INDEX. (continued 2)

Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248; progress of its jurisdiction, 250; enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251; its spirited conduct in reference thereto, ib.; interference of the kings with its privileges, 251; establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252; its claims on the respect of posterity, ib.; important ordinance of Charles V., iii. 152 note ^t.

Paschal II. (pope), opposition to investitures by, ii. 187 note ⁱ, and 189 note ^o; his animosity against Henry IV. of Germany, 188.

Pastoureaux. See Superstitions.

Paulicians. See Religious Sects.

Pauperism, slavery chosen as a refuge from the miseries of, i. 328.

Pecock (bishop), character of, iii. 389 note ⁱ.

Peers of England. See Nobility, Parliament.

Peers of France, original constitution of the, i. 249.

Pelagius II. and the bishop of Arles, ii. 164.

Pembroke (William, earl of), resolute defiance of Henry III. by, iii. 164.

People, state of the, temp. Charlemagne and his successors, i. 18, 19, et seq.; their lawlessness, iii. 307; their general immorality, ib.

Pepin Heristal, usurpation of supremacy by, i. 7; his influence over the destinies of France, 117; he restores the national council, 215.

Pepin (son of Charles Martel) deposes Childeric III., i. 8; ascends the throne, ib.; subdues the Lombards, 9; his legislative assemblies, 215.

Perjury, prevalence of, in the middle ages, iii. 309.

Perrers (Alice). See Edward III.

Peter the Great compared with Charlemagne, i. 13.

Peter the Cruel, succession of crimes perpetrated by, ii. 14; his apologists, ib. and note; his discomfiture and death, 15.

Peter the Hermit. See Crusades.

Peter II. of Aragon surrenders his kingdom to the pope, ii, 200, 231.

Peter III of Aragon assists John of Procida, i. 483; he accepts the crown of Sicily, 484.

Peter IV. of Aragon, character and reign of, ii. 39; consequences of his attempts to settle the crown on his daughter, ib.

Petrarch on the state of France in 1360, i. 59, note; his extravagant views relative to Rome, 418, note; his personal characteristics, iii. 449 and note ^e; his great popularity, 450; his goldsmith host, ib. note ^f; his passion for Laura, 451; character of his poetry, 452 and note; his efforts for the preservation of manuscripts, 461; was Laura married or single? 482-484.

Philip Augustus, accession of, i. 26; he cites John king of England before him, ib.; deprives the English crown of its French possessions, 27; joins in the third crusade, 40; his request to an abbot relative to coinage, 206; pope Gregory's menaces towards him, ii. 192; his fear of Innocent III., 197; takes back his repudiated wife, 199.

Philip III. (the Bold), accession of, i. 42; his conduct towards the archbishop of Lyons, 45; he taxes the clergy, ii. 219 note ^h.

Philip IV. (the Fair), accession of, i. 43; policy adopted by him, ib.; his resentment against the English king, ib. note; his fraudulent conduct towards him, 44; successful resistance of the Flemings against his attacks, 44 and note ^a; his further acquisitions, 44; and siege of Lyons, 45; claims a right to debase the coin, 206 note ^q; his character according to Guizot, 224 note; he convokes the States-General, 225 and note; his motives in embodying the deputies of towns, 226; he taxes the clergy, ii. 228; he arrests the pope's legate, 230; he burns the pope's bulls, ib.; retaliation of the pope, 231; his stratagem against the pope, 232; its consequences, ib.

Philip V. (the Long), assumption of the regency of France by, i. 45; violates his treaty with his brother's widow, 46; Salic law confirmed in his reign, 48 decrees the abolition of serfdom, 202; result of his attempt at an excise on salt, 228.

Philip VI. (of Valois) regency and coronation of, i. 48; sketch of his character, 53; his debasements of the coin, 228.

Philip of Suabia elected emperor of Germany, ii. 75; his assassination, ib.

Phocas, supposed concession to the popes by, ii. 162 note ^s.

Pickering (Sir James), tenor of a speech made by, iii. 59.

Piedmont, comparative obscurity of the history of, i. 390 note.

Piracy, temptations to the practice of, iii. 334; difficulty of repressing it, 335.

