INDEX

Ababua, restriction of intercourse, 175; abortion, 179; infanticide, 180; property, 210.

Abipones, lactation, 138; age at marriage, 140; abstention from intercourse, 140; infanticide, 149, 219; feuds, 152; health, 159; treatment of children, 160; age at marriage, 226.

Abortion, among hunting and fishing races, 145; among agricultural races, 168, 178, 189, 196; extent of, 215; origin of, 216; as regulating numbers, 222; among historical races, 256, 268, 314.

Acheulean period, 121.

Acquired characters, not inherited, 74; contrasted with inherited characters, 68.

Adio, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Africa, evolution of tradition in, 442.

Aged, treatment of, among hunting and fishing races, 154.

Ahts, lactation, 138; war, 151; treatment of aged, 155; food, 233; property, 296.

Ainu, lactation, 185; fertility, 189; war, 194.

Akamba, abortion, 179; property, 209; marriage customs, 228.

Akikuyu, fertility, 178; war, 181; property, 210; age at marriage, 228; health, 235.

Aleuts, fertility, 143; infanticide, 148.

Amazon tribes, war, 171.

America, evolution of tradition in, 439; racial characteristics, 451.

American Indians, fertility, 99. See also under various tribes.

Andamanese, lactation, 138; fertility, 144; infant mortality, 160; intellect, 390.

Animal behaviour, evolution of, 45 ff.

Annam, abortion, 256.

Anthropoid apes, evolution of, 109; mode of life, 110.

Apaches, contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168.

Arabs, celibacy, 252; lactation, 254; restriction of intercourse, 254; contraceptive methods, 255; abortion, 256; infanticide, 259; over-population, 275; migration, 302.

510Aru Islands, fertility, 186; abortion, 189.

Ashanti, restriction of intercourse, 175; sacrifices, 180.

Asia, evolution of tradition in, 441.

Assiniens, fertility, 177.

Atonga, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Attakapas, age at marriage, 229.

Aurignacian period, 122.

Australians, fertility, 99; early intercourse, 135; lactation, 137; initiation ceremonies, 138; age at marriage, 139; abortion, 145; infanticide, 147, 216; war, 149; feuds, 152; treatment of sick, 154; disease, 157; health, 158, 231; property, 203; division of food, 211; marriage customs, 224; storing of food, 232; intellect, 389.

Awa-Wanga, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Aymaras, lactation, 165; fertility, 168.

Azilian-Tardenoisian, 123.

Aztecs, contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168.

Baganda, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; war, 181; witchcraft, 182; health, 183; property, 210; marriage customs, 228; food, 233.

Bahamas, 396.

Bahima, war, 181.

Baholoholo, fertility, 178.

Bahuana, war, 171; early intercourse, 173; abortion, 179.

Bakairi, abortion, 169.

Bakalai, war, 181.

Bakene, fertility, 178.

Bambala, war, 171; early intercourse, 173; fertility, 178; intellect, 391.

Bangala, early intercourse, 173; age at marriage, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; fertility, 178; abortion, 179; property, 209; marriage customs, 228; intellect, 391.

Banks Island, early intercourse, 185; infanticide, 191.

Bantu Races, polygamy, 102; age at marriage, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; health, 183; intellect, 390.

Banyala, war, 181.

511Baringo District, early intercourse, 173; restriction of intercourse, 176; war, 181.

Baronga, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; age at marriage, 227.

Basonge, infanticide, 180.

Basuto, health, 183; infant mortality, 184.

Bayaka, restriction of intercourse, 175; fertility, 178; war, 181; witchcraft, 182.

Bechuanaland, property, 210.

Behaviour, evolution of, 45.

Benin, restriction of intercourse, 175; war, 180.

Binet-Simon methods, 393.

Biometric methods, 358.

Bismarck Archipelago, lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 188; abortion, 189; infanticide, 191.

Black Death, 248.

Blackfeet, war, 152, 170.

Boers, 450.

Bontoc Igorot, lactation, 185; abortion, 190; head hunting, 194; infant mortality, 195; marriage customs, 226.

Borneo, fertility, 191; war, 194; head hunting, 194, 227.

Bornu, age at marriage, 174.

