Front matter (continued 4)

Cryptostemma. Compositæ.

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a gentle hot-bed in early spring.

Cubeba. See Piper.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Cucurbitaceæ.

Seeds. If sown out-doors, the operation should be delayed until the weather is thoroughly settled.

Cucumber-tree. See Magnolia.

Cunninghamia (Broad-leaved China Fir). Coniferæ.

Increased by seeds and cuttings of growing wood.

Cuphea. Lythrarieæ.

Increased easily by seed; but cuttings of the perennial sorts strike freely in March or April, in brisk bottom heat.

Cupressus (Cypress). Coniferæ.

Seeds may be collected in early spring, and should be sown in April in a warm, friable soil. Cuttings of growing or mature wood, much as for Retinospora, which see.

Curculigo. Amaryllideæ.

Seeds; also by suckers, which form at the base of the stem.

Curcuma (Tumeric). Scitamineæ.

Increased by root division.

Currant (Ribes rubrum, R. nigrum and R. aureum). Saxifrageæ.

New varieties are grown from seeds, which may be sown in the fall or stratified until spring. Varieties are nearly always multiplied by hard-wood cuttings (Fig. 49). The cuttings may be taken in spring and placed directly in the ground, but better results are obtained by taking them in the fall or late summer. Many nurserymen prefer to take them in August, strip off the leaves, and bury them in bunches with the butts up. They may remain in this condition or in a cellar all winter, or they may be planted in the fall. Currant cuttings strike readily, however, under any method. Some growers cut out the buds which come below the surface of the ground to prevent suckering, but this is not generally practiced; the suckers are cut off when the cuttings are removed from the cutting bed, either to be sold or to be transplanted into nursery rows. Green-layering is sometimes practiced with rare sorts, or single eyes may be used, as in grapes. Tip-layering, as in the black raspberry, may also be employed. (See page 33.) Weak or low sorts are sometimes grafted upon stronger ones, in order to give them a tree form, but such bushes are grown only as curiosities or as specimen plants.

Cussonia. Araliaceæ.

Increased by cuttings, which should be planted in sand, under glass. Give slight bottom heat.

Custard Apple. See Anona.

Cyananthus. Campanulaceæ.

Seeds. Strong roots may be carefully divided in spring, but this is not desirable. Usually by cuttings, which should be taken during spring or early summer, and struck in sandy peat, being kept moist.

Cyanophyllum. Melastomaceæ.

Increased by seed. By cuttings or eyes, which should be placed in sand where a good bottom heat must be maintained, and they should be shaded from the sun.

Cyanotis. Commelinaceæ.

Seeds; usually by young cuttings in sandy soil, in brisk heat.

Cycas. Cycadaceæ.

Increased by seed, and oftener by suckers.

Cyathea. See Ferns.

Cyclamen (Sowbread). Primulaceæ.

Propagated by seed, sown when freshly gathered; the hardy kinds in pots placed in a cool frame. By divisions and leaf cuttings, taken off with a heel; but these methods are not very satisfactory.

Cynoglossum. Boragineæ.

Propagated by seeds, divisions and root-cuttings.

Cypella. Irideæ.

Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe in a cool house, and by offsets.

Cyperus. Cyperaceæ.

Propagated either by seed, sown in gentle heat, or by divisions.

Cyphia. Campanulaceæ.

When the stems begin to push out from the root, cut off as many of the shoots as are required, and place them in small pots in an equal mixture of loam, peat, and sand in abundance. The young plants should be kept dry until callused, but not covered with glass. They may also be increased by cuttings, under a hand-glass in a cool house.

Cyphomandra (Tree Tomato of Jamaica). Solanaceæ.

Use seeds; or cuttings may be placed under glass, in bottom heat.

Cypress. See Cupressus.

Cypripedium (Lady’s Slipper). Orchideæ.

By seeds sometimes. Usually by division. (See under Orchids.)

Cyrilla. Ericaceæ.

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

Cyrtanthus. Amaryllideæ.

Propagated by offsets.

Cytisus (Scotch Broom). Leguminosæ.

By seeds and layers. In spring, cuttings of young wood may be taken when about three inches long (with a heel preferred), placed under a bell-glass in heat, or in a close frame, where they will root readily. If gradually hardened, potted and grown on, small flowering specimens may by obtained the following spring. C. purpurea is usually grafted on the common laburnum.

Dacrydium (Tear Tree). Coniferæ.

Increased by fresh seed and ripened cuttings.

Daffodil. See Narcissus.

Dahlia. Compositæ.

Single varieties, and sometimes the doubles, are grown from seeds. The roots may be broken apart after the crowns have started in spring, and each part grown separately. The roots may be started into growth in heat late in winter, and the young sprouts may be removed and handled as ordinary cuttings as fast as they form. Or rare sorts may be increased during summer by cuttings from the growing tips. Cions made of the growing tips may be grafted into the roots by a cleft or side graft. This method is oftenest employed for the purpose of preserving over winter rare sorts which it is feared may be lost. The grafts are kept growing slowly during winter, and cuttings may be taken from them. Cuttings should always have a bud or buds at the base, and in propagation by division there must be a piece of the crown attached to the root.

Daisy. See Bellis.

Dalbergia. Leguminosæ.

Place cuttings of firm young shoots in sand under a glass, in spring. Give a little bottom heat.

Dampiera. Goodenovieæ.

Divisions. Cuttings should be planted in a mixture of turfy loam, peat and sand, in heat.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Compositæ.

Seeds, in early spring.

Daphne. Thymelæaceæ.

Seeds. For layers, remove the soil in spring to a depth of two or three inches about the plant, and fill with fine compost to within two inches of the tops of the shoots. The next spring, carefully wash away the compost, and plant the small white buds in pots of fine soil. Place in a cool frame.

Cuttings should be made of matured shoots or side growths in autumn; insert thinly in well-drained pots of peaty soil, and cover with a bell-glass. If kept in a cool house in winter they will callus, and may, early in spring, be introduced to gentle heat, to encourage growth and the emission of roots. Pot the young plants singly, and grow on in a close but not high temperature, and afterwards harden and keep quite cool during the following autumn and winter, in order to thoroughly ripen the wood. Grafted specimens may be treated in a similar way. D. odora is propagated by ripened cuttings in a cool house, in sand. Sometimes the old wood can be used. The time is determined by the fitness of the wood.

Darlingtonia. Sarraceniaceæ.

Increased by seeds and by dividing the plants. Seeds may be sown on the surface of well-prepared fibrous soil, and then covered with dead sphagnum moss, rubbed through a sieve. Give shade.

Darwinia. Myrtaceæ.

Increased by cuttings of the young roots. Place in a cold-frame.

Dasylirion. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, suckers and cuttings.

Date (Phœnix dactylifera). Palmæ.

The seeds from commercial dates grow readily, and without the intervention of stratification. Special varieties are propagated by a sort of cutting, made by removing and rooting the sprouts which appear about the base of the tree. These root readily if taken off green and liberally supplied with water. They often begin to bear in five or six years.

Date Palm. See Phœnix.

Datisca. Datisceæ.

May be increased by seeds, and by dividing well established plants.

Datura, including Brugmansia, Ceratocaulis and Stramonium. Solanaceæ.

The annual species are propagated by seeds, which are started under cover in the north. The perennials are readily grown from cuttings in mild heat. Heeled shoots are usually preferred.

Daubenya. Liliaceæ.

Increased by offsets.

Davallia. Filices.

Propagated largely by division. See Ferns.

Daviesia. Leguminosæ.

Seed may be sown in slight heat in spring. Cuttings may be made of firm young shoots, and placed in sand under a frame.

Day Lily. See Hemerocallis.

Deciduous Cypress. See Taxodium.

Decumaria. Saxifrageæ.

