DAVIES GILBERT, (continued 5)

Howbeit, there are some old names yet remaining of places of prayers or oratories, and the ruins shewing them to be such, as V. Gr. Paderda, which is prayers good, (of which many places are so named); Eglarose, the church in the vale, supposed antienter than the names of their churches. Their sites are eminent and ancient, standing towards the east, though no mention made how they came to be in decay, but supposed to be after the Saxon churches came to be erected, and miracles supposed to be wrought by those whose names they bear. Churches’ sites took new names, whereas the old Cornish names remain in all other places of the parishes generally; yet the names of the four old castles remain, and of manors also for the most part, and some other things in the Cornish, and do so continue the better, by reason of men’s particular interest in them: and so are the eminent hills likewise, especially towards the sea, and the hundred or hamlet names of the country remain so chiefly in the western parts; those on the eastern, standing towards the borders, have their 211 names wrested away by neighbourhood, as are other things by like accidents in the eastern parts of the county; other names have been encroached upon by fantastical or vainglorious builders calling their houses after their own names, and others upon vain toys; but these are not many. Moreover, concerning the loss of our speech, and the names of families, I must here (but tenderly though) blame the incuriosity of some of our gentry; who, forsaking the etymologies of their own speech, have studied out new derivations of their names, endeavouring to make themselves as it were descended from French or Norman originals, in adopting or adapting their names thereunto; whereas, their own names in the Cornish are more honourable, genuine, and true; from the Conquest, forsooth, those would have their descent, (no illustrious thing in itself) whereas the ancestry of many of them have been here long before. How finely many have cozened themselves thereby, might be shewn, if it would not be offensively taken, by taking up of coat armour as from French originals. The art of heraldry hath been drawn out to us in French terms and trickings, mostly begun when our kings had most to do in those parts, and so from thence it hath continued ever since; and our Cornish gentry, finding the English so much addicted thereunto, have followed in that tract the same mode, and would fain have themselves understood such, when they were much better before than those French or Latin terms could make them, in which many of the English may be blamed as well as we; for the herald’s art hath many mysteries in it under their French and Latin terms, and many mistakes may be thereby to us and others who are not well acquainted with them, but in those that concern our own tongue, it is evident many have wronged themselves, and more may do so if not well heeded.

The grounds of two mistakes are very obvious. 1st. Upon the Tre or Ter. 2dly. Upon the Ross or Rose. Tre or Ter in Cornish commonly signifies a town, or rather place, and it has always an adjunct with it. Tri is the number. 3. Those men willingly mistake one for another; and so in French heraldry terms, they use to fancy and contrive those with any such three things as may be like or cohere with, or may be adapted to any thing or things in their surnames; whether very handsome or not, is not much stood upon. Another usual mistake is upon Ross, 212 which, as they seem to fancy, should be a rose; but Ross in Cornish is a vale or valley. Now for this their French-Latin tutors, when they go into the field of Mars, put them in their coat armour prettily to smell out a rose or flower (a fading honour instead of a durable one); so any three such things, agreeable perhaps a little to their names, are taken up and retained from abroad, when their own at home have a much bttter scent and more lasting.

Some, however, amongst us, have kept themselves better to the antiquities of their Cornish names in their coat armour, as that honourable family Godolphin,[39] in keeping still displayed abroad his white eagle, from the Cornish Gothulgon. Richard, king of the Romans, Emperor elect, supplied his Cornish border with silver (perhaps tin) plates, deducing them from the antient earls of Cornwall, as borne by them before the Norman Conquest, and, in honour to them and himself, still bearing the same afterwards. Chiverton, whose name in Cornish is a house on a green place or hill, he beareth a coat thereunto accordant, a castle with a green field under it; which may be well thought on as to the name in[40] Cornish, though, in the heraldry it had been more complete. V. a castle A. as I apprehend; Scaberius, which is sweepers or sweeping, A. 3 broom besoms V.; Gavergan, a goat; Keverel, a he-goat, or he-goats; that creature taking most delight, as it is observed, in the cliffs thereabout. These are better significations taken from home, than the other that are foreign; and yet the assumption of a coat from any particular act of a man’s own, is better than such as have reference barely to names, without some special signification therewith.

I had thoughts formerly, and made preparation to give many more instances, where many amongst us have been mistaken in those two particulars; but since it is a hard thing to convince men of old errors, and a harder to make a question against any concerning their gentelicions and the old forms thereof, though intended more for their honour, I shall forbear the further prosecution thereof; but in this, however, I shall do them right, that they, i. e. their ancestors, in this way thus trodden, have walked 213 generally as antiently as any other gentry of this nation, and to my seeming, it had been better if they had stood still super vias antiquas avorum suorum, since most of those ancient families who have strayed abroad as aforesaid, have yet some of them, and many more had, lands and places of their own names in their possession long enjoyed; and a nearer passage it had been to their journey’s end, viz. their honour, if they had not adventured abroad: a testimony whereof we have in that great contention which happened in the time of King Edward III. between Carminow of this county (a family to which most of the ancient gentry here have relation) and a great person[41] of the nation, for bearing of one and the same coat armour, Azure, a bend Or. After many heats about it, a reference was made of it by the king to the most eminent Knights of that time, of which John of Gaunt, King of Castille, was one, before whom Carminow proved his right by the continual bearing thereof, and that before the Conquest, which was not disapproved nor disallowed, but applauded: yet, because the other contendant was a baron of the realm, Carminow was adjudged to bear the same coat still, but a file in chief for distinction sake. The decision was no way dishonourable, and the remembrance of the contention continued to the glory of his posterity, to which his motto in Cornish seems to have an allusion —in English, “A Straw for Whifflers or Dissemblers;” or as some have said to be, “A Fig Cala Rag Whetlow;” but we may take the same better, I think, from the very name of Carminow being in Cornish a rock immoveable, as a sign of his resolution, from thence, or formerly taken up.

Having gone through this passage, which I know not how it may be taken by my countrymen, let me make this observation, that since the gentry here have thought fit, or endeavoured by mistake, to forsake the antiquity of their Cornish names, and thereby their greatest interest, might perhaps prognosticate that their language, which was their ancient glory, should in revenge forsake them, as now it hath almost done; and I shall proceed to assign some other causes of the decay thereof.

XI. The vicinity, or near neighbourhood with Devon. I may say that vicinity only with the Devonians, we having none else, which next to the corruption of tongues by 214 time and superstition to saints, hath most devoured the names of places, especially on the borders of Cornwall with Devon; and there is the worst language commonly spoken, and spoken rudely too, which corrupts not only their own country tongue but ours also, in the places that are nearest to them, and those infect others nearest to them. The names of the places are thereby also much altered in the Cornish, which antiently they had generally, and the particulars that do yet appear, do stand as marks only to shew that what were formerly had are now much eaten away, on the borders especially. ’Tis observed also elsewhere in this county furthest west, where the Cornish hath been most spoken, that the English thereabouts is much better than the same is in Devon, or the places bordering on them, by being most remote from thence from whence the corruption proceeds.

XII. Our gentry, and others, antiently kept themselves in their matches unmixt, commonly at home in their own country, both sons and daughters desiring much to do so, whereby they preserved their names here, and races the better; and when their names changed, it hath been observed to be to the places of their abode, sometimes willingly, sometimes by accident. So it hath continued the Cornish names to the places, and consequently the tongue. But indeed of late our gentry have frequently sought out foreign marriages in other counties, whereby, though it may be confessed they have brought in much wealth, and have goodly inheritances abroad, yet their offsprings have been dissipated, and their affection less intire to the county, the country-men, and country speech; yet it is to be observed, that not many of them have been very prosperous or of long continuance in other counties, where they cannot muster up very many of our names of gentry, Prideaux, Trevilian, Tregonwell, Penruddock, and a few others excepted, which shews that our Cornish are like those trees that thrive best and live longest in their own peculiar soil and air, which yet is fruitful and durable to those that come in amongst us. Not only gentry, which are very many, that have great inheritance by their matches here with Cornish families, but many others also, which seldom leave this country when they have been planted here.

XIII. The coming-in of strangers of all sorts upon us, artificers, traders, home-born and foreigners, whom our 215 great commodities of tin (more profitable to others than ourselves) and fishing, have invited to us to converse with, and often to stay with us; these all, as they could not easily learn our tongue, for which they could not find any guide or direction, especially in these latter days, nor the same generally spoken or affected amongst ourselves, so they were more apt and ready to let loose their own tongues to be commixed with ours, and such, for the novelty sake thereof, people were more ready to receive than to communicate ours to any improvement to them. But ministers in particular have much decreased the speech; this country being far from academies, strangers from other parts of the kingdom have sought, as they still do, and have had their promotions here, where benefices are observed to be very good, and those have left their progenies, and thereby their names, remaining behind them, whereby the Cornish names have been diminished, as the tongue also: so that, as the reputed saints heretofore where they seated themselves, have robbed the places where their churches now stand for the most part of the Cornish names they had before, so the ministers since those times coming from other places, and other strangers, have filled up in many places the inhabitants and places here with their new names and titles brought amongst us, to the loss of many of the old. Here too we may add what wrong another sort of strangers have done to us, especially in the civil wars, and in particular by destroying of Mincamber, a famous monument, being a rock of infinite weight, which, as a burden, was laid upon other great stones, and yet so equally thereon poised up by nature only, as a little child could instantly move it, but no one man or many remove it. This natural monument all travellers that came that way desired to behold; but in the time of Oliver’s usurpation, when all monumental things became despicable, one Shrubsall, one of Oliver’s heroes, then governor of Pendennes, by labour and much ado caused to be undermined and thrown down, to the great grief of the country, but to his own great glory as he thought, doing it as he said, with a small cane in his hand. I myself have heard him to boast of this act, being a prisoner then under him.

XIV. Another cause I shall mention as a great loss of the tongue, though it be a great and wonderful advantage 216 to the people otherwise: the orders of the church and state, commanding all the people young to learn the Lord’s Prayer, Belief, &c. in the vulgar tongue, supposing that to be intended the English, if a mother, surely a stepmother to us. Younglings take in that most, and retain longest, wherewith they are seasoned and bred up in their education.

Herein we must complain also of another new neglect to our speech, that the like care was not taken for us as for our brethren in Wales, in the making of the late act of Parliament for the uniformity of the Common Prayer, by which the five Bishops for Wales were commanded to see the Service Book to be printed in the Welch tongue. If it had been so here it had been a good counterpoise for the loss formerly mentioned concerning the young people; this might also perhaps have saved us some labour in this our undertaking, and it would have been of good use for some of our[42] old folks also, for we have some among these few that do speak Cornish, who do not understand a word of English, as well as those in Wales, and those may be many in some of the western parts, to whom Mr. Francis Robinson, parson of Landawednack told me, he had preached a sermon not long since in the Cornish tongue, only well understood by his auditory. This should have been taken into consideration by our gentlemen burgesses in that and other Parliaments, and by our bishops also; but better it had been if our ancient bishops when they fled hither from their invaders, had brought with them a character of their ancient speech, or left books written therein; or, in defect thereof, they or any other had done for us as Ulphius the bishop did for the Goths when they came to be seated in Italy, who there invented new Gothic letters for his people, and translated the Holy Scriptures into that language for them. This indeed had deserved 217 our greatest thanks from our bishops, as no doubt they had them from those persons who received so great a benefit by their former and latter kindness therein; nor let that good old bishop Ulphius be censured (as he seems to be) for doing a superfluous work, because he might perhaps know that the then service of the church was celebrated in the Greek and Latin tongues, but rather let him be commended for his zeal in religion, and his love to his country and to his country people then with him, dwelling with strangers in another land, that continued so mindful of them and their speech, as we have been neglectful of ours. He by that means continued that tongue in use; we by his example might have regained ours, if the like care had been taken; but our people, as I have heard, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, desired that the Common Liturgy should be in the English tongue, to which they were then for novelty’s sake affected, not out of true judgment desired it. But, besides negligence, fatality is to be considered; fatality is a boundary beyond which nothing can pass; it hath been eminent in kingdoms and states, and those have had commonly fatal periods, as to a time determined five hundred years commonly. But more usual it is, that upon such mutations of kingdoms there have happened losses and mutations of tongues; it may therefore be the more wondered at, that this of the British, being none of the learned tongues to which the Lord had intrusted the writing of his Sacred Scriptures, should have here lasted so long through so many mutations, and that there is yet such a record thereof, as our old manuscript imports, with the purity of the doctrine therein contained, and some other small things in the Bodleian Library.