Botocudos, fertility, 144; infanticide, 149; health, 159.

Brazilians, early intercourse, 164; fertility, 168; abortion, 169, 221; health, 172, 236; infant mortality, 172; property, 208; marriage customs, 230.

Bronze Age, 125.

Buddhism, celibacy, 252.

Burma, marriage, 253.

Bushmen, early intercourse, 136; fertility, 143; infanticide, 148; war, 150; treatment of aged, 154; health, 158, 232; property, 205; division of food, 212.

Bushongo, early intercourse, 173; lactation, 174; abortion, 179; infanticide, 180; property, 209.

Californians, early intercourse, 126; lactation, 138; age at marriage, 140; fertility, 140; infanticide, 149; war, 152; treatment of aged, 155; health, 159; infant mortality, 160.

Cameroon district, restriction of intercourse, 175.

Caroline Islands, infanticide, 190; marriage customs, 224.

Carrier tribes, property, 206.

Casual Labour, over-population and, 290.

512Catholic Church, contraceptive practices and, 294.

Celebes, early intercourse, 185; fertility, 189; abortion, 190.

Celibacy, primitive races, 226; historical races, 251, 263, 278.

Cells, nature of, 39.

Chaco Indians, abortion, 169; infanticide, 169; war, 171.

Chaldea, celibacy, 251.

Charruas, war, 152; health, 236.

Chellean period, 121.

Chepewayans, lactation, 138; fertility, 144; infanticide, 149; war, 152; treatment of aged, 155.

Cheyennes, abortion, 169, 220.

Chichmics, lactation, 165.

Children, death-rate among hunting and fishing races, 159; among agricultural races, 172, 183, 196; among historical races, 249.

—— number of, see Fertility.

Chinese, fecundity, 100; celibacy, 252; marriage, 253; restriction of intercourse, 254; contraceptive methods, 255; fertility, 256; abortion, 256; infanticide, 259, 276; over-population, 276; organization of society, 432.

Chinooks, fertility, 99; lactation, 138; abortion, 146; infanticide, 149; war, 151.

Chiquitos, fertility, 168.

Christianity, war and, 249; marriage and, 263; infanticide and abortion and, 268.

Chromosomes, as physical basis of heredity, 65.

Civilization, cyclical course of, 459.

Climate, famine and, 249, 274; migration and, 301; head form and, 341; tropical effects of, 342; selection and, 371.

Comanches, early intercourse, 137; fertility, 144; war, 152.

Confucianism, marriage and, 253.

Congo tribes, early intercourse, 173; lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; contraceptive methods, 177; fertility, 178; abortion, 179; infanticide, 180; war, 180; witchcraft, 182; infant mortality, 184; marriage customs, 229; food, 234.

Contact, influence upon tradition, 424; geography and, 427.

Contraceptive methods, agricultural races, 177, 186; historical races, 255, 266, 287, 315; Catholic Church and, 294.

Co-operation, in search for food, 211.

Copper Age, 125.

Copper River tribes, infanticide, 148.

Copulation, external, 42; internal, 43.

513Corea, celibacy, 252.

Creeks, infanticide, 169, 220.

Crees, war, 211.

Cro-Magnon man, 117.

Cross River tribes, early intercourse, 172.

Crow tribe, fertility, 99; restriction of intercourse, 166; abortion, 168; war, 170.

Cytoplasm, nature of, 39; relation to nucleus, 66.

Dacotahs, war, 170.

Dahomey, war, 170.

Damaras, health, 175.

Death, origin of, 38; causes of, among animals, 57; among plants, 58; ignorance of cause among hunting and fishing races, 153.

Decreasing returns, 199.

Development of organisms, 41, 66, 325.

Disease, evolution of, 155; among hunting and fishing races, 158; among agricultural races, 171, 183, 195; among historical races, 244; tropical, 348; twins and, 352; inheritance of, 359; selection and, 377.

Ductless glands, 347, 372.

Dyaks, use of metal, 163; food, 233.

Egbas, fertility, 177.

Egypt, disease, 245, 247; treatment of children, 250; celibacy, 251; lactation, 254; restriction of intercourse, 254; infanticide, 272; over-population, 277.

Ekoi, fertility, 177; property, 209; marriage customs, 229.

