INDEX.
Reading edition
Aaron, Jacobite Bishop, 87
Abāqā K͟hān, 229
ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz b. Marwān, governor of Egypt, 63, 66
ʻAbd al-Karīm, founder of the kingdom of Wadai, 322
ʻAbd al-Malik, caliph, 63, 66, 81, 313
ʻAbd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq al-Kindī, 84–5, 428
ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, 271, 274, 328, 329
ʻAbd al-Raḥīm b. ʻAlī, on forcible conversion to Islam, 421
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, head of the Imperial finances in China, 297
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sāmirī, reputed Hindu king, 265
ʻAbd Allāh, first Muslim king of Baghirmi, 322
ʻAbd Allāh b. Ismāʻīl al-Hāshimī, letter to al-Kindī, 84–5, 428–35
ʻAbd Allāh b. Masʻūd, 15
ʻAbd Allāh b. Maymūn, 211, 213
ʻAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn, 331
Abkhazes, 101
Abū Bakr, caliph, 12, 45
Abu’l-Faraj b. al-Jawzī, 75
Abu’l-Ḥasan Mihyār, converted, 210
Abū Nūḥ al-Anbārī, Christian secretary, 64
Abū Ṭālib, 13–14, 15, 19
Abyssinia, Bilāl, the first-fruits of, 15, 29
Abyssinia, flight to, 15–16
Abyssinia, Islam in, 113–21, 410
Achin. See Atjeh
Adal, Muhammadan Kingdom, 114, 115
Adamaua, 325
Adi, island, 404
Adoptionism, in Spain, 139
Adrianople, 159
Afg͟hāns, conversion to Islam, 217; in Bengal, 279
Africa, Church of North, 121–7, 129–30; Islam in, 102–30, 312–62; Partition of, facilitates spread of Islam, 333, 340, 345–6, 361–2
Ahl al-Kitāb, 207
Aḥmad, Tunjar Arab in Darfur, 322
Aḥmad b. Idrīs, 327
Aḥmad Grāñ, 113, 115–116
Aḥmad Mujaddid, 412
Aḥmad Shanūrāzah, first Muhammadan king of the Maldive Islands, 270
Aḥmad Takūdār. See Takūdār
Aḥmadu Shayk͟hu, 330
Akbar, 259, 262, 292
Ak͟hṭal, court poet, 63
Albanians, 62, 177–92
Alfurs, 390, 393
ʻAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, 12, 13
ʻAlī Mug͟hāyat Shāh, king of Atjeh, 367
Almohad dynasty, 316, 421
Almoravid dynasty, 142–3, 314, 316, 317
Alvar, 138, 142
Amboina, 389
Amīrg͟hāniyyah order, 327
Amiroutzes, George, 160
Ampel, in Java, 381, 383, 384
Ānanda, viceroy of Kan-su, 227, 239
Anjumans in India, 286, 439
Antivari, 177, 180, 187, 188, 189, 191
Arab conquest of Byzantine empire, 54–6; of Egypt, 102; of North Africa, 121, 125–26, 312–13; of Persia, 47–8
Arab conquests, not missionary, 45–7
Arab society in the time of Muḥammad, 31–2, 42–3
Arab traders, as proselytisers, 353 sq. See also Merchants
Arab tribes, conversion of, 32–3, 35–41
Arabic language, adoption of, a possible aid to the spread of Islam, 73, 137–9
Arabs, Christian, converted to Islam, 47–50
Arabs, in Africa:—Abyssinia, 114; East Coast, 340–3; Nubia, 110, 112; Somaliland, 350; Sudan, 320, 321, 322, 331; Uganda, 344;— in China, 294–6, 297, 363; in India, 255, 256, 263–6, 269–273; in Indo-China, 376; in Malay Archipelago, 364–5, 366, 371, 373, 376, 378, 388, 391, 397–8, 401, 404; in Malay Peninsula, 373
Arghons, 293
Arg͟hūn, fourth Īlk͟hān, 232, 239; persecutes Muhammadans, 226
Arianism, in Spain, 134
Armatoli, 62
Armenians, viii. n.1, 96–7, 176, 229
Arslān K͟hān b. Qadr K͟hān, 216
Aru, in Sumatra, 367, 368
Arya Damar, 380, 381, 382
Ashanti, 339
Assam, 282
Athanasius, of Edessa, builds churches, 63, 66
Atjeh, 366, 367, 369, 375, 376, 394
Aurangzeb, 254, 260, 292
Azhar, mosque of al-, 328, 355
Baduwis, in Java, 386
Baʼeda Māryām, king of Abyssinia, 114
Baele tribe, 335
Baganda, Islam among the, 344
Baghirmi, 322–3
Bak͟htiyār K͟hiljī, 277
Balambangan, kingdom in Java, 382
Bālāsāg͟hūn, 216
Bali, island, 384, 404
Balinese, in Lombok, 398–9
Baliyyūn, 113
Baltistan, 292–3
Bambara, 321
Bangalore, 285
Banjarmasin, kingdom in Borneo, 390–1
Bantam, in Java, 385, 386
Banū G͟hassān, 47, 52
Banū Namir, 48, 49
Banū Tag͟hlib, 49–50
Banū Tanūk͟h, 50
Baptism of Muhammadan children, 181, 187
Baraba Tatars, 253
Baraka K͟hān, 223, 224, 227–9, 239, 240
Bashkirs, in Hungary, 193–4; in Russia, 250
Bataks, 369–70, 372
