Part 1 — GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I.

The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where fuller definitions of the words are given.

Abortive. Defective or barren; not producing seeds.

Abrupt base of leaf, 21.

Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end; even-pinnate, 20.

Acerose. Slender; needle-shaped, 20.

Acorn, 27.

Acuminate. Taper-pointed, 22.

Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle, 22.

Adventitious buds, 31.

Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other along the branch, 18.

Angulated. Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles.

Annual layer of wood, 13.

Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the pollen, 24.

Apetalous. Said of a flower which has no corolla, 25.

Apex. The point or summit, as the point of a leaf.

Apple-pome. A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, 27.

Appressed. Pressed close to the stem or other part, 19.

Ariled. Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes surrounding it, and attached to one end.

Aromatic. With an agreeable odor.

Arrangement of flowers, 26; of leaves, 18.

Astringent. That which contracts or draws together muscular fiber; the opposite of laxative.

Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, 21.

Awl-shaped. Like a shoemaker's curved awl; subulate, 21.

Awned. Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, 22.

Axil. The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, 14.

Axillary. Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf, 14, 26, 30.

Bark, 12.

Bases of leaves, 21.

Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the mass, 27.

Bipinnate. Twice-pinnate, 20.

Bladdery. Swollen out and filled with air.

Blade. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, 19.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit; usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows, 28.

Branch. A shoot or stem of a plant, 11.

Branching, general plan of, 29.

Branchlet. A small branch.

Bristle-pointed. Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, 22.

Bud. Undeveloped branch or flower, 30; forms of, 32; bud-scales, 31.

Bur. Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, 27.

Bush. A shrub, 11.

Calyx. The outer leafy part of a flower, 24.

Canescent. With a silvery appearance, 23.

Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line, 28.

Carpel. That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil; often shown by a single seed-bearing line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil, or as it had leaves at its origin.

Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers, 26, 28.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge.

Cleft. Cut to about the middle, 22.

Cluster. Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, 26.

Complete. Having all the parts belonging to an organ; a complete leaf has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, 19; a complete flower has calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, 24.

Compound. Composed of more than one similar part united into a whole; a compound leaf has more than one blade, 19.

Conduplicate. Folded on itself lengthwise, 33.

Cone. A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-tree, 28.

Conical. With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to a point; more slender than pyramidal.

Convolute. In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, 34.

Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, 21.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture or substance.

Corolla. The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral leaves, often grown together, 24.

Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme, 26.

Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth, 22.

Crenulate. Finely crenated, 22.

Crisped. Having an undulated or curled edge.

Cross-section of wood, 35.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, 21.

Cylindric. With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter.

Cyme. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first, 26.

Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, 23.

Decurrent leaf. A leaf which extends down the stem below the point of fastening.

Definite annual growth, 29.

Dehiscence. The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc.

Dehiscent. Opening in a regular way, 27, 28.

Deliquescent, 16, 29.

Deltoid. Triangular, 21.

Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward, 22.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the Lilac.

Dilated. Spreading out; expanding in all directions.

Diœcious. With stamens and pistils on different plants, 25.

Distichous. Two-ranked; spreading on opposite sides in one plane; as leaves, 18; or branches, 19.

Divergent. Spreading apart.

Divided. Separated almost to the base or midrib, 23.

Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several seeds, 27.

Dry drupe. Used when the material surrounding the stone is but slightly fleshy, 27.

Duration of leaves, 23.

Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval, 20.

Emarginate. With a notched tip, 22.

Endogenous. Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance of the stem, 12.

Entire. With an even edge; not notched, 22.

Enveloping organs. In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover the stamens and pistil, 25.

Essential organs. In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds; the stamens and pistil, 25.

Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the winter and till new ones appear, 23.

Excurrent. With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, 16, 29.

Exogenous. Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the surface, 11.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, 28.

Exstipulate. Without stipules, 19.

Extra-axillary buds, 30.

Fasciculated. In clusters or fascicles, 18.

Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib, 20.

Fibrous. Composed of fine threads or fibers.

Filament. The stalk of a stamen, 24; any thread-like body.

Flowering. Having flowers.