Seeds. Cuttings may be made in summer, and placed under a frame in a shady situation.

Delphinium (Larkspur). Ranunculaceæ.

Seeds may be sown out-doors in a warm border in spring, or in pans, to be placed either in frames or outside. The old plants of perennial sorts may be cut down after flowering, when young growths will proceed from the base, and the whole may be lifted and carefully divided. Cuttings of the young shoots, taken in autumn or spring, will root freely if potted singly and placed in a cold-frame. They will flower the following season at the same time as the divisions.

Dendrobium. Orchideæ.

The methods of propagating these plants have already been mentioned. Where a rapid increase of a new or special variety is required, the pseudo-bulbs that are more than one year old should be cut into lengths, and fastened on orchid rafts, with a layer of sphagnum beneath them. Suspend them in a hot, moist house, if possible, over a water-tank. The advantage of this method is that the young plants do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their own account. The section to which D. aggregatum, D. Jenkinsii, D. densiflorum and D. thyrsiflorum belong, are best propagated by division. (See under Orchids.)

Dentaria (Toothwort). Cruciferæ.

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

Deodar. See Cedrus.

Desfontainea. Loganiaceæ.

Cuttings, placed in a sandy loam, in a gentle heat.

Desmodium. Leguminosæ.

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings placed under a frame, in heat.

Deutzia. Saxifrageæ.

Commercially, the species are mostly propagated by green hardened cuttings in summer, under a frame. Hard-wooded cuttings may be taken in autumn, and be treated in about the same manner as currant cuttings (see page 58). The deutzias are also propagated by divisions and layers. Some of the dwarf sorts are sometimes forced, to make cuttings for winter use.

Dewberry (Rubus Canadensis and vars., and Rubus trivialis.) Rosaceæ.

Seeds are handled in the same manner as blackberry seeds. Increased by layers and, like the blackberry, by root-cuttings. Layers are made by simply covering the decumbent canes at the joints. This is the usual method of multiplication. The tips, too, root freely, as in the black-cap raspberries.

Dianella. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, sown in gentle heat during spring. By divisions.

Dianthera. See Justicia.

Dianthus. See Carnation, Pink and Sweet William.

Dicentra, Capnorchis, Diclytra (Bleeding Heart). Papaveraceæ.

The crowns may be divided in early spring, or cuttings may be made of the fleshy roots in short lengths, and placed in sand. The roots should be placed in a compost of sandy loam, in well-drained pots, as soon as the foliage dies off, and transferred to a cold-frame.

Dichorisandra. Commelinaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings.

Dichosma. See Agathosma.

Dicksonia. Filices.

Division mostly. See Ferns.

Diclytra. See Dicentra.

Dictamnus (Dittany, or Fraxinella). Rutaceæ.

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe. Division is used.

Dictyosperma. See Areca.

Dicyrta. See Achimenes.

Didymocarpus. Gesneraceæ.

Cuttings, which are obtained from young shoots when commencing growth, and placed in sandy soil, in heat. Also by seeds.

Didymosperma. See Areca.

Dieffenbachia. See Caladium.

Diervilla, Weigela. Caprifoliaceæ.

Suckers. Cuttings may be made in spring, summer or autumn. Hardened green cuttings, handled under a frame in summer, are extensively used by nurserymen. (See page 58.) They are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from forced plants. Hard-wood cuttings, made in winter and planted in spring like the grape, succeed well.

Digitalis (Foxglove). Scrophularineæ.

Seeds, sown in spring, either in-doors or in the open. The common foxglove (D. purpurea) often self-sows itself.

Dill (Arethum graveolens). Umbelliferæ.

Seeds, in early spring.

Dillenia, including Colbertia. Dilleniaceæ.

Seeds, which, however, are grown with much difficulty. Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be placed in sand, under a frame, in bottom heat.

Dimorphotheca. Compositæ.

The seeds of the annual sorts should be sown in heat in spring. The perennials are grown from green cuttings.

Dionæa. Droseraceæ.

Propagated sometimes by seed; usually by dividing the plants.

Dion, Platyzamia. Cycadaceæ.

Propagated by seed.

Dioscorea (Yam). Dioscoreaceæ.

The tubers may be divided in autumn or spring, when not growing. Seeds are sometimes used, so are the tubers which form in the axils by the leaves. Stove species can be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood.

Diosma. Rutaceæ.

Cuttings in sandy peat, and under a frame placed in very gentle heat, will soon root.

Diospyros (Date Plum, Persimmon). Ebenaceæ.

Seeds are used for the hardy species. Also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. Those requiring stove heat strike best from ripened shoots, placed in sand in a brisk bottom heat during spring. See also Persimmon.

Dipcadi, Uropetalum. Liliaceæ.

Increased by offsets in spring.

Diplacus. See Mimulus.

Dipladenia. Apocynaceæ.

In spring, when the plants commence new growth, cuttings from the young shoots are made. These, or single eyes, should be placed in a mixture of sand and peat, in good bottom heat.

Diplazium. See Ferns.

Diplothemium. Palmæ.

Propagation is affected by seeds.

Dipteracanthus. See Ruellia.

Dirca. Thymelæaceæ.

Increased by seeds or layers.

Disa. Orchideæ.

D. grandiflora and others of similar habit are propagated by offsets. These are best taken off about December, and treated like the old plants. (See under Orchids.)

Disocactus. See Phyllocactus.

Disporum, including Prosartes. Liliaceæ.

Seeds may be used; or the plant may be divided in spring before active growth commences.

Dodecatheon, Meadia (American Cowslip). Primulaceæ.

Seeds. The crowns may be divided either in spring or autumn. Cuttings of the whole root can be effectively used, the root being torn off the crown, planted upright, and of course covered with the sandy soil commonly used in this form of propagation.

Dog’s Bane. See Apocynum

Dog’s-tooth Violet. See Erythronium.

Dogwood. See Cornus.

Dolichos. Leguminosæ.

By seeds. Sometimes cuttage or layerage is resorted to.

Dorcoceras. See Bæa.

Doronicum, including Aronicum (Leopard’s Bane). Compositæ.

Propagated by seeds and divisions.

Dorstenia. Urticaceæ.

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed in early spring. Before active growth commences the plants may be divided.

Doryanthes. Amaryllideæ.

Propagated by suckers placed in small pots.

Dorycnium, including Boujeania. Leguminosæ.

Increased by seeds.

Downingia, Clintonia. Campanulaceæ.

Seeds should be sown in mild heat in spring.

Draba, including Petrocallis (Whitlow Grass). Cruciferæ.

The annuals or biennials propagated by seeds sown in spring in the open border. The perennials may be propagated by dividing the crowns.

Dracæna (Dragon-tree). Liliaceæ.

Rarely grown from seed. Layers do not succeed very well. The stems of old plants may be cut up in pieces one or two inches long, and placed at any season in cocoanut fiber or light soil, in the bottom heat of a propagating house. The tops of the plants will also strike as cuttings, and the fleshy base of the stem is sometimes removed and used for propagation. Root-cuttings do well in a moderate heat. (See Fig. 47.)

Dracocephalum (Dragon’s Head). Labiatæ.

The annuals are grown from seeds, sown in the open in spring. Perennials are increased by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of the young shoots in spring.

Dracontium. See Amorphophallus.

Dragon’s Head. See Dracocephalum.

Dragon-tree. See Dracæna.

Drimys, Wintera. Magnoliaceæ.

Cuttings made of half-ripened shoots should be inserted in a frame.

Drosera (Sundew). Droseraceæ.

Seeds, sown as soon as possible after gathering. D. binata is increased by cutting roots from strong plants into pieces of one-half or one inch in length, and placing them on the surface of shallow earthenware pans, in sandy peat soil, and covering about one-half inch deep with the same material. They are then placed under a bell-glass, and transferred to a damp, warm propagating house.

