INDEX TO VOLUME III.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Abdominal muscles, 675

Abdominal pore, 626, 749

Acipenser, development of, 102; affinities of, 118; comparison of gastrula of, 279; pericardial cavity of, 627;

Actinotrocha, 373

Air-bladder of Teleostei, 77; Lepidosteus, 117; blood supply of, 645; general account of, 763; homologies of, 766;

Alciope, eye of, 480

Alisphenoid region of skull, 569

Alimentary canal and appendages, development of, 754

Alimentary tract of Ascidia, 18; Molgula, 22; Pyrosoma, 24; Salpa, 31; Elasmobranchii, 52; Teleostei, 75; Petromyzon, 93, 97; Acipenser, 110; Amphibia, 129, 136; Chick, 167; respiratory region of, 754; temporary closure of oesophageal region of, 759;

Allantois, development of in Chick, 191, 198; blood-vessels of in Chick, 193; Lacerta, 205, 209; early development of in Rabbit, 229; of Guinea-pig, 264; origin of, 309. _See also_ ‘Placenta’ and ‘Bladder’

Alternation of generations in Ascidians, origin of, 35; in Botryllus, 35; Pyrosoma, 36; Salpa, 36; Doliolum, 36;

Alytes, branchial chamber of, 136; yolk-sack of, 139; branchiæ, 141; Müllerian duct of, 710;

Amblystoma, ovum of, 120; larva of, 142, 143;

Amia, ribs of, 561

Ammocoetes, 95; metamorphosis of, 97; eye of, 498;

Amnion, early development of in Chick, 185; later history of in Chick, 196; Lacerta, 204, 210; Rabbit, 229; origin of, 307, 309;

Amphibia, development of, 120; viviparous, 121; gastrula of, 277; suctorial mouth of, 317; cerebellum of, 426; infundibulum of, 431; pineal gland of, 433; cerebrum of, 439; olfactory lobes of, 444; nares of, 553; notochord and its sheath, 548; vertebral column of, 554; ribs of, 561; branchial arches of, 574; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 582; columella of, 582; pectoral girdle of, 605; pelvic girdle of, 607; limbs of, 619; heart of, 638; arterial system of, 645; venous system of, 655; excretory system of, 707; vasa efferentia of, 711; liver of, 769; postanal gut of, 774; stomodæum of, 778;

Amphiblastula larva of Porifera, 344

Amphioxus, development of, 1; gastrula of, 275; formation of mesoblast of, 292; development of notochord of, 293; head of, 314; spinal nerves of, 461; olfactory organ of, 462; venous system of, 651; transverse abdominal muscle of, 673; generative cells of, 748; liver of, 769; postanal gut of, 772; stomodæum of, 777;

Amphistylic skulls, 578

Angular bone, 594

Anterior abdominal vein, 653

Anura, development of, 121; epiblast of, 125; mesoblast of, 128; notochord of, 128; hypoblast of, 129; general growth of embryo of, 131; larva of, 134; vertebral column of, 556; mandibular arch of, 584;

Anus of Amphioxus, 7; Ascidia, 18; Pyrosoma, 28; Salpa, 31; Elasmobranchii, 57; Amphibia, 130, 132; Chick, 167; primitive, 324;

Appendicularia, development of, 34

Aqueductus vestibuli, 519

Aqueous humour, 497

Arachnida, nervous system of, 409; eye of, 481;

Area, embryonic, of Rabbit, 218; epiblast of, 219; origin of embryo from, 228; area opaca of Chick, 150; epiblast, hypoblast, and mesoblast of, 159; area pellucida of Chick, 150; of Lacerta, 202 area vasculosa of Chick, 194; mesoblast of, 160; of Lizard, 209; Rabbit, 228, 229;

Arteria centralis retinæ, 503

Arterial system of Petromyzon, 97; constitution of in embryo, 643; of Fishes, 644; of Amphibia, 645; of Amniota, 647;

Arthropoda, head of, 313; nervous system of, 409; eye of, 480; excretory organs of, 688;

Articular bone of Teleostei, 581; of Sauropsida, 588;

Ascidia, development of, 9

Ascidians. _See_ ‘Tunicata’

Ascidiozooids, 25

Atrial cavity of Amphioxus, 7; Ascidia, 18; Pyrosoma, 24;

Atrial pore of Amphioxus,7; Ascidia, 20; Pyrosoma, 28; Salpa, 32;

Auditory capsules, ossifications in, 595, 596

Auditory involution of Elasmobranchii, 57; Teleostei, 73; Petromyzon, 89, 92; Acipenser, 106; Lepidosteus, 114; Amphibia, 127; Chick, 170;

Auditory nerve, development of, 459

Auditory organs, of Ascidia, 15; of Salpa, 31; of Ammocoetes, 98; Ganoidei, 108, 114; of Amphibia, 127; of Aves, 170; general development of, 512; of aquatic forms, 512; of land forms, 513; of Coelenterata, 513; of Mollusca, 515; of Crustacea, 516; of Vertebrata, 517; of Cyclostomata, 89, 92, 518; of Teleostei, Lepidosteus and Amphibia, 518; of Mammalia, 519; accessory structures of, 527; of Tunicata, 528;

Auriculo-ventricular valves, 642

Autostylic skulls, 579

Aves, development of, 145; cerebellum of, 426; mid-brain of, 427; infundibulum of, 431; pineal gland of, 434; pituitary body of, 436; cerebrum of, 439; olfactory lobes of, 444; spinal nerves of, 449; cranial nerves of, 455; vagus of, 458; glossopharyngeal of, 458; vertebral column of, 557; ossification of vertebral column of, 558; branchial arches of, 572, 573; pectoral girdle of, 603; pelvic girdle of, 608; heart of, 637; arterial system of, 647; venous system of, 658; muscle-plates of, 670; excretory organs of, 714; mesonephros of, 715; pronephros of, 718; Müllerian duct of, 718, 720; nature of pronephros of, 721; connection of Müllerian duct with Wolffian in, 720; kidney of, 722; lungs of, 764; liver of, 769; postanal gut of, 774;

Axolotl, 142, 143; ovum of, 120; mid-brain of, 427; mandibular arch of, 583;

Basilar membrane, 524

Basilar plate, 565

Basipterygium, 612

Basisphenoid region of skull, 569

Bilateral symmetry, origin of, 373-376

Bile duct, 770

Bladder, Amphibia, 131; of Amniota, 726;

Blastodermic vesicle, of Rabbit, first development of, 217; of 7th day, 222; Guinea-pig, 263; meaning of, 291;

Blastoderm of Pyrosoma, 24; Elasmobranchii, 41; Chick, 150; Lacerta 202;

Blastopore, of Amphioxus, 2; of Ascidia, 11; Elasmobranchii, 42, 54, 62; Petromyzon, 87; Acipenser, 104; Amphibia, 125, 130; Chick, 153; Rabbit, 216; true Mammalian, 226; comparative history of closure of, 284, 288; summary of fate of, 340; relation of to primitive anus, 324;

Blood-vessels, development of, 633

Body cavity, of Ascidia, 21; Molgula, 21; Salpa, 31; Elasmobranchii, 47; of Teleostei, 75; Petromyzon, 94; Chick, 169; development of in Chordata, 325; views on origin of, 356-360, 377; of Invertebrata, 623; of Chordata, 624; of head, 676;

Bombinator, branchial chamber of, 136; vertebral column of, 556;

Bonellia, excretory organs of, 687

Bones, origin of cartilage bones, 542; origin of membrane bones, 543; development of, 543; homologies of membrane bones, 542; homologies of cartilage bones, 545;

Brachiopoda, excretory organs of, 683; generative ducts of, 749;

Brain, of Ascidia, 11, 15; Elasmobranchii, 56, 59, 60; Teleostei, 77; Petromyzon, 89, 92; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 113; early development of in Chick, 170; flexure of in Chick, 175; later development of in Chick, 176; Rabbit, 229; general account of development of, 419; flexure of, 420; histogeny of, 422;

Branchial arches, præoral, 570; disappearance of posterior, 573; dental plates of in Teleostei, 574; relation of to head cavities, 571; _See_ ‘Visceral arches’

Branchial chamber of Amphibia, 136

Branchial clefts, of Amphioxus, 7; of Ascidia, 18, 20; Molgula, 23; Salpa, 32; of Elasmobranchii, 57, 59-61; Teleostei, 77; Petromyzon, 91, 96; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 114, 116; Amphibia, 132, 133; Chick, 178; Rabbit, 231; præoral, 312, 318; of Invertebrata, 326; origin of, 326;

Branchial rays, 574

Branchial skeleton, development of, 572, 592; of Petromyzon, 96, 312, 571; of Ichthyopsida, 572; dental plates of in Teleostei, 574; relation of to head cavities, 572;

Branchiæ, external of Elasmobranchii, 61, 62; of Teleostei, 77; Acipenser, 107; Amphibia, 127, 133, 135;

Brood-pouch, of Salpa, 29; Teleostei, 68; Amphibia, 121;

Brown tubes of Gephyrea, 686

Bulbus arteriosus, of Fishes, 638; Amphibia, 639;

Bursa Fabricii, 167, 779

Canalis auricularis, 639

Canalis reuniens, 521

Capitellidæ, excretory organs of, 683

Carcharias, placenta of, 66

Cardinal vein, 652

Carnivora, placenta of, 250

Carpus, development of, 620

Cartilage bones of skull, 595; homologies of, 595;

Cat, placenta of, 250

Caudal swellings of Elasmobranchii, 46, 55; Teleostei, 72; Chick, 162, 170;

Cephalic plate of Elasmobranchii, 55

Cephalochorda, development of, 1

Cephalopoda, eyes of, 473-477

Cerebellum, Petromyzon, 93; Chick, 176; general account of development of, 424, 425;

Cerebrum of Petromyzon, 93, 97; Chick, 175; general development of, 429, 438; transverse fissure of, 443;

Cestoda, excretory organs of, 681

Cetacea, placenta, 255

Chætognatha, nervous system of, 349; eye of, 479; generative organs of, 743; generative ducts of, 749;

Chætopoda, head of, 313; eyes of, 479; excretory organs of, 683; generative organs of, 743; generative ducts of, 749;

Charybdæa, eye of, 472

Cheiroptera, placenta of, 244

Cheiropterygium, 618; relation of to ichthyopterygium, 621;

Chelonia, development of, 210; pectoral girdle of, 603; arterial system of, 649;

Chick, development of, 145; general growth of embryo of, 170; rotation of embryo of, 173; foetal membranes of, 185; epiblast of, 150, 166; optic nerve and choroid fissure of, 500;

Chilognatha, eye of, 481

Chilopoda, eye of, 481

Chimæra, lateral line of, 539; vertebral column of, 548; nares of, 533;

Chiromantis, oviposition of, 121

Chorda tympani, development of, 460

Chordata, ancestor of, 311; branchial system of, 312; evidence from Ammocoetes, 312; head of, 312; mouth of, 318; table of phylogeny of, 327;

Chorion, 237; villi of, 237, 257;

Choroid coat, Ammocoetes, 99; general account of, 487;

Choroid fissure, of Vertebrate eye, 486, 493; of Ammocoetes, 498; comparative development of, 500; of Chick, 501; of Lizards, 501; of Elasmobranchii, 502; of Teleostei, 503; Amphibia, 503; Mammals, 503, 504;

Choroid gland, 320

Choroid pigment, 489

Choroid plexus, of fourth ventricle, 425; of third ventricle, 432; of lateral ventricle, 442;

Ciliated sack of Ascidia, 18; Pyrosoma, 26; Salpa, 31;

Ciliary ganglion, 461

Ciliary muscle, 490

Ciliary processes, 488; comparative development of, 506;

Clavicle, 600

Clitoris, development of, 727

Clinoid ridge, 569

Cloaca, 766

Coccygeo-mesenteric vein, 661

Cochlear canal, 519

Coecilia, development of, 143; pronephros of, 707; mesonephros of, 709; Müllerian duct of, 710;