Bāyazīd, Sultan of Turkey, 193
Baybars, Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt, 223, 228, 229
Baydū K͟hān, 232–3
Belgaum, 271
Belloos, 112–13
Bengal, 277–80, 288
Berberah, 350
Berbers, Christianity among, 122; Islam among, 312–16; in the Sudan, 317, 321
Bilāl, 14–15, 29
Bintara, in Java, 383
Bishnois, Hindu sect, 263
Bizzi, Marco, in Albania, 180–3
Bodh Mal, Raja of Majhauli, 262
Bogomiles, 198–200
Bohra sect, 275–7
Bolaäng-Mongondou, in Celebes, 396–8
Borneo, 390–2
Bornu, 320 n.5, 322, 355
Borun tribe, 411
Bosnia, 168, 198–201
Brahmanābād, 272
Brunai, in Borneo, 391
Buckle, on Muslim missionaries, 405
Buddhism in conflict with Islam, 220, 225, 227
Buddhists, converted to Islam, 227, 233, 293, 376, 421
Bugis, in Borneo, 392; in Celebes, 393, 395–6, 397; in Lombok, 398
Bukām, a wealthy Christian, builds churches, 67
Buk͟hārā, conquered by Arabs, 213; sacked by the Mongols, 218; Saljūqs accept Islam here, 216
Bulandshahr, 257, 260
Bulgarians, 242–3
Burāq K͟hān, 235
Byzantine government, 53–5, 72–3; in Africa, 104, 106, 124; in Greece, 147–8
Calvinism and Islam, 155, 162–3
Cambodia, 296 n.3
Canton, 296
Cape Colony, 3, 350–2
Capitation-tax in Albania, 182, 189; in Turkey, 152–4. See Jizyah
Catherine II, 247
Celebes, 392–8
Ceram, 404
Ceylon, Islam in, 266 n.2
Chag͟hatāy, 234
Chalcedon, Council of, 53, 102
Champa, 380
Chams, 296 n.3
Charlemagne, 7, 136, 139
Cheribon, 380, 385
Cherimiss, 250–1
Chermen, 378
Cherumans, 268
China, Islam in, 227, 294–311
Chinese, in Borneo, 392; in Java, 379; in Mindanao, 401 n.2
Chingīz K͟hān, 218, 220, 225, 301
Chittagong, 278
Christian Arabs, converted to Islam, 47–50; in alliance with Muslim Arabs, 47–9, 62; in modern times, 52; persecuted, 50
Christian clergy converted to Islam, 84, 86–7; in Abyssinia, 115; in Egypt, 92; in Spain, 134; in Turkey, 159, 165, 166, 168 n.2, 169
Christian heresies as predisposing to conversion to Islam, 105, 134, 161, 199–200
Christian officials employed by Muhammadan governments, 62–4; in Egypt, 107; in Spain, 135
Christian soldiers in Muhammadan service, during the Crusades, 91, 96; in North Africa, 129–30; in Spain, 135; in Turkey, 62, 151 n.2, 179; exempted from the payment of capitation-tax, 61–2
Christianity, forced conversion to. See Conversion, forced
Christians converted to Islam, in Borneo, 392; in Celebes, 396–8; in India, 269; in Sumatra, 370. See also Christian clergy
Christians prefer Muslim to Christian rule, 155–7; in Byzantine empire, 54–6, 96, 147–8; in Greece under Frankish and Venetian rule, 147; in Hungary, 155; in Spain, 132; in Servia, 194–5; in Transylvania, 155
Christians under Muslim rule, condition of, 49–50, 52, 54–69, 75–84, 95–100, 103–4, 106–9, 121–2, 125–7, 129–44, 146–60, 178–84, 189, 194–7, 203–5, 207, 422. See also D͟himmīs
Churches built in Muhammadan countries, 57 n.5, 65–8, 109, 135, 422 n.2
Chuvash, 251
Circassians, 100–1
Constantine, Tsarevitch of Kakheth, becomes Muslim, 99
Controversies between Christians and Muslims, 83–5, 108, 226, 227 n.4, 436–7
Conversion, forced, to Christianity, in Abyssinia, 114, 116, 119–20; in Amboina, 7–8; in Europe, 7–8, 194; in the Galla country, 348; in the Philippine Islands, 401
Conversion, forced, to Islam, absence of, vindicated by contemporary evidence, 81–2, 157–8, 173–4
Conversion, forced, to Islam, condemned, 5–6, 85 n.4, 158, 421–3
Conversion, forced, to Islam, in Albania, 182, 190; in India, 254, 260–2, 268, 278; in Kashmīr, 292; in Morocco, 126; in Mug͟halistān, 238; in Tunis, 126 n.2; in Turkey, 150, 166, 174
Conversion of Muslims to Christianity, in Crete, 201
Copts, 102–9
Crete, viii. n.1, 201–5
Crimea, Islam in the, 245
Crusaders, 88–92
Cutch, 275, 277
Cyprus, Copts in, accept Islam, 108 n.3; under Venetian rule, 147 n.2
Daghistan, 100
Dahanu, 271
Dahomey, 339
Damascus, 55, 65
Danagla Arabs, 110 n.7
Daniel, Bishop of Khabur, 87
Darfur, 322, 354, 355