Elimination, causes of among animals, 58; among plants, 59; under natural conditions, 75.

Enclosures, population and, 284.

Environment, influence of upon animals and plants, 325; upon men, 336; influence upon progress, 458.

Eoanthropus, 115.

Eoliths, 118, 130.

Eskimos, fertility, 99, 143; early intercourse, 136; lactation, 137; age at marriage, 140; abortion, 145; infanticide, 148; war, 150; feuds, 153; treatment of aged, 154; health, 158; infant mortality, 159; property, 205; division of food, 212; marriage customs, 225; celibacy, 226; storing of food, 232.

Eugenics, attitude of Romans, 18; term due to Galton, 35; modern problems, 308.

Evolution, theory of, 17, 18, 34; of animal behaviour, 45; among species in a state of nature, 77; of Primates, 109; of man, 110, 128; of culture, 129; 514of disease, 155; of tradition, 438.

Ewe-speaking people, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; war, 180; property, 209; marriage, 229.

Exercise, influence of, 329, 339.

Factory Acts, 290, 340.

Famine, climate and, 249.

Fecundity, early references to human, 25; definition of, 51; distinguished from fertility, 52; among species in nature, 63; how determined, 60; not influenced by the male, 88; relation to length of mature period, 90; to interval between births, 92; effect of captivity upon, 95; relation to number at a birth, 95; increase of human, 97; of primitive races, 99; in India and China, 100; opinion of Darwin regarding, 101; relation to polygamy, 102; to lactation, 102; to age at marriage, 103; to early intercourse, 103; to development of fat, 104; among men, 105; of pre-human ancestor, 241.

Fertility, distinguished from fecundity, 52; among hunting and fishing races, 141; among agricultural races, 167, 177, 183, 196; among historical races, 255; Indian and European compared, 256; calculations regarding, 291; differential, 316; differential between classes, 316, 457; between races, 320.

Fertilization, 40.

Feuds, among hunting and fishing races, 152; among agricultural races, 171.

Fiji, lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 188; abortion, 189, 221; infanticide, 191, 219; war, 193; obligation to work, 212; age at marriage, 226; food, 233.

Flores, abortion, 190.

Food, co-operation in search for, 211.

Franks, contraceptive methods, 255.

Fuegians, early intercourse, 137; lactation, 138; fertility, 144; abortion, 146; infanticide, 149; war, 152; treatment of aged, 155; infant mortality, 160; restriction of intercourse, 166; property, 207; marriage customs, 225.

Funafuti, infanticide, 190, 219.

Gallinomero, infanticide, 149.

Gallinas, restriction of intercourse, 175; war, 180.

Gametes, nature of, 40.

Geological strata, time occupied by deposition of, 107.

Ghiliaks, lactation, 138; infant mortality, 160.

515Glacial epoch, duration of, 108; subdivisions of, 109.

Gonorrhoea, effect upon fecundity, 89.

Greece, discussion regarding population in, 19; celibacy, 251; contraceptive methods, 255; abortion, 256; infanticide, 258; malaria, 349.

Grimaldi man, 117.

Guanas, fertility, 168; infanticide, 169; age at marriage, 230.

Guaranis, fertility, 168; war, 171; abortion, 220.

Guatemala, early intercourse, 164.

Guaycurus, abortion, 146; infanticide, 149; war, 152.

Guiana, lactation, 165; infanticide, 169; feuds, 171; marriage customs, 229; food, 234.

Habit, inheritance of, 362; tradition and, 414, 462.

Haidahs, abortion, 146; infanticide, 149; war, 151; feuds, 154; property, 206; marriage customs, 225.

Hausa, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; infanticide, 180.

Hawaii, early intercourse, 185; abortion, 189.

Head, shape of, and environment, 341.

Head hunting, 194.

Health, of primitive races, 158, 196, 231; of historical races, 245.

Heidelberg man, 114.

Hobbés, restriction of intercourse, 175.

Hottentots, fertility, 178; infanticide, 179, 180; war, 182; health, 183; property, 208.

Housing accommodation, population and, 280.

Hualaga tribes, fertility, 168.

Hudson Bay tribes, fertility, 143; abortion, 145.

Hungary, lactation, 263.