XV. The little or no help, rather discouragement, which the gentry and other people of our own have given in these latter days, who have lived in those parts where the tongue hath been in some use. In the time of the late unhappy civil war, we began to make some use of it upon the runnagates that went from us to the contrary part from our opposite works, and more we should have done if the enemy had not been jealous of them, and prevented us. This may be fit to be improved into somewhat, if the like occasion happen, for it may be talked freely and aloud to advantage, to which no other tongue hath reference. The poorest sort at this day, when they speak it as they come 218 abroad, are laughed at by the rich that understand it not, which is by their own fault in not endeavouring after it.

XVI. The want of writing it is the great cause of its decay; for, though there wanted a proper character for it, yet we might have written it in the character now in use, but I never saw a letter written in it from one gentleman to another, or by any scholar; which is to be wondered at, and blamed as a thing unbecoming such as ought to be studious in every thing that is ancient: but since I began to set about this work, I prevailed upon those that translated it to write me several letters, which they at first found very hard to be done; but after some practice it seemed easier.

Here I cannot but lament the want of such persons, books, records and papers, which were late in being, and not now to be had, and my misfortune in not having translated them, that most unhappily escaped me; one was the manuscript of Anguin, who had translated out of Cornish into English —— his relations, after his decease, (having suits before me as Vice-Warden of the Stanneries for tin bounds) promised me the favour of those translations, but before their return to their houses, their people tearing all about for their controverted goods, had torn to pieces all those papers. In another place I was promised the sight of a Cornish Accidence; but that by another such-like accident was totally spoiled by children before it could be brought me. I have heard also that a Matins in Cornish was amongst the books of Dr. Joseph Maynard, but I could never attain to it. But besides the no helps by which I lie in this labyrinth, I have likewise had discouragements amongst ourselves at home. I have been often told that, besides the difficulty of the attempt, it would be thought ridiculous for one to go about the restoring of that tongue which he himself could not speak nor understand truly when spoken, to which I have made answer with these two following instances: one is of a countryman of ours, Langford by name; who being blind was yet able to teach others the noble science of defence, only he desired to know still the length of the weapon of his fellow combatant, with a guess of his posture, and this he practised with good success. The other is of one Grizling, of whom Mr. Camden says, that he being deaf could see words; that is, that notwithstanding his deafness he could answer any man’s 219 question that set at table with him by the motion of his lips. This man I have seen also, and he would complain of such men as in those days wore great munchadoes, as they then called them, i. e. nourishing of much hair, by which he was hindered somewhat of the observation of their lips.

I may place these two men, one blind, the other deaf, for these qualities among the observable things of the county, knowing them to be true,—if the mentioning these examples in their comparison do not excuse me from being laughed at by those men that have censured me for my attempt.

Hic facit Adam et dicit Deus.

In English thus:

By this small part of a greater piece given (as I conceive) for Welsh, by a Welsh gentleman, it appears how near the Cornish and Welsh tongues are affined.

Anglick. Cornwalleck.

Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven; give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Ny Taz oz yn neau, bonegas yw tha hanaw, tha gwtakath doaz, tha bonogath bo gwrez en nove porarag en neau, roe thenyen dythma gon dyth bara giuians ny gan cabu ura chen; ledia ny ara idn tentation, buz diluer ny thact deog.

I believe in God the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ his only son our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried. He descended into hell; the third day he rose again from the dead; he ascended into heaven, and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. Mea greez en du Taz olgologack y wrig en neu han noare. Ha yn Jesu Crest y vabe hag agan arlyth avy, conseviys daz an Speriz Sanz, geniz thurt an voz Mareea, sufferai dadn; Pont Pilatt, ve gocis dan vernans ha bethis, ha thes kidnias the yffarn, y sauas arta yn trysa dyth, ha deriffians da neau ha seth war deghow 221 dornyndue taz olgologack Thurt ena eu za doaz tha juga yn braw han vazaw.

I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Holy Catholic Church, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Me a greez yn Spiriz Sanz, Sanz Cathalick Eglis, yn Communion yn Sanz, yn geiyanson pegh, yn derivyans yn corff, han bowians ragnuera andellazobo.

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APPENDIX. VI.

WILLIAM OF WORCESTER’S ITINERARY.

As no account of William of Worcester is to be found in the common Biographical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, it has been thought proper to prefix a short notice of his life and character to the following extract from his Itinerary:

William was the son of William of Worcester, and of Elizabeth, the daughter of Thomas Bottoner. His surname he took indifferently from either; and he is consequently sometimes denominated William Worcester, and William Bottoner. Bishop Tanner describes him as descended of a knightly family, but upon what evidence is not known; yet from certain passages in the Itinerary his father would seem to have been a substantial householder.

He was born in the parish of St. James at Bristol in the year 1415; and as he speaks of a stone vault in that city as having been built in 1428, at his own expense, it is probable that he lost his father, and came to his inheritance at a very early age. Of his childhood nothing is known; but there is some reason to suppose that he was taught the rudiments of learning by Robert Lane, whom he has commemorated as a very eminent schoolmaster at Bristol when he was a youth. In 1432 he first went to Oxford, where he was admitted of Hart Hall, now Baliol College.

It is said, that he was supported at the University by the celebrated Sir John Fastolf; the same who, in his own day, had great renown for his valour and munificence, and 223 who was afterwards exposed to dishonour by Shakspere, with a trifling variation of his name, and a considerable distortion of his character. But it may be presumed that Worcester was indebted not so much to his bounty as to his protection; for if we may judge of Worcester’s patrimony from the few notices he has given us of his father’s property in Bristol, it is not likely that his own means would have been inadequate to the small expense of a collegiate course in those simple times; and we may therefore believe, that the connection which subsisted between Worcester and Fastolf, was merely a compliance with the general custom of the age, when youths of gentlemanly birth and competent fortune sought the patronage and entered the household of wealthy and powerful men. But, however this might have been, it is certain that he afterwards lived with Sir John at Caister, in Norfolk, where he acted as the knight’s secretary and confidential friend, and subsequently as one of his executors.

At Oxford Worcester prosecuted his studies with great diligence and success; and we are informed that he became eminent for his knowledge of history, medicine, and astronomy. On these subjects he is said to have written many books: yet it is likely that they were rather extracts and memorandums, than original and formal compositions. Besides these, he executed some translations from the classics; and we learn from his Itinerary, that on the tenth of August 1473, he presented the Bishop of Winchester with a translation of Cicero on Old Age. He tells us, however, that this gift was not sufficient to conciliate the good prelate’s regard; but he seems to insinuate, that the failure was owing less to the faults of the performance, than to the intervention of an enemy. Yet, whatever he might have suffered from the malice of his neighbours, it is possible, that the offering itself was considered of small value; and it might have been the less esteemed, if it be true, that the same treatise had been already rendered into English by John Tiptoft, the accomplished and unfortunate Earl of Worcester.

But it is on very slender evidence that this nobleman is said to have translated Cicero on Old Age. He had left in manuscript a translation of Cicero on Friendship; and when Caxton printed it, many years after his death, with an anonymous version of the essay on Old Age, in the same volume, he was at once supposed to have been the 224 author of both; but the translation, thus published without a name, was professedly executed in honour of Sir John Fastolf, the friend and patron of William of Worcester; and as it is well known that many of his dependant’s literary performances were undertaken expressly for his sake, and, as at the same time William of Worcester might have been easily confounded with the Earl of Worcester, there is considerable probability that William, and not the Earl, was the author of the translation in question, and consequently William could not have suffered on a comparison with him in the manner suggested. Nor is it sufficient objection to this inference, that the productions of a writer, whose style has been chosen as an example of the barbarous taste of the age in which he lived, were not likely to be imputed to one whose extraordinary attainments had won the admiration of the polished and fastidious scholars of Italy; for whatever might have been the Earl’s superiority in classical knowledge, it does not appear that he had cultivated his native tongue with greater care than his contemporaries; and William of Worcester might not have fallen below him in the rude and unsettled English of that time.

Of William’s writings, of whatever kind, very little is now extant; and though for a few things the credit which he deserved has been given to others, it has been reasonably conjectured, that he has enjoyed in return the merit of some performances of which he was not the author; but however he might have laboured in the promotion of learning, he loved the acquisition of it so well, that he was accustomed to say, he found more pleasure in his books than some men derived from their estates; and to the attainments which he had made at the University, he added, by the help of one Giles, a Lombard, some acquaintance with French and Poetry.

Yet study was insufficient to satisfy him without observation: τὸ εἰδέναι δίττον ἔλεγεν εἶναι· τὸ μὲν ἐπιστήμῃ, τὸ δὲ τῇ πείρᾳ. He consequently sought to enlarge his knowledge by travelling; and he has been considered worthy of respect as the earliest topographer of England, “Primum Angliæ perlustratorem ne flocci facias;” but however this may be, he is certainly the first traveller who has left us any memorials of a journey into Cornwall; and the interest and value which his observations derive from this 225 circumstance, have made them worthy of a place in the present Appendix.

The book, in which these notices are found, is entitled Itinerarium, sive Liber Rerum Memorabilium Willelmi Botoner dict. de Worcester. It had existed in manuscript only, till the year 1778, when it was published at Cambridge, from the original autograph in the Library of Corpus Christi College, by James Nasmith, formerly a Fellow of that Society. Besides this, indeed, there is another manuscript of the journal in the same library, but it is only a copy of the former, made by the procurement of Archbishop Parker; and as it is very incorrect, it is of no value in itself, and could have been of little use to the editor.

This Itinerary seems to have been a memorandum book, which the author kept with him on his journeys, not only into this county, but to other parts of this kingdom; and accordingly we find it stored with desultory notices of separate facts, and distant places, and abounding with trifling and unconnected observations, which seem to have been associated on the same page, only as the book was accidentally opened, and recorded rather from some present impulse, than with any settled and ultimate design. Nothing can be more rude than the style, or more worthless than many of the statements; and whatever might have been the writer’s real intention, it is very certain that his remarks, in the condition which they have actually come down to us, could not have been meant for publication. It might have been his purpose, when leisure and opportunity should serve, to arrange and expand the hasty and unconnected notes thus made by the way; but the brevity of the greater number would have insufficiently secured him against perplexities and mistakes; and as he might have erred occasionally through the acknowledged failure of his memory, or the unconscious influence of his imagination, it is possible that a careful and regular composition subsequently made, might have been less useful, than even the confused and scanty memorandums we possess.

Worcester came into Cornwall in the year 1478. Mr. Whitaker says, that it was in 1440. How he could have committed such a mistake, it is difficult to conceive, as the date is expressly recorded in the Itinerary itself. Mr. Polwhele, indeed, appears to have erred likewise; for, 226 according to him, William’s journey was performed in 1473; but this is evidently nothing more than a misprint. In one of our county histories, the journey is stated to have occurred in 1460: it is probable, however, that the writer had never seen the Itinerary.

He set out from Norwich, on Monday the 17th of August, and reached London on the Thursday following. On the first of September he came to Bristol, and took his departure for Cornwall on the next day. He arrived at Launceston on Sunday the 13th, and on Monday pursued his journey towards the west. Near Bodmin his horse fell with him, but it does not appear that he received any injury. On Tuesday night he slept at Polwhele; and having visited the preaching friars at Truro on Wednesday, he came in the evening to Marazion. The next morning, Thursday 17th of September 1478, he attended mass in the chapel on the Mount. In the afternoon of the same day, he departed for Penryn; and going thence to Bodmin, he returned eastward, through the towns on the south coast. The towns and villages on the north coast of Cornwall he did not visit; and the statements which he makes respecting them, were merely the result of his inquiries. He seems, indeed, to have been as diligent in seeking information from others, as in making observations of his own; and no persons, whether smiths, ropers, or ferrymen, were considered unfit to furnish him with the knowledge which he wanted for his journal. Amongst those in Cornwall, from whom he learned most, was his cousin, Robert Bracey, at Fowey; but it is likely that he depended mainly upon the secular and regular clergy, who entertained him on the road, and gave him access to their chronicles and registers.