Coelenterata, larvæ of, 367; eyes of, 471; auditory organs of, 513; generative organs of, 741;

Columella auris, 529; of Amphibia, 582; of Sauropsida, 588;

Commissures, of spinal cord, 417; of brain, 431, 432, 439, 443;

Coni vasculosi, 724

Conus arteriosus, of Fishes, 638; of Amphibia, 638;

Coracoid bone, 599

Cornea, of Ammocoetes, 99; general development of, 495; corpuscles of, 496; comparative development of, 499; of Mammals, 499;

Coronoid bone, 595

Corpora geniculata interna, 428

Corpora quadrigemina, 428

Corpora striata, development of, 437

Corpus callosum, development of, 443

Corti, organ of, 522; structure of, 525; fibres of, 525; development of, 526;

Cranial flexure, of Elasmobranchii, 58, 60; of Teleostei, 77; Petromyzon, 93, 94; of Amphibia, 131, 132; Chick, 174; Rabbit, 231; characters of, 321; significance of, 322;

Cranial nerves, development of, 455; relation of to head cavities, 461; anterior roots of, 462-464; view on position of roots of, 466;

Crocodilia, arterial system of, 649

Crura cerebri, 429

Crustacea, nervous system of, 411; eye of, 481; auditory organs of, 515; generative cells of, 745; generative ducts of, 751;

Cupola, 524

Cutaneous muscles, 676

Cyathozooid, 25

Cyclostomata, auditory organs of, 517; olfactory organ of, 532; notochord and vertebral column of, 546, 549; abdominal pores of, 626; segmental duct of, 700; pronephros of, 700; mesonephros of, 700; generative ducts of, 733, 749; venous system of, 651; excretory organs of, 700;

Cystignathus, oviposition of, 122

Dactylethra, branchial chamber of, 136; branchiæ of, 136; tadpole of, 140;

Decidua reflexa, of Rat, 242; of Insectivora, 243; of Man, 245;

Deiter’s cells, 526

Dental papilla, 777

Dental capsule, 777

Dentary bone, 595

Dentine, 780

Descemet’s membrane, 496

Diaphragm, 631; muscle of, 676;

Dipnoi, nares of, 534; vertebral column of, 548; membrane bones of skull of, 592; heart of, 638; arterial system of, 645; excretory system of, 707; stomodæum of, 777;

Diptera, eye of, 481

Discophora, excretory organs of, 687

Dog, placenta of, 248

Dohrn, on relations of Cyclostomata, 84; on ancestor of Chordata, 311, 319;

Doliolum, development of, 28

Ductus arteriosus, 649

Ductus Botalli, 648

Ductus Cuvieri, 654

Ductus venosus Arantii, 663

Dugong, heart of, 642

Dysticus, eye of, 481

Ear, _see_ ‘Auditory organ’

Echinodermata, secondary symmetry of larva of, 380; excretory organs of, 689; generative ducts of, 752;

Echinorhinus, lateral line of, 539; vertebral column of, 548;

Echiurus, excretory organs of, 686

Ectostosis, 543

Edentata, placenta of, 248, 250, 256

Eel, generative ducts of, 703

Egg-shell of Elasmobranchii, 40; Chick, 146;

Elasmobranchii, development of, 40; viviparous, 40; general features of development of, 55; gastrula of, 281; development of mesoblast of, 294; notochord of, 294; meaning of formation of mesoblast of, 295; restiform tracts of, 425; optic lobes of, 427; cerebellum of, 425; pineal gland of, 432; pituitary body of, 435; cerebrum of, 438; olfactory lobes of, 444; spinal nerves, 449; cranial nerves of, 457; sympathetic nervous system of, 466; nares of, 533; lateral line of, 539; vertebral column of, 549; ribs of, 560; parachordals of, 567; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 576; pectoral girdle of, 600; pelvic girdle of, 607; limbs of, 609; pericardial cavity of, 627; arterial system of, 644; venous system of, 651; muscle-plates of, 668; excretory organs of, 690; constitution of excretory organs in adult of, 697; spermatozoa of, 747; swimming-bladder of, 763; intestines of, 767; liver of, 769; postanal gut of, 772;

Elæoblast of Pyrosoma, 28; Salpa, 30;

Elephant, placenta of, 249

Embolic formation of gastrula, 333

Enamel organ, 777

Endolymph of ear, 522

Endostosis, 543

Endostyle of Ascidia, 18, 759; Pyrosoma, 25; Salpa, 32;

Epiblast, of Elasmobranchii, 47; Teleostei, 71, 75; Petromyzon, 86; Lepidosteus, 112; Amphibia, 122, 125; Chick, 149, 166; Lacerta, 203; Rabbit, 216, 219; origin of in Rabbit, 221; comparative account of development of, 300;

Epibolic formation of gastrula, 334

Epichordal formation of vertebral column, 556

Epicrium glutinosum, 143

Epidermis, in Coelenterata, 393; protective structures of, 394;

Epididymis, 724

Epigastric vein, 653

Episkeletal muscles, 676

Episternum, 602

Epoophoron, 725

Ethmoid bone, 597

Ethmoid region of skull, 570

ethmo-palatine ligament of Elasmobranchs, 576

Euphausia, eye of, 483

Eustachian tube, of Amphibia, 135; Chick, 180; Rabbit, 232; general development of, 528;

Excretory organs, general constitution of, 680; of Platyelminthes, 680; of Mollusca, 681; of Polyzoa, 682; of Brachiopoda, 683; of Chætopoda, 683; of Gephyrea, 686; of Discophora, 687; of Arthropoda, 688; of Nematoda, 689; of Echinodermata, 689; constitution of in Craniata, 689; of Elasmobranchii, 690; constitution of in adult Elasmobranch, 697; of Petromyzon, 700; of Myxine, 701; of Teleostei,701; of Ganoidei, 704; of Dipnoi, 707; of Amphibia, 707; of Amniota, 713; comparison of Vertebrate and Invertebrate, 737;

Excretory system, of Elasmobranchii, 49; Teleostei, 78; Petromyzon, 95, 98; Acipenser, 99; Amphibia, 133;

Exoccipital bone, 595

Exoskeleton, dermal, 393-395; epidermal, 393-396;

External generative organs, 726

Extra-branchial skeleton, 572

Eye, of Ascidia, 16; Salpa, 31; Elasmobranchii, 56, 57, 58; Teleostei, 73; Petromyzon, 92, 98; Aves, 170; Rabbit, 229; general development of, 470; evolution of, 470, 471; simple, 480; compound, 481; aconous, 482; pseudoconous, 482; of Invertebrata, 471; of Vertebrata, 483; comparative development of Vertebrate, 497; of Ammocoetes, 497; of Tunicata, 507; of Chordata, general views on, 508; accessory eyes of Fishes, 509; muscles of, 677;

Eyelids, development of, 506

Falciform ligament, 757

Falx cerebri, 439

Fasciculi teretes, of Elasmobranchii, 426

Feathers, development of, 396

Fenestra rotunda and ovalis, 529

Fertilization, of Amphioxus, 2; of Urochorda, 9; Salpa, 29; Elasmobranchii, 46; of Teleostei, 68; Petromyzon, 84; Amphibia, 120; Chick, 145; Reptilia, 202; meaning of, 331;

Fifth nerve, development of, 460

Fifth ventricle, 443

Fins, of Elasmobranchii, 62; Teleostei, 78; Petromyzon, 94, 95; Acipenser, 109; Lepidosteus, 118; relation of paired to unpaired, 611, 612; development of pelvic, 614; development of pectoral, 615; views on nature of paired fins, 616;

Fissures of spinal cord, 417

Foetal development, 360; secondary variations in, 361;

Foot, 618

Foramen of Munro, 430, 438

Foramen ovale, 642

Fore-brain, of Elasmobranchii, 55, 59, 60; Petromyzon, 93; general development of, 428;

Formative cells, of Chick, 154

Fornix, development of, 443

Fornix of Gottsche, 428

Fourth nerve, 464

Frontals, 592

Frontonasal process of Chick, 179

Gaertner’s canals, 724

Gall-bladder, 770

Ganoidei, development of, 102; relations of, 118; nares of, 534; notochord of, 546; vertebral column of, 546, 553; ribs of, 561; pelvic girdle of, 606; arterial$ system of, 645; excretory organs of, 704; generative ducts of, 734;

Gastropoda, eye of, 472

Gastrula, of Amphioxus, 2; of Ascidia, 10; Elasmobranchii, 43, 44; Petromyzon, 86; Acipenser, 103; Amphibia, 123; comparative development of, in Invertebrata, 275; comparison of Mammalian, 291; phylogenetic meaning of, 333; ontogeny of (general), 333; phylogeny of, 338-343; secondary types of, 341;

Geckos, vertebral column of, 557

Generative cells, development of, 741; origin of in Coelenterata, 741; of Invertebrata, 743; of Vertebrata, 746;

Generative ducts, of Teleostei, 704, 735; of Ganoids, 704; of Cyclostomata, 733; origin of, 733; of Lepidosteus, 735, 750; development and evolution of, 748; of Coelenterata, 748; of Sagitta, 749; of Tunicata, 749; Chætopoda, Gephyrea, etc., 749; of Mollusca, 751; of Discophora, 751; of Echinodermata, 752;

Generative system of Elasmobranchii, 51

Gephyrea, nervous system of, 412; excretory organs of, 686; generative cells of, 743; generative ducts of, 749;

Germinal disc, of Elasmobranchii, 40; Teleostei, 68; Chick, 147;

Germinal epithelium, 746

Germinal layers, summary of organs derived from, in Vertebrata, 304; historical account of views of, 332; homologies of in the Metazoa, 345;

Germinal wall of Chick, 152, 159; structure and changes of, 160;

Geryonia, auditory organ of, 515

Gill of Salpa, 31

Giraldes, organ of, 725

Glands, epidermic, development of, 397

Glomerulus, external, of Chick, 716

Glossopharyngeal nerve, development of, 456, 457

Grey matter of spinal cord, 417; of brain, 423;

Growth in length of Vertebrate embryo, 306

Guinea-pig, primitive streak of, 223; notochord of, 226; placenta of, 242; development of, 262;

Gymnophiona, _see_ ‘Coecilia’

Habenula perforata, 525

Hairs, development of, 396

Halichærus, placenta of, 250

Hand, 619

Head, comparative account of, 313; segmentation of, 314;

Head cavities, of Elasmobranchii, 50; Petromyzon, 90, 96; Amphibia, 127; general development of, 676;

Head-fold of Chick, 157, 167

Head kidney, _see_ ‘Pronephros’

Heart, of Pyrosoma, 25; Elasmobranchii, 50, 58; Petromyzon, 94, 97; Acipenser, 106; Chick, 170; first appearance of in Rabbit, 230; general development of, 633; of Fishes, 635, 637; of Mammalia, 638; of Birds, 637, 639; meaning of development of, 637; of Amphibia, 638; of Amniota, 639; change of position of, 643;

Hind-brain, Elasmobranchii, 55, 59, 60; Petromyzon, 93; general account of, 424;

Hippocampus major, development of, 442

Hirudo, development of blood-vessels of, 633; excretory organs of, 688;

Horse, placenta of, 253

Hyaloid membrane, 492

Hylodes, oviposition of, 121; metamorphosis of, 137;

Hyobranchial cleft, 572

Hyoid arch, of Chick, 179; general account of, 572, 575; modifications of, 573, 577; of Elasmobranchii, 576; of Teleostei, 577; of Amphibia, 582; of Sauropsida, 588; of Mammalia, 589;

Hyomandibular bar of Elasmobranchii, 576, 577;786.png of Teleostei, 579; of Amphibia, 582;

Hyomandibular cleft, of Petromyzon, 91; Chick, 179; general account of, 572;