Dasavatār, sacred book of the Khojahs, 274
Daylam, 210
Deccan, merchants from the, in the Malay Archipelago, 364
D͟himmīs, 57–61, 66, 75–6, 77 n.6, 83, 207. See also Christians under Muslim Rule, Zoroastrians
Dongola, 110, 327
Doughty, quoted, 347, 413, 416–17
Dudekulas, 267
Dutch, in the Malay Archipelago, 369, 372, 397–8, 405–7
Dutch-speaking Muslims. See Cape Colony
Dyaks, 392
Egypt, Christians under Muslim rule, 102–4, 106–9; churches built, 66–7, 109, 422 n.2
Egypt, Jacobite Christians of. See Copts
Felix, Bishop of Urgel, 139
Fire-temples, in Persia, 209–11
Fīrūz Shāh Tug͟hlaq, 258
Flores, 396
Fulbe, condition in eighteenth century, 323–4; in nineteenth century, 325; destroy Hausa records, 319; missionary activity, 333, 353–4; on West Coast of Africa, 340
Fūnj, empire of the, 111, 113, 337
Futah-Jallon, 328, 330
Gabriel, Christian physician of Hārūn al-Rashīd, 64
Gabriel, Metropolitan of Fārs, 86
Gallas, 348–9; in Abyssinia, 116–17, 347
Galley-slaves, 173
Gennadios, Patriarch of Constantinople, 146
George, Bishop of Baḥrayn, 86
Georgians, 97–100, 165 n.1
Gerganos, 164
German East Africa, 345–6, 410
G͟hāzān, 232–4, 421
Gilolo, 390
Giri, 382
Gold Coast, 339
Golden Horde, 220, 227, 239
Gowa, in Celebes, 393, 395
Grāñ. See Aḥmad Grāñ
Greece, the first-fruits of, Ṣuhayb, 26, 29
Greek Christians exempted from payment of capitation-tax, 62
Greek Church, attempt to Calvinise the, 161–4; under Byzantine rule in fifteenth century, 159; under Turkish rule in seventeenth century, 167, 169; in Bosnia, 168; in Crete, under Venetian rule, 203; in Servia, 196
Greeks, in the Crimea, 245; under Turkish rule, 145–55, 160
Gresik, 378, 379, 381, 382, 389
Grodno, Muslims in, 3
Guinea Coast, 338–9
Gujarāt, spread of Islam in, 275–7
Gulbarga, 271
Hādī, caliph, 84
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, governor of Egypt, and the Christians, 103–4
Ḥājī Purwa, 378
Ḥājīs, and missionary activity, 416; in Africa, 330, 354; in the Malay Archipelago, 405–6; in Java, 377; in Sambawa, 398; in Sumatra, 369, 370, 371
Ḥājj ʻUmar, 330, 332, 333
Ḥākim, 8, 422
Halemahera, 390
Harar, 335, 350
Hardatta, 257
Hārūn al-Rashīd, 64, 84; oppresses the Christians, 76; permits erection of churches, 67
Hausas, 319–20, 321, 325; as proselytisers, 320, 333, 339; on West Coast of Africa, 340
Ḥaydar ʻAlī, 254, 261, 268
Hayton, king of Armenia, 221, 229
Heraclius, 28, 48, 53–4, 70 n.3, 207
Hinduism and Islam, in India, 254–91; in Java, 384–6
Ḥīrah, 50
Hishām, caliph, 295
Hottentots, 351
Hui Hui, 295
Hūlāgū, 221, 228, 229, 240
Hungary, Calvinists of, 155; Muslims in, 160 n.1, 193–4
Hunyady, John, 193, 195
Ibn Ḥanbal, 74
Ibn K͟hūrdādbih, 211
Ibn Tūmart, 316
Ibrāhīm, Christian, in charge of Bayt al-Māl, 63
Ibrāhīm I, Sultan of Turkey, 423
Idaans, tribe in Borneo, 391–2
Ijebu country, South Nigeria, 326
Īlik-K͟hāns, dynasty, 215, 216
Īlk͟hān dynasty, 223, 226, 229–34
Ilorin, 325
India, 212, 254–91, 439; Islam introduced into Malay Archipelago from, 364
Indo-China, Islam in, 376
Intolerance condemned, 209. See also Forced conversion, to Islam, condemned
Ishōʻ-yabh III, Nestorian Patriarch, 81
Islam, brotherhood of, 42–3, 75,340, 356, 357, 416
Islam, causes of spread of, 413–26; in Africa, 353–8, 362; in Albania, 182, 184, 190; in Arabia, 35, 41; in Bosnia, 200; in Egypt, 94, 105–6, 108–9; in India, 279, 287–91; in the Malay Archipelago, 365, 400, 405, 407; in Spain, 132; in Turkey, 157–8, 160, 166, 172–5; under the Umayyads and ʻAbbāsids, 70–5, 79 n.1
Islam, a missionary religion, 1, 11, 29, 42–4, 409
Islam, ritualism of, 417–19
Islam, a universal religion, 28–30
Ismāʻīl b. ʻAbd Allāh, governor of North Africa, 314
Ismāʻīlian missionaries, 211–13; in India, 212, 274–6; in Kashmīr, 291
Israel, Christian official, 64
Jacobite Church, in Abyssinia, 113–21; in Egypt, 69, 102–9; in Nubia, 109–13; in Persia, 69, 81–2, 207; recent statistics, 80
Jacobus Manopo, first Christian king of Bolaäng-Mongondou, 396