Pisa, early naval and commercial importance of, i. 441; her wars with Genoa, 442; her reverses and sale to Florence, 443; effect of the crusades on her prosperity, iii. 329.

Pisani (Vittor) defeated by the Genoese, and imprisoned by the Venetians, i. 445; his triumphant recall from prison, 446.

Pius II. See Æneas Sylvius.

Podestà, peculiarities of the office of, i. 397, 398.

Podiebrad (George), vigorous rule of Bohemia by, ii. 104; suspected of poisoning Ladislaus, 106 note ^c.

Poggio Bracciolini, services of, in the revival of learning, iii. 463.

Poitiers, battle of. See Edward III.

Poland, polity of, not based on feudality, i. 187.

Pole (Michael de la, earl of Suffolk), succeeds Scrope as chancellor, iii. 66; refusal of Richard II. to dismiss him, 67; his impeachment and sentence, 68; subsequent proceedings relative to him, 72.

Porcaro, revolt and death of, i. 419.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255; repealed by Louis XI., ib.; its popularity with the people, ib.; liberties secured by it, 256.

Pragmatic Sanction of S. Louis, enactment of the, ii. 214 and note.

Prague university, opposition of the nobles to the institution of, ii. 102 note ^t; fate of its rector, ib.

Precarious, origin of the adjective, ii. 147 note ^d.

Prerogative of the kings of England, observations on the, iii. 147, 257-260. See English Constitution.

Prices of commodities, iii. 368-370.

Printing, invention of, iii. 471; first books printed, ib.; Italian presses, 472. See Learning.

Protadius, oppressive conduct of, i. 114.

Provence annexed to the French dominions, i. 100; note upon its history, 101.

Public weal, origin of the war of the, i. 85; object of its chiefs, 87, 88 and note ⁿ; their fate, 89.

Punishments amongst the Franks for murder, i. 150, 151 and notes, 198 and note ^q, 281; amongst the Burgundians, 151 and note ^s.

Purveyance, oppressive operation of the prerogative of, iii. 148, and 149 note.

Races, turbulence of the Carlovingian period ascribed to the antipathy between, i. 128-134.

Rachimburgii, the, i. 214; difference between them and the Scabini, 216 note ^z.

Ravenna, conquest and reconquest of. i. 8, 9.

Raymond VI. (count of Toulouse) excommunicated by Innocent III., i. 28; reverses of his son Raymond, 29.

Regencies, rule in France relative to, i. 68 and note ^a; instances of regencies in England, and principles deducible therefrom, iii. 184-190.

Religious sects, moral improvement accelerated by the growth of, iii. 378; tenets of the Manicheans and Paulicians, 378, 379 and notes; the Albigenses, and controversies respecting them, 380, 381 and note; origin of the Waldenses, 382, 383 and notes; morality of their life, 384 note ^b; Manicheism of the Albigenses, 385; persecutions at Oxford, ib. and note; secret readings of the scriptures, 386; persecutions for witchcraft, ib. note; permissions and prohibitions concerning the sacred writings, 387; continued spread of heresies, 388; strictnesses of Lollardism, 389; schism of the Hussites, 389, 390 and note ^m.

Representation of the towns. See Parliament, States-General.

Representative legislation, first germ of, i. 216. See Parliament.

Revenues of the kings of France, how derived, i. 208-212. See Taxation.

Richard I., non-success of, against Philip Augustus, i. 26; joins with Philip in the crusades, 40; his prowess; terror excited by his name, ib. and note ^t; his refusal relative to the right of private war, 207 note ^t; his submission to the pope, ii. 197; deposition of his chancellor, 325; enactment of the laws of Oleron imputed to him, iii. 334; his character as a troubadour, 439 and note ^k.

Richard II. loses ground in France, i. 64, 65; his coronation, iii. 58; his council during his minority, ib.; his struggles with parliament, 62-64; sketch of his character, 65; his dependence on favourites, 66; his refusal to dismiss de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, 67; determined conduct of the commons towards him, 67, 68; he yields to their demands, 69; his further attempts at independent rule, 73; his complaint against the commons, 75; their submission, 76; his seizure of the duke of Gloucester and other arbitrary acts, 77-79; necessity for his deposition, 80; progress of the constitution during his reign, 83; extent of his malpractices relative to the raising of money, 84, 85; his attack upon Haxey, 76, 102.