Hyostylic skulls, 582

Hypoblast of Elasmobranchii, 51; Teleostei, 71, 75; Petromyzon, 86; Acipenser, 104; Lepidosteus, 113; Amphibia, 122, 129; Chick, 151, 167; Lacerta, 203; Rabbit, 215, 216, 219; origin of in Rabbit, 220;

Hyposkeletal muscles, 675

Hyrax, placenta of, 249

Incus, 529, 590

Infraclavicle, 600

Infundibulum of Petromyzon, 92; Chick, 175; general development of, 430;

Insectivora, placenta of, 243

Insects, nervous system of, 410; eye of, 481; generative organs of, 745; generative ducts of, 751;

Intercalated pieces of vertebral column, 551

Interclavicle, homologies of, 602

Intermediate cell-mass of Chick, 183

Intermuscular septa, 672

Interorbital septum, 570

Interrenal bodies, 665

Iris, 489; comparative development of, 506;

Iris of Ammocoetes, 98

Island of Reil, 444

Jacobson’s organ, 537

Jugal bone, 594

Kidney, _see_ ‘Metanephros’

Labia majora, development of, 727

Labial cartilages, 597

Labium tympanicum, 525; vestibulare, 525;

Lacertilia, general development of, 202; nares of, 537; pectoral girdle of, 603; pelvic girdle of, 607; arterial system of, 649;

Lacrymal bone, 593

Lacrymal duct, 506

Lacrymal glands, 506

Læmargus, vertebral column of, 548

Lagena, 524

Lamina spiralis, 524

Lamina terminalis, 438

Larva of Amphioxus, 2; of Ascidia, 15-21; Teleostei, 81; Petromyzon, 89, 95; Lepidosteus, 117, 318; Amphibia, 134, 142; types of, in the Invertebrata, 363;

Larvæ, nature, origin, and affinities of, 360-386; secondary variations of less likely to be retained, 362; ancestral history more fully recorded in, 362; secondary variations in development of, 363; ontogenetic record of secondary variations in, 361; of freshwater and land animals, 362; types of, 362; phosphorescence of, 364; of Coelenterata, 367; table of, 365; of Invertebrata, 367 et seq.

Larynx, 766

Lateral line sense organs, 538; comparison of, with invertebrate, 538; development of, in Teleostei, 538; development of, in Elasmobranchii, 539;

Lateral ventricle, 438; anterior cornu of, 440; descending cornu of, 440; choroid plexus of, 443;

Layers, formation of, in Elasmobranchii, 41, 56; Teleostei, 71; Petromyzon, 85; Acipenser, 103; Lepidosteus, 111; Amphibia, 121; Chick, 150, 152; Lacerta, 202; Rabbit, 215-227; comparison of Mammalia with lower forms, 226, 289; comparison of formation of in Vertebrata, 275; origin and homologies of, in the Metazoa, 331;

Leech, _see_ ‘Hirudo’

Lemuridæ, placenta, 256

Lens, of Elasmobranchii, 57, 58; Petromyzon, 94, 99; Acipenser, 106; Lepidosteus, 115; Amphibia, 127; Chick, 177; of Vertebrate eyes, 485; general account of, 493; capsule of, 493; comparative development of, 499; of Amphibia, Teleostei, Lepidosteus, 499;

Lepidosteus, development of, 111; larva of, 117; relations of, 119; spinal nerves of, 455; ribs of, 561; generative ducts of, 704, 735; swimming-bladder of, 763;

Ligamentum pectinatum, 490

Ligamentum suspensorium, 557, 558

Ligamentum vesicæ medium, 239

Limbs, of Elasmobranchii, 59; Teleostei, 80; first appearance of in Chick, 184; Rabbit, 232; muscles of, 673; of Fishes, 609; relation of, to unpaired fins of Fishes, 611, 612; of Amphibia, 618;

Liver of Teleostei, 78; Petromyzon, 95, 96; Acipenser, 110; Amphibia, 130; general account of, 769;

Lizard, development of, 202; general growth of embryo of, 208; Müllerian duct of, 721;

Lizzia, eye of, 471

Lobi inferiores, 431

Lungs of Amphibia, 137; development of, 763; homology of, 766;

Lymphatic system, 664

Malleus, 529, 591; views on, 591;

Malpighian bodies, development of accessory in Elasmobranchs, 695

Mammalia, development of, 214; comparison of gastrula of, 291; cerebellum of, 427; infundibulum of, 431; pineal gland of, 434; pituitary body of, 436; cerebrum of, 439; spinal nerves of, 449; sympathetic of, 466; vertebral column of, 558; branchial arches of, 573, 574; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 589; pectoral girdle of, 604; pelvic girdle of, 608; heart of, 636; arterial system of, 647; venous system of, 661; muscle-plates of, 671; mesonephros of, 714; testicular network of, 724; urinogenital sinus of, 727; spermatozoa of, 747; lungs of, 765; intestines of, 768; liver of, 769; postanal gut of, 774; stomodæum of, 775;

Mammary gland, development of, 398

Man, placenta of, 244; general account of development of, 265; characters of embryo of, 270;

Mandibular arch of Elasmobranchii, 62, 576; Petromyzon, 91; Acipenser, 106, 116; Chick, 179; general account of, 572, 575; modification of to form jaws, 573, 575; of Teleostei, 580; of Amphibia, 582; Sauropsida, 588; Mammalia, 589;

Mandibular bar, evolution of, 311, 321

Manis, placenta of, 256

Marsupial bones, 608

Marsupialia, foetal membranes of, 240; cerebellum of, 426; corpus callosum of, 443; uterus of, 726;

Maxilla, 594

Meatus auditorius externus, of Chick, 181; development of, 527;

Meckelian cartilage, of Elasmobranchii, 576; of Teleostei, 581; of Amphibia, 584, 585; of Sauropsida, 588; of Mammalia, 590;

Mediastinum anterior and posterior, 630

Medulla oblongata, of Chick, 176; general development of, 425;

Medullary plate of Amphioxus, 4, 5; of Ascidia, 11; Elasmobranchii, 44, 47, 55; Teleostei, 72; Petromyzon, 88; Acipenser, 104; Lepidosteus, 111; Amphibia, 126, 127, 131; Chick, 159; Lacerta, 204; Rabbit, 223, 227, 228; primitive bilobed character of, 303, 317;

Medusæ, auditory organs of, 513

Membrana capsulo-pupillaris, 494, 504, 507

Membrana elastica externa, 546

Membrana limitans of retina, 491

Membrana tectoria, 522, 525

Membrane bones, of Amphibia, 582; of Sauropsida, 588; of Mammalia, 590; of mandibular arch, 593; of pectoral girdle, 599, 602; origin of, 592; homologies of, 593;

Membranous labyrinth, development of in Man, 519

Menobranchus, branchial arches of, 142

Mesenteron of Elasmobranchii, 43; Teleostei, 75; Petromyzon, 85; Acipenser, 104; Amphibia, 123, 124, 129; Chick, 167; general account of, 754

Mesentery, 626, 756

Mesoblast, of Amphioxus, 6; Ascidia, 17, 20; Pyrosoma, 24; Salpa, 30; Elasmobranchii, 44, 47; Teleostei, 75; Petromyzon, 86; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 113; Amphibia, 125, 128, 129; of Chick, 154, 167; double origin of in Chick, 154, 158, 159; origin of from lips of blastopore in Chick, 158; of area vasculosa of Chick, 160; Lacerta, 203; origin of in Rabbit, 218, 223; of area vasculosa in Rabbit, 227; comparative account of formation of, 292; discussion of development of in Vertebrata, 297; meaning of development of in Amniota, 298; phylogenetic origin of, 346; summary of ontogeny of, 349-352; views on ontogeny of, 352-360;

Mesoblastic somites, of Amphioxus, 6; Elasmobranchii, 48, 55; Petromyzon, 88; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 114; Amphibia, 129, 131; Chick, 161, 180; Rabbit, 228; development of in Chordata, 325; meaning of development of, 331; of head, 676

Mesogastrium, 758

Mesonephros, of Teleostei, 78, 702; Petromyzon, 95, 98, 700; Acipenser, 110, 705; Amphibia, 134, 708; Chick, 184, 714; general account of, 690; development of in Elasmobranchs 691; of Cyclostomata, 700; Ganoidei, 705; sexual and non-sexual part of in Amphibia, 710; of Amniota, 713, 724; summary and general conclusions as to, 729; relation of to pronephros, 731;

Mesopterygium, 616

Metagenesis of Ascidians, 34

Metamorphosis of Amphibia, 137, 140

Metanephros, 690; development of in Elasmobranchii, 697; of Amphibia, 712; of Amniota, 713; of Chick, 722; of Lacertilia, 723; phylogeny of, 736;

Metapterygium, 616

Metapterygoid, of Elasmobranchii, 576; of Teleostei, 581;

Metazoa, evolution of, 339, 342; ancestral form of, 333, 345;

Mid-brain, of Elasmobranchii, 55, 58, 59; Petromyzon, 92; general account of development of, 427;

Moina, generative organs of, 745

Molgula, development of, 22

Mollusca, nervous system of, 414; eyes of, 472; auditory organs of, 515; excretory organs of, 681;

Monotremata, foetal membranes of, 240; cerebellum of, 426; corpus callosum of, 443; cerebrum of, 443; urinogenital sinus of, 726;

Mormyrus, generative ducts of, 704

Mouth, of Amphioxus, 7; of Ascidia, 18; Pyrosoma, 27; Salpa, 31; Elasmobranchii, 57, 60, 61, 62; Petromyzon, 92, 94, 95, 99; Acipenser, 107; Lepidosteus, 118; Amphibia, 129, 132, 134; Rabbit, 231; origin of, 317;

Mouth, suctorial, of Petromyzon, 99; Acipenser, 107; Lepidosteus, 116, 317; Amphibia, 133, 141, 317;

Müllerian duct, 690; of Elasmobranchs, 693; of Ganoids, 704; of Amphibia, 710; of Aves, 717, 720; opening of into cloaca, 727; origin of, 733; summary of development of, 733; relation of to pronephros, 733;

Muscle-plates, of Amphioxus, 6; Elasmobranchii, 49, 668; Teleostei, 670; Petromyzon, 94; Chick, 183, 670; general development of, 669; of Amphibia, 670; Aves, 670; of Mammalia, 671; origin of muscles from, 672;

Muscles, of Ascidia, 11, 17; development of from muscle-plates, 672; of limbs, 673; of head, 676; of branchial arches, 678; of eye, 678;

Muscular fibres, epithelial origin of, 667

Muscular system, development of, 667; of Chordata, 668;

Mustelus, placenta of, 66

Myoepithelial cells, 667

Mysis, auditory organ of, 517

Myxine, ovum of, 100; olfactory organ of, 533; portal sinus of, 652; excretory system of, 701;

Nails, development of, 397

Nares, of Acipenser, 108; of Ichthyopsida, 534; development of in Chick, 535; development of in Lacertilia, 537; development of in Amphibia, 537;

Nasal bones, 592

Nasal pits, Acipenser, 108; Chick, 176; general development of, 531;

Nematoda, excretory organs of, 689; generative organs of, 745; generative ducts of, 752;

Nemertines, nervous system of, 311; excretory organs of, 681;

Nerve cord, origin of ventral, 378

Nerves, spinal, 449; cranial, 455-466;

Nervous system, central, general account of development of in Vertebrata, 415; conclusions as to, 445; sympathetic, 466;

Nervous system, of Amphioxus, 4; Ascidia, 15, 16; Molgula, 22; Pyrosoma, 24, 25; Salpa, 30, 31; Elasmobranchii, 44; Teleostei, 77; Petromyzon, 89, 93; Acipenser, 105; Amphibia, 126; comparative account of formation of central, 301; of Sagitta, 349; origin of in Coelenterata, 349; of præoral lobe, 377, 380; evolution of, 400-405; development of in Invertebrates, 406; of Arthropoda, 408; of Gephyrea, 412; Mollusca, 414;