Drosophyllum. Droseraceæ.

Propagated by seed.

Dutchman’s Pipe. See Aristolochia.

Duvaua. Anacardiaceæ.

Insert cuttings made of the ripe wood under glass, in gentle heat.

Dyckia. Bromeliaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, suckers and divisions.

Eccremocarpus (Calampelis). Bignoniaceæ.

Seeds, sown in spring, in a gentle heat. Cuttings may be used, of green or ripe wood.

Echeveria. See Cotyledon.

Echinacea. Compositæ.

Readily propagated by seeds and division.

Echinocactus. See Cactus.

Echinops, Echinanthus (Globe Thistle). Compositæ.

Sow the seeds in spring for the propagation of the biennials, and divide the perennials early. Also by root-cuttings.

Echium (Viper’s Bugloss). Boragineæ.

The herbaceous species are raised from seeds. Also increased by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased more readily by layers, but also by cuttings, placed in sandy soil under glass.

Edelweiss. See Leontopodium.

Edgeworthia. Thymelæaceæ.

Cuttings should be inserted in sandy soil, under glass in spring.

Edwandria. Leguminosæ.

By seeds or cuttings of the young wood.

Egg-Plant (Solanum Melongena). Solanaceæ.

Seeds in heat, in late winter or spring. Cuttings rarely.

Eglantine. See Rosa.

Ehretia. Boragineæ.

Place cuttings in sandy soil under glass in bottom heat, in spring.

Eichhornia. Pontederiaceæ.

Propagation is effected by division in spring; seeds.

Elæagnus (Oleaster, Wild Olive, Goumi). Elæagnaceæ.

Increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. The named varieties are often grafted on the most vigorous varieties obtainable. Imported seeds of some species are apt to be empty. E. longipes can readily be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood in June and July, under glass.

Elæis (Oil Palm). Palmæ.

Seeds are used for propagation.

Elæocarpus, including Monocera. Tiliaceæ.

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed. Make cuttings of ripened shoots, with leaves on, and place them in sandy soil, in bottom heat.

Elder. See Sambucus.

Elecampane (Inula Helenium). Compositæ.

Propagated by seeds in open air in early spring.

Elliottia. Ericaceæ.

Insert soft wood cuttings in sand under glass.

Elm. See Ulmus.

Elodea. See Hypericum.

Empetrum (Crowberry or Crakeberry). Empetraceæ.

Seeds. In summer, cuttings may be made, and should be placed in sandy soil under glass.

Encephalartos. Cycadaceæ.

Increased by seeds.

Endive (Cichorium Endivia). Compositæ.

Seeds, either in the open where the plants are to stand, or under glass.

Enkianthus. Ericaceæ.

Cuttings made of the ripe wood should be placed under glass during the spring months, without heat.

Entelea. Tiliaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings, in sandy soil.

Eomecon. Papaveraceæ.

Seeds; also by division.

Epacris. Epacrideæ.

Grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter, with bottom heat. The cuttings root very slowly.

Ephedra. Gnetaceæ.

Layers may be made from young shoots or branches.

Epidendrum. Orchideæ.

The tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings, the section with short, thick pseudo-bulbs by division. The former also occasionally produce viviparous flower-scapes, thus affording a ready means of increase. (See under Orchids.)

Epigæa. Ericaceæ.

Increased with great difficulty by careful divisions of established plants, and by layers. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used, but are slow to develop.

Epilobium (Willow-herb). Onagrarieæ.

Propagated by seeds, divisions or root-cuttings.

Epimedium (Barrenwort). Berberideæ.

Sometimes increased by seeds. During July or August, divisions of the roots can be made.

Epiphyllum. Cacteæ.

Readily grown from cuttings. Pieces of the branches four to six inches long are placed in sandy soil in gentle heat, and kept moderately dry. Epiphyllums are often grafted on strong stocks of pereskia (Pereskia aculeata is commonly used, but P. Bleo is equally as good), for the purpose of getting high or rafter plants. A young shoot is cleft-grafted into any portion of the pereskia which has become hard, and the cion is held in place by a cactus spine passed through it. Several cions may be inserted along the sides of the stock.

Eranthemum. Acanthaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings root readily in spring in peaty soil, in a close frame where there is a bottom heat of about 70°.

Eranthis (Winter Aconite). Ranunculaceæ.

Increased by seeds and division.

Eremostachys. Labiatæ.

May be increased by seeds or division.

Eremurus. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds and divisions.

Erica (Heath). Ericaceæ.

Will grow from seeds, but these are used generally to secure new varieties. Commonly propagated by very short cuttings, taken from the tips, or made of the lower young growth. Carefully remove the leaves from the lower parts of the cutting, which should be about one inch long, and then insert rather closely in pots, which should be filled two-thirds with crocks, the remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer of clean, compact sand on the surface. Cover with glass. Water well, and place in a temperature of about 60°.

Erigeron, including Phalacroloma, Polyactidium. Compositæ.

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

Erinus. Scrophularineæ.

Seeds and divisions. After becoming established, they propagate themselves by seed.

Eriobotrya. See Photinia.

Eriodendron. Malvaceæ.

Raised from seeds sown in sandy soil, in heat.

Eriogonum. Polygonaceæ.

May be increased by seed or division.

Eriosema. Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds or cuttings.

Eriostemon. Rutaceæ.

Cuttings, in sandy peat in spring, under glass, and with gentle heat. Nurserymen propagate by grafting on small stocks of correa.

Erodium (Heron’s Bill). Geraniaceæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds or divisions.

Erpetion (Australian Violet). Violarieæ.

Propagated by seeds; also by division and cuttings.

Eryngium (Eryngo). Umbelliferæ.

Seeds or carefully made divisions may be used for increasing the species.

Erysimum (Hedge Mustard). Cruciferæ.

Increased by seeds; the perennials by seeds and divisions.

Erythræa, Gyrandra, Hippocentaurea (Centaury). Gentianeæ.

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

Erythrina (Coral-tree). Leguminosæ.

Seeds. Young shoots can be taken in spring or early summer with a heel, and placed in sandy soil, on a slight bottom heat.

Erythronium (Dog’s-tooth Violet). Liliaceæ.

Seeds. Offsets or bulbels are usually employed, taken as soon as the leaves dry away after flowering, inserting the bulbels about three inches deep.

Erythroxylon, including Sethia. Lineæ.

Place cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a glass, in heat.

Escallonia. Saxifrageæ.

Suckers, layers. Cuttings of half-ripened wood strike in sand, when covered with glass. Also by seeds.

Escheria. See Gloxinia.

Eschscholtzia, Chryseis (California Poppy). Papaveraceæ.

Seeds may be sown in spring or autumn where the plants are to flower.

Eucalyptus (Gum-tree). Myrtaceæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans or pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in frames. Also by cuttings.

Eucharis. Amaryllideæ.

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in a warm house. Offsets or bulbels should be removed and potted off singly.

Eucomis. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or by bulbels.

Eucryphia. Rosaceæ.

The cuttings of young shoots are planted in sand under glass.

Eugenia. See Myrtus.

Eulalia. Gramineæ.

Freely increased by seed or division.

Euonymus (Burning-bush, Strawberry-tree, Wahoo). Celastrineæ.

Grown from seeds, cuttings and layers. Cuttings usually make better plants than layers. The deciduous species are usually grown from hard-wood cuttings, but the evergreen kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the growing or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted on the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow upon the deciduous kinds.

Eupatorium. Compositæ.

Cuttings of the growing wood, under glass in early spring, is the common method of propagation. Seeds can also be used for some species.

Euphorbia, including Poinsettia (Spurge). Euphorbiaceæ.