Jacobus Manuel Manopo, first Muslim king of Bolaäng-Mongondou, 397
Jag͟habūb, 334, 335
Jains converted to Islam, 271
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Shāh, king of Bengal, 278
Jamāl al-Dīn, first Muslim king of Tidor, 388
James II, king of England, invited to embrace Islam, 409 n.3
Janissaries, corps of, 150–1, 167
Jarrāḥ b. ʻAbd Allāh, governor of K͟hurāsān, 83
Jatmall, becomes a Muhammadan, 277–8
Java, 364, 377–87
Jāwej, Abyssinian chief, 118
Jenne, 318
Jerusalem, 59, 90
Jews, attempt the conversion of the Russians, 243; forced to become Muslims, 421; in China, 305; in Medina, 20, 26; in Spain, welcome Arabs, 132; Spanish, take refuge in Turkey, 156
Jihād, in Africa, 329, 331–3, 353; in Sumatra, 372
Jizyah, tribute paid by non-Muslim subjects, 59–62, 103–4, 115, 207, 432; paid also by newly-converted Muslims, 60, 83, 103 n.5; —exemption granted to, Banū Tag͟hlib, 49; newly-converted Muslims, 103–4, 258; Christian troops in Muslim service, 61–2; —rates, 60; in Jerusalem, 57; in Nubia, 110; in Spain, 134. See also Capitation-tax
John, king of Abyssinia, 119, 120
Joseph, Metropolitan of Merv, 84, 86 n.7
Joshua, Jacobite Patriarch, 86 n.6
Jukun tribe, 337
Justinian, 52, 72, 102 n.1, 123
Justus Stevenius, 93
Kabils, of Algeria, 127–9
Kābul, 217
Kanem, 320
Kano, 319 n.6, 320
Kan-su, 302, 306, 309, 310
Karamurtads, in Albania, 192
Karīm b. Shahriyār, 210
Kāshgar, Islam in, 215, 235, 238
Kashmīr, 291–2
Kastriota, George, 177
Katsena, 320
Kazaks, 238
Kazan, 247–9, 252, 411
Kei Islands, 404
K͟hadījah, 12, 18
K͟hālid al-Qasrī, erects a church, 67
K͟hālid b. al-Walīd, 46; at Ḥīrah, 50–1; Afghan legend concerning, 217
K͟harāj, 83
K͟hazars, 243
K͟hiljīs, Islam under the, 257–8
Khīva, 214, 246
Khojah sect, 274–5
Khokand, 246
Khotan, 216, 238, 296 n.3
K͟hurāsān, conversion of Christians of, 81–2
Kʼien Lung, emperor of China, 304, 305
Kiloa, 340, 342
Kindī. See ʻAbd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq al-Kindī
Kirghiz, 238, 245–7, 253
Kocch tribe, converted to Islam, 288
Kordofan, 320, 327
Kovno, Muslims in, 3
Kritopoulos, Metrophanes, on tribute of Christian children, 150 n.2, 151
Kūchum K͟hān, 252
Kufra, 334 n.2
Kurguz, Buddhist governor of Persia, becomes Muslim, 227
Kuyūk K͟hān, treatment of Christians, 221, 225; of Muhammadans, 225–6
Laccadive Islands, 270
Ladakh, 292–3
Lagos, 340
Lambri, in Sumatra, 368
Lampong districts, 371
Lamṭūna clan, 315, 317
Lefroy, Bishop, on causes of spread of Islam, 414–15; on Islam in India, 259; on Muslim public prayer, 418 n.2
Lhasa, Muhammadans in, 293
Liberia, 338
Lithuania, Islam in, 3, 245
Lohānas, conversion of, 274
Lombok, 398
Louis VII. See St. Louis
Lucaris, Cyril, Patriarch of Constantinople, 161–4
Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch, 156
Macassar, kingdom in Celebes, 393, 395–6
Madagascar, 352
Madāyi, 265
Madura, 382, 404
Magellan, 387, 388
Mahdī, caliph, 50, 67, 78
Mahdī Purāṇa, 212
Maḥmūd of Ghazna, 254, 256, 257
Maimonides, Moses, 421
Majapahit, 379, 380–4, 390, 391 n.4
Malabar, 261–9, 364, 366 n.4
Malacca, 372, 401
Malay Archipelago, 363–72, 377–407
Malay Peninsula, 372–6
Malays, in Cape Colony, 350
Maldive Islands, 270
Malik al-Z̤āhir, king of Samudra, 368
Malik b. al-Walīd, Christian official, 64
Maʼmūn, caliph, reign of, 78, 84, 85, 217; permits erection of churches, 67; interview with his uncle, Ibrāhīm, 358
Mandingos, 319, 331, 354; as Muslim missionaries, 319, 321, 353; on West Coast of Africa, 338, 340; still pagan, 337
Mangū K͟hān, 222
Manila, 402
Manṣūr, caliph, 75, 296
Mappillas, 263–4
Marabouts, 317, 354
Mark bar Qīqī, Jacobite Metropolitan, 86
Marriages of Christian women to Muhammadans, 136 n.3, 181, 186
Martyrs, Muslim, 14–15, 38, 224
Marwān, caliph, quoted, 8
Mecca, Arabs from, in the Malay Archipelago, 367, 375, 391; pilgrimage to, 415–16; religious centre of the Muslim world, 27. See also Ḥājīs.