Neural canal, of Ascidia, 10; Teleostei, 72; Petromyzon, 88; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 114; Amphibia, 126, 131; Chick, 166, 171; Lacerta, 208; closure of in Frog and Amphioxus, 279; closure of in Elasmobranchii, 284; phylogenetic origin of, 316;

Neural crest, 449, 456, 457

Neurenteric canal, of Amphioxus, 4, 5; Ascidia, 10; Elasmobranchii, 54; Petromyzon, 88; Acipenser, 105; Lepidosteus, 113; Aves, 162; Lacerta, 203, 206; general account of, 323; meaning of, 323;

Newt, ovum of, 120; development of, 125; general growth of, 141;

Notidanus, vertebral column of, 548; branchial arches of, 572;

Notochord of Amphioxus, 6; Ascidia, 11, 17; Elasmobranchii, 51; Teleostei, 74; Petromyzon 86, 94; Acipenser, 104; Lepidosteus, 113; Amphibia, 128, 129; Chick, 157; canal of, in Chick, 163; Lacerta, 204, 205; Guinea-pig, 226; comparative account of formation of, 292, 325; sheath of, 545; later histological changes in, 546; cartilaginous sheath of, 547; in head, 566; absence of in region of trabeculæ, 567;

Notodelphys, brood-pouch of, 121; branchiæ of, 140;

Nototrema, brood-pouch of, 121

Nucleus pulposus, 559

Oceania, eye of, 471

Occipital bone, 595

OEsophagus, solid, of Elasmobranchii, 61, 759; of Teleostei, 78;

Olfactory capsules, 571

Olfactory lobes, development of, 444

Olfactory nerves, Ammocoetes, 99; general development of, 464;

Olfactory organ, of aquatic forms, 531; Insects and Crustacea, 531; of Tunicata, 532; of Amphioxus, 532; of Vertebrata, 533; Petromyzon, 533; of Myxine, 533;

Olfactory sacks, of Elasmobranchii, 60; Teleostei, 73; Petromyzon, 92, 97; Acipenser, 106, 108; Lepidosteus, 116; Chick, 176;

Oligochæta, excretory organs of, 683

Olivary bodies, 426

Omentum, lesser and greater, 757

Onchidium, eye of, 478

Opercular bones, 593

Operculum, of Teleostei, 77; Acipenser, 107; Lepidosteus, 117, 118; Amphibia, 135;

Ophidia, development of, 210; arterial system of, 649; venous system of, 656;

Optic chiasma, 430, 493

Optic cup, retinal part of, 488; ciliary portion of, 489;

Optic lobes, 428

Optic nerve, development of, 492; comparative development of, 500;

Optic thalami, development of, 431

Optic vesicle, of Elasmobranchii, 57-59; Teleostei, 74, 499; Petromyzon, 89, 92; Acipenser, 106; Lepidosteus, 115; Chick, 170; Rabbit, 229; general development of, 429; formation of secondary, 487; obliteration of cavity of, 488; comparative development of, 499; of Lepidosteus and Teleostei, 499. _See also_ ‘Eye’

Ora serrata, 488

Orbitosphenoid region of skull, 570

Organs, classification of, 391; derivation of from germinal layers, 392;

Orycteropus, placenta of, 249

Otic process of Axolotl, 583; of Frog, 585 et seq.

Otoliths, 512

Oviposition, of Amphioxus, 1; Elasmobranchii, 40; Teleostei, 68; Petromyzon, 84; Amphibia, 121; Reptilia, 202;

Ovum, of Amphioxus, 1; Pyrosoma, 23; Elasmobranchii, 40; Teleostei, 68; Petromyzon, 83; Myxine, 100; Acipenser, 102; Lepidosteus, 111; Amphibia, 120; Chick, 146; Reptilia, 202; Mammalia, 214; of Porifera, 741; migration of in Coelenterata, 742; Vertebrata, 746;

Palatine bone, of Teleostei, 580; origin of, 594;

Pancreas, Acipenser, 110; general development of, 770;

Pancreatic cæca, of Teleostei, etc. 768

Papillæ, oral, of Acipenser, 108; Lepidosteus, 116;

Parachordals, 565, 566

Parasphenoid bone, 594

Parepididymis, 725

Parietal bones, 592

Paroophoron, 725

Parovarium, 725

Pectoral girdle, 599; of Elasmobranchs, 600; of Teleostei, 600; of Amphibia and Amniota, 601; comparison of with pelvic, 608;

Pecten, eye of, 479

Pecten, of Ammocoetes, 498; of Chick, 501; Lizard, 501; Elasmobranchs, 501;

Pedicle, of Axolotl, 484; of Frog, 485;

Pelobates, branchial apertures of, 136; vertebral column of, 556;

Pelodytes, branchial chamber of, 135

Pelvic girdle, 606; of Fishes, 606; Amphibia and Amniota, 607; of Lacertilia, 607; of Mammalia, 608; comparison with pectoral, 608;

Penis, development of, 727

Peribranchial cavity, of Amphioxus, 7; of Ascidia, 18; Pyrosoma, 24;

Pericardial cavity, of Pyrosoma, 26; Elasmobranchii, 49; Petromyzon, 94; general account of, 626; of Fishes, 627; of Amphibia, Sauropsida and Mammalia, 628;

Perichordal formation of vertebral column, 556

Perilymph of ear, 523

Periotic capsules, ossifications in, 595, 596

Peripatus, nervous system of, 409; eye of 480; excretory organs of, 688;

Peritoneal membrane, 626

Petromyzon, development of, 83; affinities of, 83, 84; general development of, 87; hatching of, 89; comparison of gastrula of, 280; branchial skeleton of, 312, 572; cerebellum of, 425; pineal gland of, 434; pituitary body of, 436; cerebrum of, 439; auditory organ of, 517; olfactory organ of, 533; comparison of oral skeleton of with Tadpole, 586; pericardial cavity of, 627; abdominal pores of, 626; venous system of, 651; excretory organs of, 700; segmental duct of, 700; pronephros of, 700; mesonephros of, 700; thyroid body of, 760; postanal gut of, 774; stomodæum of, 775;

Phosphorescence of larvæ, 364

Phylogeny, of the Chordata, 327; of the Metazoa, 384

Pig, placenta of, 251; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 589;

Pineal gland, of Petromyzon, 93; Chick, 175; general development of, 432; nature of, 432, 434;

Pipa, brood-pouch of, 121; metamorphosis of, 139; yolk-sack of, 140; vertebral column of, 556;

Pituitary body, of Rabbit, 231; general development of, 435; meaning of, 436; Placenta, of Salpa, 29; Elasmobranchii, 66; of Mammalia, 232; villi of, 235; deciduate and non-deciduate, 239; comparative account of, 239-259; characters of primitive type of, 240; zonary, 248; non-deciduate, 250; histology of, 257; evolution of, 259;

Placoid scales, 395

Planorbis, excretory organs of, 681

Planula, structure of, 367

Pleural cavities, 631

Pleuronectidæ, development of, 80

Pneumatocoela, characters of, 327

Polygordius, excretory organs of, 684

Polyophthalmus, eye of, 479

Polypedates, brood-pouch of, 121

Polyzoa, excretory organs of, 682; generative cells of, 745; generative ducts of, 751;

Pons Varolii, 426, 427

Pori abdominales, Ammocoetes, 99

Porifera, ancestral form of, 345; development of generative cells of, 741;

Portal vein, 653

Postanal gut of Elasmobranchii, 58, 59, 60; Teleostei, 75; Chick, 169; general account of, 323, 772;

Præmaxilla, 594

Præopercular bone, 593

Præoral lobe, ganglion of, 377, 380

Prefrontals, 597

Presphenoid region of skull, 570

Primitive groove of Chick, 155

Primitive streak, of Chick, 152, 161; meaning of, 153; origin of mesoblast form in Chick, 154; continuity of hypoblast with epiblast at anterior end of, in Chick, 156; comparison of with blastopore, 165; fate of, in Chick, 165; of Lacerta, 203; of Rabbit, 221; of Guinea-pig, 223; fusion of layers at, in Rabbit, 224; comparison of with blastopore of lower forms, 226, 287; of Mammalia, 290;

Processus falciformis of Ammocoetes, 498; of Elasmobranch, 502; of Teleostei, 503;

Proctodæum, 778

Pronephros, of Teleostei, 78, 701; Petromyzon, 95, 99, 700; Acipenser, 106, 110; Amphibia, 134, 707; general account of, 689; of Cyclostomata, 700; of Myxine, 701; Ganoidei, 705; of Amniota, 714; of Chick, 718; summary of and general conclusions as to, 728; relation of, to mesonephros, 731; cause of atrophy of, 729;

Prootic, 596, 597

Propterygium, 616

Proteus, branchial arches of, 142

Protochordata, characters of, 327

Proto-ganoidei, characters of, 328

Proto-gnathostomata, characters of, 328

Proto-pentadactyloidei, characters of, 329

Protovertebrata, characters of, 328

Pseudis, Tadpole of, 139; vertebral column of, 556;

Pseudophryne, yolk-sack of, 140; Tadpole of, 140;

Pterygoid bone, of Teleostei, 581; origin of, 597;

Pterygoquadrate bar, of Elasmobranchii, 576; of Teleostei, 581; Axolotl, 584; Frog, 584; of Sauropsida, 588; of Mammalia, 589;

Pulmonary artery, origin of, 645; of Amphibia, 645; of Amniota, 649;

Pulmonary vein, 655

Pupil, 489

Pyrosoma, development of, 23

Quadrate bone of Teleostei, 581; of Axolotl, 584; Frog, 585; Sauropsida, 588;

Quadratojugal bone, 594

Rabbit, development of, 214; general growth of embryo of, 227; placenta of, 248;

Radiate symmetry, passage from to bilateral symmetry, 373-376

Raja, caudal vertebræ of, 553

Rat, placenta of, 242

Recessus labyrinthi, 519

Reissner’s membrane, 524

Reptilia, development of, 202; viviparous, 202; cerebellum of, 426; infundibulum of, 431; pituitary body of, 436; cerebrum of, 439; vertebral column of, 556; arterial system of, 648; venous system of, 656; mesonephros of, 713; testicular network of, 723; spermatozoa of, 747;

Restiform tracts of Elasmobranchii and Teleostei, 425

Retina, histogenesis of, 490

Retinulæ, 482

Rhabdom, 482

Rhinoderma, brood-pouch of, 121; metamorphosis of, 139;

Ribs, development of, 560

Rosenmüller’s organ, 725

Rotifera, excretory organs of, 680

Round ligament of liver, 663

Ruminantia, placenta of, 253

Sacci vasculosi, 437

Sacculus hemisphericus, 519; of Mammals, 519, 520;

Sagitta. _See_ ‘Chætognatha’

Salpa, sexual development of, 29; asexual development of, 33;

Salamandra, larva of, 142; vertebral column of, 553; limbs of, 619; mesonephros of, 708; Müllerian duct of, 710;

Salmonidæ, hypoblast of, 71; generative ducts of, 704;

Sauropsida, gastrula of, 286; meaning of primitive streak of, 288; blastopore of, 289; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 588; pectoral girdle of, 601;

Scala, vestibuli, 522; tympani, 523; media, 522;

Scales, general development of, 396; development of placoid scales, 395;

Scapula, 599

Sclerotic, 488

Scrotum, development of, 727

Scyllium, caudal vertebræ of, 553; mandibular and hyoid arches of, 578; pectoral girdle of, 600; limbs of, 610; pelvic fin of, 614; pectoral fin of, 615;

Segmental duct, 690; development of in Elasmobranchs, 690; of Cyclostomata, 700; of Teleostei, 701; of Ganoidei, 704, 705; of Amphibia, 707; of Amniota, 713;

Segmental organs, 682

Segmental tubes, 690; development of in Elasmobranchs, 691; rudimentary anterior in Elasmobranchs, 693; development of secondary, 731;

Segmentation cavity, of Elasmobranchii, 42-44; Teleostei, 69, 85, 86; Amphibia, 122, 125;