With regard to the nature and purpose of this journey, from the manner of the record itself, it would not be easy to conjecture, whether it was undertaken with feelings of devotion or of curiosity. The coldness of the whole narrative, and the careless brevity with which the accomplishment of the acknowledged object is related, were scarcely consistent with a fervid and lively devotion; and the insertion of so many facts and observations, which must have been useless when they were written, and now owe their value to their subsequent antiquity, while the documents of early times, and the traditions of the people, were almost wholly neglected, could not have happened 227 under the influence of an active and judicious curiosity. And besides this, when William of Worcester was in Cornwall, it was impossible for an intelligent visitor to overlook the state of our ecclesiastical architecture. Many of our present churches had been recently built, and others were then building; and some account of their style and condition, of their founders and builders, and of the circumstances attending their erection, would have been far more amusing to his contemporaries than what he wrote, and of unspeakable interest in after times. And any other man, we may suppose, would have found something to say of the manners and habits of the people, and of their mines and fisheries; but from William of Worcester we know only by implication or accident, that he travelled in an inhabited country.

Yet without devotion he would not have visited the Mount, and without curiosity he would have made no observations by the way. The shrine of St. Michael, which had been the resort of superstitious people in remote times, had lately recovered its ancient reputation, after an interval of some accidental obscurity; and pilgrims were again attracted by the privileges conferred on it in the eleventh century, and were coming even from distant places in considerable numbers. William of Worcester was one of these; and as his penitence had brought him so far, it might be thought that his admiration would have delayed his return.

But the hospitalities of a place so ‘kind to strangers,’ the natural beauties of the Mount, and the venerable antiquity and romantic traditions of the castle and monastery, were not enough to detain him for a day; and with scarcely any regard to such things, he stayed but a few hours. In that short space he could not occupy himself with many inquiries; and we have received from him only a few bare facts, which he appears to have recorded rather as the justification of his pilgrimage, than with any precise knowledge of their value.

His subsequent pursuits, and the time of his death, are not known, nor have we any account of the number and the fortunes of his children. It is certain, however, that he was married; and he is reported to have taken a wife in opposition to the wishes of his patron. For Sir John Fastolf had designed for him some ecclesiastical preferment, and had consequently advised him to obtain orders 228 in the church. Tanneri Biblioth.—Paston Letters.—Lelandus de Script. Brit.—Henry’s Hist. of Engl.

Incipiunt notabilia per W. Worcestre scripta in viagio de Bristolia ad Montem Sancti Michaelis in anno Christi 1478.

* * * * *

Castellum Tregtheney-Pomerey de Devonia edificatum stat juxta Mousehold, per 7 miliaria ultra Montem Sancti Michaelis.

Castellum Trethyn dirutum in fine occidentalissima Cornubiæ.

Turris castelli Karnbree, Sir John Bassett, chevalier, stat.

C. Helston dirutum: comes Cornubiæ Edmundus.

C. Trurew dirutum: comes Cornubiæ.

C. Treclysten dirutum.

C. Morisk, ubi comes Cornubiæ Edmundus manebat.

C. Fust, quondam Ricardi comitis Anarwit in Carnanton, dirutum.

C. Dynas super altum montem dirutum, et fons in medio castri ubi Tador dux Cornubiæ maritus —— matris Arcturi fuit occisus, juxta villam Sancti Columpnæ.

C. Carloogus, dirutum, in villa prope Sanctum Columpnæ.

C. Keynok dirutum cum tribus wardis.

C. Laner dirutum in villa Laner.

C. Godollon dirutum in villa Lodollon.

C. Tregheny stat, pertinet Pomereys, in Trefeny burgagio super le South.

C. Lanyhorn stat in villa Lanyhorn quondam Archedes.

C. Dirford dirutum prope Golonant villa.

C. Frampton aliter Castrum Trevyan dirutum prope Seynt Terbyn.

Castrum Tyntagelle fortissimum dirutum prope Camelford, ubi Arthurus fuit conceptus.

Castrum vocatum Botreaux castel distat per duo miliaria ultra Tyntagele castelle.

C. Hyllysbery dirutum per 4 miliaria ultra Tyntagele.

C. Lescars stat, domini Principis.

C. Bynamy stat, domini J. Colshill chevalier.

229 C. Restormalle stat prope Lastydielle, in parco principis, quondam Edmundi comitis Cornubiæ ubi manebat.

C. Lanceston villa per comitem Cornubiæ fundatum.

C. Tremyton quondam principis prope Saltash.

Falmouth villa: ecclesia Penryn.

Turris Fowey Treweryestowe.

Turris apud Pollrewen.

C. Bodleet dirutum prope Tremedart villa ubi Colsell chevalier habet mansionem.

C. Kellysberve dirutum prope Bokehelle villa.

C. Polwhele dirutum in villa Polwhele ubi Other Phelip manet.

C. Morysk juxta Truro dirutum.

Turris Blekennok ab antiquo prope Lastydyall nupe Hugonis Curteney.

Turris in parochia Sanctæ Columbæ quondam Johannis Tregose armigeri, per 8 miliaria ex parte occidentali Bodman.

Itinerarium Cornubiæ ad occidentalissimum finem.

Prima inceptio comitatus provinciæ Cornubiæ est apud Polston-brygge per unum miliare ex parte orientali de Lanceston.

Polston-brygge per 1 miliare ex parte orientali de Lanceston.

De Lanceston usque Lyscard 10 miliaria.

De Lyscard usque Low 5 miliaria.

A Low usque Pollerewan 5 miliaria.

A Pollerewen usque Bodennek 2 miliaria.

A Bodenhac usque Fowey ex altera parte aquæ de le havyn de Fowey distat jactu unius arcus sagittæ.

A Fowey usque Trewardreth prioratum villæ ejusdem 2 miliaria super mare.

A Trewardreth usque Colonant super mare 2 miliaria.

A Colonant usque Lastydielle 3 miliaria super mare Fowey.

A Lastydielle usque Bodman 3 miliaria infra terram.

A Bodman usque Padisco super mare boriale 8 miliaria.

A Padisco usque Seynt Columbe infra terram in medio comitatus 5 miliaria.

A Seynt Columbe usque Methsholle infra terram 5 miliaria.

230 A Meschylle usque Graundpond 5 miliaria circa partem meridionalem comitatus Cornubiæ infra terram.

A Grantpont usque Treghonyburgh 5 miliaria in patria.

A Tregonye usque Trewrwborough super meridionalem partem versus mare australe infra patriam 5 miliaria.

A Tregran usque Seynt Mandyt 6 miliaria super mare meridionale ultra brachium maris.

A Seynt Mandyt usque Trewrewborough ovyr the water 5 miliaria, vocatum brachium maris de Falmouth.

A Trewrewborough usque Penryn 6 miliaria super le south see.

A Penrynborow usque Helstonborowgh 8 miliaria super costeras maris per circa 3 miliaria de le south see.

A Hellestonborow usque Marchasyowe juxta montem Sancti Michaëlís super litus maris 6 miliaria.

A Markysyow usque Pensans duo miliaria.

A Pensans usque Moushole 2 miliaria: Porthennys.

A Porthenys usque le Londys-ende 4 miliaria.

Finis Cornubiæ.

Sylla vocata Islond continet in longitudine 1111 miliaria et latitudo 4.

Seynt Mary island continet in longitudine 4 miliaria et latitudine 4 miliaria; pertinet abbati Tavystock.

Insula Rascow pertinet abbati Tavystock, continet in longitudine 3 miliaria et in latitudine 3 miliaria, inculta, cum cuniculis et avibus vocatis pophyns [puffins].

Insula Seynt Lyda (fuit filius regis ——.) continet in longitudine et latitudine 1 miliare.

Insula Rat Island continet in longitudine 1 miliare et dimidium et in latitudine tantum.

Insula vocata le Blak-rok continet ex omni parte unum miliare, et ibi sunt cuniculi et aves, sed antea culta.

Insula septima vocata ——.

1239. Ecclesia fratrum ordinis Sancti Francisci villæ de Bodnam fundatur per Edmundum primum comitem Cornubiæ 13 kalend. jullii; et ibi isti obitus inveniuntur.

1299. Obiit dominus Thomas de Cancia die 12 Januarii.

Obitus dominæ Johannæ de Kaermynaw.

1329. Richardus Rex Alemaniæ obiit 3 die Aprilis.

1314. Jacobus Penerell obiit.

1349. Johanna de Carmynaw obiit.

1342. Elizabet Peuerell obiit.

231 Johannes filius Radulphi domini de Kayryshays, primus fundator ecclesiæ fratrum, obiit 3 die junii.

1346. Margeria de Treverbyn obiit 9 die junii.

1372. Dominus Hugo Peuerelle miles obiit 21 die junii.

Innocentius papa tercius obiit 16 die jullii.

1349. Margaretta Sergeaux obiit primo die augusti, et hic est sepulta.

Johannes Manne et Isabella consors ejus die 2 augusti obiit.

Johanna mater Ricardi Regis Angliæ. obiit die 8 augusti.

1369. Dominus Thomas de Carmynaw.

[These obits are more fully extracted again in p. 239.]

Longitudo Ecclesiæ monalium postea canonicorum Sancti Petroci, quondam Regis Cumbrorum gencium, de Bodmania, continet 57 passus, et latitudo ejusdem continet 30 steppys.

Latitudo capellæ Beatæ Mariæ continet circa 24 steppys.

Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis de Bodman cum choro continet 90 steppys. Latitudo vero ejusdem continet 40 steppys.

Abbathia ecclesiæ canonicorum de Bodman fundata primo per Athelstanum regem, et secunda vice per ——. Warwast episcopum Excestriæ, qui fuit filius sororis Willelmi conquestoris, et 3ᵃ vice per Graundson episcopum.

Sanctus Petrocus, rex patriæ Cumbrorum, id est partis borialis regni Angliæ, reliquit regnum fratri suo juniori; jacet in pulchro scrinio apud Bodman ecclesiam coram capella Beatæ Mariæ.

Fons principalis fluminis de Falmouth and Peryn incipit apud montem de Nevyle per duo miliaria ex parte orientale de villa de Trewrew, id est per 8 miliaria de Peryn et Falmouth.

Ecclesiam prioratus de Trewardreth prope Fowey, monachorum —— fundavit.

Flumen fontis portus Falmouth vocatus Sowker incipit juxta Seynt Stevyns ——. Zugher per 6 miliaria ex parte occidentali de Trewrew: et aliud flumen incipit apud villam Seynt Stevyn per 8 miliaria de Trewrew ex parte orientali, et vadit per Trurew usque Penryn.

Universis sanctæ matris ecclesiæ presentes litteras inspecturis vel audituris salutem: noverit universitas vestra quod sanctissimus dominus papa Gregorius, anno ab incarnatione domini millessimo septuagessimo, ad 232 ecclesiam montis Sancti Michaeli in tumba in comitatu Cornubiæ gerens eximæ devocionis affectum, pie concessit ecclesiæ predictæ, quæ ministerio angelico creditur et comprobatur consecrari et sanctificari, omnibus fidelibus, qui illam ecclesiam cum suis beneficiis et elemosinis exepecierunt seu visitaverint, tertiam partem penetenciarum suarum eis condonari. Et ut inconcussum et inviolabile fine tenus permaneat; ex autoritate Dei patris omnipotentis et Filii et Spiritus sancti omnibus successoribus suis interdixit, ne quid contra hoc decretum usurpare presumant. Ista verba in antiquis registris de novo in hac ecclesia repertis inventa, prout hic in valvis ecclesiæ publice ponuntur. Et quia pluribus istud est incognitum, ideo nos in Christo Dei famuli et ministri hujus ecclesiæ universitatem vestram, qui regimen animarum possidetis, ob mutuæ vicissitudinis obtentum requirimus et rogamus, quatenus ista publicetis in ecclesiis vestris, ut vestri subditi et subjecti ad majorem exortacionem devocionis attencius animentur, et locum istum gloriosius perigrinando frequentent ad dona et indulgencias predicta graciose consequenda.