Medina, 19–26, 31–2, 34–5
Melle, 319, 321
Menangkabau, kingdom of, 368–9, 372
Menelik, emperor of Abyssinia, 120, 350
Merāts, 287
Merchants, Muslim, as missionaries, 409, 419; among the Mongols, 228; in Africa, 118, 320, 333, 337, 339, 348, 353, 362; in India, 264, 273; in the Malay Archipelago, 365, 377, 387–8, 396, 403, 404; in Siberia, 252
Merv, conversion of Christians of, 81–2
Metaras, Nicodemus, 164
Minahassa, 393
Mindanao, 399–401
Ming dynasty, 299
Minnat al-Islām Sabhā, 269
Mirdites, 62, 179 n.2, 192
Misool, island, 402, 403 n.3
Missionaries, Muslim:— ʻAbd Allāh, al-Yamanī, 275 ʻAbd Allāh, Shayk͟h, 373–5 ʻAbd Allāh ʻĀrif, 366 ʻAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn, 315 ʻAbd al-Razzāq, 266–7 Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad, 113–14 Abū ʻAlī Qalandar, 282 Abū Bakr, 401 Abū Ṣaydā, 214 Abu’l-Faraj b. al-Jawzī, 75 Abu’l-Naṣr Sāmānī, 215 ʻAmr b. Mālik, 40 ʻAmr b. Murrah, 36–7 ʻAyyāsh b. Abī Rabīʻah, 39 Bahā al-Dīn Zakariyyā, 281 Bahā al-Ḥaqq, 281 Baqā Ḥusayn K͟hān, 283, 439 Bulbul Shāh, 292 Burhān al-Dīn, 366 Ḍaḥḥāk b. Sufyān, 40 Danfodio. See ʻUt͟hmān Danfodio Darvīsh Manṣūr, 100 Datu Mullā Ḥusayn, 388–9 Dāwal Shāh Pīr, 277 Ḍimām b. T͟haʻlabah, 35–6 Fak͟hr al-Dīn, 267–8 Faraḥ ʻAlī, 101 Farīd al-Dīn, 281 Ḥājī Muḥammad, 283 Ḥakīm Bagus, 397 Ḥasan al-Dīn, 385 Ḥasan ʻAlī, 283 Ḥasan b. ʻAlī, 210 Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn, 282 Ḥāshim Pīr Gujarātī, 271 Ibn Ḥanbal, 74 Ibrāhīm Abū Zarbay, 350 Imām Dikir, 404 Imām Shāh, 277 Imām Tuwéko, 397 Isḥāq, 382 Isḥāq Walī, 238 Ismāʻīl, Shayk͟h, 367–8 Jalāl al-Dīn Tabrīzī, 280 Jamāl al-Dīn, 235–6 Jumāda ʻl-Kubrạ̄, 381 K͟halīfah Ḥusayn, Shayk͟h, 382 K͟haṭīb Tungal, 395 Khunmir Ḥusaynī, 271 Mahābīr Khamdāyat, 271 Malik ʻAbd al-Laṭīf, 277 Mālik b. Dīnār, 264–5 Mālik b. Ḥabīb, 264–5 Malik Ibrāhīm, 378–9 Manṣūr, Shayk͟h, 388 Minak Kamala Bumi, 371 Muḥammad b. ʻAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Majīlī, 320 Muḥammad b. al-Huzayl, 74 n.3 Muḥammad ʻUbayd Allāh, 284–5 Muḥammad ʻUt͟hmān al-Amīr G͟hanī, 327 Muʻīn al-Dīn Chishtī, 281 Mullā ʻAlī, 275–6 Mumba Mulyaya, 270 Muṣʻab b. ʻUmayr, 15–16, 22–5 Nāṣir al-Ḥaqq Abū Muḥammad, 210 Nūr al-Dīn, 275 Nūr al-Dīn Ibrāhīm, 385 Nūr Satāgar, 275 Pati Putah, 389 Rashīd al-Dīn, 236–7 Ṣadr al-Dīn, 274–5 Sayyid Aḥmad Kabīr, 282 Sayyid ʻAlī Hamadānī, 292 Sayyid Ismāʻīl, 280 Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn, 281–2 Sayyid Muḥammad b. Sayyid ʻAlī, 271 Sayyid Muḥammad Gīsūdarāz, 271 Sayyid Nathar Shāh, 267, 268 Sayyid Ṣadr al-Dīn, 282 Sayyid Safdar ʻAlī, 283 Sayyid Shāh Farīd al-Dīn, 292 Sayyid ʻUmar ʻAydrūs Basheban, 271 Sayyid Yūsuf al-Dīn, 274 Shāh al-Ḥamīd, 267 Shāh Muḥammad Ṣādiq Sarmast Ḥusaynī, 271 Shams al-Dīn, Mīr, 292 Sharaf b. Mālik, 264 Sharīf Kabungsuwan, 399 Sharīf Karīm al-Mak͟hdūm, 401 Sīdī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz, 373 Tufayl b. ʻAmr, 37–8 ʻUmaru Kaba, 321 ʻUrwah b. Masʻūd, 38 ʻUt͟hmān Danfodio, 323–5 Wāt͟hilah b. al-Asqaʻ, 40 Yūsuf Shams al-Dīn, 270
Missionaries, Muslim, from Bag͟hdād, in India, 271, 274; from Buk͟hārā, in India, 280, 281; among the Mongols, 228, 235–6; in Siberia, 252; from Persia, in India, 270, 280–2, 292. See also Merchants, Prisoners, Women, as missionaries
Missionary activity, Muslim, character of, 408–9; enjoined in the Qurʼān, 3–4, 409; in times of political weakness, 2, 144, 225, 239, 397, 400
Missionary efforts, unsuccessful Muslim, in Arabia, 34–5, 40; in Africa, 325–6; in India, 266–7; in Java, 378; among the Mongols, 240; among the Papuans, 403; among the Russians, 242–3
Missionary religion, defined, 1
Missionary Societies, Muslim, 438–9
Moluccas, 387–90