Segmentation, meaning of, 331

Segmentation of ovum, in Amphioxus, 2; Ascidia, 9; Molgula, 22; Pyrosoma, 23; Salpa, 30; Elasmobranchii, 40; Telostei, 69; Petromyzon, 84; Acipenser, 102; Lepidosteus, 111; Amphibia, 122, 124; Newt, 125; Chick, 146; Lizard, 202; Rabbit, 214;

Semicircular canals, 519

Sense organs, comparative account of development of, 304

Septum lucidum, 443

Serous membrane, Lacerta, 209; of Rabbit, 237;

Seventh nerve, development of, 459

Shell-gland of Crustacea, 689

Shield, embryonic, of Chick, 151; of Lacerta, 202;

Simiadæ, placenta of, 247

Sinus rhomboidalis, of Chick, 162

Sinus venosus, 637

Sirenia, placenta of, 255

Sixth nerve, 463

Skate, mandibular and hyoid arches of, 577

Skeleton, elements of found in Vertebrata, 542

Skull, general development of, 564; historical account of, 564; development of cartilaginous, 566; cartilaginous walls of, 570; composition of primitive cartilaginous cranium, 565;

Somatopleure, of Chick, 170

Spelerpes, branchial arches of, 142

Spermatozoa, of Porifera, 741; of Vertebrata, 746;

Sphenoid bone, 595

Sphenodon, hyoid arch of, 588

Spinal cord, general account of, 415; white matter of, 415; central canal of, 417, 418; commissures of, 417; grey matter of, 417; fissures of, 418;

Spinal nerves, posterior roots of, 449; anterior roots of, 453;

Spiracle, of Elasmobranchii, 62; Acipenser, 105; Amphibia, 136;

Spiral valve. _See_ ‘Valve’

Spleen, 664

Splenial bone, 595

Squamosal bone, 593

Stapes, 529; of Mammal, 590;

Sternum, development of, 562

Stolon of Doliolum, 29; Salpa, 33;

Stomodæum, 774

Stria vascularis, 524

Styloid process, 591

Subintestinal vein, 651; meaning of, 651;

Syngnathus, brood-pouch of, 68

Subnotochordal rod, of Elasmobranchii, 54; Petromyzon, 94; Acipenser, 110; Lepidosteus, 115; general account of, 754; comparison of with siphon of Chætopods, 756;

Subzonal membrane, 237; villi of, 236;

Sulcus of Munro, 432

Supraclavicle, 600

Suprarenal bodies, 664

Supra-temporal bone, 593

Swimming bladder, _see_ Air bladder

Sylvian aqueduct, 428

Sylvian fissure, 444

Sympathetic ganglia, development of, 467

Tadpole, 134, 139, 140; phylogenetic meaning of, 137; metamorphosis of, 137; meaning of suctorial mouth of, 585;

Tail of Teleostei, 80; Acipenser, 109; Lepidosteus, 109; Amphibia, 132;

Tarsus, development of, 620

Teeth, horny provisional, of Amphibia, 136; general development of, 776; origin of, 777;

Teleostei, development of, 68; viviparous, 68; comparison of formation of layers in, 286; restiform tracts of, 425; mid-brain of, 425; infundibulum of, 431; cerebrum of, 439; nares of, 534; lateral line of, 538; notochord and membrana elastica of, 549; vertebral column of, 553; ribs of, 561; hyoid and mandibular arches of, 579; pectoral girdle of, 601; pelvic girdle of, 606; limbs of, 618; heart of, 637; arterial system of, 645; muscle-plates of, 670; excretory organs of, 701; generative ducts of, 704, 735, 749; swimming bladder of, 763; postanal gut of, 774;

Teredo, nervous system of, 414

Test of Ascidia, 14; Salpa, 31;

Testicular network, of Elasmobranchs, 697; of Amphibia, 712; Reptilia, 723; of Mammals, 724;

Testis of Vertebrata, 746

Testis, connection of with Wolffian body, in Elasmobranchii, 697; in Amphibia, 710; in Amniota, 723; origin of, 735;

Thalamencephalon of Chick, 175; general development of, 430;

Third nerve, development of, 461

Thymus gland, 762

Thyroid gland, Petromyzon, 92; general account of, 759; nature of, 760; development of in Vertebrata, 761;

Tooth. _See_ ‘Teeth’

Tori semicirculares, 428

Tornaria, 372

Trabeculæ, 565, 567; nature of, 568;

Trachea, 766

Trematoda, excretory organs of, 681

Triton alpestris, sexual larva of, 143

Triton, development of limbs of, 619; urinogenital organs of, 712;

Truncus arteriosus, 638; of Amphibia, 638; of Birds, 639;

Tunicata, development of mesoblast of, 293; test of, 394; eye of, 507; auditory organ of, 530; olfactory organ of, 532; generative duct of, 749; intestine of 767; postanal gut of, 771; stomodæum of, 775;

Turbellaria, excretory organs of, 681

Tympanic annulus of Frog, 587

Tympanic cavity, of Amphibia, 135; Chick, 180; Rabbit, 232; general development of, 528; of Mammals, 591;

Tympanic membrane, of Chick, 180; general development of, 528;

Tympanohyal, 591

Umbilical canal of Elasmobranchii, 54, 57, 58, 59

Umbilical cord, 238; vessels of, 239;

Ungulata, placenta of, 250

Urachus, 239, 726

Ureters, of Elasmobranchii, 696; development of, 723;

Urethra, 727

Urinary bladder of Amphibia, 712; of Amniota, 726;

Urinogenital organs, _see_ Excretory organs

Urinogenital sinus of Petromyzon, 700; of Sauropsida, 726; of Mammalia, 727;

Urochorda, development of, 9

Uterus, development of, 726; of Marsupials, 726;

Uterus masculinus, 726

Utriculus, 519

Uvea of iris, 489

Vagus nerve, development of, 456, 457; intestinal branch of, 458; branch of to lateral line, 459;

Valve, spiral, of Petromyzon, 97; Acipenser, 110; general account of, 767;

Valves, semilunar, 641; auriculo-ventricular, 642;

Vasa efferentia, of Elasmobranchs, 697; of Amphibia, 711; general origin of, 724;

Vascular system, of Amphioxus, 8; Petromyzon, 97; Lepidosteus, 116; general development of, 632;

Vas deferens, of Elasmobranchii, 697; of Amniota, 723;

Vein, subintestinal of Petromyzon, 97; Acipenser, 110; Lepidosteus, 116;

Velum of Petromyzon, 91

Vena cava inferior, development of, 655

Venous system of Petromyzon, 97; general development of, 651; of Fishes, 651; of Amphibia and Amniota, 655; of Reptilia, 656; of Ophidia, 656; of Aves, 658; of Mammalia, 661;

Ventricle, fourth, of Chick, 176; history of, 424;

Ventricle, lateral, 438, 440; fifth, 443;

Ventricle, third, of Chick, 175

Vertebral bodies, of Chick, 183

Vertebral column, development of, 545, 549; epichordal and perichordal development of in Amphibia, 556;

Vespertilionidæ, early development of, 217

Vieussens, valve of, 426

Villi, placental, of zona radiata, 235; subzonal membrane, 235; chorion, 237; Man, 246; comparative account of, 257; of young human ovum, 265, 269;

Visceral arches, Amphioxus, 7; Elasmobranchii, 57-60; Teleostei, 77; Acipenser, 106; Lepidosteus, 116; Amphibia, 133; Chick, 177; Rabbit, 231; præoral, 570; relation of to head cavities, 572; disappearance of posterior, 573; dental plates of in Teleostei, 574;

Visual organs, evolution of, 470

Vitelline arteries of Chick, 195

Vitelline veins of Chick, 195

Vitreous humour, of Ammocoetes, 98; general development of, 494; blood-vessels of in Mammals 503; mesoblastic ingrowth in Mammals, 503;

Vomer, 594

White matter, of spinal cord, 415; of brain, 423;

Wolffian body, _see_ ‘Mesonephros’

Wolffian duct, first appearance of in Chick, 183; general account of, 690; of Elasmobranchs, 693; of Ganoids, 704; of Amphibia, 710; of Amniota, 713; atrophy of in Amniota, 724;

Wolffian ridge, 185

Yolk blastopore, of Elasmobranchii, 64

Yolk, folding off of embryo from, in Elasmobranchii, 55; in Teleostei, 76; Acipenser, 106; Chick, 168, 170;

Yolk nuclei, of Elasmobranchii, 41, 53; Teleostei, 69, 75;

Yolk, of Elasmobranchii, 40; Teleostei, 68; Petromyzon, 96; Acipenser, 109; Amphibia, 122, 129; Chick, 146; influence of on formation of layers, 278; influence of on early development, 341, 342;

Yolk-sack, Amphibia, 131, 140, 141; enclosure of, 123;

Yolk-sack, development of in Rabbit, 227; of Mammalia reduced, 227; circulation of in Rabbit, 233; enclosure of in Sauropsida, 289;

Yolk-sack, enclosure of, Petromyzon, 86

Yolk-sack, Lepidosteus, 118

Yolk-sack of Chick, enclosure of, 160; stalk of, 174; general account of, 193; circulation of, 195; later history of, 198;

Yolk-sack of Elasmobranchii, enclosure of, 62, 283; circulation of, 64;

Yolk-sack of Lacerta, 209; circulation of, 209;

Yolk-sack, Teleostei, 75, 81; enclosure of, 75; circulation of, 81;

Zona radiata, villi of, 237

Zonula of Zinn, 495

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Cephalopoda.

(1) A. Kowalevsky. “Entwicklungsgeschichte des Amphioxus lanceolatus.” Mém. Acad. Impér. des Sciences de St Pétersbourg, Series VII. Tom. XI. 1867. (2) A. Kowalevsky. “Weitere Studien über die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Amphioxus lanceolatus.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XIII. 1877. (3) Leuckart u. Pagenstecher. “Untersuchungen über niedere Seethiere.” Müller’s Archiv, 1858. (4) Max Schultze. “Beobachtung junger Exemplare von Amphioxus.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. III. 1851. (5) A. M. Marshall. “On the mode of Oviposition of Amphioxus.” Jour. of Anat. and Phys., Vol. X. 1876.

Urochorda.

Elasmobranchii.

(40) F. M. Balfour. “A preliminary account of the development of the Elasmobranch Fishes.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIV. 1876. (41) F. M. Balfour. “A Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes.” London, 1878. Reprinted from the Journal of Anat. and Physiol. for 1876, 1877, and 1878. (42) Z. Gerbe. Recherches sur la segmentation de la cicatrule et la formation des produits adventifs de l'œuf des Plagiostomes et particulièrement des Raies. Vide also Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie, 1872. (43) W. His. “Ueb. d. Bildung v. Haifischenembryonen.” Zeit. für Anat. u. Entwick., Vol. II. 1877. (44) A. Kowalevsky. “Development of Acanthias vulgaris and Mustelus lævis.” (Russian.) Transactions of the Kiew Society of Naturalists, Vol. I. 1870. (45) R. Leuckart. “Ueber die allmählige Bildung d. Körpergestalt bei d. Rochen.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. II., p. 258. (46) Fr. Leydig. Rochen u. Haie. Leipzig, 1852. (47) A. W. Malm. “Bidrag till kännedom om utvecklingen af Rajæ.” Kongl. vetenskaps akademiens förhandlingar. Stockholm, 1876. (48) Joh. Müller. Glatter Haie des Aristoteles und über die Verschiedenheiten unter den Haifischen und Rochen in der Entwicklung des Eies. Berlin, 1840. (49) S. L. Schenk. “Die Eier von Raja quadrimaculata innerhalb der Eileiter.” Sitz. der k. Akad. Wien, Vol. LXXIII. 1873. (50) Alex. Schultz. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Selachiereies.” Archiv für micro. Anat., Vol. XI.? 1875. (51) Alex. Schultz. “Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Knorpelfische.” Archiv für micro. Anat., Vol. XIII. 1877. (52) C. Semper. “Die Stammesverwandschaft d. Wirbelthiere u. Wirbellosen.” Arbeit. a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Vol. II. 1875. (53) C. Semper. “Das Urogenitalsystem d. Plagiostomen, etc.” Arbeit. a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Vol. II. 1875. (54) Wyman. “Observations on the Development of Raja batis.” Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. IX. 1864.