Apparicio Sancti Michaelis in monte Tumba, antea vocatale Hore-rok in the wodd; et fuerunt tam boscus quam prata et terra arabilis inter dictum montem et insulas Syllye, et fuerunt 140 ecclesiæ parochiales inter istum montem et Sylly submersæ.

Prima apparicio Sancti Michaelis in monte Gorgon in regno Apuliæ fuit anno Christi 391.

Secunda apparicio fuit circa annum domini 710 in Tumba in Cornubia juxta mare.

Tertia apparicio Romæ fuit, tempore Gregorii papæ legitur accedisse: nam tempore magnæ pestilenciæ, &c.

Quarta apparicio fuit in ierarchiis nostrorum angelorum.

Spacium loci Montis Sancti Michaelis est ducentorum cubitorum undique oceano cinctum, et religiosi monachi dicti loci, Abrincensis antistes Aubertus nomine, ut in honore Sancti Michaelis construeret ——; predictus locus opacissimâ primo claudebatur sylvâ, ab oceano miliaribus distans sex, aptissimam prebens latebram ferarum, in quo loco olim comperimus monachos domino servientes.

Memorandum, longitudo ecclesiæ Montis Sancti Michaelis continet 30 steppys.

Latitudo continet 12 steppys.

233 Longitudo capellæ novæ edificatæ continet 40 pedes, et est 20 steppys;

Latitudo continet circa 10 steppys.

Ab ecclesia usque pedem montis ad aquam maris continet 14 tymes 60 steppys.

Longitudo maris inter villam Markysyoo usque pedem montis Sancti Michaelis continet per estimacionem mille CC id est 700 steppys, Anglice x tymes lxx steppys.

Nomina principalium fluminum in Cornubia.

Thamar aqua famosissima in Cornubia.

Tavy incipit a —— et vadit per Tavystok.

Plym incipit in Dertmore per 14 miliaria in parte boriali, et vadit usque portum vilæ Plymton.

Erm, magnum flumen incipit in Dertmore, et currit usque villam —— de le south see.

Yalm water incipit in Dertmore, et vadit ad villam —— per 18 miliaria —— le more super montem villæ Terwent juxta Camelford valde altum.

Avyn water incipit in Dertmore, et vadit per —— in portum ——.

Dert aqua magna incipit in Dertmore, et est major flumen omnium fluminum, et currit per Toteness per spacium xx miliariorum de fonte, et. deinde currit usque Dertmouth havyn.

Tengmouth, id est Kenton, aqua incipit in Dertmore, et currit per xx miliaria, per ——, et cadit in mare apud Tengmouth.

Exwater incipit apud Exmore per 30 miliaria ex parte boriali Excester, currit per Bamton, qui distat usque Kyrton per spacium 15 miliariorum, a villa Kyrton usque civitatem Excetyr currit per spacium 7 miliariorum, et ab Excetyr currit usque Topsam, sunt 3 miliaria, et de Topsam currit usque villam Exmouth-havyn per spacium vi miliariorum et ibi cadit in mare meridionale.

Sancta Norwinna virgo jacet in ecclesia, [quæ] stat per ii miliaria de Seynt Nichtons, ubi deo fontes duorum fluminum oriuntur, viz. Thamar flumen qui seperat Cornubiam et Devoniam, et terminat apud le havyn de Saltash juxta Plymouth per tria miliaria, et dictum flumen Thamar currit per Lanceston prope tria miliaria dictæ villæ, et de Ferywater vocat. Calstokyath per tria miliaria de Tavystok usque Kaenrrovn, et deinde usque 234 portum Salt-ash, ubi cadit in portu maris, in toto currit circa 40 miliaria: et alterum flumen vocatur Torge et currit per Haderlee Toryton Bydyford; et cadit in mare apud portum sive Hamonem de Appuldore-port, et sic currit per terram in circuitu per estimacionem 40 miliaria ex parte boriali.

Flumen aquæ de Newbrygge per 5 miliaria ultra Tavystock vocatur Lyner et ejus fons incipit ——.

Mons Sancti Michaelis

Markysho 7 miliaria usque

Hellyston, usque

Truro 8 miliaria, et usque

Graundpond sex miliaria, et usque

Owstalle 6 miliaria, et usque

Lastydiell 8 miliaria

Lyscard x miliaria usque

Tavystoke, et a dicta villa usque

Okynham 16 miliaria, et a dicta villa ——.

Tavy aqua sub monasterio Tavystoke currit; incipit in forest Dartemore scita per duo miliaria ex parte orientali villæ de Tavystoke; sed dicta aqua sive fons incipit in dicta foresta ultra 8 miliaria villæ Tavystoke, et vadit per abbathiam de Bokelond per 4 miliaria de Tavystok, et inde per parochialem ecclesiam de Beereferrys ubi les sylver mynes fodiuntur, et abinde cadit in aquam de Tamar infra spacium miliaris supradicti portus.

Pons aquæ Lyners vocat Newbryge distat ex parte meridionali et orientali de Tavystoke per 5 miliaria, id est, a villa de Lescard eundo versus monasterium Tavystoke.

Okyhampton.

Stykylpath distat a Okynton 3 miliaria, et ibi est fons vocatus Tow-water, et incipit per tria miliaria ex parte meridionali, et vadit per mare septemtrionale per Ydy usque Barstaple.

Zeele villa sequitur prope Stykylpath per unum miliare.

Crokornwylle distat per 10 miliaria de Okynampton inter dictam villam et Crokyniwelle, et distat ab Excestre 10 miliaria.

Excestre civitas.

Informacio Thomæ Peperelle de Tavystoke notarii publici.

Sanctus Ramonus episcopus Hiberniæ jacet in scrinio in ecclesia abbathiæ de Tavystoke inter chorum et capellam 235 Beatæ Mariæ; et ejus dies translacionis agitur 5 die januarii, vigiliæ epiphaniæ, et ejus dies obitus agitur die 28 Augusti.

Sanctus Barnocus, anglice Barnoc, heremita, jacet apud Bramton per 4 miliaria ex parte norwest de Berstaple; fuit filius regis Calabriæ; ejus dies agitur 7 die januarii.

Sanctus Herygh, frater Sancti Vuy, episcopus, jacet in quadam ecclesia scita sub cruce ecclesiæ Sancti Pauli Londoniarum; ejus dies agitur in vigilia omnium sanctorum, id est ultimo die octobris.

Sanctus Vuy, frater Sancti Herygh, jacet in ecclesia parochiali Sancti Vuy prope villam Lalant super mare boriale per tria miliaria de Mont-Myghell; ejus dies agitur die primo februarii.

Sancta Hya, id est Seynt Hy, soror Sancti Herygh et soror Sancti Vuy, virgo jacet in ecclesia parochiali villæ Seynt Hy super mare boriale circa 12 miliaria ab ultimo fine occidentalis regni Angliæ; et ejus dies agitur tertio die februarii.

Castrum quadratum de Lydiford fundatum fuit antiquis annis preteritis per primores Cornubiæ tum conver ——.

Pons profundissimus tocius Angliæ sub ponte et strictus ——.

Flumen pontis altissimi sub castro de Lydyford per sex miliaria de Tavystoke, et 6 usque Tokynton; currit de Dertmore fons ejus per 10 miliaria ex parte boriali maris prope villam Seynt Nyghtow, et currit usque aquam portus de Plymouth.

Castrum prenobile de Okehampton prope villam Okehampton per 12 miliaria de Tavystoke versus orientem et Excestriam, quondam Thomæ Curteny comitis Devoniæ, edificatum per Thomam primum comitem.

Fons fluminis de Okehampton currit sub castro supradicto, incipit apud Cremere in Thertmore, et currit usque Lydiford villam et ad Barstaple, incidens in mare boriale portus Barnstaple.

Sancti Michaelis archangeli apparicio in castello Angeli Romæ die 8 Maii.

Sancti Michaelis in monte die 16 Octobris.

Sanctus Gyermocus episcopus, dies ejus agitur die Sancti Johannis in festo natalis: per tria miliaria de monte Sancti Michaelis.

Sancta Branca virgo, dies ejus agitur die primo —— 236 jacet in ecclesia prædictæ sanctæ per IIII miliaria montis Michaelis.

Sancta Matheriana virgo jacet in ecclesia parochiæ de Mynstre per dimidium miliare de Botreaux castelle, et per III miliaria de Camelford: fecit unum miraculum de quodam homine extra sensum, ac una muliere et quadam puella in festo Sancti Jacobi, uno anno preterito, et ejus festum agitur circa 9 diem aprilis, secundum relacionem —— rectoris parochiæ villa de Mynster.

In libro Kalendarii principalis libri Antiphaner ecclesiæ Thomæ prioris canonicorum de Bodman inveni scriptum de bona manu.

Sanctus Codocus confessor, 24 die Januarii, C littera.

Sanctus Pieranus episcopus, 5 die Martii, A littera.

Sanctus Wenedocus, et Felicitatis virginis, 7 die Marcii.

Sanctus Constantinus rex et martir, 9 die Marcii, E. littera.

Sanctus Woronus confessor, die 7 Aprilis, F. littera.

Sanctus Ydrocus confessor, die 5 Maii, F. littera.

Sanctus Karantocus episcopus et confessor, 16 die die Maii, C. littera.

Sancta Potenciana virgo, die Sancti Dunstani archiepiscopi.

Sanctus Germanus episcopus et confessor, die 27 Maii.

Dedicatio ecclesiæ conventualis Bodman 24 die Augusti.

Sanctus —— heremita die 21 Augusti, B. littera.

Exaltacio Sancti Petroci die exaltacionis sanctæ crucis.

Sanctus Laudus 21 die septembris.

Translacio Sancti Petroci die 8 octobris, A littera.

Sanctus Johannes archiepiscopus Ebor. die 25 octobris.

Sanctus Withinocus episcopus et confessor, die 7 Novembris C littera.

Sancta Menna martir, die XI novembris.

Sancta Menefreda virgo non martir, die 24 novembris F. littera.

Sanctus Osmundus episcopus 4 die decembris.

Sanctus Servacius episcopus.

Sanctus Senseus jacet in parochia Sancti Justi juxta Hellyston circa 4 miliaria.

Memorandum quod villa Lawnceston est principalis et major latititudo tocius comitatus Cornubiæ, quia distat a mare boriali per 9 miliaria ex parte orientali, 20 miliaria de 237 mare Severn ex parte boriali, et similiter decem miliaria a mare ex parte meridionali.

Flumen aquæ de Bodman incipit in prioratu Sancti Petroci de Bodman; le Carn-Water nominatur a quodam homine vocato Carn, qui fecit pontem in villa Bodman; et cadit in aquam vocatam Dynmere per unum miliare versus boriale mare de Bodman; et sic vadit per villam Pascow per 12 miliaria de Bodman versus mare boriale, ubi capit in portu maris borialis post transitum super Dynmerbrygge [qui] continet 6 archuatas, et per Wadebrygge qui continet 12 archuatas de lapidibus constructas.

Memorandum de ortu foncium et aquarum fluminum in comitatu Cornubiæ et Devoniæ.

Excestre aqua incipit ——.

Tyngmouth flumen, aqua proxima versus Myghellmont, incipit apud ——.

Flumen Deerso, quod vadit ad hamonem villæ Totenese, et sic usque Dartemouth.

Flumen Plymouth.

Flumen Tavystoke incipit circa 3 miliaria ex parte boriali Tavystoke, cadit in Ashwater.

Flumen Plinmouth.

Flumen pontis Riale incipit in parte boriali Launceston per tria miliaria, cadit in Ashwater; prima aqua Tamar, ubi est passagium per decem miliaria ad mare meridionale.

Flumen aquæ vocatæ Low-log incipit in le mere ex parte boriali Lyscard et Lascydialle-brigge, et cadit in mari apud portum Low.