Hurons, early intercourse, 165.

Ibo-speaking people, early intercourse, 173.

Ice Age, see Glacial epoch.

Illinois, early intercourse, 165; restriction of intercourse, 166.

Imitation, inheritance of, 364; tradition and, 413.

Income, average per head, 310.

Increase, possible among animals and plants, 54; actual, 55.

India, fecundity, 100; early intercourse, 104; infant mortality, 250; celibacy, 251; early intercourse, 253; contraceptive methods, 255; fertility, 255; abortion, 256; infanticide, 260; climate, 274; over-population, 275; caste system, 432.

Infant mortality, see Children.

516Infanticide, hunting and fishing races, 146; agricultural races, 169, 179, 190, 196; extent of under-estimated, 215; origin of, 216; importance of, in regulating numbers, 228; among historical races, 257, 268.

Ingaliks, lactation, 138.

Inheritance, relation of, to social problems, 18; physical basis of, 64; biparental, 71; environment and, 326; in man, 356; of physical characters, 359; of disease, 359; of mental characters, 361.

Initiation ceremonies, 138.

Instinct, nature of, 47; inheritance of, 363.

Intellect, inheritance of, 364; among prehistoric races, 387, 398; primitive races, 389; negroes, 393; in the Bahamas, 396; evolution of, 399, 409, 438; influence upon progress, 447.

Intelligence, nature of, 47; development among animals, 50.

Interdependence of organisms, 56.

Ireland, over-population, 284, 294.

Iron Age, 127.

Iroquois, restriction of intercourse, 166; fertility, 167; health, 172.

Jakun, marriage customs, 225.

Japan, rise of, 82.

Java, early intercourse, 185; fertility, 189; health, 343.

Jews, contraceptive methods, 255; infanticide, 256; civilization, 452.

Kabinapek, abortion, 146; infanticide, 149.

Kaffirs, see South Africa.

Kagero, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; infanticide, 180; food, 234.

Kalabar, witchcraft, 182.

Kalmucks, marriage customs, 253.

Kamtchatka, age at marriage, 196; abortion, 196; infanticide, 196.

Kenai, marriage customs, 225.

Kingsmill Islands, restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 188; abortion, 189; infanticide, 190, 219; war, 192.

Kirghiz, early intercourse, 254.

Knisteneaux, abortion, 146.

Konde-land, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Koniagas, infanticide, 149.

Koryak, lactation, 196.

Kuku, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; fertility, 178; marriage customs, 228.

Kutchins, infanticide, 148; celibacy, 226; health, 233.

Kwakiutl, war, 151.

517Lactation, influence upon fecundity, 102; among hunting and fishing races, 137; among agricultural races, 165, 174, 185, 196; among historical races, 254.

Land, claims of groups to areas of, 203; property in, 279.

Language, tradition and, 408, 412.

Laws, encouraging population, 22.

Lenda district, infanticide, 180.

Lenguas, lactation, 165; infanticide, 169, 220.

Liberia, lactation, 174; fertility, 177.

Lillooets, age at marriage, 140, 226; war, 151; division of food, 212.

Limitation of families, views of Mill, 202.

Limitation of the surface of the world, theories of population and, 20; influence upon evolution, 59.

Lind hinterland, 180.

Loango, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Loucheux, food, 233.

Macusis, fertility, 168.

Madagascar, fertility, 178; abortion, 179; witchcraft, 182.

Madi district, lactation, 174.

Magdalenian period, 123.

Makalaka, fertility, 178.

Makonde, early intercourse, 173.

Malaria, 349.

Malays, 163.

Maldive Islands, marriage customs, 226.

Malemutes, infanticide, 148; war, 151.

Malthusian theory, anticipations of, 19, 25; nature of, 28; reception of, 29; debt of Darwin and Wallace to, 34; summary of, 197; criticism of, 199.

Mandans, fertility, 167; health, 172; food, 234.

Mandingoes, fertility, 177.

Mandja, restriction of intercourse, 175; infanticide, 180; food, 234.

Mandrucos, war, 171; health, 236.

Mangbetu, early intercourse, 173; lactation, 174; fertility, 178; abortion, 179; infant mortality, 184; property, 209.

Manu, Laws of, 253.

