Volume 2 / Part 6 — SUBJECT-INDEX. (continued 2)

Salamander, embryonic branchiæ, I, 457.

Salmonidæ, reproduction and growth, I, 291–3; II, 454.

Salpidæ: heterogenesis, I, 272, 277;

integration, I, 588; II, 97.

Sap (see Vascular system).

Sarcina: central aggregation, II, 24;

fertility, II, 440.

Savage, Dr., on “Heredity and Neurosis,” I, 313.

Scenedesmus, individuation, II, 24.

Scent: natural selection and keenness of, I, 610;

floral fertilization, II, 268–9;

animal protection, II, 434.

Schelling, E. W. J. von, definition of life, I, 78, 178.

Schleiden, J. M., on individuality, I, 245;

on liverworts, II, 50, 52;

algal indefiniteness, II, 296.

Science, complex revelations of, I, 252, 369, 450.

Scyphomedusæ, strobilization, II, 108.

Sea: changes and movements in, I, 83;

life in, lower than terrestrial, I, 104;

distribution, I, 396, 517;

change of media caused by, I, 481;

geologic influence, I, 502.

Seals: nail-bearing toes, I, 473;

vibrissæ, II, 317.

Seasons: reproductive periodicity, I, 299;

variations of genesis with, II, 484–5.

Sedgwick, Adam: on continuity of protoplasm in animals, I, 190, 629; II, 21;

zoological classification, I, 387;

discrimination of species in embryonic stages, I, 461;

persistence of ancestral traits, I, 463–4;

Archiannelidan segmentation, II, 109.

Sedgwick, Wm.: heredity and sex, I, 305, 314;

telegonic transmission of hypospadias, I, 646.

Seeds: nitrogenous, I, 40;

temperature of germinating, I, 47; II, 615;

vitalism and latent vitality of, I, 116–7;

variation in environment, I, 327;

natural selection among, I, 532.

Segmentation (metameric): special creation hypothesis, I, 468–9;

Huxley on number of somites in higher articulates, ib.;

in annulose animals, II, 98–110, 111–5, 601–5;

simulated molluscan, II, 116;

in vertebrates, II, 125–7, 225–7, 606–7;

in elasmobranchs, II, 126.

Segregation: of growth, I, 136;

of like units, I, 179;

organic repair, I, 221;

variation, I, 331, 334;

heterogeneity, and definiteness of evolution, I, 514–6, 517–8;

morphological development, II, 7–9;

physiological units, II, 616.

Self-fertilization, animal and vegetal, I, 341–4, 353.

Senses, the (see Psychology).

Sex: in Ascidian colonies, I, 247;

limitation of heredity by, I, 314–6;

correlated traits, I, 371–2, 513;

nutrition and determination of, in social insects, I, 655–60, 678–84, 686–9;

neural and hæmal traits, I, 683;

differentiation of organs, II, 303;

castration and growth, II, 459;

Julin on “castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, II, 493–6;

the object of fertilization, II, 613.

(See also Fertilization.)

Sexual Selection (see Natural Selection).

Sharp, D.: on insect somites, I, 469;

food habits of Termites, I, 686–7.

Sheep: contrasted with oxen, I, 158, 160;

crossing of English and French breeds, I, 625;

nutrition and genesis, II, 480.

Sherrington, Prof., on effects of nerve severance, I, 349.

Ship-building, interdependence of social functions, I, 237–9, 241.

Shipley, A. E.: segmentation of Microstomida, II, 102;

Protodrilus, II, 125.

Silica, colloid and crystalloid, I, 16.

Silicic acid: properties, I, 16;

isomerism, I, 59.

Silicon, allotropic, I, 4.

Silkworm disease, I, 622–3.

Simulation: of homology by analogy, II, 14, 485;

of segmented structure by molluscs, II, 116.

Siphonophora, specialization of component polyps, II, 95.

Sirenia, simulated fish form, I, 485.