By seeds, especially the annual species. The perennial shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat. Some species are propagated by divisions.

Eurya. Ternstrœmiaceæ.

Propagated by soft cuttings, inserted in sand under a glass in heat.

Eurycles. Amaryllideæ.

Offsets or bulbels, in spring.

Eurybia. See Olearia.

Eustylis. See Nemastylis.

Euterpe. Palmæ.

Seeds in heat.

Eutoca. See Phacelia.

Evening Primrose. See Œnothera.

Exacum. Gentianeæ.

Seeds should be sown in spring, in bottom heat.

Exochorda. Rosaceæ.

Grown from seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Seeds are difficult to procure. Layering in June is a common practice. Various kinds of cuttings are employed, but the best results follow short, soft cuttings, taken from forced plants and set deep in shallow flats of sand. They require a very strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water should be applied in a spray upon the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes grafted upon pieces of roots. It is regarded as a difficult plant to propagate.

Fabiana. Solanaceæ.

Readily increased by seeds and cuttings.

Fagus (Beech). Cupuliferæ.

Commonly grown from the nuts, which should be stratified and sown very early in spring. They may be sown immediately after they are gathered, if they can be protected from vermin. The named varieties are grafted upon the European or American species.

Fair Maids of France. See Ranunculus.

Fan-Palm. See Livistona.

Farfugium. See Senecio.

Fedia. See Patrinia.

Felicia. Compositæ.

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil, under a glass.

Fennel (Fœniculum, various species). Umbelliferæ.

Seeds, usually in spring.

Fennel Flower. See Nigella.

Fenugreek (Trigonella Fœnum-Græcum). Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Fenzlia. See Gilia.

Ferns. Filices.

Where division is possible, it is the easiest and most economical method of propagation, and should be practiced just before the plant starts into growth. The spores can be sown in February and March, or earlier, under glass in a warm propagating pit. Partly fill a suitable sized pot or pan with coarse peat, giving plenty of drainage; make the surface level, and on this place three-quarter inch cubes of well-seasoned peat which is rather dry, watering the whole and scattering on the spores evenly. Cover with a pane of glass, and place in a partial shade. While the process which corresponds to germination is going on, great care must be given to the water supply. This is sometimes done by placing the pots or pans in a saucer, from which they can suck the water up. Overhead watering may be used, and often is, but will sometimes introduce worms and the like.

The young plants should be pricked out when the true leaf appears, and they are large enough to handle. The same careful treatment should be continued until they are established in pots.

There is not much difficulty in getting the young plants, if fresh spores are obtainable, but there is a good deal of trouble in handling the seedlings, and establishing them in their growing quarters.

Most ferns are readily propagated by means of spores, as directed above and on page 24. Some species rarely produce spores in cultivation, however, and in other cases, as in some tree ferns, it is almost impossible to rear the young plants after the spores have germinated. In all such cases, recourse must be had to separation, division or layerage. There are some species, as Asplenium bulbiferum, Cystopteris bulbifera and others, which bear small bulblets or detachable buds on their fronds. These buds often vegetate while still attached to the frond. They may be removed either before or after showing signs of vegetation, and set in pots in a close propagating frame, or under a bell-glass. Ferns which make broad crowns may be divided, and this is the common mode with many species. Some species produce creeping root-stocks, which emit roots if pegged down into a pot of soil or on a block of peat. Several plants can often be produced from such a layer. All these operations are best performed in late winter, before the new growth begins. The tree ferns are rarely propagated to any extent in cultivation, but young plants are imported from their native countries.

Fern, Sweet. See Comptonia.

Ferraria, Tigridia. Irideæ.

Propagated by means of seeds and bulbels.

Feverfew. See Chrysanthemum.

Ficus. Urticaceæ.

The greenhouse species are propagated by layers and cuttings. The cuttings are handled in a close frame, and a leaf or two is usually left on them. For Ficus Carica, see Fig. Propagation by seeds is sometimes used in the edible figs, but is not easy with the ornamental sorts. F. elastica, F. Indica, etc., are increased by cuttings, planted in sand or sandy soil, and placed in good bottom heat, in a frame under glass. The large cuttings should be staked, and care must be taken to remove the milky juice before planting. Any winter month is good, before growth begins. Last season’s wood should be used.

Fig (Ficus Carica). Urticaceæ.

Figs grow readily from the plump seeds in the commercial fruit. Wash out the seeds, and those that sink may be sown in a frame. The young plants will appear in three or four weeks. In from three to five years the plants will begin to bear. New varieties are obtained in this way.

Varieties of the fig are multiplied with ease by layers, suckers and cuttings. Make cuttings of mature wood in autumn, cutting just below a bud. Scarce varieties may be multiplied by single eye cuttings. Fig cuttings are handled in the same way as grape cuttings. Some prefer, however, to place the cuttings where the tree is to stand. A well-grown plant will bear at two or three years of age.

The fig is readily budded and grafted, but these methods are seldom employed, because the plant is so easily multiplied by cuttings. Shield, ring or tubular buddings are employed. Various methods of grafting are adapted to it, and cleft-grafting is usually employed on old plants.

Filbert.. See Corylus.

Fir. See Abies, Pinus and Picea.

Fire-pink. See Silene.

Fittonia. Acanthaceæ.

Increased by division, and by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, planted in sandy loam, in bottom heat.

Fitzroya. Coniferæ.

Seeds. Increased also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots

Flax. See Linum.

Flower-de-Luce (Fleur-de-Lis). See Iris.

Fontanesia. Oleaceæ.

Layers are used; also cuttings, planted under a hand-glass in autumn. Or it may be grafted on the privet.

Forget-me-not. See Myosotis.

Forsythia (Golden Bell). Oleaceæ.

Propagated extensively by green cuttings in summer, in a frame; also grown from ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter, and planted in the open air in early spring.

Fothergilla. Hamamelideæ.

Propagated by seeds, sown in spring in a peaty soil; by layers.

Four-o’clock. See Mirabilis.

Foxglove. See Digitalis.

Fragaria. See Strawberry.

Franciscea. See Brunfelsia.

Francoa. Saxifrageæ.

Seeds, sown in early spring in a cool frame. Also by division.

Frangula. See Rhamnus.

Frankenia, including Beatsonia, Hypericopsis. Frankeniaceæ.

Increased by seeds and divisions.

Fraxinella. See Dictamnus.

Fraxinus (Ash). Oleaceæ.

Propagated chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified. The named sorts are budded upon seedling stocks if the sorts are upright growers, or top-grafted if they are weepers. Both the European and American species are used for stocks.

Freesia. Irideæ.

Increased readily by seed, sown as soon as ripe in pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in a sunny position, in a cool frame. By bulbels.

Fremontia. Malvaceæ.

Seeds may be used; or cuttings, in spring, may be struck under a hand-glass.

French Bean (Varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris and P. nanus). Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Freycinetia. Pandaneæ.

Increased by offsets.

Fringe-tree. See Chionanthus.

Fritillaria. Liliaceæ.

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe where the plants are to stand the first year. Bulbels and division.

Fuchsia (Ladies' Ear Drop). Onagrariæ.

Fuchsias grow readily from seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, and blooming plants ought to be obtained in eight or ten months. Cuttings of the young growth strike quickly and easily. Blooming plants of most sorts can be obtained in four or five months.

Fumaria (Fumitory). Papaveraceæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Funkia, Hosta (Plantain Lily, White Day Lily). Liliaceæ.

Propagation is effected by dividing the stools during the early autumn, or when they begin to start in spring. Only strong, healthy clumps should be divided, and each portion should contain several crowns.

Furze. See Ulex.

Gaillardia. Compositæ.

The annual sorts are propagated by seeds started under glass; the perennial kinds by seeds, cuttings or division. Sometimes root-cuttings are used.