Flumen aquæ de Fowey vadit per Reppynbrygge per 6 miliaria citra Fowey; incipit apud fontem vocatum Few per IIII miliaria ultra Lascidyelle.

Flumen aquæ Trywardreth prope Fowey incipit in parochia villæ Seynt Austell et cadit in Trewardreth bay.

Flumen aquæ Trywoodreth vadit per Valemouth portum.

Flumen portus Barleford.

Insula de Greef scita est in Cornubia juxta prioratum monachorum de Trewdreth, juxta villam de Fowey per tria miliaria ex parte occidentali; et dicta insula jacet ex opposito patriæ Britanniæ vocatæ le Foorne. Et insula Ushand jacet in le seebord, anglice south et north, per distanciam latitudinis de le narrow see vocatum aliter le channel de Flaunders per spacium v kennyngys, et quilibet 238 kennyng continet VII leucas, id est 21 miliaria, unde sunt cv miliaria; hæc habentur per informacionem Roberti Bracey consanguinei mei apud Fowey.

Insula Camber est ex opposito Wynchelsea et Rye, distat a firma terra de Wynchylsee per 3 miliaria, et continet ex omni parte circa duo milliaria, et est in media dictæ insulæ capella Sancti Antonii.

Insula parva, anglice a rok, vocata Edestone, scita sowth et north ex opposito Plymouth, aliter dicta le forland de Raume opyn upon Plymmouth, et jacet in le narrow-see per circa 15 miliaria.

Insula Sancti Michaelis de Loo jacet anglice opyn upon villæ Loo, videlicet per 5 miliaria ex parte orientali de Fowey, et a firma terra in mari per unum miliare, et continet in circuitu per 4 miliaria, et in latitudine ex omni parte per 1 miliare.

Insula montis Sancti Michaelis continet in circuitu circa unum miliare, et distat a firma terra per jactum unius sagittæ; et insula Ushand in Britannia est in meridionali parte insulæ de Mont-Myghelle.

Pentybers-rok, maximus scopulus, in aqua Severn scita, ex parte occidentali portus de Padistow ac castri Tyntagelle per 4 miliaria, et distat a firma terra per unum miliare, et ibi nidificant aves vocatæ ganettys, gullys, seemowys, et cæteræ aves marinæ.

Insula Sancti Nicholai in portu de Plymouth scita continet in longitudine —— et latitudine ——.

Et ibi est capella Sancti Nicholai fundata.

Bodman Villa.

Longitudo ecclesiæ prioratus canonicorum Bodman continet 64 virgas.

Latitudo ejus continet 17 virgas.

Companile continet in latitudine 7 virgas.

1239. Ecclesiam fratrum Sancti Francisci de Bodman Richardus comes Cornubiæ, filius fratris Henrici tercii, fundavit; et anno Christi 1352 dedicata est ecclesia per Johannem de Grandissono Exoniensem episcopum.

In martirologio fratrum minorum Bodman.

Scriptum est, lex gratitudinis requirit, ut beneficia beneficiis recompensentur, unde Beatus Augustinus libro soliloquiorum dicit, beneficium accepisti, et auctorem ejus 239 non agnoscis; dominus in manifesto, et largitor in occulto, ista arguunt ingratitudinem: et quia labilis est humana memoria, ne multiplicia beneficia facta in ecclesia monasterii Sancti Benedicti de Hulmo, diocesis Norwicensis, per Johannem Fastolf chevalier, ideo dignum duxi dicta hic in scripto redigere ut patebit inferius.

Nobiles et generosi in kalendario fratrum Sancti Francisci de Bodman.

Edmundus et Johannes comites Cornubiæ.

Johannes filius Radulphi de Bodman.

Dominus Johannes de Arundell chevalier.

Dominus Willelmus Seregeaux.

Dominus Hugo Peverelle.

Dominus Thomas de Cantia.

Dominus Johannes Beaupree.

Dominus —— Trewynt.

1369. Dominus Thomas Carmynew miles.

Dominus Willelmus Sergeaux.

Dominus Willelmus Trelothyk.

Dominus Baldewynus de Bello prato.

Dominus Edmundus Hywys armiger.

Dominus Walterus Blewet.

Willelmus Blundelle.

Dominus Thomas de Cantia, obiit anno Christi 1299.

1360. Domina Sibilia Daime obiit.

Richardus rex Alemaniæ, comes Cornubiæ, 3 die Aprilis obiit.

1314. Jacobus de Peverelle obiit.

1346. Margeria de Treverbyw obiit.

1327. Hugo de Peverelle miles obiit.

Walterus episcopus Exoniensis obiit die 23 Jullii, precipuus benefactor fratrum Sancti Francisci.

1349. Domina Margareta Sergeaux, obiit primo die Augusti.

Johannes Mowne armiger, die 2ᵒ Augusti.

Dominus Radulphus de Wytheel.

Domina Alicia Fittzwater.

Edmundus comes Cornubiæ, primo die Octobris.

Johannes Rodeney miles.

Edmundus Clevedon miles.

Willelmus Chambron anno Christi 1353.

240 In registro apud Bodman ecclesiam fratrum minorum.

Magna pestilencia per universum mundum inter Saracenos, qui pagans, et postea inter christianos; incepit primo in Anglia circa kalend. Augusti, et parum ante Nativitatem Domini intravit villam Bodminiæ, ubi mortui fuerunt circa mille quingentos per estimacionem; et numerus fratrum defunctorum a capitulo generali Lugduniæ celebratum anno Christi 1351, usque ad aliud sequens capitulum generale, fuit de fratribus tresdecim milia octingenti octaginta tres, exceptis sex vicariis.

Informacio Roberti Bracey apud Fowey.

Sancta Kynburga virgo, 25 die Junii, in Kalendario Bodman.

Sanctus Vylloc, heremita et martir, natus de Hibernia, de parochia Lanteglys, ubi Walterus episcopus Norwicensis fuit natus in dicta parochia per unum miliare villæ de Fowey, et dictus sanctus habet festum ejus custoditum die jovis proxime ante festum pentecosten.

Polrewen villa sunt in parochia Lanteglys scitæ super aquam de Fowey.

Bodennek villa

Lanteglys villa

Memorandum quod Walterus episcopus Norwicensis fuit natus in dicta villa, et fuit filius molendinarii.

Sanctus Wyllow fuit decapitatus per Melyn ys kynrede prope locum ubi episcopus Norwici Walterus fuit natus, et portavit usque pontem Sancti Wyllow per spacium dimidii miliaris ad locum ubi dicta ecclesia fundatur in suo honore.

Sanctus Barnic episcopus, callid Anglice Seynt Barre, sepelitur in ecclesia de Fowey, et ejus festum per III dies proxime ante festum sancti Michaelis, id est per XIII septimanas proxime ante festum Natalis Domini.

Sanctus Hyldren episcopus jacet in parochia Lansalux juxta parochiam Lanteglys; ejus festum agitur primo die Februarii, id est vigiliæ purificationis Beatæ Mariæ.

Sanctus Sirus presbiter jacet in ecclesia prioratus religiosorum Sancti Keryk per unum miliare villæ de Fowey, et cella pertinet prioratui de Montague.

Sanctus Mancus episcopus jacet in ecclesia Lanretho prope villam de Fowey infra duo miliaria; ejus festum agitur die jovis proxime ante festum pentecosten.

241 Sanctus Juncus jacet in ecclesia de Plynt prope villam de Loo, per 6 miliaria de Fowey, et 14 miliaria de Plynton.

1457 circa, Nicholaus Radford, manens apud Pogh-hylle circa 4 miliaria de Kyrton, juris peritissimus de concilio domini Bonevyle contra Thomam Corteney comitem Devoniæ, fuit occisus per Thomam filium comitis seniorem, in loco seu domo dicti Radulphi [sic, qu. Radford]; et dictus Thomas filius postea comes fuit, et fuit capitaneus apud Wakefeld, ubi Ricardus dux Ebor, Georgius comes de Richmond —— fuere occisi.

Versus in tabula ecclesiæ Tavystok.

Ordulphus dux Cornubiæ tempore Edgari regis fundavit monasterium de Tavystoke.

Versus in kalendario ecclesiæ Tavystoke.

In kalendario ecclesiæ monasterii Tavistoke.

Sanctus Petrocus confessor, 4 die Junii.

Sanctus Nin martir, die 15 Junii.

1264 Sancti Simonis de Monte-forti, die 4 Augusti.

Sancti Adelwaldi episcopi, die 2 Augusti.

Sancti Elidii episcopi, 8 die Augusti, jacet in insula Syllys.

Dedicacio ecclesiæ Sanctæ Mariæ de Tavystoke, 21 die Augusti.

Sancta Elena regina, die 25 Augusti.

Sanctus Genosius, die 25 Augusti.

Sanctus Rinnom episcopus, die 30 Augusti.

Nō + memoria de sancto Hermeto, 28 die Augusti.

Nō + memoria de sancto Aidiano martire, 8 die Septembris.

Nō + sancto Maurio cum sociis VI M¹ III^c XXVI.

Longitudo ecclesiæ monasterii Tavystoke continet preter 242 capellam Beatæ Mariæ 126 steppys; et ejus latitudo continet cum 14 steppys latitudinis navis ecclesiæ 21 steppys.

Longitudo navis dictæ ecclesiæ tantum usque ad chorum continet 60 steppys.

Longitudo chori 42 steppys; longitudo capellæ cum transitu circa 36 steppys.

Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis Tavystoke continet 90 steppys; et ejus latitudo continet 26 steppys.

Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis Lyscard continet 74 steppys.

Latitudo ejus continet 34 steppys.

Longitudo claustri novi 45 steppys.

Insulæ de Sully sunt sub approtasmento Pii papæ anno 1462, 6 idus Julii anno 3^o pontificatus Pii papæ, ad instanciam abbatis Tavystoke, et domini Johannis Colfylle militis, domini principalium insularum, et dictus abbas est rector dictarum insularum.

* * * * *

Memorandum quod comes de Oxford per V annos preteritos die Martis in crastino Sancti Michaelis, tempore quo Fortescue armig. fuit vicecomes Cornubiæ, applicuit ad castrum Mont. Mychelle cum LCCC hominibus. Et contra XI millia hominum armatorum ex parte domini regis E. quarti dictum comitem obsedebant per XXIII septimanas, videlicet usque diem sabbati proxima ante diem martis carniprivii voc. le clansyng days pro —— cum domino rege demittebat fortalicium eundo ad dominum regem.

De fundatione Collegii Penryn.

1471. Die jovis, vigilia parascheven, obiit Magister Trewynnard, natus in villa Seynt Ives, quondam socius collegii Exoniensis Oxfordiæ, postea prepositus collegii Sancti Thomæ villæ de Penryn per —— annos continuavit.

Locus Collegii predicti in Penryn ab antiquo vocabatur Glasneyth in lingua Cornubiæ, anglice Polsethow, aliter dictus puteus sagittarii.

Falmouth havyn pertinet villæ Penryn.

Fundacio collegii predicti per Walterum episcopum Excestriæ in anno Christi 1265.

In anno millesimo domini ducenteno.

Atque sexagesimo post cum quinto pileno.

243 Mem. quod dominus Johannes Anger fuit vicarius magistri Michaelis Trewynnard.

Mem. quod longitudo eeclesiæ videlicet navis continet 36 steppys meos; et longitudo chori continet circa 60 steppys.

Inceptio tabulæ fundacionis Collegii Penryn.

Itinerarium.

Le north-see. Villæ principales super mare boriale sitæ.

Primo Seynt Hyes villa versus orientem ex parte boriali maris distat a Musholt 8 miliaria.

De Seynt Hyes usque Lananta 2 miliaria.

De Lananta usque Redruth borough 8 miliaria.

De Redruth super mare usque Seynt Columb 18 myles.

De Seynt Columbe usque Wade-brygge [pons longus est] prope Padistow 5 miliaria.

De Wade-brygge [18 archys longitudinis] usque Tyntagell borough 8 miliaria.