Flowers, 24; clusters of, 26; kinds of, 25.

Folding of leaves in the bud, 33.

Foliaceous. Like a leaf in texture or appearance.

Footstalk. The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower (peduncle).

Forms of leaves, 20.

Fruit, 24, 26.

Gamopetalous. Same as monopetalous, 25.

Glabrous. Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or any pubescence, 23.

Glands. Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or other products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on the Prickly-ash; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes on the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate small swellings, whether there is a secretion or not.

Glandular. Having glands. Glandular-hairy. With glandular-tipped hairs, 23.

Glaucous. Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, 23.

Globose. Spherical in form. Globular. Nearly globose.

Glutinous. Covered with a sticky gum.

Hairy. Having rather long hairs, 23.

Halberd-shaped, 21.

Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.

Heart-shaped. Ovate, with a notched base; cordate, 21.

Heart-wood, 13, 35.

Herbaceous. Without woody substance in the stem; like an herb; soft and leaf-like.

Hybrid. An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of the other.

Imbricated. Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof, 28.

Incised. Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf.

Incurved. Gradually curving inward.

Indefinite annual growth, 30.

Indehiscent. Not splitting open.

Inflexed. Bent inward, 33.

Involucre. A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of flowers, or fruit, 27.

Involute. Rolled inward from the edges, 34.

Irregular. Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized, shaped, or colored pieces, 25.

Kernel. The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit.

Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, 28.

Kidney-shaped. Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal notch somewhat rounded.

Lacerated. With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn.

Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes; slashed.

Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape, 21.

Leaf, 17; arrangement of leaves, 18; bases of, 21; forms of, 20; kinds of, 19; margins of, 22; parts of, 19; points of, 22; veining, 19.

Leaflet. A separate blade of a compound leaf, 20.

Leafstalk. The stem of a leaf; petiole, 19.

Legume. A pea-like pod, 28.

Lensform. Lenticular. Thickest in the center, with the edges somewhat sharp; like a double-convex lens.

Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, 20.

Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number, 22.

Lobed. Having lobes along the margin, 22.

Margin of leaves, 22.

Medullary rays, 13.

Membranous. Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, 23.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf, 19.

Monœcious. With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant, 25.

Monopetalous. With the corolla more or less grown together at the base; gamopetalous, 25.

Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point, 22.

Multiple roots, 9.

Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, 20.

Netted-veined. With branching veins, forming a network as in the leaves of most of our trees, 20.

Node. The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, 18.

Nut. A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, 27.

Nutlet. A small nut.

Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, 21, 22.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, 21.

Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel, 20.

Oblique. Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, 21.

Obovate. A reversed ovate, 21.

Obovoid. A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller end.

Obscurely. Not distinctly; usually needing a magnifying-glass to determine.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at tip, 22.

Obvolute, 34.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet, 20.

Once-pinnate. A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets along the central stem, 19.

Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, 18.

Orbicular. Circular in outline, 20.

Oval. Broadly elliptical, 20.

Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds.

Ovate. Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near the stem, 21.

Overlapping. One piece spreading over another.

Ovoid. Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg.

Ovules. The parts within the ovary which may form seeds, 25.

Palmate. A compound leaf, with the leaflets all starting from the end of the petiole, 19.

Palmately lobed, 22.

Palmately veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, starting from the base, 20.

Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.

Pappus. The down, hairs, or teeth on the end of the fruit in Compositæ, as the thistle-down.

Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved, 20.

Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or midrib, 23.

Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster, 26.

Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a cluster, 26.

Pellucid. Almost or quite transparent.

Peltate. Applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk is attached within the margin on the side.

Pendent. Hanging downward, 28.

Pendulous. Hanging or drooping.

Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamen and pistil, 25.

Petal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower, 25.

Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf, 19.

Petiolate. Said of a leaf which has a stem, 20.

Pinnæ. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the stem, 19.

Pinnately lobed, 22; Pinnate-veined, 20.

Pinnatifid. A leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate manner, 23.

Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower, 25.

Pistillate. A flower with pistil but no stamens, 25.

Pith, 12.

Plicate. Folded like a fan, 34.

Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea, 28.