Teleostei.

Cyclostomata.

(77) E. Calberla. “Der Befruchtungsvorgang beim Petromyzon Planeri.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XXX. 1877. (78) E. Calberla. “Ueb. d. Entwicklung d. Medullarrohres u. d. Chorda dorsalis d. Teleostier u. d. Petromyzonten.” Morpholog. Jahrbuch, Vol. III. 1877. (79) C. Kupffer u. B. Benecke. Der Vorgang d. Befruchtung am Ei d. Neunaugen. Königsberg, 1878. (80) Aug. Müller. “Ueber die Entwicklung d. Neunaugen.” Müller’s Archiv, 1856. (81) Aug. Müller. Beobachtungen üb. d. Befruchtungserscheinungen im Ei d. Neunaugen. Königsberg, 1864. (82) W. Müller. “Das Urogenitalsystem d. Amphioxus u. d. Cyclostomen.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. IX. 1875. (83) Ph. Owsjannikoff. “Die Entwick. von d. Flussneunaugen.” Vorläuf. Mittheilung. Mélanges Biologiques tirés du Bulletin de l'Acad. Imp. St Pétersbourg, Vol. VII. 1870. (84) Ph. Owsjannikoff. On the development of Petromyzon fluviatilis (Russian). (85) Anton Schneider. Beiträge z. vergleich. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Wirbelthiere. Quarto. Berlin, 1879. (86) M. S. Schultze. “Die Entwickl. v. Petromyzon Planeri.” Gekrönte Preisschrift. Haarlem, 1856. (87) W. B. Scott. “Vorläufige Mittheilung üb. d. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Petromyzonten.” Zoologischer Anzeiger, Nos. 63 and 64. III. Jahrg. 1880.

Ganoidei.

Acipenserdæ

(88) Knock. “Die Beschr. d. Reise z. Wolga Behufs d. Sterlettbefruchtung.” Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1871. (89) A. Kowalevsky, Ph. Owsjannikoff, and N. Wagner. “Die Entwick. d. Störe.” Vorläuf. Mittheilung. Mélanges Biologiques tirés du Bulletin d. l'Acad. Imp. St Pétersbourg, Vol. VII. 1870. (90) W. Salensky. “Development of the Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus).” 2 Parts. Proceedings of the Society of Naturalists in the imperial University of Kasan. 1878 and 9 (Russian). Part I., abstracted in Hoffmann and Schwalbe’s Jahresbericht for 1878. (91) W. Salensky. “Zur Embryologie d. Ganoiden (Acipenser).” Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. I., Nos. 11, 12, 13.

Lepidosteidæ

(92) Al. Agassiz. “The development of Lepidosteus.” Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XIII. 1878.

Amphibia.

Aves.

Reptilia.

(154) C. Kupffer and Benecke. Die erste Entwicklung am Ei d. Reptilien. Königsberg, 1878. (155) C. Kupffer. “Die Entstehung d. Allantois u. d. Gastrula d. Wirbelthiere.” Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. II. 1879, pp. 520, 593, 612.

Lacertilia.

(156) F. M. Balfour. “On the early Development of the Lacertilia, together with some observations, etc.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX. 1879. (157) Emmert u. Hochstetter. “Untersuchung üb. d. Entwick. d. Eidechsen in ihren Eiern.” Reil’s Archiv, Vol. X. 1811. (158) M. Lereboullet. “Développement de la Truite, du Lézard et du Limnée. II. Embryologie du Lézard.” An. Sci. Nat., Ser. IV., Vol. XXVII. 1862. (159) W. K. Parker. “Structure and Devel. of the Skull in Lacertilia.” Phil. Trans., Vol. 170, p. 2. 1879. (160) H. Strahl. “Ueb. d. Canalis myeloentericus d. Eidechse.” Schrift. d. Gesell. z. Beför. d. gesam. Naturwiss. Marburg. July 23, 1880.

Ophidia.

(161) H. Dutrochet. “Recherches s. l. enveloppes du fœtus.” Phil. Trans., Paris, Vol. VIII. 1816. (162) W. K. Parker. “On the skull of the common Snake.” Phil. Trans., Vol. 169, Part II. 1878. (163) H. Rathke. Entwick. d. Natter. Königsberg, 1839.

Chelonia.

(164) "L. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, Vol. II. 1857. Embryology of the Turtle. (165) W. K. Parker. “On the development of the skull and nerves in the green Turtle.” Proc. of the Roy. Soc., Vol. XXVIII. 1879. Vide also Nature, April 14, 1879, and Challenger Reports, Vol. I. 1880. (166) H. Rathke. Ueb. d. Entwicklung d. Schildkröten. Braunschweig, 1848.

Crocodilia.

(167) H. Rathke. Ueber die Entwicklung d. Krokodile. Braunschweig, 1866.

Mammalia

Fœtal Membranes and Placenta of Mammalia.

Human Embryo.

(226) Fried. Ahlfeld. “Beschreibung eines sehr kleinen menschlichen Eies.” Archiv f. Gynaekologie, Bd. XIII. 1878. (227) Herm. Beigel und Ludwig Loewe. “Beschreibung eines menschlichen Eichens aus der zweiten bis dritten Woche der Schwangerschaft.” Archiv f. Gynaekologie, Bd. XII. 1877. (228) K. Breus. “Ueber ein menschliches Ei aus der zweiten Woche der Gravidität.” Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1877. (229) M. Coste. Histoire générale et particulière du développement des corps organisés, 1847-59. (230) A. Ecker. Icones Physiologicae. Leipzig, 1851-1859. (231) V. Hensen. “Beitrag z. Morphologie d. Körperform u. d. Gehirns d. menschlichen Embryos.” Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys., 1877. (232) W. His. Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen, Part I. Embryonen d. ersten Monats. Leipzig, 1880. (233) J. Kollmann. “Die menschlichen Eier von 6 MM. Grösse.” Archiv f. Anat. und Phys., 1879. (234) W. Krause. “Ueber d. Allantois d. Menschen.” Archiv f. Anat. und Phys., 1875. (235) W. Krause. “Ueber zwei frühzeitige menschliche Embryonen.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XXXV. 1880. (236) L. Loewe. “Im Sachen der Eihäute jüngster menschlicher Eier.” Archiv für Gynaekologie, Bd. XIV. 1879. (237) C. B. Reichert. “Beschreibung einer frühzeitigen menschlichen Frucht im bläschenformigen Bildungszustande (sackformiger Keim von Baer) nebst vergleichenden Untersuchungen über die bläschenformigen Früchte der Säugethiere und des Menschen.” Abhandlungen der königl. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1873. (238) Allen Thomson. “Contributions to the history of the structure of the human ovum and embryo before the third week after conception; with a description of some early ova.” Edinburgh Med. Surg. Journal, Vol. LII. 1839.

Comparison of the formation of the germinal layers in the Vertebrata.

(239) F. M. Balfour. “A comparison of the early stages in the development of Vertebrates.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XV. 1875. (240) F. M. Balfour. “A monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes.” London, 1878. (241) F. M. Balfour. “On the early development of the Lacertilia together with some observations, etc.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX. 1879. (242) A. Götte. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875. (243) W. His. “Ueb. d. Bildung d. Haifischembryonen.” Zeit. f. Anat. u. Entwick., Vol. II. 1877. Cf. also His’ papers on Teleostei, Nos. 65 and 66. (244) A. Kowalevsky. “Entwick. d. Amphioxus lanceolatus.” Mém. Acad. des Sciences St Pétersbourg, Ser. VII. Tom. XI. 1867. (245) A. Kowalevsky. “Weitere Studien üb. d. Entwick. d. Amphioxus lanceolatus.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XIII. 1877. (246) C. Kupffer. “Die Entstehung d. Allantois u. d. Gastrula d. Wirbelthiere.” Zool. Anzeiger, Vol. II. 1879, pp. 520, 593, 612. (247) R. Remak. Untersuchungen üb. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiere, 1850-1858. (248) A. Rauber. Primitivstreifen u. Neurula d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1877.

Phylogeny of the Chordata.

(249) F. M. Balfour. A Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes. London, 1878. (250) A. Dohrn. Der Ursprung d. Wirbelthiere und d. Princip. d. Functionswechsel. Leipzig, 1875. (251) E. Haeckel. Schöpfungsgeschichte. Leipzig. Vide also Translation. The History of Creation. King and Co., London, 1876. (252) E. Haeckel. Anthropogenie. Leipzig. Vide also Translation. Anthropogeny. Kegan Paul and Co., London, 1878. (253) A. Kowalevsky. “Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Amphioxus lanceolatus.” Mém. Acad. d. Scien. St Pétersbourg, Ser. VII. Tom. XI. 1867, and Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XIII. 1877. (254) A. Kowalevsky. “Weitere Stud. üb. d. Entwick. d. einfachen Ascidien.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1871. (255) C. Semper. “Die Stammesverwandschaft d. Wirbelthiere u. Wirbellosen.” Arbeit. a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Vol. II. 1875. (256) C. Semper. “Die Verwandschaftbeziehungen d. gegliederten Thiere.” Arbeit. a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Vol. III. 1876-1877.

General works on Embryology.

General works dealing with the development of the organs of the Chordata.

(291) K. E. von Baer. Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Thiere. Königsberg, 1828-1837. (292) F. M. Balfour. A Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes. London, 1878. (293) Th. C. W. Bischoff. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Säugethiere U. d. Menschen. Leipzig, 1842. (294) C. Gegenbaur. Grundriss d. vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878. Vide also English translation, Elements of Comp. Anatomy. London, 1878. (295) M. Foster and F. M. Balfour. The Elements of Embryology. Part I. London, 1874. (296) Alex. Götte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875. (297) W. His. Untersuch. üb. d. erste Anlage d. Wirbelthierleibes. Leipzig, 1868. (298) A. Kölliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. der höheren Thiere. Leipzig, 1879. (299) H. Rathke. Abhandlungen ü. Bildung und Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. d. Thiere. Leipzig, 1838. (300) H. Rathke. Entwicklungs. d. Natter. Königsberg, 1839. (301) H. Rathke. Entwicklungs. d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1861. (302) R. Remak. Untersuchungen üb. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiere. Berlin, 1850-1855. (303) S. L. Schenk. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Embryologie d. Wirbelthiere. Wien, 1874.

Epidermis and its derivatives.

General.

(304) T. H. Huxley. “Tegumentary organs.” Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anat. and Physiol. (305) P. Z. Unna. “Histol. u. Entwick. d. Oberhaut.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. XV. 1876. Vide also Kölliker (No. 298).

Scales of the Pisces.

(306) O. Hertwig. “Ueber Bau u. Entwicklung d. Placoidschuppen u. d. Zähne d. Selachier.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VIII. 1874. (307) O. Hertwig. “Ueber d. Hautskelet d. Fische.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. II. 1876. (Siluroiden u. Acipenseridæ.) (308) O. Hertwig. “Ueber d. Hautskelet d. Fische (Lepidosteus u. Polypterus).” Morph. Jahrbuch, Vol. V. 1879.

Feathers.

(309) Th. Studer. Die Entwick. d. Federn. Inaug. Diss. Bern, 1873. (310) Th. Studer. “Beiträge z. Entwick. d. Feder.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XXX. 1878.

Sweat-glands.

(311) M. S. Ranvier. “Sur la structure des glandes sudoripares.” Comptes Rendus, Dec. 29, 1879.

Mammary glands.