De Tyntagell usque Botrowse-castell 3 miliaria.

De Botrowse-castell usque Camelford 3 miliaria.

De Camelford usque Stratton prope castellum Lynamy, domini Johannis Colvyle, 12 miliaria.

De Stratton usque Kylkhampton super mare VI myles.

De Kylkhampton usque Almanteston et Downehedborow 12 miliaria infra patriam.

De Almanteston usque Polston-brygge versus orientem duo miliaria; et ibi inceptio comitatus Cornwalliæ.

Mem. de Seynt Hyes villa, et omnes villæ proxime sequentes sunt scitæ super mare boriale versus orientem præter villam de Launceston.

Memorandum, quod pons Wade-brygge scita super et prope villam Wade, ex parte meridionali villæ de Paddistow, continet 18 arches; et longitudo pontis est north et south.

Memorandum in patria comitatus Cornubiæ est.

Pons magnus est scitus super aquam Tamar, est scitus inter Kylkhampton et Lanceston super le Freshwater.

Pons vocatus Polston-brygge scitus super flumen Tamarwater, sequitur per unum miliare de Lanceston ex 244 parte orientali, continet circa 6 arches, per patriam edificatus.

Item, pons vocatus Greston-brygge scitus super aquam Thamar per tria miliaria ex parte orientali de Lanceston in medio patriæ.

Pons vocatus Hautes-brygge proxime sequitur super aquam Thamar prope villam Dyrynton, per unum miliare ex parte orientali de Derynton.

De Hawtys-brigge usque Kellyngton villam sunt 5 miliaria, et aqua fluminis Thamar transit usque Seynt Germayn, et deinde usque Kaergrowne, et de Kaergrowne usque Asth, ubi cecidit in mari inter Plymoth et Saltash.

Memorandum quod aqua Thamar incipit apud fontem inter villam Seynt Nyghtens et Torynton.

Memorandum de lez havyns Cornubiæ.

A Pensans usque Plymmouth havyn, et specialiter pertinentes ad havyn de Falmouth sunt 147 portus et crykes.

Imprimis circa villam Falmouth sunt 147 havyns infra spacium 70 miliaria a Tavystoke versus occidentem usque portum Markysew versus occidentem et Pensans.

Pensans havyn distat, videlicet ab occidentalissima parte Angliæ proxime les isles de Syllye, per 2 miliaria ad villam vocatam Markysyow, distat per 20 miliaria usque

Truro, distat per 4 miliaria usque

Falmouth [et] Penryn, distat per 4 miliaria usque

Seynt Austyn, distat per 6 miliaria usque

Thewrew, [Tywardreth] a Frensh priorie, distat per 10 miliaria usque

Collant, distat per 5 miliaria usque

Lastydyelle, distat per 4 miliaria usque

Fowey, distat per 10 miliaria usque

Bodennek, per 2 miliaria a

Bodennek Botroux castell, distat usque Low 5 miliaria.

A Low havyn distat usque Plymouth [et] Saltash 11 miliaria.

A Saltash usque Corgrowne tria miliaria.

Corgrowne prope Tavystoke abbotys —— ibi sunt salmones per duo miliaria de Corgroyn.

Plymouth.

Distat par 3 miliaria de Saltash usque Plymouth.

Hinc finit les havyns de Cornewayles.

245 Mem. from Pensance to Seynt Yves jette 6 myle.

Item, from Seynt Yves usque Lalant havyn 2 myle.

Item, from Lalant havyn to Patystoe havyn.

Item, from Patystoo havyn to Barstaple.

Item, from Barstaple to Ilfercombe.

Item, from Ilfercombe to Briggewater.

Item, from Bryggewater to Uphylle.

Item, from Uphylle to Mynett.

Item, from Mynehed to Bristow.

Oxford ultra Faryndon 12 myles.

Faryndon ultra Bassett-Sutton 15 myle,

Bassett Sutton per 15 myle de Clak.

Clak distat 15 miliaria de Bath,

Bathe 15 miliaria.

Well.

Glastynbery distat usque Brygewater 9 miliaria.

A Bryggewater ad Taunton 7 miliaria.

Pons pulcherrimus ultra Tanton per 1 miliaria.

A Taunton usque Wellynton 5 miliaria.

A Wellynton usque Culmyton 10 miliaria.

A Colmyton usque Excestre 10 miliaria.

Excestre.

Sanctus Justus martir jacet in parochia Sancti Yoest, distat a Pensans versus occidentem per 5 miliaria super litus occidentalissimæ partis Angliæ, et de villa Mousehold ultra versus insulas Syly per IIII [xxx] miliaria.

Sanctus Borianus martir est in parochia Sancti Boriani, distat ultra villam Pensansper 4 miliaria super littus maris.

Castrum Restormel est scitum inter villam Lastydielle et Lanceston.

Lanceston villa est per 16 miliaria ex parte north-west.

A Excestre ad Montem Michaelis, prima villa Baytyns, ad Crocornwell 10 miliaria.

A Crokornwell to Okynton-castell 10 miliaria.

De Okynton usque Launceston 15 miliaria.

A Launceston usque Bodman per —— more 20 miliaria.

A Bodman usque Machell 14 miliaria.

A Machell usque Rydryth citra Helleston 12 miliaria.

A Redryth usque Montem Sancti Michaelis 12 myles.

Memorandum quod Truro scita est citra Rytheryth versus orientem per 7 miliaria.

1. Mount Mygell ultra Excestre 100 miliaria.

246 2. Seynt Mychel de Rock per 30 miliaria ultra montem Sancti Michaelis et per 5 miliaria ultra Bodman.

3. Seynt Mychel Rowtor per tria miliaria de Camelforth, per 8 miliaria de Bodman.

4. Sanctus Mychaelis de Brenton, ibi est capella per 2 miliaria ultra Tavystoke versus Lanceston.

5. Sanctus Mychels borough per 7 miliaria de Taunton citra.

Sanctus Michaelis de Montague prope Yevell, et per 2 miliaria de Crokehorn, altissimus mons.

Sanctus Myghell prope Glastynbery voc. de Torre.

6. Sanctus Michaelis Trewin per 5 miliaria ultra Lastendon super altum montem.

Fycetyr xx m. to

Okynton, and 15 m. to

Lanceston, et est pons voc. Polston bryge per unum miliare citra Lanceston, ubi Cornubia incipit.

Bodman 20 m. and to Metshald [Mitchel] 16.

Metshow 16 myle, and 16 m.

to Redryth, and to the (?) 10 myle, and to

Mount Myghell 16 myles, Markysowe.

Calstoketrach proper per unum miliare voc. Howtesbrygge per 4 miliaria de Kellyngton.

Fowey moor per 12 miliaria longitudinis, et infra 8 miliaria est Trewynt villagium.

Plymouth 20 miliaria to Okyngton.

Plymton est castell, ys 3 miliaria de Plymton citra Plymouth.

In ecclesia fratrum predictorum villæ Truro.

Sanctus Vincentius frater ordinis predicti 5 Aprilis.

Sanctus Illugham de Cornubia jacet prope Redruth prope villam Truro burgagium.

1465. Rad’s Reskymer arm. obiit.

Radulphus de Albo Monasterio chevalier.

Johannes Ardell chevalier.

Johannes Beaupre chevalier.

Radulphus de Bello-prato chevalier obiit 1329.

Dominus Otho de Godrygan.

1464. Matilda Ardelie, obiit die 5 Novembris.

1264. Penryn villa prope Falmouth. Ecclesia collegii, ubi magister Michaelus fuit principalis prepositus canonicorum et vicariorum ibidem, fundata fuit per Walterum le goode episcopum Excestriæ; et episcopum cognomine 247 Graundson [qui] fuit alter ejus fundator in beneficiis dictæ post dictum Walterum.

Longitudo dictæ ecclesiæ, navis videlicet ejusdem, continet circa 50 steppys.

Latitudo brachiorum ecclesiæ continet per estimationem tantum 50 steppys.

Longitudo chori ecclesiæ cum circuitu ejusdem continet circa 50 steppys ultra per estimacionem.

Apud Mount Myghylle.

Memorandum Mountes-bay lyeth froe le setre yn the est party to the poynte of Moushole yn the west party; and the chef rode of the bay for see men that comyth thes way ys called Gooveslake cum a yense neekly.

In kalendario ecclesiæ Mont Myghell.

Sanctus Wilfridus episcopus in crastino Sancti Georgii.

Sanctus Petrocus confessor 4 die Junii.

Sancta Hylda virgo 25 die Augusti.

Sanctus Hermes confessor —— Cornubia 28 die Augusti.

Translacio Sancti Berini episcopi 4 die Septembris, id est die Sancti Cuthberti.

S ——. Majore martir die XI Novembris.

Sanctus Nonnita mater Sancti David jacet apud ecclesiam villæ Alternoniæ per 6 miliaria de Lanceston, ubi natus fuit Sanctus David.

Brokannus in partibus Walliarum regulus fide et morum etc. per Gladewysam uxorem ejus genuit 24 filios et filias, et hiis nominibus vocabantur.

Nectanus.

Johannes.

Sudebrent.

Menfrede.

Delyan.

Tetha.

Maben.

Wentu.

Wensent.

Marwenna.

Wenna.

Julliana.

Yse.

248 Morwenna.

Wymip.

Wenheden.

Cleder.

Kery.

Jona.

Heley.

Lanant.

Rerhender.

Adwenhelye.

Tamalant.

Omnes isti filii et filiæ postea fuerunt sancti et martires vel confessores, et in Devonia vel Cornubia heremeticam vitam ducentes; sicut enim inter omnes quorum vitæ meritis et virtutum miraculis Cornubiensis vel Devoniensis irradiatur ecclesia, beatus Nectanus primo genitus fuit, ita cæteris omnibus honestate vitæ major fuit, et prodigiorum choruscitate excellentior extitit.

Fuit in ultimus Walliarum partibus vir dignitate regulus, fide et morum honestate preclarus, nomine Brokannus, a quo provincia ipsa nomen sortita nuncupatur Brokannok usque in presentem diem; hic itaque Brokmannus, antequam ex uxore sua Gladewysa filium vel filiam genuisset, in Hiberniam profectus est, uxorem suam et omnia sua relinquens; timuerat enim, ne si cum uxore sua remaneret, generacionem ex ea procrearet, qua impediretur ne libere Domino servire potuisset. Mansit igitur in Hibernia 24 annis, bonis operibus intendens; postea autem visitare patriam suam volens, rediit in Walliam, ubi uxorem suam adhuc viventem invenit. Post aliquantulum autem temporis sicut Deus preordinaverat, licet ipse homo non proposuisset, uxorem suam cognovit, ex qua postea 24 filios et filias genuit. Videns Dei virtutem cui nemo resistere potest, ait, “Jam Deus in me vindicavit quod contra disposicionem voluntatis ejus venire frustra disposui; quia enim 24 annis ab uxore mea ne sobolem procrearem illicitè effugi, dedit mihi pro quolibet anno illicitæ continentiæ sobolem unam quia jam 24 filios et filias post 24 annos ab eadem uxore suscepi.” Prædicti autem 24 filii et filiæ, quos predictus Brokannus ex uxore sua Gladewysa genuit, hiis nominibus vocabantur, Nectanus et cætera.

Et venerandus vir Nectanus per quæque nemorosa dispendia investigando querere ab hiis repertus latronibus in loco, qui adhuc hodie dicitur Nova Villa; ibi jam ecclesia in ejus honore construitur. 15 kal, Julii capite truncatus est, 249 et caput suum propriis accipiens manibus per medium ferme spacii stadium usque ad fontem quo morabatur detulerit, ibique sanguine circumlinitum sudori cuidam lapidi imposuit, cujus adhuc cædis et miraculi sanguinolenta in eodem lapide remanent vestigia.

1189. Pridie nonas Julii obiit Henricus rex secundus Angliæ, sepultus est in Normannia.

Henricus rex —— dedit maritagium Isabellæ filiæ Ricardi Strangbow Willelmo Mariscallo primo, et sic factus est comes tocius Pembrochiæ, et dominus tocius hereditatis.