Mongols, conquests, 218–19, 225; converted to Christianity, 221; converted to Islam, 227–30, 232–7, in China, 297 sq.; in Georgia, 97–8; persecute the Muhammadans, 225–6, 234; primitive religion, 220; relations with Christian princes, 222, 229. See also Tatars
Monotheletism, 53, 124
Montenegro, 197–8
Moral superiority of Muslims, in Abyssinia, 117; in Spain, 133; in Turkey, 171
Moriscoes, 143–4
Morocco, Christians in, 126, 127 n.3
Moses Maimonides, 421
Muʻāwiyah, employed Christians, 63; revenue of Egypt in reign of, 103
Mubārak Shāh, 235
Mug͟halistān, 238
Muḥammad, 11–43, 47–8
Muḥammad II, Sultan of Turkey, 145–6, 176; in Bosnia, 198–9
Muḥammad b. al-Huzayl, 74 n.3
Muḥammad b. ʻAlī al-Sanūsī, 334
Muḥammad b. Qāsim, 256 n.2, 272
Muḥammad K͟hān, K͟hān of Mug͟halistān, 237–8
Muḥammad K͟hudābandah, 234
Muḥammad Shāh, Sultan of Malacca, 372–3, 401
Muhammadan martyrs, 14–15, 38, 224
Muhammadan officials and soldiers of Christian governments, as propagandists of Islam, in Africa, 326, 333, 345–6, 362; in the Malay Archipelago, 369, 399, 407
Muhammadans observe Christian rites, in Albania, 181, 187
Muhammadans under Christian rule in Abyssinia, 114, 115, 117–21, 410; Cape Colony, 350–2; Crete, 201; Egypt, 424, 438–9; German East Africa, 326, 345–6, 361–2, 410; Hungary, 193–4; India, 280, 282–91, 439; Lagos, 340; Lithuania, 245; Malay Archipelago, 369–70, 371–2, 387, 393, 397–8, 399, 400–2, 405–7; Montenegro, 197–8; Nigeria, 325, 326; Nubia, 110; Russian empire, 100, 101, 247–51, 252–3, 411; Spain, 140, 143–4
Mukkuvans, 268
Multan, 272, 273
Muqtadir, caliph, 75, 77, 422 n.2
Murād II, Sultan of Turkey, 148–9
Murshid Qulī K͟hān, 278
Mustaḍī, caliph, 68
Muʻtadid, caliph, 64
Muʻtaṣim, caliph, reign of, 209, 214, 272; employs Christian officials, 63; sends ambassadors to Nubia, 109
Mutawakkil, caliph, fanatical measures, 8, 75, 76–7, 420 n.1; orders recently constructed churches to be destroyed, 66
Muʻtazilites, 74–5, 77
Mutesa, king of Uganda, 438
Muwallads, in Spain, 139
Muzarabes, 137, 138
Nafīsah, 411
Najm al-Dīn Muk͟htār al-Zāhidī, 227 n.1
Naqshbandiyyah order, 239, 407 n.2
Nasik, 271, 284
Naṣr b. Hārūn, Christian official, 64
Nestorian Church, under Muslim rule, 68, 77, 80, 81–2, 86
Nestorians among the Mongols, 221–2
New Guinea, 402–3
Niʻmat Allāh, Jacobite Patriarch, 86 n.2
Noanta, Christians of, become Muslims, 168–9
Nogais, 240
Nubia, 109–13, 337
Nubians join Amīrg͟haniyyah order, 327
Nūr al-Dīn, al-K͟hwārazmī, maltreated at court of Kuyūk, 225–6
Nyasaland, 346
Onin, peninsula of New Guinea, 403
Org͟hana, wife of Qarā-Hūlāgū, 234–5
Ottoman Turks, administration, 146–9; conquests, 145, 171, 177, 192–3, 198–9, 201; moral qualities, 169–71, 172; oppression, 154–5; proselytising zeal, 158, 159 n.1; taxation, 149–54; toleration, 155–8, 194–5
Padrīs, in Sumatra, 369, 372
Pahlavān, saint of Khīva, 214
Pajajaran, kingdom in Java, 378, 385–6
Palembang, 371, 381, 391
Panjāb, 280–3, 286–7
Papuans, 402–4
Parlāk, kingdom in Sumatra, 367–8
Paulician heresy, 96, 161
Pechenegs, 412
Penukonda, 268
Persecution forbidden in the Qurʼān, 5–6
Persecution of Christians by Muslims, 75–9, 420 n.1; Banū Tanūk͟h, 50; in Albania, 183, 189; in Armenia, 97; in Egypt, 106–7; in Georgia, 98–100; in North Africa, 126; in Persia, 232; in Samarqand, 224; in Spain, 142–3; in Turkey, 150, 154
Persecution of Christians by their co-religionists, in Bosnia, 168; in Crete, 203; in Cyprus, 108 n.3; in Egypt, 69, 102, 106 n.3; in France, 136; in Hungary, 155; in Persia, 68–9; in Russia, 156; in Servia, 196; in Transylvania, 155; in Turkey, 167
Persecution of Muslims, by the Mongols, 225–6, 234; by the Russians, 247
Persia, heretical movements in the Christian Church in, 69–70, 206, 209
Persia, spread of Islam in, 207–11, 229 sq.