Marquesas, fertility, 187; infanticide, 191.

Marriage, among animals, 62; influence of age at, 103; among primitive races, 139; postponement of, among hunting and fishing races, 139, 226; disparity in age at, 140; postponement of, among agricultural races, 165, 174, 185, 196; customs regarding, 224, 275; postponement of, among historical races, 251, 264, 279, 306; prohibition of, 281, 282.

Marshall Islands, war, 193.

518Masai, early intercourse, 173; war, 181; marriage customs, 228.

Mayombe, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175.

Mbayas, infanticide, 169; health, 236.

Memory among animals, 50.

Mendelian inheritance, nature of, 71; in man, 356.

Menstruation, relation to ovulation, 90.

Mental evolution, among animals, 45; connexion with reproduction, 51; among men, 50; influence upon population problem, 80.

Mercantile theory of trade, 22.

Mexico, lactation, 165; restriction of intercourse, 166; abortion, 169; war, 170; property, 208; age at marriage, 220.

Migration, over-population and, 297; selection and, 381.

Minnetanes, war, 170.

Minoan civilization, 244.

Miri district, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Mitchell Islands, abortion, 190.

Mittelschmerz, 94.

Modifications, nature of, 68.

Mohammedanism, celibacy, 253; lactation, 254.

Mohaves, infanticide, 169.

Moioa, restriction of intercourse, 175.

Monasticism, celibacy and, 279.

Mongols, marriage, 253.

Montagnais, health, 233.

Mousterian period, 121.

Moxos, restriction of intercourse, 166; fertility, 168.

Mundas, marriage customs, 275.

Murray Islands, war, 192; infanticide, 220.

Mutations, nature of, 68; origin of, 73; among men, 81, 383.

Nagas, war, 248.

Nahuas, contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168.

Nandi, early intercourse, 173; lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176.

Nandowensis, marriage customs, 229.

Natchez, marriage customs, 229; health, 236.

Natural Selection, among species in nature, 75; lethal and reproductive, 367; strength of, 369; in intermediate period, 370; in first and second periods, 371; of tradition, 417.

Navahos, early intercourse, 164; contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168; infanticide, 169; property, 208.

Neanderthal man, 116.

Neolithic period, 118, 123.

519Neomalthusianism, early history of, 31; Bradlaugh-Besant trial, 33; in foreign countries, 33.

New Britain, early intercourse, 185; abortion, 222; celibacy, 226.

New Caledonia, early intercourse, 185; lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 188; abortion, 189; infanticide, 191; war, 193.

New Guinea, early intercourse, 185; lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; contraceptive practices, 186; fertility, 188; abortion, 190; infanticide, 191; war, 193; head hunting, 194; witchcraft, 195.

New Hebrides, abortion, 189; infanticide, 191, 221; war, 193.

New Zealand, early intercourse, 184; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 187; abortion, 189; infanticide, 190; war, 192; property, 211.

Nias, fertility, 189; abortion, 190.

Nigeria, fertility, 177; abortion, 178; war, 180; property, 209.

Nishinan, infanticide, 149.

Nissau, 190.

Nitrogen in the sea, 59.

Nootkas, fertility, 99; lactation, 138; abortion, 146; health, 159; infant mortality, 160.

Nucleus, nature of, 39; function of, 66.

Oestrous cycle, 44.

Ojebway Indians, war, 170; marriage customs, 229.

Omahas, fertility, 144; property, 208; age at marriage, 229.

Onolove, early intercourse, 173; abortion, 179.

Optimum density of population, 200, 213; approximation to, among primitive races, 230, 236, 292; among historical races, 239, 270, 293, 309; military needs and, 310.

Orthogenesis, 79.

Ostyaks, health, 196.

Otommi, abortion, 168.

Ovaherero, property, 210.

Over-population, fear of, in England, 23; among historical races, 275, 283, 284, 290, 304; migration and, 297; war and, 304; in the future, 308; unemployment and, 312.

Ovulation, see Menstruation.

Ovum, 40.

Palaeolithic period, 118

Patagonians, health, 159.

Pawumwa Indians, obligation to work, 213.

Payaguas, abortion, 146; health, 236.

Pelew Islands, early intercourse, 185; 520restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 187; war, 192; property, 211.