1200. Abbathia de Voto in Hibernia; Willelmus Marescallus fundavit.

1175. Ricardus comes de Strangbow obiit.

1148. Gilbertus Strongbow obiit.

1287. Conventus ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Tynterna intravit dictam ecclesiam ad celebrandum in nova ecclesia.

Et quinto nonas Octobris in anno sequenti conventus intravit in choro, et prima missa celebrata fuit ad magnum altare.

Mem. quod in Anglia sunt 52,080 villas per Domesday invent.

Item, sunt in Anglia XV milia XI ecclesiæ parochiales.

1242. Gilbertus Marescallus obiit et sepultus est apud novum templum London 5 kalend. Julii, et obiit in quodam torneamento apud Warewyk; et eodem anno Walterus quartus filius Willelmi Marescalli successit in hereditatem antecessorum suorum, et factus est comes Pembrochiæ.

Et obiit anno Christi 1246, videlicet 5 kalend. Decembris apud castrum Godrici.

1246. Ancelinus quintus frater obiit, et apud Tynternam sepultus decimo kalend. Januarii.

1438. Die jovis voc. Maundy-Thursday magister Johannes Benet rector de Pytney obiit.

Viagium Thomæ Clerk de Waar, incipiendo octavis Sancti Johannis Baptistæ circa annum Christi 1476, equitando ad Montem infra 10 dies, et revertendo ad Waare per alios 10 dies.

Waare.

Watford.

Bekynfeld.

250 Henely.

Redyng.

Kyngyslere.

Andever.

Salisbery.

Sheftysbery.

Shyrborn.

Yevylle.

Crokehorn.

Cherd.

Honyton.

Excetyr.

Crocornwille.

Okynton.

Lanceston.

Bodman.

Machehole.

Rooderyth.

Marchew. Margew distat per unum quartum miliaris de Monte Michaelis.

* * * * *

Longitudo ecclesiæ canonicorum regularium Sancti Augustini villæ de Allaunston continet 100 de steppys meis.

Et in latitudine continet 24 de steppis meis.

Mem. Episcopus Warwaste fundavit ecclesiam canonicorum regularum de Launceston.

Ecclesiam Seynt Germyns.

Ecclesiam ——.

1236. Henricus rex Angliæ duxit Elianoram filiam comitis Provinciæ apud Cantuar. idibus Januarii die dominica.

In ecclesia de Lanceston.

Sanctus Nectanus martir die Junii ut ibidem et Lanson.

Sancta Monnetta 3 die Jullii.

Sancta Elena mater Constantini imperatoris.

Sanctus Pyranus episcopus de Cornubia 18 die Novembris.

In Hibernia. Translacio Sancti Genesii Lesmorensis archiepiscopi 6 vel 5 nonas Maii.

Translacio capitis Sancti Genesii martiris 14 kal. Augusti.

251 Villa de Launceston, in ecclesia canonicorum de Launceston.

Natale Sanctæ Satinolæ virginis 4 nonas Augusti.

In Britannia, natale Sancti Genesii martiris, qui ob. capitis truncationem —— in ecclesiæ canonicorum Lancesdon.

Castrum de Morteyn in Lancesdon fundatum per comitem de Morteyng.

Et fuerunt III fratres sub nomine Sancti Genesii, et unusquisque caput suum portabat; unus archiepiscopus Lismore.

Nomina liberorum tenentium in Acle,[43] tempore comitis Rogeri Bygod, qui est dominus manerii et patronus ecclesiæ, circa annum Christi ——.

Johannes tenet I mesuagium, XII acras terræ, r. per annum IIs.

Hugo le Ris t. IX acras terræ, r. XVIIId.

Willelmus de Burgo tenet I mesuagium, r. VIs.

Thomas de Burgo r. pro communi habendo IIIId.

Rogerus Plantyng t. XXXVI acras I rod, r. IXs. VId.

Ricardus Stywar et Robertus de Ecclesia tenent X acras terræ, r. XVIId. ob.

Hugo de Caylly tenet ——.

Willelmus de Monte Caviso tenet ——.

Godwynus Segge r. ad festum Sancti Martini per certam convencionem IIs.

Edūs Oberdam t. —— et reddit per annum XVIs. VId. ob. q.

Willelmus Cosus t. X acras terræ I rod. r. IIs. Id. ob.

Placita et perquisita valent per annum Cs.

Est ibi forum quod affirmatur ad XLs.

Est ibi columbare, valet per annum VIIIs.

Turbaria per estimacionem per annum IIIIl.

Item duo molendina valent per annum IIIIl.

Item possunt sustentare L averia in manerio tempore hiemali, et per totum annum LX porcos.

Item herbagium castri valet IIIl.

Item valor III mariscorum per annum XXXVl.

252 Item valor gardini per annum Xs.

Item valor prati et pasturæ per annum XIXs. XId.

Item redditus assis’ valet VIIIl. IXs. VId. q.

Item valor tocius terræ arabilis de dominico valet per annum XXIIIl. XIXs. VId.

Item est ibidem consuetudo, quod quilibet habitans in villa, non habens terram nec domum dabit comiti per annum id. et estimatur per annum IVs.

Item sunt ibidem in dominico CCIX acræ et XII pertic. terræ arabilis in diversis culturis dominii.

Item sunt III marisci viz. de Holm, mariscus de Hesty, et mariscus de Hallycote.

Est ibidem parcus, in quo possunt sustentare CXX averia per annum, et valet pastura cujuslibet VId.

* * * * *

Sanctus Mybbard heremita, filius regis Hiberniæ, aliter dictus Colrogus, ejus corpus jacet in scrinio ecclesiæ de Kardynan, distat per duo miliaria de Bodman, ex parte orientali et meridionali, et per 4 miliaria de Lastydyelle ex parte boriali et per 7 miliaria de Lescard ex parte occidentali, secundum relacionem uxoris —— ecclesiæ, qui fuit natus in parochia; et ejus dies agitur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecostes.

Sanctus Mancus, consodalis ejus, heremita jacet in parochia de Lanteglas; at villa vocata Bodennek est in dicta parochia, et ejus festum agitur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecostem.

Sanctus Wyllow heremita fuit consocius Sancti Manii et Sancti Mydbard et ejus festum tenetur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecosten, et ipse jacet in parochia Alleretew [Lanteglos] per unum miliare de Bodennek.

* * * * *

Die lunæ 16 Augusti incepi viagium de Norwico usque Myghell-mont in Cornubia.

Martis 18.

Mercurii 19.

Jovis 21 die Augusti applicui Londoniis hora meridionali.

Veneris 21 London.

Sabbato 23 London.

Dominica 23.

Lunæ 24.

Martis 25.

Mercurii 26, hora quinta post meridiem equitavi de 253 Londoniis versus episcopum Wyntoniensem apud Waltham et Wynchester, et reposui apud Wandesworth.

Jovis.

Veneris 28 die applicui ad dominum episcopum hora prandii, et post meridiem equitavi usque Southampton cum Thoma Danvers.

Veneris predicto applicui Southampton et ibi pernoctavi.

Sabbato 29 Augusti, applicui apud Romsey-abbey in meridie, post repastum meum cum magistro North apud Nusselyng.

Dominica 30 die Augusti fui apud Salysbery per medietatem diei ante meridiem.

Dicto die fuit apud Wylton-abbey ad missam Sanctæ Edithæ.

Dicto die dominica applicui apud villam Cheverelle per duo miliaria citra le Vyes, ubi quidem homo vocatus Philippus Pur pernoctavit me sua curtesia.

Lunæ applicui ——.

Lunæ ultimo die Augusti equitavi per villam de Vyes, Yakysbery, et ultimo apud Manerium de Crofton, quondam Katermayno in parochia de Helmerton, ubi feci negotium Thomæ Danvers armigeri.

Postea equitavi per villas de Stanley-abbey et Chypenham, et applicui usque Castelcombe.

Martis die primo Septembris, Sancti Egidii, equitavi per Mershfelde versus Bristolliam, applicando ibi hora circa 6 post meridiem.

Mercurii primo Septembris, Bristolliæ.

Jovis 2 Septembris, incepi equitare de Bristollia primo per aquam usque —— et postea equest. usque Aust-clyf ibidem pernoctando.

Veneris 3 die Septembris de Aust-clyff per aquam usque Chepstow navigando, ad prandium applicando usque abbathiam de Tyntern.

Sabbati 4 die Septembris, fui ibidem.

Dominica 5 die Septembris fui Tyntern-abbey tota die.

Lunæ 7 die Septembris equitavi de Tyntern in mane.

Lunæ predicto fui apud Chepstow.

Lunæ predicto applicui ultra aquam per Aust-clyff usque Westbery.

Martis 7 die Septembris nativitatis Beatæ Mariæ apud Westbery audivi divina servicia.

Martis predicto post meridiem applicui Bristolliæ.

254 Mercurii 9 Septembris, de Bristollia hora meridionali applicui usque Wells pernoctando.

Jovis 10 Septembris, applicui Glastynbery, et applicui post meridiem usque Chedsey villam per duo miliaria de Bryggewater.

Veneris 11 Septembris, applicui Bryggewater.

Veneris predicto, jantavi apud Taunton —— et applicui ad noctem ad villam de —— per 12 miliaria de Taunton.

Sabbati 12 die Septembris jantavi apud Kyrton, ubi est collegium.

Sabbati prædicto applicui ad villam Okenton, ubi est castellum comitis Devoniæ, pernoctando ibidem.

Dominica 13 die Septembris de Okenton usque villam de Launceston cum castro, et pernoctavi tota die et nocte.

Locutus fui de doctore Ewen et certis cronicis.

Lunæ 14 die Septembris, exaltationis sanctæ crucis, de prioratu Launceston equitavi per le Moore post meridiem, ubi equus meus occidet, applicando ad Bodman, loquendo cum fratre Mowne etcet.

Martii 15 die Septembris apud Bodman loquendo cum —— Bernard, et equitavimus per villam Trewro, pernoctando cum Otys Philip valetto coronæ regis.

Mercurii 16 die Septembris fui apud Trewro, et apud fratres predicantes videndo martilogium, et applicavimus usque villam Markysew prope Montem Michaelis ad noctem.

Jovis 17 die Septembris Sancti Lamberti, audivi missam apud Myghell-mont.

Jovis predicto, post meridiem reequitavi usque villam Penryn.

Veneris 18 Septembris, pernoctavi usque villam Penryn, ubi est collegium, et applicui ad Bodman.

Dominica 20 Septembris, equitavi de Bodman usque villam Lastidyelle, et applicui usque villam Bokehenney et —— et Fowey, loquendo et pernoctando cum Roberto Bracey.

Lunæ 21 equitavi per Lyscard apud Ferram, et applicui per le moore vocat. Dertmore, et per aquam vocatam le Hach —— et applicui usque abbathiam Tavystoke, pernoctando.

* * * * *

Sanctus Cradokus est honoratus in ecclesia capellæ 255 prope Patistow in comitatu de Cornewaylle propter vermes destruendos bibendo aquæ fontis ibidem.

* * * * *

Castrum Restormalle prope villam prope Lastudielle, et Castrum Lastudielle in Cornubia, ambo fundantur per Ricardum regem Alemaniæ fratrem regis Henrici tertii per relationem Benedicti Bernard armigeri.

Il port de argent, ung lion de gulys rampand armee de azur.

The felde argent, le baton zable, le lyon gulys.

Le champ de azur, et ung egle displayed de argent, oveque ung test le beke de rouge.

* * * * *

Pontes Cornubiæ a villa Excestre transeundo versus usque le Mount.

Brygge Excet’ vocat. Exbrygge.

Oklynton brygge per 20 miliaria de Excestre.

Lydford brygge per 6 miliaria de Okynton.

Hawtys brygge per 8 miliaria de Lydford.

Launceston brygge borialis super aquam Thamar, ubi Hawtys brygge.

Wade-brygge de xvi peres per 20 miliaria de Launceston in le northa syde Comewayle.

Memorandum inter Lyscard et Bodman est Reperend brygge per unum miliare de Bodman.