Richard (earl of Cornwall), chosen emperor of Germany, ii. 76; absurdity of the choice, 77.

Richard (duke of York). See York.

Richer (a mediæval historian), degree of value due to the testimony of, i. 130.

"Riding the city," meaning of the phrase, i. 429.

Rienzi (Nicola di), sudden accession to power of, i. 417; his exile, recall, and death, 418; Petrarch's enthusiasm towards him, ib. note.

Robert of Artois, impolitic act of forgery committed by, i. 47 note ^k.

Robert of Gloucester, and other metrical writers, iii. 453.

Robert of Naples, wise rule of, i. 485; singular provision made by him, ii. 226 note ^x.

Robert (count palatine) supersedes Wenceslaus as emperor of Germany, ii. 87.

Robertson (the historian), value of his treatise on private warfare, i. 207 note ^t.

Rochelle, patriotism of the citizens of, i. 63.

Roderick the last of the Goths, credibility of the legend relative to, ii. 62-65.

Rodolph of Hapsburg elected emperor of Germany, ii. 81; Austria conferred upon his son, ib.; his ascendency in Switzerland, 107.

Rollo of Normandy, conversion of, i. 22.

Romance language, ascendency in the Frank dominions of the, i. 131. See Learning.

Romano (Eccelin da). See Eccelin.

Rome, subversion of the empire of, i. 1; its division by barbarous races, ib.; portion which remained subject to it, 2; partition of its provinces amongst their conquerors, 146, 275-278; its municipal institutions, 339, 340; its internal state in the tenth century, 358; infamous conduct of candidates for the papal chair, 359; execution of the consul Crescentius, 359 and note; schemes of Innocent III. for aggrandizing the holy see, 381, 382; increase of the temporal authority of the popes, 414; the Roman orator and Frederic Barbarossa, 415 and note; expulsion of popes by the citizens, 416; the senators and their jurisdiction, ib.; mutual animosities of the nobles, 417; rise and fall of Rienzi, ib., 418; transient revival of the republican spirit, 418; miscarriage of Porcaro's revolutionary projects, 419. See Papal Power.

Romeo and Juliet, parallel to the story of, i. 402 and note.

Saint Bathilda, character of, i. 112.

Saint Boniface. See Winfrid.

Saint Denis, sum paid for redeeming the abbot of, i. 22.

Saint John of Jerusalem, knights of, i. 40; their saint, who he was, ib. note ^r; their enormous possessions, ib. and note ^s.

Saint Louis. See Louis IX.

Saint Medard, parentage of, i. 296.

Saint Pol (count of), anecdote of, i. 84 note ^f; executed on the scaffold, 89; anecdote of his distrust of Louis XI, 97 note.

Saint Wilfrid, historical service rendered by, i. 112.

Saints, great addition to the calendar of, in the time of Clovis and his sons, i. 111; historical value of their lives, ib.; extent of their title to canonization, 112, 113.

Saladin, conquest of Jerusalem by, i. 40.

Salic lands, characteristics of, i. 147-149 and notes.

Salic law, circumstances which led to the confirmation of the, i. 47, 48; date of its enactment, 278, 279; its incompleteness as a code, 280.

Sancho the Great bestows Castile on his second son, ii. 4; he incorporates Naxara, 6.

Sancho IV. assassinates Don Lope, ii. 13; clerical encroachments encouraged by, 220 note ^r.

Sanctuary, institution of the privilege of, iii. 302.

Saracens, expulsion of the, from France, i. 7 and note ^q; their inroads upon Italy, 19 and note ^u; Eudon's great victory over them, 116; their conflicts with the Christians [see Crusades]; they conquer Spain, ii, 2; encroachments of the Christians on their territories, 3; mainspring of their heroism, 117; their eastern conquests, 119; their triumphs in the west, ib.; effect of their successes, ib.; their internal dissensions, 121. See Crusades, Moors.

Saragosa taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Sardinia conquered by the Pisans, i. 441; its cession to the king of Aragon, 443.