(312) C. Creighton. “On the development of the Mamma and the Mammary function.” Jour. of Anat. and Phys., Vol. XI. 1877. (313) C. Gegenbaur. “Bemerkungen üb. d. Milchdrüsen-Papillen d. Säugethiere.” Jenaische Zeit., Vol. VII. 1873. (314) M. Huss. “Beitr. z. Entwick. d. Milchdrüsen b. Menschen u. b. Wiederkäuern.” Jenaische Zeit., Vol. VII. 1873. (315) C. Langer. “Ueber d. Bau u. d. Entwicklung d. Milchdrüsen.” Denk. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. III. 1851.

The Nervous System.

Evolution of the Nervous System.

(316) F. M. Balfour. “Address to the Department of Anat. and Physiol. of the British Association.” 1880. (317) C. Claus. “Studien üb. Polypen u. Quallen d. Adria. 1. Acalephen, Discomedusen,” Denk. d. math.-naturwiss. Classe d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. XXXVIII. 1877. (318) Th. Eimer. Zoologische Studien a. Capri. 1. Ueber Beroë ovatus. Ein Beitrag z. Anat. d. Rippenquallen. Leipzig, 1873. (319) V. Hensen. “Zur Entwicklung d. Nervensystems.” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XXX. 1864. (320) O. and R. Hertwig. Das Nervensystem u. d. Sinnesorgane d. Medusen. Leipzig, 1878. (321) O. and R. Hertwig. “Die Actinien anat. u. histol. mit besond. Berücksichtigung d. Nervenmuskelsystem untersucht.” Jenaische Zeit., Vol. XIII. 1879. (322) R. Hertwig. “Ueb. d. Bau d. Ctenophoren.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. XIV. 1880. (323) A. W. Hubrecht. “The Peripheral Nervous System in Palæo- and Schizonemertini, one of the layers of the body-wall.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XX. 1880. (324) N. Kleinenberg. Hydra, eine anatomisch-entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1872. (325) A. Kowalevsky. “Embryologische Studien an Würmern u. Arthropoden.” Mém. Acad. Pétersbourg, Series VII., Vol. XVI. 1871. (326) E. A. Schäfer. “Observations on the nervous system of Aurelia aurita.” Phil. Trans. 1878.

Nervous System of the Invertebrata.

(327) F. M. Balfour. “Notes on the development of the Araneina.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XX. 1880. (328) B. Hatschek. “Beitr. z. Entwicklung d. Lepidopteren.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. XI. 1877. (329) N. Kleinenberg. “The development of the Earthworm, Lumbricus Trapezoides.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX. 1879. (330) A. Kowalevsky. “Embryologische Studien an Würmern u. Arthropoden.” Mém. Acad. Pétersbourg, Series VIII., Vol. XVI. 1871. (331) H. Reichenbach. “Die Embryonalanlage u. erste Entwick. d. Flusskrebses.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XXIX. 1877.

Central Nervous System of the Vertebrata.

(332) C. J. Carus. Versuch einer Darstellung d. Nervensystems, etc. Leipzig, 1814. (333) J. L. Clark. “Researches on the development of the spinal cord in Man, Mammalia and Birds.” Phil. Trans., 1862. (334) E. Dursy. “Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hirnanhanges.” Centralblatt f. d. med. Wissenschaften, 1868. Nr. 8. (335) E. Dursy. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes des Menschen und der höheren Wirbelthiere. Tübingen, 1869. (336) A. Ecker. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Furchen und Windungen der Grosshirn-Hemisphären im Foetus des Menschen.” Archiv f. Anthropologie, v. Ecker und Lindenschmidt. Vol. III. 1868. (337) E. Ehlers. “Die Epiphyse am Gehirn d. Plagiostomen.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. XXX., suppl. 1878. (338) P. Flechsig. Die Leitungsbahnen im Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen. Auf Grund entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen. Leipzig, 1876. (339) V. Hensen. “Zur Entwicklung des Nervensystems.” Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. XXX. 1864. (340) L. Löwe. “Beiträge z. Anat. u. z. Entwick. d. Nervensystems d. Säugethiere u. d. Menschen.” Berlin, 1880. (341) L. Löwe. “Beiträge z. vergleich. Morphogenesis d. centralen Nervensystems d. Wirbelthiere.” Mittheil. a. d. embryol. Instit. Wien, Vol. II. 1880. (342) A. M. Marshall. “The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory organ.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX. 1879. (343) V. v. Mihalkovics. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Gehirns. Leipzig, 1877. (344) W. Müller. “Ueber Entwicklung und Bau der Hypophysis und des Processus infundibuli cerebri.” Jenaische Zeitschrift. Bd. VI. 1871. (345) H. Rahl-Rückhard. “Die gegenseitigen Verhältnisse d. Chorda, Hypophysis etc. bei Haifischembryonen, nebst Bemerkungen üb. d. Deutung d. einzelnen Theile d. Fischgehirns.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. VI. 1880. (346) H. Rathke. “Ueber die Entstehung der glandula pituitaria.” Müller’s Archiv f. Anat. und Physiol., Bd. V. 1838. (347) C. B. Reichert. Der Bau des menschlichen Gehirns. Leipzig, 1859 u. 1861. (348) F. Schmidt. “Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Gehirns.” Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, 1862. Bd. XI. (349) G. Schwalbe. “Beitrag z. Entwick. d. Zwischenhirns.” Sitz. d. Jenaischen Gesell. f. Med. u. Naturwiss. Jan. 23, 1880. (350) Fried. Tiedemann. Anatomie und Bildungsgeschichte des Gehirns im Foetus des Menschen. Nürnberg, 1816.

Peripheral Nervous System of the Vertebrata.

(351) F. M. Balfour. “On the development of the spinal nerves in Elasmobranch Fishes.” Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CLXVI. 1876; vide also, A monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes. London, 1878, pp. 191-216. (352) W. His. “Ueb. d. Anfänge d. peripherischen Nervensystems.” Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879. (353) A. M. Marshall. “On the early stages of development of the nerves in Birds.” Journal of Anat. and Phys., Vol. XI. 1877. (354) A. M. Marshall. “The development of the cranial nerves in the Chick.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XVIII. 1878. (355) A. M. Marshall. “The morphology of the vertebrate olfactory organ.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX. 1879. (356) A. M. Marshall. “On the head-cavities and associated nerves in Elasmobranchs.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XXI. 1881. (357) C. Schwalbe. “Das Ganglion oculomotorii.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. XIII. 1879.

Sympathetic Nervous System.

(360) F. M. Balfour. Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes. London, 1878, p. 173. (361) S. L. Schenk and W. R. Birdsell. “Ueb. d. Lehre von d. Entwicklung d. Ganglien d. Sympatheticus.” Mittheil. a. d. embryologischen Instit. Wien. Heft III. 1879.

The Eye.

Eye of the Mollusca.

(362) N. Bobretzky. “Observations on the development of the Cephalopoda” (Russian). Nachrichten d. kaiserlichen Gesell. d. Freunde der Naturwiss. Anthropolog. Ethnogr. bei d. Universität Moskau. (363) H. Grenacher. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Cephalopoden.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXIV. 1874. (364) V. Hensen. “Ueber d. Auge einiger Cephalopoden.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XV. 1865. (365) E. R. Lankester. “Observations on the development of the Cephalopoda.” Quart. J. of Micr. Science, Vol. XV. 1875. (366) C. Semper. Ueber Sehorgane von Typus d. Wirbelthieraugen. Wiesbaden, 1877.

Eye of the Arthropoda.

(367) N. Bobretzky. Development of Astacus and Palaemon. Kiew, 1873. (368) A. Dohrn. “Untersuchungen üb. Bau u. Entwicklung d. Arthropoden. Palinurus und Scyllarus.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XX. 1870, p. 264 et seq. (369) E. Claparède. “Morphologie d. zusammengesetzten Auges bei den Arthropoden.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. X. 1860. (370) H. Grenacher. Untersuchungen üb. d. Sehorgane d. Arthropoden. Göttingen, 1879.

Vertebrate Eye.

(371) J. Arnold. Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Auges. Heidelberg, 1874. (372) Babuchin. “Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Auges.” Würzburger naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, Bd. 8. (373) L. Kessler. Zur Entwicklung d. Auges d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1877. (374) N. Lieberkühn. Ueber das Auge des Wirbelthierembryo. Cassel, 1872. (375) N. Lieberkühn. “Beiträge z. Anat. d. embryonalen Auges.” Archiv f. Anat. und Phys., 1879. (376) L. Löwe. “Beiträge zur Anatomie des Auges” and “Die Histogenese der Retina.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XV. 1878. (377) V. Mihalkowics. “Untersuchungen über den Kamm des Vogelauges.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. IX. 1873. (378) W. Müller. “Ueber die Stammesentwickelung des Schorgans der Wirbelthiere.” Festgabe Carl Ludwig. Leipzig, 1874. (379) S. L. Schenk. “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Auges der Fische.” Wiener Sitzungsberichte, Bd. LV. 1867.

Accessory organs of the Vertebrate Eye.

(380) G. Born. “Die Nasenhöhlen u. d. Thränennasengang d. Amphibien.” Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Bd. II. 1876. (381) G. Born. “Die Nasenhöhlen u. d. Thränennasengang d. amnioten Wirbelthiere. I. Lacertilia. II. Aves.” Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Bd. V. 1879.

Eye of the Tunicata.

(382) A. Kowalevsky. “Weitere Studien üb. d. Entwicklung d. einfachen Ascidien.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1871. (383) C. Kupffer. “Zur Entwicklung d. einfachen Ascidien.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. VII. 1872.

Auditory Organs.

Auditory organs of the Invertebrata.

(384) V. Hensen. “Studien üb. d. Gehörorgan d. Decapoden.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XIII. 1863. (385) O. and R. Hertwig. Das Nervensystem u. d. Sinnesorgane d. Medusen. Leipzig, 1878.

Auditory organs of the Vertebrata.

(386) A. Boettcher. “Bau u. Entwicklung d. Schnecke.” Denkschriften d. kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Akad. d. Wissenschaft., Vol. XXXV. (387) C. Hasse. Die vergleich. Morphologie u. Histologie d. häutigen Gehörorgane d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1873. (388) V. Hensen. “Zur Morphologie d. Schnecke.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XIII. 1863. (389) E. Huschke. “Ueb. d. erste Bildungsgeschichte d. Auges u. Ohres beim bebrüteten Küchlein.” Isis von Oken, 1831, and Meckel’s Archiv, Vol. VI. (390) Reissner. De Auris internæ formatione. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1851.

Accessory parts of Vertebrate Ear.

(391) David Hunt. “A comparative sketch of the development of the ear and eye in the Pig.” Transactions of the International Otological Congress, 1876. (392) W. Moldenhauer. “Zur Entwick. d. mittleren u. äusseren Ohres.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. III. 1877. (393) V. Urbantschitsch. “Ueb. d. erste Anlage d. Mittelohres u. d. Trommelfelles.” Mittheil. a. d. embryol. Instit. Wien, Heft I. 1877.

Olfactory Organ.

(394) G. Born. “Die Nasenhöhlen u. d. Thränennasengang d. amnioten Wirbelthiere.” Parts I. and II. Morphiologisches Jahrbuch, Bd. V., 1879. (395) A. Kölliker. “Ueber die Jacobson’schen Organe des Menschen.” Festschrift f. Rienecker, 1877. (396) A. M. Marshall. “Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ.” Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science, Vol. XIX., 1879.

Sense-organs of the lateral line.

(397) F. M. Balfour. A Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes, pp. 141-146. London, 1878. (398) H. Eisig. “Die Segmentalorgane d. Capitelliden.” Mittheil. a. d. zool. Station zu Neapel, Vol. I. 1879. (399) A. Götte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875. (400) Fr. Leydig. Lehrbuch d. Histologie des Menschen u. d. Thiere. Hamm. 1857. (401) Fr. Leydig. Neue Beiträge z. anat. Kenntniss d. Hautdecke u. Hautsinnesorgane d. Fische. Halle, 1879. (402) F. E. Schulze. “Ueb. d. Sinnesorgane d. Seitenlinie bei Fischen und Amphibien.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. VI. 1870. (403) C. Semper. “Das Urogenitalsystem d. Selachier.” Arbeit. a. d. zool.-zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Vol. II. (404) B. Solger. “Neue Untersuchungen zur Anat. d. Seitenorgane d. Fische.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XVII. and XVIII. 1879 and 1880.