Size (see Growth).

Skeleton, vertebrate (see Vertebrata).

Skin: respiratory function, I, 209;

adaptability, I, 228; II, 312–4, 387;

transmitted peculiarities, I, 306;

Wallace on distribution of sensitiveness, I, 646–7;

differentiation, II, 215, 217, 304–7;

tegumentary development, II, 314–6, 387;

differentiation of sensory organs, II, 317–20;

and mucous membrane, II, 303–4, 321–2, 389.

“Skin friction,” and locomotion of aquatic animals, I, 156.

Skull (see Vertebrata).

Sleep, repair favoured by, I, 216.

Small-pox, blood changes from, I, 221.

Smith, Prof. W., on fertility of diatomaceæ, II, 440.

Smith, W. P., on telegony in calves and foals, I, 645.

Smith, W. W., on habits of Tetramorium, I, 660.

Snakes (see Reptilia).

“Social organism,” author’s essay on, I, 363, 676.

Sociology: environment and degree of life, I, 105–6;

functional differentiation, I, 204;

division of labour, I, 207, 363–4, 367;

functional interdependence, I, 237–9, 240–2;

autogenous development of units in colonies, I, 364, 367–8; II, 620;

belief in social evolution, I, 432;

natural selection, I, 553; II, 532;

integration and differentiation, II, 378–9;

effects of population, II, 535–6;

equilibration, II, 537.

Soil, dependence of plant evolution on, II, 402.

Solanum jasminoides, organs of attachment, II, 276.

Solar system, autogenous development illustrated by distribution of forces in, I, 366.

Sole, symmetry and location of eyes, II, 205.

Soma-plasm, Weismann’s theory of differentiation from germ-plasm, I, 357, 622, 628–30, 633–44.

Somites (see Segmentation).

Special creation: and evolution, I, 412, 415, 431;

improbabilities, I, 418–9, 430, 439, 554;

inconceivability, I, 420, 429, 431, 554;

of individuals and species, I, 421–4;

the implication of beneficence, I, 425–9;

summary, I, 429, 554;

Von Baer’s formula, I, 451–6;

vertebrate skeleton, II, 551, 556, 565.

Species: adaptation and stability, I, 242;

hereditary transmission, I, 301–4;

variation in wild and cultivated, I, 323–5, 326, 693;

gamogenesis and life of, I, 347–9;

physiological units, I, 362, 364, 369–71, 458; II, 613;

indefiniteness, I, 389, 445, 572;

special creation, I, 422–4;

instability of homogeneous, and differentiation of, I, 509–11, 515, 517–8, 550, 557;

persistence of, I, 516, 518; II, 10–11;

natural selection and equilibration, I, 543–8, 553, 557;

non-adaptive characters, I, 565;

morbid products as marks of, I, 567;

migration and isolation as causes of differentiation, I, 568–9;

increasing multiformity of aggregate, II, 396.

Specific gravity, of organisms and environment, I, 174, 177.

Spermatozoa |

Sperm-cell | (see Fertilization).

Sphere: tendency of units to form, I, 15;

the embryonic form, I, 177;

symmetry, II, 131.

Spheroid, symmetry, II, 132.

Spiders (see Arachnida).

Spine (see Vertebrata).

Sponge: structure and dynamic element in life, I, 119;

multicentral development, I, 164;

units and aggregate, I, 185;

reproductive tissue, I, 283;

integration, I, 586; II, 90, 383;

physiological differentiation, II, 300, 386;

development and genesis, II, 463;

analogy from, II, 576.

Spontaneous generation: and heterogenesis, I, 270;

and evolution, I, 696–701, 703.

Stag, horns and correlated structures, I, 567, 670, 676–7, 692.

Stamens, and foliar homology, II, 44.

Starches: properties, I, 11;

transformations, I, 66, 68, 69, 70; II, 593.

Star-fishes (see Asteroidea).

Statoblasts, of Plumatella, I, 277.