Saxons, obstinate resistance to Charlemagne by the, i. 10; enormous number beheaded by him, 13; true cause of their wars with the Franks, 120; their early kings, 303. See Anglo-Saxons.

Scabini, representative character of the, i. 216; difference between them and the Rachimburgii, ib. note ^z; their functions, 238 and note ^g.

Scanderbeg, protracted opposition to the Turks by, ii. 138.

Scandinavia and her Sea Kings, ii. 271.

Sclavonians, territories occupied by the, i. 19.

Scotus (Duns), notices of, iii. 427, 428 note ⁱ, 429.

Scotus (John), an exception to the ignorance of his times, iii. 290 and note ^r; character of the philosophy introduced by him, 430 note ^p.

Scrope (lord steward), answers to the commons by, iii. 60; cause of his dismissal from office, 66.

Serfdom and villenage, distinctive features of, i. 197-200. See Villeins.

Servitude enforced upon the cultivators of the soil in the middle ages, i. 328, 329; contrary hypothesis of M. Guérard, 329-331.

Sforza Attendolo, rise to distinction of, i. 481; his tactics relative to the crown of Naples, 489, 490.

Sforza (Francesco), powerful position achieved by, i. 483; becomes duke of Milan, ib.; joins in the quadruple league, 493; his policy towards Naples, 504; accession and assassination of his son Galeazzo, 496; policy of Ludovico Sforza, ib.; he directs the French king's attention towards Naples, 505; short-sightedness of his views, ib.

Sheriffs, partiality of, in elections, iii. 113; how originally appointed, 120 and note ^y.

Sicily, conquest of, by Roger Guiscard, i. 363; its subsequent fortunes, 378; its rebellion against Charles of Anjou, 483; the Sicilian Vespers, 484 and note; opposition of the Sicilians to Charles II. of Naples, 484; settlement of the crown on Frederic, 485; Sicilian possessions of the Chiaramonti, 490; union of Sicily with Aragon, ib.

Sigismund elected emperor of Germany, ii. 87 and note ^g; his safe-conduct violated, 102; acquires the crown of Hungary, 104; his conduct at the council of Constance, 249.

Silk manufacture established in Palermo, iii. 331.

Silvester II. (pope), scientific acquirements of, iii. 290, 291 note.

Simony. See Church, Clergy.

Slavery, existence of, in ancient times, i, 197; its features amongst the Franks, 198 and note ^q; voluntarily submitted to from superstitious motives, 199; edicts for its abolition, 202; submitted to by the poor for subsistence sake, 328; Venetian and English slave-trading, iii. 316 and note ^d.

Society, state of. See Architecture, Chivalry, Clergy, Feudal System, Learning, Superstition, Trade, Villenage.

Sorel (Agnes), examination of the story of, i. 80 note ^z.

Southey's Joan of Arc, eulogium of a French writer upon, i. 143.

Spain, character of the Visigothic kingdoms in, ii. 1; its conquest by the Saracens, 2; kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Castile, 3, 4; reverses of the Saracens, 5; chartered towns, 6, 7, 8; establishment of military orders, 8; non-expulsion of the Moors, 10; its probable cause, 11; Alfonso X. and his shortcomings, 12; frequent defection of the nobles, 13; Peter the Cruel, 14; accession of the Trastamare line, 15; disgrace and execution of Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17; contests after Henry IV.'s death, 18; constitution of the national councils, 19; composition of the Cortes, 21; its trade relations with England, iii. 327. See Aragon, Castile, Cortes.

Spelman (Sir Henry), remarkable mistake of, i. 166 note ⁿ.

Sports of the field, popularity of, iii. 309; addiction of the clergy thereto, 310; evils attendant thereon, 311.

States-General of France, memorable resistance to taxation by the, i. 66; convoked by Philip IV., 225, 226; probability of their earlier convocation canvassed, ib. note; Philip's politic reasons for summoning them, 226; extent of their rights as to taxation, 227, 228 and notes; their resolute proceedings in 1355 and 1356, 228; their protest against the debasement of the coin, 230 and notes; disappointment occasioned by their proceedings in 1357, 231; they compel Charles VI. to revoke all illegal taxes, 232; effect of their limited functions, 233; theoretical respect attached to their sanction, 234; provincial estates and their jurisdiction, ib.; encroachments of Louis XI., 235; the States-General of Tours, 236; means by which their deliberations were jeopardized, ib.; unpalatable nature of their remonstrances, 237.

