeaths her dominions to Rome, i. 380.

Matthias Corvinus. See Corvinus.

Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy, i. 96; becomes king of the Romans, ii. 89 and notes; ascends the German throne, 94; he extinguishes the robber-nobles, 96; institutes the Aulic council, 99; extent of the empire at his accession, 100.

Mayor of the palace, importance of the office of, i. 6, 113-115, 157. See Charles Martel, Pepin Heristal, Ebroin.

Medici (Salvestro de') proposes to mitigate the severity of the law in Florence, i. 434; rise of his family, 498; character of Giovanni, ib. and note; banishment and recall of Cosmo, 499; his death: his son Piero, 500; death of Julian: popularity and princely career of Lorenzo, 501; his bankruptcy repaired at the cost of the state, 502 and note ^q; his title to esteem, 503.

Mendicant friars, first appearance of the, ii. 205; success of their preachings, 206; their extensive privileges, 206, 207, and notes.

Mercenary troops. See Military Systems.

Merovingian dynasty, character of the times during which it ruled, i. 5; chronological sketch of its career, 118-120.

Middle ages, period comprised under the term, iii. 269.

Milan, resolute conduct of the people of in the choice of a bishop, i. 366 and note ^y; its siege by Frederic I., 372; destruction of the city, 373; its statistics in the 13th century, 393; its public works, 394; creation of the duchy of Milan, 412; lax conduct of the Milanese clergy, ii. 187, note ^g. See Lombards.

Military systems of the middle ages. character of the English troops at Crecy, Poitiers, and Azincourt, i. 55, 77; disadvantages of feudal obligations in long campaigns, 262; substitution of mercenaries, 264; Canute's soldiers, and his institutes respecting them, 264 and note ^g; the mercenaries of the Anglo-Norman kings, 265; advantages of mercenary troops, ib.; high rate of pay to English soldiers, 77 and note ^t, 266; establishment of a regular force by Charles VII., 267; military resources of the Italian cities, 467; importance of their carroccio, 467 and note ^d; their foreign auxiliaries, 468; arms and armour, 469 and note ^k; citizens excused from service, 469; companies of adventurers: Guarnieri's systematic levies, 471; spirited refusal of tribute by Florence, 472; Sir John Hawkwood's career [see Hawkwood]; eminent Italian generals and their services, 474, 475; probable first instance of half-pay, 475 and note ^u; small loss of life in mediæval warfare, 476, 477, and notes; long bows and cross bows, 477, 478; advantages and disadvantages of armour, 478; introduction of gunpowder, 479; clumsiness of early artillery and fire-arms, 480; increased efficiency of infantry, 481.

Mocenigo (doge), dying prophecy of, i. 465, 466, and note.

Moguls, ravages of the, ii. 131; their exploits under Timur, 133.

Mohammed, advent of, ii. 114; state of Arabia at the time, 115; dearth of materials for his history, ib. note; characteristics of his writings, 115, 116; his knowledge of Christianity whence derived, 116, note ^c; martial spirit of his system, 117, 118; career of his followers. See Abbassides, Moors, Ottomans, Saracens, Turks.

Monarchy in France, character of the, i. 217 note; means by which it became absolute, 223; its power of enacting laws unlimited, 229 note ^h.

Monasteries, cultivation of waste lands by, ii. 142; less pure sources of income, 144; their exemption from episcopal control, 168 and note ^f; preservation of books by them, iii. 292; extent of their charities, 302 and note; vices of their inmates, 303; their anti-social influence, 304; their agricultural exertions, 360 and note.

Money, high interest paid for, iii. 337; establishment of paper credit, 339 and note ^b; banks of Italy, 340; securities for public loans, 341; changes in the value of money, 366-369; comparative table of value, 370 note ^x; See Coining.

Montagu (minister of Charles VI.), arrest of, i. 68 note ^z.

Montfort (Simon de), heads the crusade against the Albigeois, i. 29.

Montfort (Simon de, earl of Leicester), his writs of summons to the towns of England, iii. 27.

Montfort (ally of Edward III.) obtains the duchy of Britany, i. 99.

Moors, successes of the Spaniards against the, ii. 3; victories of Alfonso VI., 5; Cordova taken from them, 9; its fabulous extent and wealth, ib. note ^m; cause of their non-expulsion from Spain, 10, 11.