Galanthus (Snowdrop). Amaryllideæ.

Commonly by bulbels. Rarely by seeds.

Galax, Erythrorhiza, Solonandra. Diapensiaceæ.

Propagated by divisions of strong clumps in autumn.

Galega (Goat’s Rue). Leguminosæ.

Seeds, in spring; also by division.

Galtonia. Liliaceæ.

Increased by bulbels or seeds.

Garcinia, Cambogia, Mangostana, Oxycarpus. Guttiferæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of ripened shoots should be inserted in sand under a glass, in strong bottom heat.

Gardenia, including Rothmannia. Rubiaceæ.

Strong, healthy cuttings may be taken with a heel, early in the year being the best time, but any season will do when suitable cuttings can be secured. They should be placed in bottom heat of about 75°, in a frame.

Garlic (Allium sativum). Liliaceæ.

By “cloves” or divisions of the bulb. In the north these are planted in the spring, but in warm climates they may be planted in the fall.

Garrya, including Fadyenia. Cornaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sandy loam in August, and shaded until rooted. Also by budding on Aucuba Japonica at the crown. Plant sufficiently deep to cover the bud or graft.

Gasteria. See Aloe.

Gaultheria (Boyberry, Wintergreen). Ericaceæ.

Increased by seeds, divisions, layers and cuttings under glass.

Gaura. Onagrarieæ.

Seeds should be sown in spring or fall in the open ground.

Gaylussacia. See Vaccinium.

Gazania, Mœhnia, Mussinia. Compositæ.

Increased by seeds and divisions. Make cuttings in July or August, from the side shoots near the base of the plant; these should be placed in a sandy soil, in a frame.

Gelsemium, Leptopteris, Medicia. Loganiaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings under glass.

Genista. See Cytisus.

Gentiana (Gentian). Gentianeæ.

Seeds and division. The seeds germinate slowly, and often with difficulty. They often lie dormant a year or more. They should be sown in well-sifted light loam, in pans or flats, and kept cool and shaded. Division must be carefully done, or the plants will suffer.

Geonoma. Palmæ.

Increased by seeds and suckers.

Geranium. Geraniaceæ.

Mostly by seeds and divisions. For the conservatory plants known as geraniums, see Pelargonium.

Gerardia. Scrophularineæ.

Propagated, but often with difficulty, by seeds, sown in the open air or in a frame or cool house.

Gesnera. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds, and cuttings of the shoots and leaves. Handled in essentially the same manner as Gloxinia, which see.

Gethyllis. Amaryllideæ.

They may be increased by bulbels or seeds.

Geum, including Sieversia (Avens). Rosaceæ.

Gherkin. See Cucumber.

Propagation is effected by seeds or division.

Gilia, including Fenzlia. Polemoniaceæ.

Seeds should be sown in spring in the open ground or frame, in a rather light soil.

Gilibertia. Araliaceæ.

Cuttings, inserted in sand in a gentle heat.

Gillenia. Rosaceæ.

Increased readily by dividing the roots in spring; also by seeds.

Gilliesia. Liliaceæ.

Propagated by bulbels.

Gilliflower. See Matthiola.

Ginkgo, Salisburia (Maidenhair-tree). Coniferæ.

Seeds, which are mostly imported, and which should be stratified. Also by layers, and by cuttings of either green or ripe wood. The cuttings are handled under glass. Named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.

Ginseng. See Aralia.

Gladiolus. Irideæ.

Seeds, which are commonly sown in pans in spring, in the house; or they may be sown in the border. Seedlings flower in two or three years. The common method of propagation is by means of cormels (see page 29, and Fig. 16). These are removed from the parent corm and planted in the open, where some of them will flower the same season, although most of them will require a season’s independent growth before they flower. If cormels are desired in abundance, the large corms should not be allowed to flower. Some varieties do not produce cormels readily, and these may be made to bear them by cutting or ringing (page 30). A new corm is formed above the old one each year (Fig. 16).

Glastonbury-thorn. See Cratægus.

Gleditschia. Leguminosæ.

Seeds should be sown in spring about one inch deep. They should be soaked in hot water before being sown. Varieties propagated by grafts upon seedling stock.

Gleichenia. See Ferns.

Globe Flower. See Trollius.

Globularia. Selagineæ.

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

Gloriosa, Clynostylis, Methonica. Liliaceæ.

Seeds should be inserted singly in small pots, in a light sandy soil, and plunged in bottom heat. Bulbels, which should be carefully removed from the old bulbs when starting them in spring, as the roots are very brittle.

Gloxinia, Escheria, Salisia. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds should be sown the latter part of winter, in well-drained pots or small pans of finely sifted soil, of peat, leaf-mould and sand in about equal proportions. The seeds should be sown thinly and covered slightly, then carefully watered, and placed in a temperature of about 70° and kept shaded. Cuttings of the shoots may be taken when the old tubers are starting in spring, and placed in a close propagating frame. Leaf-cuttings, with a small portion of the petiole attached, give excellent results, especially when the leaves are firm and nearly matured. Leaf cuttings are made in the various ways in which begonia leaf-cuttings are made (see pp. 60-72, Figs. 59, 60). Also grafted (see page 88).

Glycine. See Wistaria.

Glycosmis. Rutaceæ.

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which are commonly inserted in sand under glass, often in heat.

Glycyrrhiza, including Liquiritia (Liquorice). Leguminosæ.

Propagated by division and by seeds.

Godetia. See Œnothera.

Golden Rod. See Solidago.

Goldfussia. See Strobilanthes.

Gomphia (Button Flower). Ochnaceæ.

Cuttings of firm young shoots should be placed in sand under glass, in heat.

Gomphocarpus. Asclepiadeæ.

Seeds should be sown under glass in spring; or cuttings may be made of small side shoots when the plant is commencing new growth, and placed in sand under glass.

Gompholobium. Leguminosæ.

Cuttings, which should be made of young shoots during spring, and placed under glass.

Gomphrena. See Celosia.

Gonolobus. Asclepiadeæ.

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings under glass.

Goodenia. Goodenovieæ.

Seed. During spring, cuttings will root freely if placed under glass.

Goodia. Leguminosæ.

Seeds may be used. Cuttings of young shoots may be made during spring, and placed in a frame.

Gooseberry (Ribes Grossularia and R. oxyacanthoides). Saxifrageæ.

Seeds, for the raising of new varieties, should be sown as soon as well cured, in loamy or sandy soil, or they may be stratified and sown together with the sand in the spring. Cuttings six to eight inches long of the mature wood, inserted two-thirds their length, usually grow readily, especially if taken in August or September and stored during winter, in the same way as currant cuttings. Single eye cuttings may be used for rare kinds. Stronger plants are usually obtained by layers, and the English varieties are nearly always layered in this country. Mound-layering is usually employed, the English varieties being allowed to remain in layerage two years, but the American varieties only one (Fig. 21). Layered plants are usually set in nursery rows for a year after removal from the stools. Green-layering during summer is sometimes practiced for new or rare varieties. Strong plants may also be procured by tip-layering, as in the black raspberry (see p. 33). If it is desired to train the weaker gooseberries in tree form, they may be grafted upon the stronger-growing varieties.

Gordonia, including Polyspora. Ternstrœmiaceæ.

Propagated by seeds or layers.

Gorse. See Ulex.

Goumi. See Elæagnus.

Gourds (Cucurbita Pepo, Lagenaria, etc.). Cucurbitaceæ.

Seeds, after the weather is settled and ground is warm.

Grammanthes. Crassulaceæ.

Seeds, sown in spring in a warm house.

Granadilla (Passiflora edulis, etc.). Passifloreæ.

Propagated by seeds, or, less easily, by cuttings.

