APPENDIX I
Reading edition
There is presented below a summary of the evidence that in all parts of the world there existed among primitive races, before they had been subjected to European or other outside influence, customs the primary function of which was the restriction of increase. An ideal review of the matter would require a preliminary selection of certain areas where the conditions referred to could be thoroughly studied. After a mapping out of the races and tribes, in order that some idea might be obtained of the relative numerical importance of each, an exhaustive examination of the literature might be undertaken and the date of the observations noted. The credibility of the authors would have to be considered and some method of allowing for negative evidence elaborated. Nothing of the kind has been attempted here. It may be suggested that the problem should have been pursued at least somewhat further. Various attempts were made to analyse the evidence in other ways, but the difficulties met with were such that it seemed best to present the evidence as follows. Evidence of a reasonably credible nature as to the existence of these customs has been noted. In many of these cases other authors are silent as to these practices; in one or two cases the practices have been denied; but when the denial is either not apparently founded on careful observation or is of a distinctly later date, these instances have not been omitted. Where the weight of the evidence is against the existence of the practice, as in the case of the existence of infanticide among the Veddahs, any positive evidence is omitted. One author does record infanticide among the Veddahs, and it may be that it formerly existed.
It is submitted that the evidence as given below does show customs restrictive of increase to have been so widespread, in the form either of abortion, infanticide, or prolonged abstention from intercourse, as to have been practically universal. It is in fact submitted that, although for the many reasons set out in the text the evidence must be very incomplete, there is ample support for the theory which has been advanced.
In the following summary the letter ‘R’ stands for prolonged restriction of intercourse, ‘A’ for abortion, and ‘I’ for infanticide. Where the evidence records the practice to be rare, but there are reasons for thinking that the rarity may be recent, the reference has been included with the word ‘rare’ given in brackets.
484
AUSTRALIA
Group I.
I.
General References. Parker, Aborigines, p. 23; Lumholtz, Among Cannibals, p. 134.
Victoria. Curr, Recollections, p. 252.
Victoria and Riverina. Beveridge, Aborigines, p. 26.
New South Wales and Victoria. Mathews, Ethnological Notes, p. 17.
Port Lincoln. Wilhelmi, Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. v, p. 180; Schürmann, Aboriginal Tribes, p. 223.
River Darling. Bonney, J. A. I., vol. xiii, p. 125.
Southern Australia. Palmer, J. A. I., vol. xiii, p. 280; Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 190; Eylmann, Kolonie Südaustralien, p. 261; Smyth, Aborigines, vol. i, p. 52.
Mining Tribe. Howitt, Native Tribes, p. 748.
Tongeranka. Ibid., p. 749.
Mukjarawaint. Ibid.
Wotjos. Ibid.
Tatuthi. Ibid.
Wadthaurung. Ibid.
Narrinyeri. Taplin, Native Tribes, p. 13.
Queensland. Mathew, Two Tribes, p. 165.
Port Darwin. Foelsche, J. A. I., vol. xxiv, p. 192.
Central Australia. Eyre, Journals, vol. ii, p. 376; Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes, p. 269.
Northern Tribes. Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes, p. 608.
Western Australia. Grey, Journals, vol. ii, p. 251.
A.
North-west and Central Queensland. Roth, Ethnological Studies, p. 183.
Mythuggadi. Palmer, J. A. I., vol. xiii, p. 280.
Port Jackson. Collins, Edinburgh Review, vol. ii, p. 34.
TASMANIA
Group I.
A.
Bonwick, Tasmanians, p. 76.
I.
Ibid., pp. 79 and 85; Ling Roth, Tasmania, p. 167.
BUSHMEN
Group I.
I.
Moffat, Missionary Labours, p. 58; Stow, Native Races, p. 51.
AMERICA
Group I.
R.
General References. Weld, Travels, p. 373; Heriot, Travels, p. 339.
Yguazas. Cabeça da Vaca, Narrative, p. 62.
Abipones. Dobrizhoffer, Abipones, vol. ii, p. 97.
A.
General References. Weld. loc. cit., p. 373; Robertson, History, vol. i, p. 297.
Eskimos. Wells and Kelly, U.S.A. Bur. of Education, 1890, p. 19; Bessels, Arch. für Anth., vol. viii, p. 112.
Hudson Bay. Ellis, Voyage, p. 198.
Knisteneaux. Mackenzie, Voyages, vol. i, p. 148.
Haidahs. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 169.