Steenstrup, on “Alternate Generation,” I, 592.

Sterility (see Multiplication).

Stickleback: ova, II, 454;

bothriocephalus in, II, 490.

Stomach (see Alimentary Canal).

Stomata, distribution, II, 260–1.

Straight line, and evolution hypothesis, I, 433.

Strain: compression and tension of, I, 151; II, 209–12;

relation to mass, I, 155–7;

vegetal structure, II, 574–88, 592–6;

origin of vertebrate type, II, 600.

Strawberry: multiaxial development, I, 166;

multiplication, II, 441.

Strength, a vital attribute, I, 578.

Structure: appliances for generating motion, I, 75–7;

biological classification, I, 125–7, 129;

size and organic, I, 137;

growth and complexity, I, 138, 145, 161;

relation to environment, I, 172–8, 195–6;

of unicellular organisms, I, 181–3;

multicellular, I, 183–96;

Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, 189;

continuity of units, I, 190–2;

systems of organs, I, 192;

division into universal and particular, I, 193–4;

general truths, I, 194–5;

plant and animal, contrasted, I, 195–6;

precedence of function or, I, 197, 211;

correlative complexity of function and, I, 200, 211;

progressive concomitant differentiation, I, 201–4;

physiological units, I, 225–6, 362, 364, 369–71; II, 613;

social and organic interdependence, I, 235–42;

varied by function, I, 334, 535; II, 217 (see Acquired Characters);

zoological classification, I, 390–2;

equilibration, I, 521, 557;

progress of, and genesis, I, 590–1; II, 462;

co-operation with function, II, 3;

evolution and increased, II, 4;

retrograde metamorphosis, II, 12;

simulated homologies, II, 13–14;

earliest organic forms, II, 19;

cylindrical vegetal, II, 57–62;

permanence and complexity, II, 295, 296;

function and epidermic, II, 312–4, 387;

and muscular, II, 369, 391;

adaptation and equilibration, II, 392;

persistence of force and physiological adaptation, II, 394;

evolution, II, 501–4.

(See also Morphology.)

Struggle, for nutriment among components of an organism, I, 562, 676;

for existence (see Natural Selection).

Struthers, Sir J.: on heredity, I, 305, 314;

digital variation, I, 321;

rudimentary limbs of whale, I, 668.

Strychnine, effects of, I, 54, 55.

Sturgeon, size of ova and adult, I, 144.

Sugars: properties, I, 10–11;

transformations, I, 38, 40, 66, 69, 70; II, 593.

Suicide, hereditary tendency to, I, 307.

Sulphur: allotropic, I, 4, 59;

organic evolution, I, 703.

Sun (see Light).

Survival of the Fittest, the expression, I, 530, 610.

(See Natural Selection.)

Swan, vertebræ of neck, II, 123.

Swiftness, a vital attribute, I, 578.

Syllis ramosa, lateral branching, I, 166, 361; II, 105, 108.

Symbiosis, II, 399, 400.

Symmetry (see Morphology).

Syphilis, hereditary transmission, I, 623.

Tactual, Perceptiveness, heredity and the distribution of, I, 602–8, 633, 665, 666, 672, 692.

Tænia (see Entozoa).

Tansley, A. G., I, vi; II, vi;

adaptation of reproductive activity to conditions in Algæ, I, 288–9;

shapes of Caulerpa, II, 22;

stem-thickening in extinct Thallophytes, II, 56;

natural selection and leaf-distribution, II, 179.

Tape-worm (see Entozoa).

Taste, dependent on chemical action, I, 54.

Teeth: hereditary transmission, I, 306;

suppression of mammalian, I, 457;

of uncivilized and civilized, I, 541, 693.

Tegumentary organs, origin of, I, 314–6.

Telegony, or the Influence of a previous sire on offspring, I, 624–7, 644–6, 649–50.

Temperature (see Heat).

Tension (see Strain).