Points of leaves, 22.

Pollarding trees, 31.

Pollen. The dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther, 24.

Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals, 25.

Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells, 27.

Preparation of a collection, 35.

Pressing plants, 36.

Prickles. Sharp, spine-like elevations on the bark, leaf or fruit, 28.

Primary root, 10.

Pubescent. Hairy or downy, especially with fine soft hairs or pubescence, 23.

Pulp. The soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry.

Punctate. With translucent glands, 23.

Pyramidal. With sloping sides like a pyramid, but with a circular base; broad-conical.

Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the peduncle, 26.

Radial section of wood, 35.

Radiating ribs. The ribs of a leaf when several start together at or near the base. A leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or palmately veined, 20.

Rapier-shaped. Narrow, pointed, and curved like a sword.

Recurved or reflexed. Bent backward, 28.

Regular. Said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on all sides, 25.

Repand. Wavy-margined, 22.

Retuse. With a slightly notched tip, 22.

Revolute. Rolled backward, as the edges of many leaves, 22, 34.

Ribbed. With prominent ribs, often somewhat parallel.

Ribs. The strong veins of a leaf, 19.

Root, 9.

Rugous. Having an irregularly ridged surface, 23.

Samara. A winged fruit; a key fruit, 28.

Sap-wood, 13.

Scabrous. Rough or harsh to the touch, 23.

Scale-shaped, 21.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranous, 23.

Scattered leaves, 18.

Secondary roots, 10.

Section of wood, 35.

Seedling. A young plant raised from a seed.

Seeds, 25.

Sepal. A division of a calyx, 25.

Serrate. Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward, 22.

Serration. A tooth of a serrated edge.

Serrulate. Finely serrate, 22.

Sessile. Without stem; sessile leaf, 20; sessile flower, 26.

Sheath. A tubular envelope.

Shoot. A branch.

Shrub. A bush-like plant; one branching from near the base, 11.

Silver grain. Medullary rays, 13, 36.

Simple leaf. One with but a single blade, 19.

Sinuate. With a margin strongly wavy, 22.

Sinuation. One of the waves of a sinuate edge.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip.

Spike. An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile.

Spine. A sharp, rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem; sometimes applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be considered as prickles, 28.

Spinescent or spiny. Having spines, 22, 23.

Spray. A collection of small shoots or branches of a plant.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower, 24.

Staminate. Said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil, 25.

Stellate. Branching, star-like.

Stems and branches, 11.

Stipules. Small blades at the base of a leafstalk, 19.

Straight-veined. Feather-veined with the veins straight and parallel, 20.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.

Sub. A prefix applied to many botanical terms, and indicating nearly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped, 21.

Succulent. Thick and fleshy, 23.

Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant.

Surface of leaves and fruit, 23.

Tangential section of wood, 35.

Tapering. Gradually pointed; gradually narrowed, 21.

Tap-root. A simple root with a stout tapering body, 9.

Terete. Cylindric, but tapering as the twigs of a tree.

Terminal. Belonging to the extremity of a branch, as a terminal bud, 14; or terminal flower-cluster, 26.

Texture of leaves, 23.

Thyrsus. A compact, much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster, 26.

Tomentose. Covered with matted, woolly hairs, 23.

Toothed. With teeth or short projections.

Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground, 11.

Truncate. With a square end as though cut off, 22.

Twice-pinnate. Applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pinnate manner, 20.

Twice-serrate, 22. Twice-crenate, 22.

Two-ranked. Applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two ranks on opposite sides of a stem, 18; also applied to spray when it branches out in one plane, 19.

Umbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length, and starting from the same point, 26.

Umbellate. Like an umbel.

Valvate. Touching edge to edge, 28.

Veining of leaves, 19.

Veinlets. The most minute framework of a leaf, 19.

Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf, 19.

Wedge-shaped. Shaped like a wedge; cuneate, 21.

Whorl. In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant, 18.

Wings. A blade or leaf-like expansion bordering a part, as a fruit or stem, 28.

Winged. With wing-like membranes.

Winter study of trees, 29.

Wood, 12.