Stephen (king), cruel treatment of the people in his reign, ii. 319 note.

Stratford (archbishop), circumstances attending the trial of, iii. 205.

Succession to kingly and other dignities. See Hereditary Succession.

Suevi, part of the Roman empire held by the, i. 1.

Suffolk (duke of), impeachment of, iii. 99.

Suffolk (earl of). See Pole.

Sumptuary laws, enactment and disregard of, iii. 343, 344 and notes.

Superstition, learning discouraged by, iii. 274; its universal prevalence, 293; instances of its results, 294; ordeals, 294, 295 and notes; fanatical gatherings: the White Caps, 296; the Pastoureaux, ib.; the Flagellants, 297; the Bianchi, 298; pretended miracles, and their attendant evils, 298, 299; miracles ascribed to the Virgin, 300 and note; redeeming features of the system, 301; penances and pilgrimages, 306, 307. See Religious Sects.

Surnames, introduction of, i. 190.

Sweden, semi-feudal custom in, relative to military service, 188 note ^g.

Swineford (Katherine), proceedings relative to the marriage of, iii. 74, 75.

Switzerland, early history of, ii. 107; ascendency of Rodolph, ib.; expulsion and defeat of Albert and Leopold, 108, 109; formation of the Swiss confederation, 109; indomitable heroism of the Swiss, 111; their military excellence, ib.; failure of Maximilian's attempt to subjugate them, 112.

Syagrius, Roman provinces governed by, i. 2; defeated by Clovis, ib. and 106.

Taborites, fanaticism and courage of the, ii. 103; iii. 390.

Tacitus, general accuracy of the descriptions of, i. 273; qualifications necessary to be observed touching his account of the Germans, 274.

Tartars. See Moguls.

Taxation, remarks on the philosophy of, i. 68; clumsy substitutes for taxes in the middle ages, 208; arbitrary course adopted by Philip Augustus, 212; conditions annexed by the States-General to a grant of taxes, 230; Philip de Comines on taxation, 236; taxes under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 321, 322 and notes. See States-General.

Temple, knights of the. See Knights Templars.

Tenure of land under the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans, ii. 293-301, 406-410. See Feudal System.

Teutonic knights, establishment of the order of, i. 40.

Theodebert, story of the wife of, iii. 306 note ^u.

Theodoric, disregard of learning by, iii. 275.

Thierry (son of Clovis), territories possessed by, i. 4, and 5 note.

Timur, conquering career of, ii. 133.

Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144; Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and notes; origin of lay impropriators, 148; note relative to the subject, 263.

Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Torriani. See Visconti.

Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27 and note ^r; their fall, 29. See Raymond VI.

Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256; considerations on the causes of such grants, ib. 257; privileges of incorporated towns, 258; their relationship towards the crown, 259-261; independence of maritime towns, 261; chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6; their privileges and duties, 7, 8; cause of their importance, 20; cities of Germany [see Germany]; cities of Italy [see Florence, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Venice].

Towns of England, progress of the, iii. 19; Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, 20 note ^r; conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, 21; incorporation of towns by charter, 22 and notes; curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, 23 note ^b; prosperity of the towns, 24; early importance and populousness of London, 24, 25 and notes; participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, 26; first summoning of towns to parliament, 27. See Municipal Institutions.

Trade and commerce, mediæval non-existence of, iii. 313; barriers to their progress, ib. 314; extent of foreign commerce, 315; home traffic in slaves 316 and note ^d; woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings relative thereto, 318-323 and notes; opening of the Baltic trade, 324; growth of English commerce, 325; opulence of English merchants, ib. 326; increase of maritime traffic, 326-328; commercial eminence of the Italian states, 328-330 and notes; invention of the mariners' compass, 332, 333; compilation of maritime laws, 333; frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, 334; practice of reprisals, 335, 336 and notes; liability of aliens for each other's debts, 336; trade profits and rates of interest, 337; price of corn and cattle, 368.

Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and notes; abolished by St. Louis, 244.

Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288; early modes of trial, 386-388; abolition of trial by ordeal, 390; difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392; original functions of juries, ib.; origin of the modern system, 402-404; character of the early system, 405.

Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. 434-436.

Troyes, conditions of the treaty of, i. 76 and note.

Turks, Italian fears of the, i. 495; triumphant progress of their arms, ii. 127; their defeat by the crusaders and Alexius, 128; their settlement under Othman, 132; war declared against them at Frankfort, 136; the Janizaries, 137. See Ottomans.

Tuscany (Boniface, marquis of), flogged for simony, ii. 181 note ^q.

Tuscany, league of the cities of, i. 382; espousal of the papal cause, ib. 389; progress of its cities. See Florence.

Uladislaus crowned king of Hungary, ii. 105; violates his treaty with the Turks, ib.; its fatal results, ib.

Urban II., encouragement of the crusades by, i. 34; he succeeds Gregory VII., ii. 187; his concession to the kings of Castile, 190.

Urban V. retransfers the papal court to Avignon, ii. 240.

Urban VI. aids Charles of Durazzo in his designs on Joanna of Naples, i. 487; sanctions perjury towards heretics, ii. 210 note ^c; his contest with Clement VII., 240; validity of his election, 241.

Urgel (count of), lays claim to the crown of Aragon, ii. 40, 41; rejection of his pretensions, 42; consequences of his unwise resort to arms, ib.

Usury treated as a crime, iii. 337, 339 note ^c.

Valencia, constitution of the kingdom of, ii. 57.

Valentinian III., authority of the holy see extended by, ii. 161.

Vandals, portions of the Roman empire possessed by the, i. 1.

Vase of Soissons, story of the, i. 155; principle involved in the anecdote, 301, 302 and note ^p.

Vassals and Vassalage. See Feudal System.

Vavassors, privileges attaching to the rank of, i. 194 and note ^b; their manorial courts, 219.

Venice, conflicts of, with Genoa, i. 444; defeat of her admiral by the Genoese, 445; insolence of the latter towards her ambassadors, 446; successful tactics of her doge, 447; triumph of her fleet, 448; her alleged early independence, 452; her subjection to the emperors, 453 and note ⁿ; her Dalmatian and Levantine acquisitions, 454; her government: powers of the doge, 455; the great council, 456; criminal jurisdiction, how exercised, 457; checks to undue influence on the part of the doge, 458; singular complication in ballots for the dogeship, 459; Marin Falieri's treason, 460; the council of ten and its secret proceedings, 460, 461; exclusion of the nobles from trade, 461 note ^y; Venetian form of government not entitled to high admiration, 462, 463 and note; territorial acquisitions of Venice, 464; prophecy of the doge Mocenigo, 465, 466 and note; Venetian conquests under Carmagnola, 466; wars of the republic with Mahomet II., 493, 495.

Verdun, treaty of, i. 16; its results, 17 and notes.

Vere, favouritism of Richard II. towards, iii. 66; his funeral, 74.

Verona, seized by Francesco da Carrara, i. 464.

Vienna, Æneas Sylvius's florid description of, iii. 345 note ^u.

Villani (John) falls a victim to the plague, i. 57 note.

Villeins and villenage: conditions of villeins, i. 199; consequences of their marriage with free persons, 200, and 201 note ^b; privileges acquired by them, 201, 202 and notes; their obligations, 331; their legal position in England, 333; villenage never established in Leon and Castile, ii. 6; question of its existence among the Anglo-Saxons, 276; dependence of the villein on his lord, iii. 171; condition of his property and children, 172 and note ^b; legal distinctions, 172 and notes; difficulties besetting the abolition of villenage, 173; gradual softening of its features, 174-176; merger of villeins into hired labourers, 177; effects of the anti-poll-tax insurrection, 181; disappearance of villenage, 181, 182; elucidatory notes on the subject, 260-264.

Virgin, absurd miracles ascribed to the, iii. 300 note.