Puget Sound. Lord, Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 231.
Vancouver Island (Nootkas). Sproat, Savage Life, p. 94; Bancroft, vol. i, p. 197.
Thompson Indians. (Rare.) Teit, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i, p. 305, and vol. ii, p. 584.
Shushwap. (Rare.) Ibid.
485Western Washington and North-western Oregon. Gibbs, U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey, vol. i, p. 199.
Chinooks. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 242.
Inland Tribes Pacific Coast. Ibid.
Omahas. (Rare.) Dorsey, 3rd A. R. B. E., p. 263.
Californians. Powers, loc. cit., p. 207.
New Mexico. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 590.
Guaycurus. Castelnau, Expedition, vol. ii, p. 450; Azara, Voyages, p. 146.
Payaguas. Rengger, Reise, p. 329.
Fuegians. Cooper, S. I. B. E., No. 63, p. 171.
I.
Eskimos. Behring Straits. Nelson, 18th A. R. B. E., p. 289.
Central. (Rare.) Boas, 6th A. R. B. E., p. 580.
Smith Sound. Murdoch, 9th A. R. B. E., p. 417; Bessels, Arch. für Anth., vol. viii, p. 112.
King William Land. Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 417.
Greenland. Nansen, Greenland, p. 330.
Aleuts. (Rare.) Dall, Alaska, p. 399.
Malemutes. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 81.
Kutchins. Kirkby, Church Missionary Intelligencer, vol. xiv, p. 115; Hardisty, 21st A. R. B. E., p. 312; Mackenzie, Voyages, vol. i, p. 148.
Copper River District. Woldt, Reise, p. 393.
Chinooks. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 242; Lord, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 231.
Koniagas. Bancroft, vol. i, p. 81.
Nootkas. Bancroft, vol. i, p. 197.
Haidahs. Gibbs, loc. cit., p. 198; Bancroft, vol. i, p. 169.
Kwakiutl. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 169.
Chepewayans. Keating, Narrative, p. 160.
Californians. Powers, loc. cit., p. 416; Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, pp. 390 and 413.
Yguazas. Cabeça da Vaca, Narrative, p. 62.
Abipones. Dobrizhoffer, Abipones, vol. ii, p. 97; Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 405.
Guaycurus. Church, South America, p. 248.
Puelches. Guinnard, Patagonians, p. 143.
Fuegians. (Rare.) Westermarck, Human Marriage, p. 313.
Group II.
R.
Iroquois. Le Beau, Aventures, vol. ii, p. 200.
Illinois. Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 5.
Crows. Holder, Am. Journ. Obstet., vol. xxv, p. 44.
Mexico. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 281.
Moxos and Chiquitos. D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, vol. i, p. 47.
A.
Sioux. Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 394; Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 204.
Crows. Holder, loc. cit., p. 44.
Apaches, Navahos, Pueblos, Pimas, Nahua, Otommi, and Aztec. Hrdlicka, S. I. B. E., Bull. 34, p. 163.
Menomini. Stevenson, 23rd A. R. B. E., p. 296.
Zuni. (Rare.) Ibid.
Mexico. Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 183 and 269.
Brazil and the Chaco. Ehrenreich, Königliches Museum zu Berlin, vol. i, Heft 2, p. 27; Azara, vol. ii, p. 116.
Bakairi. Von den Steinen, Brazilien, p. 123.
I.
Pimas. Yarrow, A. R. B. E., vol. i, p. 99.
Sioux. Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 243.
486Creeks. Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 272.
Guanas. Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 93.
Mbayas. Ibid., p. 116.
Lenguas. Hawtrey, J. A. I., vol. xxi, p. 295.
Guaranis. Rengger, Reise, p. 329.
AFRICA
R.
Yoruba-speaking. Ellis, Yoruba-Speaking Peoples, p. 185.
Ewe-speaking. Ellis, Ewe-Speaking Peoples, p. 206.
Kagero. Tremearne, J. A. I., vol. xlii, p. 174.
Hausa. Ibid., vol. xxxvi, p. 93.
Benin. Ling Roth, Benin, p. 39.
Niger District. Mungo Park, Travels, p. 402.
Warri District. Granville, J. A. I., vol. xxvii, p. 106.
Moioa. Tremearne, Nigeria, p. 239.
Gallinas. Harris, Darkest Africa, p. 36.
Hobbés. Desplagnes, Plateau Nigérien, p. 227.
Cameroon. Nassau, West Africa, p. 11.