Grape (Vitis, several species). Vitaceæ.

Grape seedlings are very easily grown. If the ground is fit and there is no danger from vermin, the seeds may be sown in the fall, but they are usually stratified and sown in spring. They come readily if sown out-doors, but some prefer to force them under glass with a mild bottom heat. Seedlings do not “come true,” and they are therefore grown only for the purpose of obtaining new sorts.

The grape is very readily multiplied by layers, either of the ripe or green-wood. The ripe wood or canes may be layered either in fall or spring, but spring is usually chosen. The cane is simply covered up two or three inches deep, and nearly every bud will produce a plant. In August or September the layer should be lifted and cut up into plants. Better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are used and only a part of the buds on each are allowed to grow. The cane is usually cut back to four or five buds, or if very strong plants are desired only one bud is left on each layer. Canes of the previous year, those recently matured, are preferred, although wood two or three years old may be used, but in this case it is usually necessary to cut or otherwise wound the joint in order to induce the formation of roots. Vines or stools grown for the production of layers should be cut back severely in fall or winter, to induce a vigorous growth of canes the following season. These canes are then layered the succeeding fall or spring. Only a part of the canes are layered from any stool, a part being allowed to grow for cutting back the next fall in order to get another crop of canes. In some varieties which do not strike readily from cuttings, layering is considerably practiced by nurserymen. The Delaware is often grown in this way. Extra strong layers can be secured by layering in pots. A large pot, filled with rich soil, is plunged beneath the layer. In this manner a layer may be rooted and separated even while carrying fruit. Layering in pots is employed only in special cases.

Green-layering is sometimes practiced upon new and scarce varieties, but strong plants are not obtained unless they are well handled by forceful culture after they are separated. The growing cane is layered in mid-summer, usually by serpentine layering.

Cuttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate the grape. These are made in many fashions. In all ordinary cases hard-wood cuttings are made from the ripened canes in autumn or winter when the vines are pruned. It is advisable to take the cuttings before the canes have been exposed to great cold. Select only those canes which are well-matured, solid and rather short-jointed. In common practice, the cuttings are cut into two-bud length, the lower cut being made close to the bud. The cuttings will range from six to ten inches in length. Some prefer three-bud cuttings (Fig. 43), but unless the cane is very short-jointed such cuttings are too long to be planted and handled economically. Three-bud cuttings usually give stronger plants the first season because roots start from both joints as a rule. Very strong plants are obtained from mallet cuttings (Fig. 45), but as only one such cutting can be made from a cane, unless the cane bears very strong branches, they are not much used. Various methods of peeling, slitting and slicing cuttings are recommended, in order to extend the callusing process but they are not used in common or commercial practice. The cuttings are tied in bundles of 50 or 100, and stored in sand, moss, or sawdust in a cellar, until spring, when they are planted in rows in the open. Some varieties, of which the Delaware is an example, do not strike readily from cuttings. Some growers start common cuttings of these under glass in spring. Others bury the bundles of cuttings in a warm exposure in the fall, with the butt ends up and about level with the surface of the ground. This affords bottom heat to the butts and induces callusing. At the approach of cold weather the cuttings are removed to a cellar, or are heavily mulched and allowed to remain where buried. Storing is safer. Some growers obtain the same results by burying upside down in a cellar. These slow-rooting sorts often start well if they are simply kept in a warm cellar—but where the buds will not swell—all winter, as the callusing is then hastened. At the end of the first season the plants may be transplanted. The plants are often sold at this age, but buyers usually prefer two-year-old plants.

Single bud or “eye” cuttings are largely used for the newer and rarer varieties. These are cut from the canes in the fall, the same as long cuttings, and are stored in boxes of sand or moss. A month before the weather becomes settled, these boxes may be taken into a house or greenhouse, or put in a mild hot-bed, to induce the formation of the callus. They may then be planted out-doors, and a fair proportion of most varieties may be expected to grow. The best and commonest way of handling eyes, however, is to start them under glass. They are planted horizontally or nearly so and about an inch deep in sand or sandy earth in a cool greenhouse in late winter—in February in the northern states—and in about six weeks the plants will be large enough to pot off or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool house. If only a few plants are to be grown they may be started in pots. When the weather is thoroughly settled, they are transferred to nursery rows, and by fall they will make fine plants. There are various ways recommended for the cutting of these eyes—as cutting the ends obliquely up or down, shaving off the bark below the bud, and so on—but the advantages of these fashions are imaginary. A good eye-cutting is shown in Fig. 50. The foreign grapes are propagated by eyes in the north.

Soft cuttings are sometimes used to multiply new kinds. These may be taken in summer from the growing canes, but the plants are usually forced during winter for the purpose of giving extra wood. Cuttings are taken off as fast as buds form during the winter, and they are forced in close frames with a good bottom heat. The cuttings may comprise two buds, with the leaf at the upper one allowed to remain, or they may bear but a single eye, in which case the leaf, or the most of it, is left on. This rapid multiplication from small, soft wood usually gives poor plants; but strong plants may be obtained by allowing the wood to become well hardened before it is used. Soft cuttings will root in two or three weeks under good treatment.

In order to secure extra strong plants from single buds, the eyes may be saddle-grafted or whip-grafted upon a root two or three inches long. The root-grafts are then treated in the same way as eye cuttings, only that they are usually grown in pots from the start.

The vine may be grafted with ease by any method. Cleft-grafting is commonly employed upon old plants. The cions are inserted on the crown of the plant, three or four inches below the surface of the ground. The cleft is bound with string and then covered with earth, no wax being necessary. Young plants are usually whip-grafted at the crown, either in-doors or out-doors. Grafting the vine is mostly confined to Europe, California, and other countries where the European grape (Vitis vinifera) is grown, as that species must be grafted upon some other stock in order to resist the phylloxera. The common wild frost-grape (Vitis riparia) is the most popular stock. The union in these cases must be two or three inches above the ground, to prevent the cion from taking root. The union is wound with waxed muslin, and the earth is heaped about it until it has healed. Grafting may be done out-doors in winter or spring. In the north, winter grafts are likely to be heaved by frosts, and late spring grafts, made as the leaves are pushing, are probably best.

The vine is frequently inarched, and early in spring it can be budded by ordinary methods.

Seed-grafting is a curious practice, which may be applied to the grape (see page 90).

Grape Hyacinth. See Muscari.

Graptophyllum, Earlia. Acanthaceæ.

Seeds. Increased by cuttings of rather firm young shoots placed in a frame with some heat.

Gratiola, Sophronanthe (Hedge Hyssop). Scrophularineæ.

Seeds. Propagated readily by dividing the roots in spring.

Grevillea. Proteaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, sown under glass in February; also by cuttings of half-ripened wood.

Grewia, Chadara, Mallococca. Tiliaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings may be struck in sand under glass, with heat.

Grindelia. Compositæ.

Seeds, sown in the border or under a frame. Divisions. Cuttings.

Ground-Cherry. See Physalis.

Ground-Nut. See Apios; also Pea-nut.

Groundsel. See Senecio.

Guaiacum. Zygophylleæ.

Ripened cuttings in spring, under a hand-glass, in heat.

Guava (Psidium, several species). Myrtaceæ.

The guavas grow readily from seeds, and plants will often bloom when a year and a half old. They may also be multiplied by layers, and by cuttings either under glass or in the open.

Guelder Rose. See Viburnum.

Guernsey Lily. See Nerine.

Gumbo. See Hibiscus.

Gum, Sweet. See Liquidambar.

Gum-tree. See Eucalyptus.

Gunnera. Halorageæ.

Propagated by division. It is very difficult to raise from seed.

Gustavia, Pirigara. Myrtaceæ.

Cuttings, made of ripened shoots and handled in a frame.