Persia, celibacy, 251; marriage, 253; lactation, 254; restriction of intercourse, 254; abortion, 265.

Peruvian tribes, fertility, 167; infanticide, 169; war, 170; age at marriage, 230.

Pimas, contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168, 221; infanticide, 169.

Pithecanthropus, 112.

Plough, invention of, 127; use of, 162.

Polygamy, influence upon fecundity, 102; among primitive races, 132.

Poor law, marriage and, 282.

Port Herald, contraceptive methods, 177.

Primates, evolution of, 109.

Primitive races, value of evidence regarding, 85, 131; intellect and, 447.

Progress, definition of, 85; rate of, 130; in different regions, 438.

Protista, reproduction among, 39.

Pueblos, contraceptive methods, 167; abortion, 168; war, 170.

Puelches, lactation, 138; fertility, 144; infanticide, 149, 218; war, 152; infant mortality, 160.

Puget Sound Indians, lactation, 138; abortion, 146.

Pure Line inheritance, 69.

Queka Indians, treatment of aged, 155.

Racial crosses, 380, 453.

Radeck, infanticide, 191, 221; health, 235.

Rarotonga, infanticide, 190; war, 192.

Ratios of increase of food and of population, 26, 198; of human population, 105.

Reflex action, 45.

Religious writers, attitude to Malthus, 30.

Reproduction, necessity for, 38; nature of, 39; methods of, 41; among species in nature and men, 52.

Reproductive organs, size among primitive races, 97.

Rome, discussion of population problem in, 18, 49; expectation of life in, 246; age at marriage in, 251; early intercourse, 254; contraceptive methods, 255; abortion, 256, 272; infanticide, 258.

Rotuma, abortion, 189; war, 192.

Rovuma River, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Salish, lactation, 138; age at marriage, 140; health, 159; property, 206.

Samoa, lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 187; 521abortion, 189; infanticide, 190; war, 192; infant mortality, 195.

Samoyeds, fertility, 196; infanticide, 196; health, 196.

Sandwich Islands, infanticide, 101, 219; fertility, 187; war, 192; health, 235.

Sarawak, lactation, 185; fertility, 188; property, 211.

Savage Island, restriction of intercourse, 186; abortion, 189; infanticide, 190.

Selection, see Natural Selection.

Seri Indians, war, 152; treatment of aged, 155; division of food, 212; marriage customs, 225; elimination among, 375.

Sexual cycle in Mammals, 44; former condition in man, 92; effect of captivity upon, 94; peculiarity of, in man, 98.

Sexual instinct, 42, 43, 51; among primitive races, 97.

Sexual intercourse, before maturity, influence upon fecundity, 103; among hunting and fishing races, 135; taboo upon, among hunting and fishing races, 141; among agricultural races, 164, 172, 184; taboo upon, among agricultural races, 165, 175, 186; before maturity among historical races, 253, 263; taboo upon, among historical races, 267; restrictions upon, 315.

Shawnees, contraceptive methods, 167; health, 172.

Shekiani, feuds, 181.

Shoshones, war, 170.

Shushwap, lactation, 138; age at marriage, 144; war, 151; health, 159.

Siam, marriage, 253; lactation, 254.

Sierra Leone, property, 209.

Sioux, lactation, 165; fertility, 167; abortion, 168, 221; infanticide, 169; war, 170; infant mortality, 172.

Sitkins Indians, property, 207.

Social organization, origin of, 132; mental evolution and, 401; organic, 401; segmentary, 429.

Socialists, attitude to Malthus, 31.

Society Islands, age at marriage, 185.

Solomon Islands, lactation, 185; restriction of intercourse, 186; abortion, 189; infanticide, 191; war, 193.

Sound Indians, fertility, 144.

South Africa, lactation, 174; abortion, 179; infanticide, 180; witchcraft, 182; infant mortality, 184; property, 210; marriage customs, 227; intellect, 392.

Spermatozoa, 40, 41.

Starvation, no evidence for, among primitive races, 231; among animals, 58, 61; among plants, 59.

522Stature, increase of, 340.

Sterility, in males, 89; among Australians, 99; fat and, 104.

Suggestion, inheritance of, 364; tradition and, 413.