Termites: fertility, I, 583; II, 493;

late development of sexual organs, I, 680;

nutrition and differentiation of forms, I, 681.

Tetramorium, utilization of aphides by, I, 660–1.

Thallophyta: size, I, 138, 139;

low co-ordination of parts, I, 164;

pseudo-foliar, II, 28;

“transition place,” II, 30;

simulation of higher types, II, 32;

secondary thickening in extinct species, II, 56;

sexual and asexual genesis, II, 84.

(See also Algæ.)

Tickling, physiology of, I, 76.

Tide (see Sea).

Time, as a factor in growth, II, 77.

Tissue, Hertwig’s classification, I, 189.

(See Physiology.)

Tongue, perceptiveness of tip, I, 606–8, 665, 672–3.

Tortoise: contrasted life of dog and, I, 103–4;

natural selection and carapace, I, 534.

“Transcendental Physiology,” I, 176.

Tree, as symbolizing phylogeny, I, 428, 452–3.

(See Plants.)

Trematoda: agamogenesis, I, 277;

parasitism, I, 428;

alternate generation, I, 592.

Trembley, A., on the polyp, I, 223.

Trichinosis, in Germany, I, 428.

Trochophore, phyletic relationships shown by, I, 447; II, 108–9.

Tubicolæ: development, II, 100;

bilateral symmetry, II, 197.

Tunicata: gemmation, I, 588; II, 445;

alternate generation, I, 592;

integration, II, 93–4;

tertiary aggregation, II, 124;

symmetry, II, 194–5.

Tunny, size of ova and adult, I, 144.

Turbellaria: segmentation, II, 102;

symbiosis, II, 400.

Turnip: chlorophyll in roots, I, 209; II, 254;

vascular system, II, 281, 284, 578, 591, 596.

Twins: similarity of, I, 324;

traits of women bearing, II, 457.

“Types, persistent,” Huxley on, I, 408.

Ulcer, dermal structure, II, 306.

Ultimate Reality, incomprehensibility of, I, 120.

Ulva: cell multiplication, II, 26;

outer tissue, II, 256.

Umbelliferæ: floral symmetry, II, 171;

axial and foliar organs, II, 541–6.

United States: cases of telegony, I, 644–5;

birth-rate, II, 520.

Units: differentiation and dissimilarity, I, 20;

“protyle,” I, 22–3;

shapes in higher types, I, 164;

differential assimilation, I, 180;

primordial organic, I, 181;

morphological composition, I, 184–7, 194, 252; II, 5, 7–9, 21, 79, 85–6;

segregation and organic repair, I, 221–2, 222–6;

chemical, morphological, and physiological, I, 225–6; II, 612;

stability, I, 339;

instability and heterogeneity of organic, I, 350;

Darwin’s gemmules, I, 356–60, 362, 372;

Weissmann’s germ-plasm (q. v.) ib.;

sociological comparison, I, 363–8;

specific proclivities in embryogeny, I, 458;

phænogamic, II, 73, 151;

annulose, II, 105;

incident force and homologous, II, 159;

morphological summary, II, 233.

(See also Physiological Units.)

“Universal Postulate,” I, 675.

Unsymmetrical, definition, II, 131.

Urea, muscular energy and excretion, I, 72.

Van Beneden, P. J., on Tænia, II, 103.

Variation: digital, I, 331;

effects of parental conditions, I, 324;

of altered function, I, 325, 334, 693;

dissimilarity of initial conditions, I, 327–32, 333;

“spontaneous,” I, 328, 513, 697; II, 529;

persistence of force, I, 335;

physiological units, I, 348–54, 360, 369, 371–3; II, 614–7, 622–3;

Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, I, 357–8, 372–3, 671, 677; II, 622;

equilibration and vegetal, I, 523–5;

Weismann’s panmixia theory, I, 561–3, 649, 667–9, 671, 685;

reproductive organs, I, 570;

natural selection and concomitant, I, 614–21, 653, 664, 674, 692;

and disused organs, I, 648, 668;

plus and minus. I, 667, 685;

Masters on correlated, in plants, II, 298, 621–2;

equilibration of favourable, II, 394.