Tregheney brygge per 20 miliaria de Metsholle versus le Myghell Mont, et per 30 miliaria de Lanceston westward.

* * * * *

Lowbrygge ut maximus pons circa vi arcuum sita est inter Plymouth et Fowey, scilicet in villa de Low, qui est estward.

256

APPENDIX. VII.

THE ITINERARY OF JOHN LELAND, SO FAR AS RELATES TO CORNWALL.

(Hearne’s Edition, vol. II. fol. 69.)

From Depeford to Lanstoun a xij miles by hilly and much morisch groude baren of wodde. Or ever I cam to Lanstoun by a mile I passid over a bridge of stone, having 3 arches and a [one] smaul, caullid New Bridge; thorough the which the ryver of Tamar rennith, that almost from the hed of it to the mouth devidith Devonshir from Cornewaule. This New Bridge was of the making of the Abbates of Tavestok, and mainteinyd by them; for Tavestoke Abbay had fair possessions thereaboute.

The Ryver of Tamar risith a 3 miles by north-est from Hertelande and thens cummith to Tamerton, a village on the est ripe yn Devonshire; and ther is a bridg over Tamar of stone: and from this bridg to Padestow xx miles. Yalme Bridge of stone 2 miles lower. New Bridge 2 miles lower. Pulstun Bridge 2 miles lower. Greistoun Bridge a 2 miles or more lower. Tavestoke about a 4 miles from Greston Bridg; and Grestoun Bridg, being about a 3 miles from Launston, is the way from Launston to Tavestok. Hawte Bridg. Another bridg caullid New Bridg. Caulstoke Bridg next the se, begon by Sir Perse Eggecumbe. Lideford Bridge is not on Tamar.

After that I had enterid a litle into the suburbe of Launstoun, I passed over a brooke caullid Aterey, that rennith yn the botom of the stepe hil that Launstoun 257 stondith on. This water, as I there lernid, riseth a x miles of by west-north-west towards Bodmyne; and, passing by Launstoun, goith in Tamar by est, as I did gather, a litle above Pulston Bridg. After that I had passid over Aterey, I went up by the hille thorough the long suburbe, ontylle I cam to the toun waul and gate, and so passid thorough the toun, conscending the hill ontylle I cam to the very top of it, wher the marketplace and the paroche chirch of S. Stephane, lately reedified, be. The large and auncient Castelle of Launstun stondith on the knappe of the hill, by south a litle from the paroche chirch. Much of this castel yet stondith; and the moles that the kepe stondith on is large and of a terrible highth, and the arx of it, having 3 severale wardes, is the strongest but not the biggest that ever I saw in any auncient worke in Englande. Thir is a litle pirle of water that servith the high parte of Lanstoun.

The Priorie of Launstoun stondith in the south-west parte of the suburbe of the toun, under the rote of the hille, by a fair wood side; and thorowgh this wood rennith a pirle of water, cumming out of an hil therby, and servith al the offices of the place. In the chirch I markid 2 notable tumbes, one of Prior Horton, and another of Prior Stephane. One also told me there, that one Mabilia, a Countes, was buried ther in the Chapitre House. One William Warwist, Bishop of Excestre, erected this Priorie, and was after buried at Plymtoun Priory that he also erected. Warwist, for erection of Launston Priory, suppressid a collegiate Chirch of S. Stephan having Prebendaries, and gave the best part of the landes of it to Launstoun Priory, and toke the residew hymself. There yet standith a Chirch of S. Stephan, about half a mile from Launstoun on a hille, wher the Collegiate Chirch was. Gawen Carow hath the custody of the Priory. There is a Chapelle by a west-north-west a litle without Launstowne, dedicate to S. Catarine; it is now prophanid.

From Launston to Botreaux Castelle, vulgo Boscastel, first a 2 miles by enclosid ground having sum woodde and good corne. Thens an 8 miles by morisch and hilly ground and great scarsite of wood, insomuch that al the countery therabout brennith firres and hethe. And thens a 2 miles to Boscastel by enclosid ground metely fruteful of corne, but exceding baren of wood, to the which the bleke northern se is not there of nature favorable. The 258 toun of Boscastelle lyith apon the brow of a rokky hille by south-est, and so goith doun by lenght to the northe toward the se, but not even ful hard to it. It is a very filthy toun and il kept. There is a chirch in it, as I remembre of S. Simpherian. The Lorde Botreaux was lord of this town, a man of an old Cornish linage, and had a manor place, a thing, as far as I could —— of smaul reputation, as it is now, far onworthe the name of a castel. The people ther caulle it the Courte. Ther cummith down a little broke from south-est out of the hilles therby, and so renning by the west side of the towne, goeth into Severn se betwixt 2 hylles, and ther maketh a pore havenet, but of no certaine salvegarde. One of the Hungrefordes maried with one of the heires generale of Botreaux, and so Boscastel cam to Hungreford. Then cam Boscastelle, by an heir generale of the Hungrefords, unto the Lord Hastinges. Hastinges Erle of Huntendune and the late lord Hungreford had a lordship of the Botreaux in partition, caullid Parke; and ther is a manor place or castelet. It is a vi miles from Botreaux by south.

Ther is no very notable toun or building from Botreaux by est-north-est, along apon the shore upper on Severn to Hertland point, but Strettoun, and that is a xij miles from Botreaux, and ther is a praty market. It stondith about a mile from the se. There is a place near to Stretton caullid Ebbingford, but now communely Efford, wher John Arundale of Trerise was borne, and hath a fair manor place, in the which Syr John Chaumon now dwellith, that maried the mother yet lyving of John Arundale of Trerise.

Olde Treviliane, a man of pratie land, but cumming of a younger brother of the chife house of that name, dwellith toward Stretton, at a place caullid ——. Hertland Point is a x miles upper on Severn from Strettoun.

From Botreaux to Tredewy village, on the shore about a mile, and ther cummith downe a broke rising in the gret rokky hilles therby.

From Tredewi to Bossinny, on the shore about a mile. This Bossinny hath beene a bygge thing for a fischar town, and hath great privileges grauntid onto it. A man may se there the ruines of a gret numbre of houses. Here also cummith down a broke, and this broke and Tredewy water resort to the se at one mouth betwyxt ij hilles, 259 wherof that that is on the est side, lyith out lyke an arme or cape, and maketh the fascion of an havenet or pere, whither shippelettes sumtime resorte for socour. A frere of late dayes toke apon hym to make an haven at this place, but he litle prevailid theryn. There ly 2 blake rokkes as islettes at the west-north-west point or side of this creeke; the one, saving a gut of water, joyning to the other. And yn these brede gulles, be al lykelihod.

From Bossinny to Tintagel Castel on the shore a mile. This castelle hath bene a marvelus strong and notable forteres, and almost situ loci inexpugnabile, especially for the dungeon, that is on a great and high terrible cragge, environid with the se; but having a drawbridge from the residew of the castelle onto it. There is yet a chapel standing withyn this dungeon of S. Ulette, alias Uliane. Shepe now fede within the dungeon. The residew of the buildings of the castel be sore wether-beten and yn ruine; but it hath beene a large thinge. This castelle stondith in the paroche of Trevenny; and the paroch therof is of S. Simphorian, ther caullid Simiferian.

Passing a mile from the chirch of S. Symphorian by hilly and hethy ground, I cam over a brooke that ran from south-est-north to Severn se, and about half a mile beyound the mouth of this brook lay a great blak rok like an islet yn the se not far from the shore.

Porthissek, a fisschar village, lyith about a 3 miles from the mouth of th’afore sayd brook, lower by west on Severn shore. There resortith a broke to Porthissek, and there is a pere and sum socour for fisschar botes.

Porthguin, a fisschar village, lyith a 2 miles lower on the shore, and there is the issue of a broke and a pere. And a 3 miles lower is the mouth of Padestow Haven. From Dindagelle to S. Esse village a 4 miles; meately good ground about S. Esses selfe. From S. Esse to Trelille village 2 miles. From Trelille to —— wher Master Carniovies, alias Carnsey, hath a praty house, fair ground, and praty wood about it.

Thens 3 miles by good corne grounde, but no wood, to Wadebridge. Wher as now Wadebridge is, ther was a fery a 80 yeres syns, and menne sumtyme passing over by horse, stoode often in great jeopardie.

Then one Lovebone, vicar of Wadebridge, movid with pitie, began the bridge, and with great paine and studie, good people putting their help thereto, finishid it with 260 xvij fair and great uniforme arches of stone. One told me that the fundation of certein of tharches was first sette on so quick sandy ground that Lovebone almost despairid to performe the bridg ontyl such tyme as he layed pakkes of wolle for fundation.

The ryver of Alawne rennith thorough Wadebridge, evidentley seen at lower.

The first memorable bridge on Alane is caullid Helham Bridge —— miles lower then Camilforde, but Alane is almost a mile from Camilford Toun.

Dunmere Bridge of 3 arches a 2 miles lower. Here doth Alaune ryver ren within a mile of Bodmyn.

Wadebridge a 3 miles lower by land and 4 by water. This is the lowest bridg on Alane.

Ther cummith a broke from S. Esse 5 myles from Wadebridge, and a litle above Wadebridge goith into Alane by the est side of the haven. This broke risith a 2 miles above S. Esse by est-north-est. There cummith a brooke from Mr. Carnsey’s house, and goith into Alane, by the est side of the haven a 3 miles lower than Wadebridge: and here is a creeke at the mouth of this brooke that ebbith and flowith up into the land.

In the way passing from Dunmere Bridge toward Bodmyn, there rennith a praty broket thoroug a bridge of one stone arche, a very litle way beyond Dunmer Bridge: and a litle lower goith into Alane bynethe Dunmer Bridge by the west ripe of Alane. This litle broke servith the milles, and rennith by the est ende of the town of Bodmyn.

There cummith a brooke into Alaune about a 2 miles byneth Dunmere bridg on the west ripe. This brooke riseth by south-est: and at S. Lawrence, scant a mile owt of Bodmyn, I passid over a bridge on this water in the way to Michale.

From Wadebridge to Padestow, a good quick fischar toun but onclenly kepte, a 4 miles. This toun is auncient, bering the name of Lodenek in Cornische, and yn Englisch, after the trew and old writinges, Adelstow, Latine Athelstani locus. And the toune there takith King Adelstane for the chief gever of privileges vnto it. The paroch Chirch of Padestow is of S ——. There use many Britons with smaul shippes to resorte to Padestow with commoditees of their countery and to by fische. The toun of Padestow is ful of Irisch men. Padestow is set on the weste side of the haven. Padestow toun is a —— 261 miles from the very haven mouth. From the mouth of Padestow Haven to S. Carantokes a —— miles.

From Wadebridge to Dunmere a 3 miles, and thens a mile to Bodmyn. Bodmyn hath a market on every Saturday, lyke a fair for the confluence of people. The showe and the principale of the toun of Bodmyn is from west to est along in one streate. There is a chapel of S —— at the west ende of the toune. The paroch chirch standith at the est end of the town and is a fair large thyng. There is a cantuarie chapel at th’est ende of it. The late Priory of Blake Chanons stoode at the est ende of the paroch chirchyard of Bodmyne. S. Petrocus was Patrone of this, and sumtyme dwellyd ther. There hath bene monkes, then nunnys, then seculare prestes, then monkes agayn, and last canons regular, in S. Petrokes chirch. Willyam Warlewist, Bishop of Excestre, erectid the last fundation of this Priory; and had to hymself part of th’auncient landes of Bodmyn monasterie. I saw no tumbes in the Priory very notable, but Thomas Vivianes, late Prior ther, and Suffragane by the title of the Bishoprike of Megarensis.[44] The Shrine and Tumbe of S. Petrok yet stondith in th’est part of the chirche. There was a good place of Gray Freres in the south side of Bodmyn town. One John of London, a merchaunt, was the beginner of this house. Edmund Erle of Cornewaul augmentid it. There lay buried in the Gray Freres Sir Hugh and Sir Thomas Peverelle, knightes, and benefactors to the house. There is another Chapel in Bodmyn beside that in the west ende of the toune, and an Almose House, but not endowid with landes.