Gymnema. Asclepiadeæ.

Make cuttings of firm side shoots in spring, and place in a frame.

Gymnocladus (Kentucky Coffee-tree). Leguminosæ.

Readily increased by seeds, which start better if soaked for a few hours in hot water. Also by root-cuttings.

Gymnogramme. See Ferns.

Gymnyostachys. Aroideæ.

Propagation is effected by suckers and divisions.

Gynerium (Pampas Grass). Gramineæ.

Seeds, under glass in the north. Also increased by dividing the tufts.

Gynura. Compositæ.

Increased by cuttings and seeds.

Gypsophila. Caryophylleæ.

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

Habranthus. See Zephyranthes.

Habrothamnus. See Cestrum.

Hackberry. See Celtis.

Hæmanthus (Blood Flower). Amaryllideæ.

Bulbels, which should be removed and potted when the plants are commencing new growth, and be kept in a close pit or house till established. Seeds are rarely used.

Hæmodorum (Australian Blood-root). Hæmodoraceæ.

Increased by dividing the roots in spring.

Hakea, Conchium. Proteaceæ.

Well-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy peat under glass, in a cool house. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used.

Halesia, Pterostyrax (Silver-bell or Snowdrop Tree). Styracaceæ.

Seeds, which rarely germinate till the second year. They should be kept constantly moist. Propagation is also effected by layers, or by cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn. Layers are commonly employed in this country.

Halimodendron (Salt-tree). Leguminosæ.

Freely increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. May also be grafted on common laburnum.

Hamamelis (Witch-hazel). Hamamelideæ.

All grow from seeds or layers, and the Japan species succeed if grafted on American species in the greenhouse. H. Virginica may be readily propagated by layers.

Hamelia. Rubiaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings which are nearly ripe will root during the early part of summer under glass, with heat.

Hamiltonia, Spermadictyon. Rubiaceæ.

Seeds. Half-ripened cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

Hardenbergia. Leguminosæ.

Seeds may be used; also increased by divisions. Cuttings, made of the firm young side shoots in spring, will grow if inserted under a bell-glass, and placed in a warm frame or pit, without bottom heat.

Hardwickia. Leguminosæ.

Propagated by ripened cuttings in sand, in a strong heat.

Harebell. See Campanula.

Hatchet Cactus. See Pelecyphora.

Haw, Hawthorn. See Cratægus.

Hazel. See Corylus.

Heartsease. See Viola.

Heath. See Erica.

Heather. See Calluna.

Hedera (Ivy). Araliaceæ.

Seeds. Layers. The rooted portions of the vine may be severed and treated as independent plants. Cuttings may be made in autumn from any firm shoots, and inserted in pots or in the open ground. If they are placed in heat and kept shaded until roots are formed, good plants are obtained much sooner than when placed in a cold-frame or in the open air. Named varieties are grafted on the stock of any common strong climbing form.

Hedychium (Indian Garland Flower). Scitamineæ.

Seeds, rarely. Increased by dividing the rhizomes in spring, when the plants are repotted.

Hedysarum. Leguminosæ.

Propagation is effected by means of seeds and division.

Helenium. Compositæ.

Increased by seeds or divisions.

Helianthemum, including Fumana (Rock-Rose, Sun-Rose). Cistineæ.

The annuals are raised from seeds. The perennials may also be raised from seeds, but it is better to trust to layers and to cuttings, which will root freely in a sandy soil, if kept shaded until established.

Helianthus, including Harpalium (Sunflower). Compositæ.

By seeds, which may be sown in pots, and the seedlings transferred, or in the open ground in spring. Also divisions.

Helichrysum, Elichrysum (Everlastings). Compositæ.

The annual species and the varieties of H. bracteatum may be raised from seed, sown in a light heat in early spring, and afterwards transplanted; or sown in the open ground a little later. The perennial species are increased by cuttings in spring, in a close frame without heat.

Heliconia. Scitamineæ.

May be increased by seeds, but the best method is by division of the root stock in spring when growth commences. Separate pieces may be placed in pots, and grown in a moist stove temperature, repotting when necessary; or they may be planted out in the stove, if desired.

Heliotropium (Heliotrope). Boragineæ.

Seeds. The common practice is to use cuttings. These can be taken at almost any season, if good growing shoots are to be had. They start readily in sand or soil on a cutting bench, or under a frame. Plants for bedding are struck in late winter from stocks which are in a vigorous condition.

Helipterum, including Astelma, Rhodanthe. Compositæ.

Seeds may be sown in early spring, under cover.

Helleborus (Black Hellebore, Christmas Rose). Ranunculaceæ.

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe. Strong and healthy root divisions are also employed.

Helonias. Liliaceæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds, and slowly by root divisions.

Hemerocallis (Day Lily). Liliaceæ.

Increased by divisions. H. Middendorfii and some others by seed.

Hemlock Spruce. See Tsuga.

Hemp. See Cannabis.

Hepatica. Ranunculaceæ.

Can be propagated by division; also by seeds.

Heracleum (Cow Parsley, Cow Parsnip). Umbelliferæ.

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

Herbertia. Irideæ.

Propagated by means of seeds or bulbels.

Herb-Robert. See Geranium.

Hesperis (Dame’s Violet, Rocket). Cruciferæ.

The single sorts are increased by seeds; the double forms by carefully dividing the roots, or by cuttings.

Heterocentron. Melastomaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings.

Heuchera (Alum Root). Saxifrageæ.

Seeds. Readily increased by dividing the crowns during spring.

Hevea, Micrandra, Siphonia. Euphorbiaceæ.

Cuttings should be made of half-ripened wood, and inserted in sand under glass.

Hibbertia, including Cyclandra, Pleurandra. Dilleniaceæ.

Cuttings, in sandy peat under glass.

Hibiscus. Malvaceæ.

Seeds sometimes. Also by divisions and layers. Cuttings of green-wood are commonly used, made in summer for hardy species or in early spring for tender ones. Cuttings of ripened wood may be taken in fall, and stored until spring in a rather dry place. The variegated sorts do better if grafted upon strong stocks.

Hicoria, Carya (Hickory, Pecan, etc.). Juglandeæ.

Increased chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified; also by root-sprouts. Seeds are sometimes planted at intervals in the field where the trees are to stand; but this practice is not to be recommended. The hickory can be grafted. Best results are obtained by veneer or splice-grafting in winter, on potted stocks. Cleft-grafting can be employed out-doors. Saddle-grafting upon young twigs is sometimes used. See also Pecan.

Hippeastrum (Equestrian Star). Amaryllideæ.

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pots or pans of sandy loam, slightly covered, and placed in a temperature of about 65°. For increasing by divisions—which is the usual way—the old bulbs should be taken from the pots and carefully separated, with the least possible injury to the roots. This should be done when the plants are at rest, and the offsets should be placed singly in pots. Keep the bulb about two-thirds above the level of the soil, dispose the roots evenly, and plunge in bottom heat, in a position exposed to the light.

Hippomane, Mancinella. Euphorbiaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

Hippophaë (Sallow Thorn, Sea Buckthorn). Elæagnaceæ.

May be increased by seeds, suckers, layers, and cuttings of the roots.

Hoffmannia, Higginsia. Rubiaceæ.

Insert cuttings in sandy soil under cover, in bottom heat.

Hog Plum. See Spondias.

Holbœllia. Berberideæ.

In spring, cuttings may be made of half-ripened shoots.

Holly. See Ilex.

Hollyhock (Althæa). Malvaceæ.