Sumatra, fertility, 188; marriage customs, 227.

Swaheli, early intercourse, 173; restriction of intercourse, 176; fertility, 178.

Sympathy, inheritance of, 364; tradition and, 413.

Tahiti, infanticide, 190; war, 192.

Tasmanians, early intercourse, 135; lactation, 137; fertility, 141; abortion, 145; infanticide, 146; war, 149; treatment of sick, 154; health, 158; infant mortality, 159; property, 203.

Tehuelches, age at marriage, 140.

Temperament, disease and, 347; environment and, 353, 438; inheritance of, 361.

Tendas, lactation, 171; abortion, 178.

Tepecanos, infanticide, 169.

Texas tribes, fertility, 167.

Thirty Years’ War, 247.

Thlinkeet, lactation, 138; war, 151; health, 159; infant mortality, 160; property, 207.

Thompson tribes, age at marriage, 140, 226; abortion, 146; infanticide, 149; war, 151; infant mortality, 160.

Thonga, restriction of intercourse, 177; property, 210; age at marriage, 227.

Tibet, celibacy, 251.

Tikopia, infanticide, 190, 219.

Timor Laut, health, 235.

Tinneh, early intercourse, 136; lactation, 138; age at marriage, 140; fertility, 143; war, 150; infant mortality, 150; property, 206.

Todas, infanticide, 222; early intercourse, 254.

Tonga, restriction of intercourse, 186; infanticide, 190.

Topebatos, age at marriage, 224.

Torres Straits, age at marriage, 185, 227; restriction of intercourse, 186; fertility, 187; abortion, 189; infanticide, 190, 220; war, 192; food, 234.

Trent, Council of, celibacy and, 264.

Tunguses, lactation, 196; property, 211.

Turkomans, war, 248.

Turkey, lactation, 254; restriction of intercourse, 255; abortion, 256.

Uaupes, feuds, 171.

Uganda, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; war, 181.

523Under-population, 294, 295, 297.

Unemployment, over-population and, 312.

Unit-factors, 71.

Utilitarian school, attitude to Malthus, 29, 32.

Utis, contraceptive methods, 167.

Vaitapu, infanticide, 191, 221.

Vancouver Island, fertility, 99; age at marriage, 140; abortion, 146.

Veddahs, early intercourse, 137; age at marriage, 140; fertility, 145; infanticide, 149; infant mortality, 160; property, 207.

Venereal disease, 269. See also Gonorrhoea.

Wadschagga, lactation, 174; infant mortality, 184; abortion, 221.

Wagogo, restriction of intercourse, 176.

Wakamba, infanticide, 180.

Wamakonde, lactation, 174.

Wanika, infanticide, 180.

Wanjamuesi, early intercourse, 173; lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 176; fertility, 178.

Wapagoro, early intercourse, 173; restriction of intercourse, 176; marriage customs, 228.

War, among hunting and fishing races, 149; among agricultural races, 169, 180, 192; among historical races, 247; Christian Church and, 249; over-population and, 304; origin of, 305; selection and, 379.

524Warega, early intercourse, 173; restriction of intercourse, 175; fertility, 178; abortion, 179; infant mortality, 184.

Warri district, restriction of intercourse, 175.

Wazaramo, lactation, 174.

Wealth, of different areas, 419; influence upon tradition, 421; shifting of centres of greatest, 423.

Welle district, war, 181.

West African tribes, lactation, 174.

Wheel, invention of, 127.

Witchcraft, as cause of death, 182.

Work among primitive races, obligation to, 212.

Workers’ Education Association, 239.

Woruk, infanticide, 149.

Writing, invention of, 127.

Yakuts, lactation, 196; property, 211.

Yguazas, abstention from intercourse, 141; infanticide, 149; war, 152.

Yoruba-speaking people, lactation, 174; restriction of intercourse, 175; property, 209.

Yuchi, war, 170; health, 172.

Zambala, marriage customs, 227.

Zaporos, treatment of aged, 155.

Zoroastrianism, marriage and, 253.

Zulus, war, 181; infant mortality, 184; marriage customs, 227.

Zuni, abortion, 169; infanticide, 169; property, 208.

PRINTED IN ENGLAND

AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.

Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.