Origin of the Skeleton.

(405) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueb. primäre u. secundäre Knochenbildung mit besonderer Beziehung auf d. Lehre von dem Primordialcranium.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. III. 1867. (406) O. Hertwig. “Ueber Bau u. Entwicklung d. Placoidschuppen u. d. Zähne d. Selachier.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VIII. 1874. (407) O. Hertwig. “Ueb. d. Zahnsystem d. Amphibien u. seine Bedeutung f. d. Genese d. Skelets d. Mundhöhle.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XI. Supplementheft, 1874. (408) O. Hertwig. “Ueber d. Hautskelet d. Fische.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. II. 1876. (Siluroiden u. Acipenseriden.) (409) O. Hertwig. “Ueber d. Hautskelet d. Fische (Lepidosteus u. Polypterus).” Morph. Jahrbuch, Vol. V. 1879. (410) A. Kölliker. “Allgemeine Betrachtungen üb. die Entstehung d. knöchernen Schädels d. Wirbelthiere.” Berichte v. d. königl. zoot. Anstalt z. Würzburg, 1849. (411) Fr. Leydig. “Histologische Bemerkungen üb. d. Polypterus bichir.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. V. 1858. (412) H. Müller. “Ueber d. Entwick. d. Knochensubstanz nebst Bemerkungen, etc.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. IX. 1859. (413) Williamson. “On the structure and development of the Scales and Bones of Fishes.” Phil. Trans., 1851. (414) Vrolik. “Studien üb. d. Verknöcherung u. die Knochen d. Schädels d. Teleostier.” Niederländisches Archiv f. Zoologie, Vol. I.

Notochord and Vertebral Column.

(415) Cartier. “Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelsäule.” Zeitschrift für wiss. Zool., Bd. XXV. Suppl. 1875. (416) C. Gegenbaur. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelsäule der Amphibien und Reptilien. Leipzig, 1862. (417) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueber die Entwickelung der Wirbelsäule des Lepidosteus mit vergleichend anatomischen Bemerkungen.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. III. 1863. (418) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueb. d. Skeletgewebe d. Cyclostomen.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. V. 1870. (419) Al. Götte. “Beiträge zur vergleich. Morphol. des Skeletsystems d. Wirbelthiere.” II. “Die Wirbelsäule u. ihre Anhänge.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XV. 1878 (Cyclostomen, Ganoiden, Plagiostomen, Chimaera), and Vol. XVI. 1879 (Teleostier). (420) Hasse und Schwarck. “Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelsäule u. s. w.” Hasse, Anatomische Studien, 1872. (421) C. Hasse. Das natürliche System d. Elasmobranchier auf Grundlage d. Bau. u. d. Entwick. ihrer Wirbelsäule. Jena, 1879. (422) A. Kölliker. “Ueber die Beziehungen der Chorda dorsalis zur Bildung der Wirbel der Selachier und einiger anderen Fische.” Verhandlungen der physical. medicin. Gesellschaft in Würzburg, Bd. X. (423) A. Kölliker. “Weitere Beobachtungen über die Wirbel der Selachier insbesondere über die Wirbel der Lamnoidei.” Abhandlungen der senkenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, Bd. V. (424) H. Leboucq. “Recherches s. l. mode de disparition de la corde dorsale chez les vertébrés supérieurs.” Archives de Biologie, Vol. I. 1880. (425) Fr. Leydig. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen über Fische und Reptilien. Berlin, 1853. (426) Aug. Müller. “Beobachtungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelsäule.” Müller’s Archiv. 1853. (427) J. Müller. “Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden u. der Cyklostomen mit durchbohrtem Gaumen, I. Osteologie und Myologie.” Abhandlungen der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1834. (428) W. Müller. “Beobachtungen des pathologischen Instituts zu Jena, I. Ueber den Bau der Chorda dorsalis.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. VI. 1871. (429) A. Schneider. Beiträge z. vergleich. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Wirbelthiere. Berlin, 1879.

Ribs and Sternum.

(430) C. Claus. “Beiträge z. vergleich. Osteol. d. Vertebraten. I. Rippen u. unteres Bogensystem.” Sitz. d. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. LXXIV. 1876. (431) A. E. Fick. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Rippen und Querfortsätze.” Archiv f. Anat. und Physiol. 1879. (432) C. Gegenbaur. “Zur Entwick. d. Wirbelsäule des Lepidosteus mit vergleich. anat. Bemerk.” Jenaische Zeit., Vol. III. 1867. (433) A. Götte. “Beiträge z. vergleich. Morphol. d. Skeletsystems d. Wirbelthiere Brustbein u. Schultergürtel.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XIV. 1877. (434) C. Hasse u. G. Born. “Bemerkungen üb. d. Morphologie d. Rippen.” Zoologischer Anzeiger, 1879. (435) C. K. Hoffmann. “Beiträge z. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelthiere.” Niederländ. Archiv Zool., Vol. IV. 1878. (436) W. K. Parker. “A monograph on the structure and development of the shoulder-girdle and sternum.” Ray Soc. 1867. (437) H. Rathke. Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwicklung d. Brustbeins d. Saurier. 1853. (438) G. Ruge. “Untersuch. üb. Entwick. am Brustbeine d. Menschen.” Morphol. Jahrbuch., Vol. VI. 1880.

The Skull.

The Pectoral Girdle.

(463) Bruch. “Ueber die Entwicklung der Clavicula und die Farbe des Blutes.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., iv. 1853. (464) A. Dugès. “Recherches sur l'ostéologie et la myologie des Batraciens à leurs différens âges.” Mémoires des savants étrang. Académie royale des sciences de l'institut de France, Vol. VI. 1835. (465) C. Gegenbaur. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere, 2 Heft. Schultergürtel der Wirbelthiere. Brustflosse der Fische. Leipzig, 1865. (466) A. Götte. “Beiträge z. vergleich. Morphol. d. Skeletsystems d. Wirbelthiere, Brustbein u. Schultergürtel.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat. Vol. XIV. 1877. (467) C. K. Hoffmann. “Beiträge z. vergleichenden Anatomie d. Wirbelthiere.” Niederländisches Archiv f. Zool., Vol. V. 1879. (468) W. K. Parker. “A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the Shoulder-girdle and Sternum in the Vertebrata.” Ray Society, 1868. (469) H. Rathke. Ueber die Entwicklung der Schildkröten. Braunschweig, 1848. (470) H. Rathke. Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung des Brustbeins der Saurier, 1853. (471) A. Sabatier. Comparaison des ceintures et des membres antérieurs et postérieurs d. la Série d. Vertébrés. Montpellier, 1880. (472) Georg ’Swirski. Untersuch. üb. d. Entwick. d. Schultergürtels u. d. Skelets d. Brustflosse d. Hechts. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1880.

The Pelvic Girdle.

(473) A. Bunge. Untersuch. z. Entwick. d. Beckengürtels d. Amphibien, Reptilien u. Vögel. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1880. (474) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueber d. Ausschluss des Schambeins von d. Pfanne d. Hüftgelenkes.” Morph. Jahrbuch, Vol. II. 1876. (475) Th. H. Huxley. “The characters of the Pelvis in Mammalia, etc.” Proc. of Roy. Soc., Vol. XXVIII. 1879. (476) A. Sabatier. Comparaison des ceintures et des membres antérieurs et postérieurs dans la Série d. Vertébrés. Montpellier, 1880.

Skeleton of the Limbs.

(477) M. v. Davidoff. “Beiträge z. vergleich. Anat. d. hinteren Gliedmaassen d. Fische I.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. V. 1879. (478) C. Gegenbaur. Untersuchungen z. vergleich. Anat. d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1864-5. Erstes Heft. Carpus u. Tarsus. Zweites Heft. Brustflosse d. Fische. (479) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueb. d. Skelet d. Gliedmaassen d. Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen u. d. Hintergliedmaassen d. Selachier insbesondere.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. V. 1870. (480) C. Gegenbaur. “Ueb. d. Archipterygium.” Jenaische Zeitschrift, Vol. VII. 1873. (481) C. Gegenbaur. “Zur Morphologie d. Gliedmaassen d. Wirbelthiere.” Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. II. 1876. (482) A. Götte. Ueb. Entwick. u. Regeneration d. Gliedmaassenskelets d. Molche. Leipzig, 1879. (483) T. H. Huxley. “On Ceratodus Forsteri, with some observations on the classification of Fishes.” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876. (484) St George Mivart. “On the Fins of Elasmobranchii.” Zoological Trans., Vol. X. (485) A. Rosenberg. “Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Extremitäten-Skelets bei einigen d. Reduction ihrer Gliedmaassen charakterisirten Wirbelthieren.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Vol. XXIII. 1873. (486) E. Rosenberg. “Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Wirbelsäule u. d. centrale carpi d. Menschen.” Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I. 1875. (487) H. Strasser. “Z. Entwick. d. Extremitätenknorpel bei Salamandern u. Tritonen.” Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Vol. V. 1879. (488) G. ’Swirski. Untersuch. üb. d. Entwick. d. Schultergürtels u. d. Skelets d. Brustflosse d. Hechts. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1880. (489) J. K. Thacker. “Median and paired fins. A contribution to the history of the Vertebrate limbs.” Trans. of the Connecticut Acad., Vol. III. 1877. (490) J. K. Thacker. “Ventral fins of Ganoids.” Trans. of the Connecticut Acad., Vol. IV. 1877.

Pleural and pericardial cavities.

(491) M. Cadiat. “Du développement de la partie céphalothoracique de l'embryon, de la formation du diaphragme, des pleures, du péricarde, du pharynx et de l'œsophage.” Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie, Vol. XIV. 1878.

Vascular System.

The Heart.

(492) A. C. Bernays. “Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Atrioventricularklappen.” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. II. 1876. (493) E. Gasser. “Ueber d. Entstehung d. Herzens beim Hühn.” Archiv f. mikr. Anat., Vol. XIV. (494) A. Thomson. “On the development of the vascular system of the fœtus of Vertebrated Animals.” Edinb. New Phil. Journal, Vol. IX. 1830 and 1831. (495) M. Tonge. “Observations on the development of the semilunar valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart of the Chick.” Phil. Trans. CLIX. 1869. Vide also Von Baer (291), Rathke (300), Hensen (182), Kölliker (298), Götte (296), and Balfour (292).

The Arterial System.

(496) H. Rathke. “Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Arterien w. bei d. Säugethiere von d. Bogen d. Aorta ausgehen.” Müller’s Archiv, 1843. (497) H. Rathke. “Untersuchungen üb. d. Aortenwurzeln d. Saurier.” Denkschriften d. k. Akad. Wien, Vol. XIII. 1857.

Vide also His (No. 232) and general works on Vertebrate Embryology.

The Venous System.

(498) J. Marshall. “On the development of the great anterior veins.” Phil. Trans., 1859. (499) H. Rathke. “Ueb. d. Bildung d. Pfortader u. d. Lebervenen b. Säugethieren.” Meckel’s Archiv, 1830. (500) H. Rathke. “Ueb. d. Bau u. d. Entwick. d. Venensystems d. Wirbelthiere.” Bericht. üb. d. naturh. Seminar. d. Univ. Königsberg, 1838. Vide also Von Baer (No. 291), Götte (No. 296), Kölliker (No. 298), and Rathke (Nos. 299, 300, and 301).

The Spleen.

(501) W. Müller. “The Spleen.” Stricker’s Histology. (502) Peremeschko. “Ueb. d. Entwick. d. Milz.” Sitz. d. Wien. Akad. Wiss., Vol. LVI. 1867.