Persian convert, first, 29
Persians, in China, 297, 298; in Indo-China, 376; in Sumatra, 364
Peter, Metropolitan of Russian Church, 241–2
Philippine Islands, 390, 399–402
Philoxenos, Jacobite Bishop, 86
Pilgrims to Mecca. See Ḥājīs
Pīrāna, 277
Pīrs, as missionaries, in India, 271, 274–5, 277; under the Mongols, 239
Poles, Catholic, under Russian rule, 156
Polish-speaking Muslims, 3
Ponnani, 269
Pope Gregory II, 125
Pope Gregory VII, 127, 130 n.
Pope Gregory IX, 130 n.4
Pope Hadrian I, 133 n.5, 136 n.3
Pope Innocent III, 130 n.4
Pope Innocent IV, 130 n.4, 198 n.2, 221
Pope John XXII, 198, 242
Pope Leo III, 139
Pope Leo IX, 126
Portuguese, in Abyssinia, 116; on East Coast of Africa, 340, 343; in India, 266; in the Malay Archipelago, 388, 389, 390, 393, 394
Prayer, Muslim public, impressiveness of, 417–19
Prisoners, Muslim, as Missionaries, 411–12
Pul. See Fulbe
Qādir, caliph, 86
Qādiriyyah order, 127, 328–9, 330, 332, 333, 407 n.2
Qastīliyyah, Christians in, 129
Quarquar, Vaivode of Samtskheth, becomes a Muslim, 165 n.1
Qūbīlāy K͟hān, 220, 225, 232, 298
Queda, 373–5
Qutaybah b. Muslim, 213, 295
Raden Ḥusayn, 382–4
Raden Paku, 382–3
Raden Patah, 380, 382–3
Raden Raḥmat, 380–3
Rainaud, 88
Rajputs, converted to Islam, 259, 260, 281; Muhammadan influences among, 289
Ras ʻAlī, vice-regent of Abyssinia, 118–19
Rationalism in Islam, 73–4
Ravuttans, 267
Raymund III, Count of Tripoli, 91
Religious orders, influence of the, 239, 326–35, 408
Ricoldus de Monte Crucis, on the virtues of the Saracens, 425
Robert of St. Albans, 91
Rubruck, William of, embassy to Mongol K͟hāqān, 222
Rumanians, Southern, 62, 168–9
Russia, Mongols in, 239 sqq. See also Tatars
Russian rule, Muslims under, 101, 246–53
Russians under Muslim rule, 240–4
Rustam, first Muhammadan king of Karthli, 99
Saʻd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, 13
Saʻd b. Muʻad͟h, conversion of, 23–4
Ṣadr al-Dīn, first Muhammadan king of Kashmīr, 292
Saffāḥ, caliph, 104
Saʻīd b. Ḥasan, on Muslim public prayer, 417–8
Saifa Arʻād, king of Abyssinia, 114
St. Augustine, on motives of conversion to Christianity, 423
St. John of Damascus, 83
St. Louis, crusade of, 88, 92; embassy to the Mongol K͟hāqān, 222; receives Mongol embassy, 229; on the treatment of infidels, 8
Saints, Muslim, worshipped by Hindus, 289 n.3
Saladin, and the Crusaders, 90–1, 425; Christians in Egypt, under rule of, 107, 421
Salawatti, island, 403
Salīm I, Sultan of Turkey, 423
Saljūq Turks, 88, 96, 216
Salmān, the first Persian convert, 29
Salmūyah, Christian, in service of the caliph al-Muʻtaṣim, 63
Sāmān becomes Muslim, 210
Samarqand, Chinese embassy in, 299; Chinese workmen in, 297 n.4; introduction of Islam, 213, 214; under the Mongols, 223–4
Sambawa, 398
Samory, 331, 332 n.3, 333
Samsams, 376
Samudra, 364, 367, 368
Ṣamudu, 331–2
Sanūsiyyah order, in Africa, 334–5, 410; in the Malay Archipelago, 407
Sasaks, in Lombok, 398–9
Sāsānid dynasty, Christian Church, under, 68–9, 206–7
Sātūq Bug͟hrā K͟hān, 215–16
Sawo-Teheno, king of Kafa, becomes a Muhammadan, 120
Sayyid ʻAlī Akbar, Muhammadan merchant in Peking, 302, 311 n.1
Sayyid Ajall, 297–8
Sayyid Ashraf al-Dīn, 223–4
Sayyid Sulaymān, Chinese Muslim, 307, 309, 311
Scanderbeg, 177
Sciataraccio, tax, 182, 189
Scutari, 184
Senegal, 315, 330, 333
Sennaar, 110, 113, 337
Servia, 192–7
Shāfiʻiyyah sect, in Malay Archipelago, 364
Shāh Ruk͟h Bahādur, 266, 299
Shamanism, 220, 240, 246
Shanars, become Muslims, 289
Sharīf al-Riḍā, 210
Shayk͟h Jalāl al-Dīn Tabrīzī, 282
Shayk͟h Yūsuf, 350 n.6
Shīʻahs, in Africa, 341; in India, 274–6; in Kashmīr, 292; in Java and Sumatra, 364; in Persia, 209, 211; in Turkey, 423