Vascular System: effects of vegeto-alkalies, I, 55;

nutrition, I, 146, 148;

embryonic development, I, 169;

structural traits, I, 192, 193;

function, I, 199;

of Ascidians. I, 202;

functional differentiation and integration, I, 205–6;

organic repair, I, 217, 221–2;

effect of function, I, 229, 234–5, 236;

equilibration, I, 535;

community in compound organisms, I, 588;

development of vegetal, II, 273–5, 279–84, 285–8, 388;

differentiation of, summary, II, 288–90, 388;

differentiation of animal, II, 339–44;

osseous development, II, 347–51;

muscularity, II, 364;

muscular colour, II, 365–9;

heart-motor apparatus, II, 374;

differentiation and integration in animal, II, 376–9, 383;

wood formation, II, 567–92;

résumé of wood formation, II, 592–7.

Vaucheria, reproduction, I, 279, 289.

Vegetative System, co-ordination of actions in, I, 578.

Vegeto-alkalies, physiological effects of, I, 54–5.

Velocity, of moving bodies, II, 219–20.

Vertebrata: size, I, 139;

size at birth and maturity, I, 144;

axial structure, I, 165;

embryonic development and self-mobility, I, 175;

functional differentiation, I, 206, 591;

reparative power, I, 219, 223, 589;

homogenesis universal, I, 271;

distinctive traits, I, 392; II, 35;

distribution in time, I, 408;

classificatory value, I, 446;

embryonic mammalian respiratory system, I, 456;

embryological pre-adaptation, I, 461;

evolution and vertebral column, I, 470;

rudimentary organs, I, 473;

evolution and varied media, I, 479–85;

size of head and vertebræ, I, 512, 537;

segregation and evolution of vertebræ, I, 515;

fertility and development, I, 583, 598–9;

Weismann on reproductive cells, I, 635;

limb locomotion, II, 15;

adaptive segmentation, II, 117–23, 125–7, 223, 602, 605–7;

supernumerary vertebræ, II, 123;

bilateral symmetry, II, 203–6;

internal organic symmetry, II, 208;

genesis of rudimentary axis, II, 212–6;

natural selection and genesis of structure, II, 216, 227;

origin of notochord, II, 216–8;

spinal segmentation, II, 218–22, 224;

skull development, II, 222, 227;

résumé of axis development, II, 224;

Cope on author’s theory, II, 225–7;

nerve differentiation, II, 304;

sensory organs, II, 318;

air-chambers, II, 334;

osseous differentiation, II, 344–55;

activity and muscular colour, II, 365–9;

heart-motor apparatus, II, 374;

cost of genesis, II, 436;

agamogenesis unknown, II, 445;

growth and genesis, II, 454;

heat expenditure and genesis, II, 468–9, 474;

Owen, theory of skeleton, II, 548–66;

evolution of vertebræ, II, 563–6;

origin of type, II, 598–600.

Vestiges of Creation, I, 491.

Vibrissæ, function of, I, 75.

Vitalism, hypothesis examined, I, 114–7.

Vittadini, C., on silkworm disease, I, 622–3.

Viviparons genesis, I, 271, 274–5, 278.

Voice, correlated sexual traits, I, 371–2.

Volcano, definition of life and, I, 85, 89.

Volvocineæ: unicentral development, I, 163;

individuality, I, 245;

disintegration of genesis, I, 276, 587;

spherical aggregation, II, 24;

symmetry, II, 137, 187;

fertility, II, 441.

Vomiting, alimentary canal development, II, 328.

Vorticella: secondary aggregate, II, 90;

symmetry, II, 188.