Ashanti. Reade, South Africa, p. 45.
Congo District. Cureau, Sociétés primitives, p. 378; Johnston, George Grenfell, p. 671; Ward, J. A. I., vol. xxiv, p. 289.
Bangala. Weeks, J. A. I., vol. xxxix, p. 418; Overbergh and Jonghe, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 1, p. 199.
Mayombe. Overbergh and Jonghe, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 2, p. 219.
Ababua. Halkin, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 7, p. 260.
Bayaka. Torday and Joyce, J. A. I., vol. xxxvi, p. 51.
Mandja. Gaud, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 8, p. 154.
Warega. Delhaise, ibid., No. 5, p. 154.
Uganda. Wilson and Felkin, Uganda, vol. i, p. 187.
Baganda. Roscoe, Baganda, p. 55.
Rovuma River. Thomson, Geog. Journ., vol. iv, p. 73.
Swaheli. Velten, Suaheli, p. 73.
Baringo District. Dundas, J. A. I., vol. xl, p. 60.
Wanjamuesi. Reichard, Z. G. E., vol. xxiv, p. 257.
British Central Africa. Stannus, J. A. I., vol. xl, p. 311.
Miri District. Felkin, Trans. Edin. Obstet. Soc., vol. ix, p. 31.
Atonga. Johnston, British Central Africa, p. 415.
South Africa. Junod, Baronga, p. 490; Kidd, Essential Kaffir, p. 19.
Baronga. Junod, Baronga, p. 490.
Loango. Pechuel-Loesche, Loango-Expedition, p. 31.
A.
Tenda. Delacour, Rev. d’Eth., 1912, p. 45.
Nigeria. Tremearne, J. A. I., vol. xlii, p. 171.
Congo District. Johnston, George Grenfell, p. 671.
Bangala. Weeks, J. A. I., vol. xxxix, p. 449; Overbergh and Jonghe, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 1, p. 201.
Bahuana. Torday and Joyce, J. A. I., vol. xxxvi, p. 228.
Warega. Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 147.
Ababua. Halkin, loc. cit., p. 259.
Onolove. de Rochebrune, Rev. d’Anth., vol. iv, p. 283.
Mangbetu. (Rare.) Van Overbergh, Coll. Mon. Eth., No. 4, p. 298.
Bushongo. (Rare.) Torday and Joyce, J. A. I., vol. xxxvi, p. 111.
Akamba. Hobley, Akamba, p. 58.
Swaheli. Velten, loc. cit., p. 29.
Nyassa District. Fülleborn, Nyassa-Gebiet, p. 352.
British Central Africa. Johnston, British Central Africa, p. 417; Angus, Azimba and Chipitaland, p. 324.
Zambezi Valley. Maugham, Zambezia, p. 339.
South Africa. Maclean, Kaffir Laws, p. 62.
487Wadschagga. Gutmann, Wadschagga, p. 3.
Madagascar. Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i, p. 55.
I.
Hottentots. Kolben, Cape of Good Hope, vol. i, p. 144.
Madagascar. Ellis, Madagascar, vol. i, p. 155; Little, Madagascar, p. 60.
OCEANIA
R.
New Zealand. Tregear, J. A. I., vol. xix, p. 103.
Torres Straits. Cambridge Expedition, vol. v, p. 199.
Savage Island (Niue). Thomson, Savage Island, p. 141.
Pelew Islands. Kubary, Journal des Museum Godeffroy, vol. i, p. 54.
Samoa. Krämer, Samoa-Inseln, vol. i, p. 38.
New Guinea. Seligman, J. A. I., vol. xxxii, p. 302 (Sinaugola); Schellong, Zeit. für Eth., vol. xxviii, p. 19 (Finschafen).
Solomon Islands. Ribbe, Zwei Jahre, p. 144; Glaumond, Rev. d’Eth., vol. vii, p. 80.
Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain Group). Brown, Melanesians, p. 37.
New Caledonia. Glaumond, loc. cit., p. 80; Lambert, Néo-Calédoniens, p. 104.
Fiji. Thomson, Fijians, p. 176; Seeman, Viti, p. 191.
Tonga. Thomson, loc. cit., p. 178.
Gilbert Islands (Kingsmill or Line Islands). Thomson, loc. cit., p. 178.
A.
New Zealand. Dieffenbach, New Zealand, vol. ii, p. 12; Goldie, Trans. and Proc. N. Z. Inst., vol. xxxvii, p. 110; Tuke, Edin. Med. Journ., vol. ix, p. 735.