Shihāb family, in Mount Lebanon, 176–7
Siam, Islam in, 376
Siberia, 251–3
Sierra Leone, 338
Silhaṭ, 282
Sind, 272–5
Sindān, 272
Slavery, under the Muslims, 416–17; under the Turks, 172–6
Slave-trade, suppression of, facilitates spread of Islam, 345–6
Slave-traders, not propagandists of Islam, 343–4
Soba, mosque built in, 110
Sokoto, 325
Somalis, 349–50
Songhay kingdom, 318, 321
Sophronius, Metropolitan of Athens, 164
Spain, Islam in, 131–44
Spaniards, in the Malay Archipelago, 387, 388, 390, 400–1, 402
Spanish Muslims, missionary activity of, 127
Sudan, 317–37, 353–62
Ṣuhayb, the first-fruits of Greece, 26, 29
Sukadana, kingdom in Borneo, 391
Sulu Islands, 401–2
Sumatra, 364, 366–72
Survivals of Christian usages among Muhammadans, 129 n.2, 181, 187, 197
Swahilis, as propagandists of Islam, 345
Sword of Islam, 5, 8, 46, 85 n.4, 256, 405
Tabaristān, 210
Ṭāʼif, 19, 38
Takūdār, first Muslim Īlk͟hān, 229–32, 238–9
Tallo, in Celebes, 395
Tʼang dynasty, 294, 297
Ṭarmāshīrīn K͟hān, 235, 239
Tartars. See Tatars
Tatars, in Lithuania, 3, 245; in Russia, 244–5, 247–51; in Siberia, 251–3
Ternate, 388–90
Theodisclus, Archbishop of Seville, adopts Islam, 134
Theodore Abū Qurrah, 84
Theodore, Nestorian Bishop, 86
Tibesti, 335
Tibet, 293
Tidor, 388
Tijāniyyah order, 325, 328–30, 333
Tilok Chand, 259–60
Timbuktu, 318–19, 328
Timotheus, Nestorian Patriarch, 67, 84
Tīmūr, 256, 292
Tinnevelli, 288
Tīpū Sulṭān, 8, 254, 261–2, 268
Tiyans, 268
Toleration enjoined upon Muslims, 5–6, 77 n.6, 420
Toleration towards the Christians, in Egypt, 102–3; in K͟hurāsān, 82; in North Africa, 130; in Russia, 241–2; in Spain, 135, 143–4; in Syria and Palestine, 56–7, 95; in Turkey, 146–7, 156–7, 178–9, 191
Tosks in Southern Albania, 192
Traders, Muslim. See Merchants
Tribute of Christian children, 150–2, 155
Trichinopoly, 267, 268
Tūbū, 410
Tunis, 129–30
Tūqluq Tīmūr K͟hān, king of Kāshgar, 235–7
Turkistan, 215, 216
Turks, converted to Islam, 214–16; in China, 297, 298, 304, 310; in the Mongol armies, 226 n.3. See also Ottoman Turks, Saljūq Turks
Uch, 281
Uganda, 344
Uljāytū, 234
ʻUmar b. ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz, and Egypt, 103; and North Africa, 314; and Sind, 272; and Transoxania, 214; orders recently-constructed churches to be destroyed, 66; prayed for by Christian historian, 424; revenue of Egypt, in reign of, 103; zeal for Islam, 82–3
ʻUmar b. al-K͟haṭṭāb, and the Banū Tag͟hlib, 49; conversion of, 17; ordinance of, 57–8, 76; and the propagation of Islam, 51, 81, 82–3; submission of Jerusalem, 56–7
ʻUmar b. Yūsuf, Christian governor of Anbar, 64
ʻUmar Shams al-Dīn. See Sayyid Ajall
Urkhān, 149, 150
Usāma b. Munqid͟h, 90
Usambara, 346
Usayd b. Ḥuḍayr, conversion of, 23
ʻUsayfān, 273
ʻUt͟hmān, conversion, 13; relations with China, 295; revenue of Egypt, in reign of, 103
Ūzbek K͟hān, 240–2
Ūzbeks, 240
Venetians, in Albania, 188–9; in Crete, 201–3; in the Levant, 147
Vilno, Muslims in, 3
Vladimir, 242–4
Votiaks, 249
Wadai, 322, 335, 355
Wahhābī reformation, influence of, 426; in Africa, 323; in Bengal, 280; in Sumatra, 372
Waigama, island, 402
Waigyu, island, 402
Wakhtang VI, king of Georgia, 100
Walīd, caliph, 66
Women, Muslim, as missionaries, 120, 234 n.1, 410–11
Yaʻqūb b. Layt͟h, 217
Yārkand, 238
Yat͟hrib. See Medina
Yazdānbak͟ht, 85
Yazīd II, caliph, 66–7
Yoruba country, 325
Yung Chen, edict of, 303
Yunnan, 293, 298
Zamorin of Calicut, 265–6
Zanj, Islam among the, 342–3
Zanzibar, 342
Zaylaʻ, 349
Zayn al-ʻAbidīn, first Muhammadan king of Batjan, 403 n.1
Zmaievich, in Albania, 185–91
Zoroastrians, 206–11
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