APPENDIX
Reading edition
APPENDIX IDENTIFICATION KEYS TO TREE GROUPS AND FAMILIES
A KEY TO NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREENS
A. Leaves few, in sheathed bundles, set spirally on the twig.
THE PINES.
AA. Leaves solitary, set spirally on the twig.
B. Twigs with bracket-like projections for attachment of leaves; cones hanging down.
C. Leaves flat, blunt, with short stalks.
The Hemlocks.
CC. Leaves angled, sharp, without stalks.
The Spruces.
BB. Twigs smooth; cones standing erect.
The Firs.
A KEY TO THE PINES
A. Sheaths of leaf-bundles soon shed; wood soft, pale.
SOFT PINES.
B. Needles, 5 in a bundle.
C. Cones, 5 to 8 inches long; Eastern.
White Pine.
CC. Cones, 12 to 18 inches long; Western.
Sugar Pine.
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BB. Needles fewer than 5 in a bundle; Western.
Nut Pines.
AA. Sheaths of leaf-bundles not soon shed; wood hard, heavy, dark, resinous.
HARD PINES.
B. Needles, 3 in a bundle.
C. Length of needles, 8 to 18 inches; cones, 6 to 10 inches.
Longleaf Pine.
CC. Length of needles, 6 to 9 inches; cones, 3 to 5 inches.
Loblolly Pine.
CCC. Length of needles, 3 to 5 inches; cones, 1 to 3 inches.
Pitch Pine.
BB. Needles, 2 in a bundle; Northern.
C. Length of needles, 4 to 6 inches; cones 2 inches.
Red Pine.
CC. Length of needles, 1 to 3 inches; cones, 2 to 3 inches.
Jersey Pine.
BBB. Needles, 2 or 3 in a bundle; Southern.
C. Length of needles, 3 to 5 inches; cones, 1 to 3 inches.
Shortleaf Pine.
CC. Length of needles, 8 to 12 inches; cones, 3 to 6 inches.
Cuban Pine.
A KEY TO THE SCALE-LEAVED EVERGREENS
A. Seeds borne in a woody cone; twigs flattened, leaves minute.
Arbor Vitae. White Cedar.
AA. Seeds borne in a fleshy, blue berry; leaves scale-like or spiny, or both.
Juniper. Red Cedar.
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A KEY TO THE NUT TREES
A. Nuts in a husk that opens when ripe.
B. Husk opens in four divisions.
C. Surface of husk, spiny.
D. Nut three-angled, small, two in a husk.
Beech.
DD. Nut rounded, or flattened, 2 or 3 in a husk.
Chestnut.
CC. Surface of husk not spiny.
Hickories.
BB. Husk opens in three divisions.
Horse-chestnuts and Buckeyes.
BBB. Husk opens in two divisions; spiny.
Chinquapin.
A. Nuts in a husk that does not open when ripe.
B. Shape of nut, globular; surface, smooth.
Black Walnut.
BB. Shape of nut, oblong; surface, clammy.
Butternut.
A KEY TO THE GROUPS OF OAKS
A. Acorns, annual; bark usually pale; leaves with rounded lobes, not spiny-pointed.
The White Oak Group.
AA. Acorns, biennial; bark usually dark; leaves with spiny-pointed lobes.
The Black Oak Group.
A KEY TO THE WHITE OAK GROUP
A. Leaves evergreen; Southern tree.
Live Oak.
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AA. Leaves not evergreen.
B. Lining of leaves pale, not downy; lobes finger-like.
White Oak.
BB. Lining of leaves pale, downy.
C. Bark of branches corky-ridged; acorn large, in fringed cup.
Bur Oak.
CC. Bark of branches shed in rough flakes; acorns large, on long stalks.
Swamp White Oak.
CCC. Bark of branches not corky-ridged, nor scaly.
D. Acorn medium-sized; leaf margins cut into squarish lobes.
Post Oak.
DD. Acorn large; leaf margins wavy; bark dark brown.
Chestnut Oak.
A KEY TO THE BLACK OAK GROUP
A. Leaves narrow, willow-like; Southern tree.
Willow Oak.
AA. Leaves oval, with deeply-cleft margins.
B. Acorn cups, shallow, broader than high.
C. Tree pyramidal, twigs with pin-like spurs.
Pin Oak.
CC. Tree spreading; acorns large, in shallow saucers.
Red Oak.
BB. Acorn cups as deep as broad.
C. Leaves thin, smooth, deeply cut; acorn cup drawn in at the top.
Scarlet Oak.
CC. Leaves leathery, rough, with rusty hairs beneath; acorn cup not drawn in at the top.
Black Oak.
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A KEY TO THE ELMS
A. Twigs smooth, not hairy-coated.
B. Bark of branches not corky-ridged.
American Elm.
BB. Bark of branches corky-ridged.
Winged Elm. Wahoo.
AA. Twigs hairy-coated.
B. Bark of branches corky.
Cork Elm. Rock Elm.
BB. Bark of branches not corky; buds coarsely hairy.
Slippery Elm.
A KEY TO THE MAPLES
A. Leaves simple.
B. Bloom before the leaves open; seeds ripe in May.
C. Flowers red; leaves pale beneath, with three triangular lobes.
Red Maple.
CC. Flowers greenish; leaves pale beneath, deeply cleft, with long, spiny lobes.
Silver Maple.
BB. Bloom after the leaves open; seeds ripe in autumn.
C. Leaves wider than long; lobes spiny-tipped.
D. Lining of leaves, pale; keys joined at acute angle.
Sugar Maple.
DD. Lining of leaves, not pale; keys joined at wide angle.
Norway Maple.
CC. Leaves circular, lobed; tree prostrate.
Vine Maple.
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CCC. Leaves about as wide as long; trees small.
D. Bark striped with white lines; flowers and seeds in dense, pendant clusters.
Striped Maple.
DD. Bark not striped; flowers and seeds in pendant clusters.
Mountain Maple.
AA. Leaves compound, of 3 to 7 leaflets.
Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
A KEY TO THE WILLOWS
A. Twigs long, drooping.
Weeping Willow.
AA. Twigs erect.
B. Leaves white beneath.
C. Twigs yellow in spring; leaves narrow.
Golden Osier Willow.
CC. Twigs reddish in spring; leaves broad.
Pussy Willow.
BB. Leaves not white beneath; heart-shaped frill at base of leaf stem.
Black Willow.
A KEY TO THE LOCUSTS
A. Leaves simple; flowers rosy.
Redbud.
AA. Leaves compound.
B. Trees thorny.
C. Thorns simple, paired, at bases of leaves; pods small, thin.
Black Locust.
CC. Thorns often branched, clustered; pods large, curved.
Honey Locust.
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BB. Trees not thorny.
C. Pods thick; limbs clumsy; leaves twice compound.
Kentucky Coffee Tree.
CC. Pods thin, small; limbs not clumsy; leaves once compound.
Yellow-wood. Virgilia.
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