Wallace, A. R.: “The Origin of the Human Races,” I, 553;

the expression “Survival of the Fittest,” I, 530;

his association of natural with artificial selection, I, 609;

co-adaptation in giraffe, I, 615;

skin sensitiveness, I, 646.

Wasp: co-ordination of instincts in Mason-, I, 574, 679–80;

genesis of worker, I, 654–7.

Waste, animal, I, 69, 213–5, 228;

relation to activity, I, 196, 220–1;

in plants, I, 213, 220.

Water: properties, I, 7, 9;

colloidal affinity for, I, 28;

organic change from, I, 29;

organic need for, I, 147;

proportion in mammalian adult and fœtus, I, 154;

motion through, I, 156;

organic development and environment, I, 173, 177, 479;

terrestrial organisms inhabiting, I, 400;

adaptation of organisms to change of media, I, 479–85;

vegetal tissue differentiation, II, 253;

molecular re-arrangement, II, 359;

colloidal contraction, II, 361–2.

Water-weed, American, invasion of, I, 399.

Watts, Dr., on The Principles of Biology, I, ix.

Wax, foliar deposit, II, 260–1.

Weber, on tactual discriminativeness, I, 602.

Weight: relation to environment of organic, I, 174, 177;

varying as cube of dimensions, I, 151; II, 434, 470.

Weismann, Aug.: reproductive tissue in Medusæ, I, 281;

in Daphnidæ, I, 290;

his theory of the differentiated germ-plasm and its fundamental units, I, 357, 622–3, 628–30, 633–44, 646; II, 618–9, 622;

the alleged differentiation and plant-phenomena, I, 359–60;

and regenerative processes, I, 360;

false joints, I, 362;

implied complexity of determinants, I, 370;

theory inadequate to explain correlation of sexual traits, I, 372;

and variations in peacock’s tail feather, I, 372–3, 695; II, 618;

his view of natural selection as sole factor in organic evolution, I, 559;

the doctrine of panmixia, I, 561–3, 612, 632, 649, 667–9, 671, 685, 689;

arguments against inheritance of acquired characters, I, 612–3, 651–65, 669–71;

blindness of cave-animals, I, 613;

current acceptance of his views, I, 631, 690;

cannot explain the process of natural selection, I, 651;

the degradation of the little toe in man, I, 652, 669, 673;

caste gradations of social insects, I, 654, 658–65, 670, 675, 678–84, 685;

food-seeking instinct in Amazon ants, I, 660, 670;

the co-adaptation of co-operative parts, I, 663–4, 670, 674, 675, 676;

tactual discriminativeness, I, 665, 672;

intra-selection, I, 676–8;

effect of nutrition on fertility of blow-fly, I, 678–9.

Whale: weight of brain, I, 599;

rudimentary limbs, I, 668–9, 685, 693.

Wheat, adaptive variations, II, 298.

Whistling, definition of life and, I, 112.

White-Cooper, Mr., on inheritance of abnormal vision, I, 306.

Willow, nutrition and growth, I, 294.

Wilson, E. B.: composition of chromatin, I, 260;

separation of segmentation spheres of Amphioxus ovum, I, 691.

Wind: and vegetal bilateral symmetry, II, 142;

and inner vegetal tissue differentiation, II, 275–9, 285, 288, 388;

and proliferation of Bryophyllum, II, 295;

and vegetal sap movement, II, 583, 584, 587;

résumé, 592–6.

Wolff, C.: vegetal fructification and nutrition, I, 283; II, 179–80;

vegetal vascular system, II, 283.

Women (see Man).

Wood (see Plants).

Yeast: fermentation, I, 38;

fertility, I, 581; II, 440;

linear aggregation, I, 587; II, 23.

Zebra marks in horses, I, 314.

Zoology, classification, I, 124–5, 380–9.

Zoophytes, structural indefiniteness, I, 173.

Zoospores, unit-life of, I, 185.

Zygote, of conjugating Algæ, I, 283.

THE END.