Visconti and Torriani families, rivalry of the, i. 409, 410; triumph of the Visconti, 410; their power and unpopularity, 411; their marriages with royalty, 412 and note ^e; tyranny of Bernabo Visconti, 439; Giovanni Visconti's brutality, ib.; his assassination, 466; Filippo Visconti's accession, ib.; his ingratitude to Carmagnola, ib.; his mistrust of Sforza, 482; his alliance with Alfonso, 492; quarrels of the family with the popes, ii. 235.

Visigoths, portions of the Roman provinces possessed by the, i. 1; conduct of their earlier rulers towards the catholics, 3 note ^f; their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146; their laws, how compiled, 151, 152 note ^z; difference between the Frank monarchy and theirs, ii. 1, 2.

Voltaire, limited knowledge of early French history by, i. 213 note ^p.

Wages, futility of laws for the regulation of, iii. 178. See Labourers.

Waldenses. See Religious Sects.

Wales, causes of the turbulent state of, iii. 169 note.

Walworth, and Philpot made stewards of a subsidy (temp. Richard II.), iii. 59; allegations relative to their stewardship, 60.

Wamba (king of the Visigoths), question of his deposition discussed, ii. 156.

War, private, exercise of the right of, i. 207; by whom checked and suppressed, ib. and note ^t; its prevalence amongst the German nobles, ii. 95, 96.

Warna, circumstances which led to the battle of, ii. 105.

Warwick (earl of), popularity of the, iii. 65; made a lord appellant, 72; banished by Richard II., 77.

Water-Ordeal. See Ordeals.

Wenceslaus, confirmed in the imperial succession, ii. 87; his deposition, ib.; he abets the league of the Rhine, 93.

Weregild, or compensation for murder. See Murder.

Wicliff (John), influence of the tenets of, ii. 252; iii. 179 and note ^t, 388, 389.

Widows in Burgundy, reason for the speedy remarriage of, i. 93 note ^x.

Wilfrid (bishop of Hexham), question involved in his appeal to the pope, ii. 164 note ^t.

William of Holland elected emperor of Germany, ii. 76.

William the Conqueror, separation of the ecclesiastical and civil tribunals by, ii. 222 and note ^a; position of England at its conquest by him, 302; his considerate treatment of Edgar, ib. note ^b; alleged inadequacy of the military forces of the Saxons, 303 note; their fruitless rebellions against him, 304 and notes; instances of his oppressive conduct, 305; his devastating clearances for forests, 311; and inhuman forest laws, 312 and note; his enormous revenues, 313; his feudal innovations, 314; his preservation of public peace and efforts to learn English, 315 and note; policy of his manorial grants, 317; tyranny of his government, 318.

Winchester, early opulence and populousness of, iii. 225.

Windsor castle, labourers for the erection of, how procured, iii. 150.

Winfrid (St. Boniface), importance of the ecclesiastical changes effected by, ii. 164.

Winkelried, the Swiss patriot, heroic death of, ii. 111.

Wisbuy, ordinances of, iii. 334 and note ^a.

Witchcraft, cruel treatment of persons charged with, iii. 385 note ^c.

Witikind, acknowledgment of Charlemagne's authority by, i. 10.

Witenagemot, bishops appointed by the, ii. 180; its characteristics, 279; how often assembled, 411, 412. See Anglo-Saxons.

Women, legal position of, in Italy during coverture, i. 152 note ^z; perils attending their marriage with slaves, 200 note ^a.

Woollen manufacture established in Flanders, iii. 318; impolitic regulations respecting it, 319 and note ^c; export of wool from England, 320; English woollen manufacture, 321; policy adopted towards the Flemings, ib. and note ^o; laws relative to the trade, 322; relations of England and Spain regarding it, 323 notes.

Worms, diet of. See Diet.

Wykeham (bishop of Winchester) invested with the great seal, iii. 73.

York (Richard, duke of) appointed protector to Henry VI., iii. 191; his claim to the throne, 194; his cautious policy 195.

Yorkists and Lancastrians, wars of the, iii. 197.

Zimisces (John), military exploits of, ii. 126.

Zisca (John), the blind hero, victories of the Bohemians under, i. 481; his exploits; enthusiasm of his followers, ii. 103.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.