Mosheim, error of, relative to Louis IX., i. 33 note ^z.

Mowbray (earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk), made lord appellant, iii. 72; he espouses the king's interest, 74; his quarrel with Bolingbroke and its results, 79, 80 and note ^z.

Municipal institutions of the Roman provincial cities, i. 338; importance of the office of defensor civitatis, 340; duties appertaining to it, 340; responsibilities of the decurions, 341; the senatorial orders, 342-344; civic position of the Frank bishops, 345; municipal government of the Frank cities, 345-347; corporate towns of Spain, 347; of France, 348; their struggles for freedom, 348, 349; early independence of the Flemish and Dutch cities, 349; origin of the French communes, 350, 351; growth of the burgages, 352; policy of Louis XI. relative to civic liberty, ib.; Italian municipalities, 353, 354 [see Lombards]; free cities of Germany [see Germany]. See Parliament, Towns.

Murder, gradation of fines levied as punishment for, amongst the Franks, i. 150, 151 and notes, 198 and note ^q, 281; rates of compensation amongst the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 275.

Naples subjugated by Roger Guiscard, i. 363, 364; contest for its crown between Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 406; murder of the rightful heir by Charles, 407; schemes relative to the severance of Sicily, 483 [see Sicily]; accession of Robert, 485; queen Joanna and her murdered husband, 486 and note ^q; Louis of Anjou and Charles III., 488; reign of Louis II., ib.; ambition of the young king Ladislaus, 489; his death, ib.; Joanna II., her vices and her favourites, 489, 490, and 491 note; career of Alfonso, 492 [see Alfonso V.]; invasion of the kingdom by John of Calabria, 494; his failure, ib.; Ferdinand secured on the throne, 495; his odious rule, 503.

Navarre, origin of the kingdom of, ii. 3, 4.

Neustria, extent of the dominions so termed, i. 6 note ^o; its peculiar features as distinguished from Austrasia, 118; when first erected into a kingdom, 119 and note; destruction of its independence, 120.

Nevil (lord) impeached by the commons, iii. 56.

Nicolas II. (pope), innovations introduced by, ii. 183.

Nobility, origin of, in France, i. 157, 158 and note, 189; privileges conferred on the class, 191; consequences of marriage with plebeians, 192; letters of nobility when first granted, 193; different orders, and rights belonging to each, 194; their gallows distinctions, ib. note ^c; their right to coin money, 205, 206; to levy private war, 207; characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312; excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424; turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13; contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92; rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95; their career, how checked, 95; source of the influence of the English nobility, iii. 165; their patronage of robbers, 169; German robber lords, 314; legislative province of the English nobility [see Parliament].

Norfolk (earl and duke of). See Bigod, Mowbray.

Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20; their plan of warfare, 21; sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22; their conversion and settlement in France, ib.; terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135; beneficial effects of their conversion, 135; their incursions into Italy, 363 and note ^m; successes of their leaders, 363, 364; their invasion of England [see England].

Nottingham (earl of). See Mowbray.

Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210; notable instances thereof, ib. note ^c.

Odo (archbishop). See Dunstan.

Oleron, laws of, iii. 334.

Ordeals, nature of, iii. 294, 295; stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda, 295 note ^y; instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii. 339 note ^b.

Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69 note ^c; loses his popularity, 70; his assassination and its probable causes, ib. and notes; commotions which ensued, 71, 72.

Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98; instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.

Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1; annihilation of their dominion, 8; Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.

Othman. See Ottomans.

Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.

Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.

Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382; enmity of the pope towards him, 384; its consequences, ii. 75; obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209; rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 and note ^f.

Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132; their European conquests, ib.; their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135; they capture Constantinople, 136; European alarm excited thereby, ib.; institution of the Janizaries, 137; suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.

Oxford university. See Learning.

Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.

Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.

Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. 331.

Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. 329. See Crusades.

Pandects, discovery of the, iii. 415.

Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159; preceded by the patriarchate, 160; character of Gregory I., 161; his wary proceedings, 162 and notes; convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and notes; effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and notes, 221; papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167; exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and note ^f; kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169; origin of excommunications, 170; helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171; interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172; further interference with regal rights by the popes, ib.; scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174; Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177; prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182; innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183; election and death of Alexander II., 184; career of Gregory VII. [see Gregory VII.]; contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188; Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, ib.; papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and notes; abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193; papal legates and their functions, 194; Alexander III. and Thomas à Becket, 195; career of Innocent III. [see Innocent III.]; height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202; promulgation of the canon law, 203; its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and notes; establishment of the mendicant friars, 205; dispensations of marriage, 208 and notes; dispensations from oaths, 210; encroachments on episcopal elections, 211; and on rights of patronage, 212; mandats and their abuse, ib.; the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and note; pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216; clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218; progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221; opposition thereto by England, 223 and notes; faint opposition of France, 225; career of Boniface VIII. [see Boniface VIII.]; decline of the papacy, 232; removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233; its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234; growing resistance to the popes, 236; rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237; participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238; independent conduct of England, ib. and notes; return of the popes to Rome, 240; contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., ib.; the two papal courts, 242; three contemporary popes, ib.; proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243 [see Councils]; reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251; effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253; papal encroachments in Castile, 254; restraints thereon in France, 254-256; further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and notes; decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259; despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 note. See Church, Clergy, Monasteries.

Paper from linen, when invented, iii. 459 and note ^y.

Paris, seditions at, i. 66; defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and notes; their fear of the Normans, 134; population of the city in early times, iii. 224; See Parliament of Paris.

Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and note ^r; their slow growth, 145.

Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. 4; right by which the spiritual peers sit, 4, 5, 122; earls and barons, 5, 6; theories of Selden and Madox, 6-9; tenants in chief in parliament, 10, 11; first germ of representation, 11, 12 and note ^a; county representation, 12; parliaments of Henry III., 13, 14 and notes; knights of the shire, how elected, 15-19; first summoning of towns to parliament, 27 and note ^s; question of an earlier date discussed, 28-30 and notes; the parliament of Acton Burnell, 31 note ^e; the Barnstaple petition, 32; cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, 35-37; division of parliament into two houses, 37; proper business of the house of commons, 38; complaint of the commons in 1309, 40; rights established by them, 42; their struggle with the king relative to taxation, 42-47; concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, 48; distinction between statutes and ordinances, 49-52; interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, 53, 54; right to inquire into public abuses, 54; increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., 58; their protests against lavish expenditure, 59-61; success of their demands for accounts, 61; boldness of their remonstrances, 62-64; they aid the duke of Lancaster, 65 note ^t; their charges against the earl of Suffolk, 67, 68; submission of Richard to their demands, 69-71; they come to an understanding with him, 73, 74; they fall under his displeasure, 75; servility of their submission, 76-78; necessity for deposing Richard, 80; cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, 82, 83; rights acquired by the commons during his reign, 83; their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, 84; their exclusive right of taxation, 84-86; their right of granting and controlling supplies, 86; and to make same depend in redress of grievances, 86, 87; establishment of their legislative rights, 87-88; falsification of their intentions how accomplished, 88-90; their first petition in English, 90; introduction of bills, public and private, 91, 92; legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, 92 note ^h; parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, 93; limitations laid on Henry IV., 93, 94; re-establishment of a good understanding with him, 95; harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, 96; parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, 97; their right to impeach ministers, 98; Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, 99; assertion of the privilege of parliament, 100; cases of Lark and Clerke ib.; principles involved in Thorp's case, 101; infringements on liberty of speech, 102; privilege of originating money-bills, 103-106; the three estates of the realm, 105 note ^b; course of proceeding on other bills, 106, 107; instance of excess of privilege, 108; contested elections and proceedings thereon, 109, 110; county franchise, in whom vested, 111 and note; representation of towns, 111, 112; partial omission of boroughs, 113, 114 and notes; reluctance of boroughs to send members, 115; in whom the right to vote was vested, 116, 117 and note ^m; status of the members, 117; exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, 118; members originally compelled to be residents, 118, 119; election irregularities and crown interference, 120, 121; constitution of the house of lords, 121; qualification of spiritual barons, 122; barons by writ, 123-126 and notes; distinction between barons and bannerets, 126-129; creation of peers by statute and by patent, 129, 130; clergy summoned to send representatives, 131-138; remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the council, 140-142.