Torres Straits. Hunt, J. A. I., vol. xxviii, p. 9; Haddon, J. A. I., vol. xix, p. 359; Cambridge Expedition, vol. vi, p. 197.
Hawaii. Dumas, Îles Hawaï, p. 18.
Gilbert Islands. Jenkins, Voyage, p. 404; Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53; Thomson, Fijians, p. 211.
Samoa. Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53; Turner, Samoa, p. 79.
Rotuma. Gardiner, J. A. I., vol. xxvii, p. 480.
Savage Island. Thomson, loc. cit., p. 141.
Fiji. Pritchard, Polynesian Reminiscences, p. 423; Waterhouse, Fiji, p. 327.
New Hebrides. Hagen and Pineau, Rev. d’Eth., vol. vii, p. 332; Jamieson, Aust. Med. Journ., vol. vii, p. 53.
New Caledonia. Codrington, Melanesians, p. 33; Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144; Parkinson, Int. Arch. Eth., vol. xiii, p. 8; Elton, J. A. I., vol. xvii, p. 93.
Solomon Islands. Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144.
Bismarck Archipelego. Brown, Melanesians, p. 33; Danks, J. A. I., vol. xviii, p. 291; Pfeil, Studien, p. 313; Stephan and Graebner, Neu-Mecklenburg, p. 18.
New Britain. Danks, J. A. I., vol. xviii, p. 291.
Aru Islands. Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 194.
Flores. Riedel, Rev. Col. Inter., vol. ii, p. 71.
New Guinea. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, pp. 165, 292, 390, and 392; Murray, Papua, p. 194; Rosenberg, Malayische Archipel, p. 454; Williamson, Mafulu People, p. 176; Seligman, Melanesians, pp. 135 and 568; Neuhaus, Deutsch Neu-Guinea, vol. ii, p. 150.
Nias. Modigliani, Viaggio, p. 554.
Celebes. Kreutz, Zeit. Soc. Wiss., Heft 11, p. 21.
Luzon. Jenks, Ethnological Survey Publications, vol. i, p. 60.
Mitchell Group. Turner, Samoa, p. 280.
I.
New Zealand. Angas, Savage Life, vol. i, p. 312; Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, p. 338; Tuke, loc. cit., p. 312.
488Torres Straits. Haddon, J. A. I., vol. xix, p. 359; Cambridge Expedition, vol. vi, p. 107.
Gilbert Islands. Tuituila, Journ. Pol. Soc., vol. i, p. 267.
Savage Island. Thomson, Fijians, p. 141.
Rarotonga. Gill, Coral Islands, vol. ii, p. 13.
Tahiti. Lutteroth, Insel Tahiti, p. 12; Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. i, p. 249.
Pelew Islands. Kotzebue, Histoire, vol. xvii, p. 211.
Sandwich Islands. Ellis, Narrative, p. 324; Angas, Polynesia, p. 144; Dumas, loc. cit., p. 19.
Fiji. Waterhouse, Fiji, p. 328.
New Caledonia. Glaumond, loc. cit., p. 79; Bernard, Nouvelle-Calédonie, p. 288; Moncelin, Bull. Soc. Anth., vol. ix, p. 357.
New Hebrides. Somerville, J. A. I., vol. xxiii, p. 4; Paton, New Hebrides, p. 452.
Banks Island. Codrington, Melanesians, p. 229.
Solomon Islands (Ugi). Elton, J. A. I., vol. xvii, p. 93; Guppy, Solomon Islands, p. 42.
Bismarck Archipelago. Brown, Melanesians, p. 36; Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 18.
New Guinea. Seligman, Melanesians, pp. 568 and 705; Williamson, Mafulu People, p. 176; Newton, New Guinea, p. 189.
Funafuti. Edgeworth David, Funafuti, p. 195.
Tikopia (Barwell Island). Rivers, Melanesian Society, vol. i, p. 313.
Nissau. Thurmwald, Zeit. für Eth., vol. xl, 1908, p. 111.
Radeck. Kotzebue, Voyages, p. 173.
Vaitapu (Ellice Archipelago). Turner, Samoa, p. 284.
Marquesas. Hale, U.S. Exploring Expedition, vol. vi, p. 15.
Maupiti. Montgomery, Journal, vol. ii, p. 12.
Murray Islands. Hunt, J. A. I., vol. xxviii, p. 9.