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe—in summer—in pots or pans, and placed in a slight bottom heat or in the open air. In either case, place the seedlings in 3-inch pots, and winter in a cold-frame. Dividing the roots, after flowering is over, by separating the crown, so as to preserve one or more buds and as many roots as possible to each piece. Cuttings of young shoots three inches long, taken off close to the old root at nearly the same time, should be placed singly in small pots of light, sandy soil and kept close, and shaded in a cold-frame until rooted. If cuttings are made during winter, a gentle bottom heat must be given. Also grafted (see page 88). See also Althæa.

Honesty. See Lunaria.

Honey-Locust. See Gleditschia.

Honeysuckle. See Lonicera.

Hop. See Humulus.

Hop Hornbeam. See Ostrya.

Horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Labiatæ.

Seeds, in early spring. Division.

Horkelia. See Potentilla.

Hornbeam. See Carpinus.

Horse Chestnut. See Æsculus.

Horse Mint. See Monarda.

Horse-Radish (Nasturtium Armoracia). Cruciferæ.

Root-cuttings (“sets”). These are made from the small side roots when the horse-radish is dug. They may be anywhere from one-fourth to one inch in diameter, and three to six inches long, one end being cut slanting, to mark it. These are planted obliquely, two to four inches deep, in spring. They may be buried during winter. (Fig. 48). The old crowns may be planted, but they make poorer roots.

Hottonia. Primulaceæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds and divisions in spring.

House-Leek. See Sempervivum.

Houstonia. Rubiaceæ.

Seeds. May also be increased by carefully made divisions in autumn or spring.

Hovea, Poiretia. Leguminosæ.

Propagation is best effected by seeds, sown in well-drained pots of sandy peat soil in spring, and placed in a gentle bottom heat. Cuttings are difficult to strike.

Hovenia. Rhamneæ.

Increased by seeds. Root-cuttings are also used. Ripened cuttings should be placed in sand, under a hand-glass.

Hoya (Honey Plant, Wax Flower). Asclepiadeæ.

For layering, good-sized shoots should have a few of their leaves removed, and should then be put in pots of soil until rooted. The plants may afterwards be grown on, and repotted according to their strength. Cuttings may be taken in spring or later in the year, from shoots of the preceding summer’s growth, and placed in a compost of peat and sand, and plunged in bottom heat in a frame. A slight shade and careful watering will be necessary. H. bella does best when grafted on a stronger growing sort.

Huckleberry. See Vaccinium.

Humea, Agathomeris, Calomeria. Compositæ.

Sow seeds in light, finely sifted soil, and place in a frame in early summer.

Humulus (Hop). Urticaceæ.

It may be propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring. Ordinarily, however, the species is increased by hard-wood cuttings of two-bud lengths from the best old shoots, and made in spring. Leave the top bud just above the ground.

Hyacinthus (Hyacinth). Liliaceæ.

Seeds are employed for the production of new varieties. These are sown the same season they mature, in light, sandy soil, and are covered not more than a half-inch deep. In four or five years, or sometimes even longer, the bulbs will be large enough to flower. Varieties are perpetuated by means of the bulbels which form freely upon some varieties. These are treated in much the same manner as mature bulbs, or they may be handled in pans or flats. They make flower bulbs in two or three years. To increase the numbers of these bulbels, the bulbs are variously cut by the Dutch growers. These practices are described and illustrated on pages 27 and 28, Figs. 12-14. Hyacinths can be propagated by leaf cuttings. Strong leaves should be taken in early spring and cut into two or three portions, each portion being inserted about an inch in good sandy loam, and given a temperature of about 75°. In eight or ten weeks a bulblet will form at the base of the cutting (see page 52). The lower leaves give better results than the upper ones. These bulblets are then treated in the same manner as bulbels.

Hydrangea, Hortensia. Saxifrageæ.

The hardy species are usually propagated by green cuttings in summer, under glass (see Fig. 57). The tender species are increased by cuttings taken at any time from vigorous young wood, usually in late winter. Layers are occasionally employed, and suckers can be separated from some species. Sometimes the hardy species are forced for purposes of propagation by cuttage. H. quercifolia is propagated by little suckers or “root pips.” H. paniculata, grandiflora can easily be propagated from the young wood, taken in June and planted under glass.

Hymenocallis. Amaryllideæ.

Treated the same as Pancratium, which see.

Hypericum, including Androsæmum. Hypericineæ.

Easily increased by seeds, cuttings, or by strong pieces of the roots of creeping-rooted species. Hard-wooded cuttings taken in fall, are commonly used.

Hypoxis. Amaryllideæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds and offsets.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Labiatæ.

Seeds. Division.

Iberis (Candytuft). Cruciferæ.

The annuals and biennials are increased by seeds sown in light sandy soil, in spring or autumn. The sub-shrubby sorts are also increased by seeds sown in spring, but more often by divisions or by cuttings.

Idesia. Bixineæ.

Seeds may be sown in spring in gentle heat. Half-ripened cuttings may be made in spring or autumn, and should be inserted in sandy loam, and placed under a bell-glass, in gentle heat. Also by root-cuttings.

Ilex, including Prinos (Holly). Ilicineæ.

Seeds, which should be stratified. They are often cleaned of the pulpy coat by maceration. The seeds rarely germinate until the second year. Varieties are perpetuated by graftage. The veneer-graft, upon potted plants, is usually employed, but other methods may be successful. Budding is sometimes performed.

Illicium (Aniseed-tree). Magnoliaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of young ripened shoots may be made during summer and should be placed in sandy soil, under a glass.

Imantophylium. Amaryllideæ.

Seeds. Usually increased by division or by means of bulbels.

Impatiens, Balsamina (Balsam). Geraniaceæ.

The common annuals may be raised from seeds, in spring, in any ordinary light soil. The stove and greenhouse species may be increased by seeds, or from cuttings, which root freely in a close frame. I. Sultani does best from seeds.

Indian Fig. See Opuntia.

Indian Shot. See Canna.

Indigofera (Indigo). Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in sandy or peaty soil under glass, in slight heat.

Inga. Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings root with difficulty.

Inula, Elecampane. Compositæ.

Readily increased by seeds or by divisions.

Ionidium, Solea. Violarieæ.

The herbaceous species are increased by seeds and by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings which will root in sand, in a frame.

Ipomœa, including Quamoclit (Moon-flower, Morning Glory). Convolvulaceæ.

All the annual species are grown from seeds. The perennials are also increased by seedage, but they may be raised from cuttings struck in a forcing-house or a frame. The moon-flowers often do better in the north from cuttings than from seeds. I. Horsfalliæ is largely propagated by layers, and other species may be treated in the same way. Division is sometimes employed. I. pandurata can be propagated by root-cuttings. Also grafted (see page 88).

Ipomopsis. See Gilia.

Iresine, Achyranthes. Amarantaceæ.

Seeds rarely. Increased readily by cuttings. For summer bedding in the north, cuttings should be started in February or March. For use as window plants, they should be taken in late summer.

Iriartea, Deckeria. Palmæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds.

Iris, including Xiphion. Irideæ.

Seeds grow readily and give good results, and they are usually produced freely, especially in the bulbous species. Sow as soon as ripe in light soil in some protected place. The bulbous species produce bulbels, which may be used for multiplication. The rhizomatous species are propagated by dividing the rhizome into short rooted pieces. Or when the rhizomes lie on the surface of the ground and do not root readily, they may be layered.

Isonandra (Gutta-Percha Tree). Sapotaceæ.

Insert cuttings in sandy soil, under glass, in heat.

Isoplexis, Callianassa. Scrophularineæ.

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be made in spring under glass.

Isopyram. Ranunculaceæ.

Propagated by seeds or by divisions, in autumn or spring.

Itea. Saxifrageæ.

Propagated by seeds or by suckers, in spring; and in autumn by layers.

Ivy. See Hedera and Ampelopsis.

Ixia, including Morphixia. Irideæ.

Seeds may be sown in pans of sandy soil in autumn, and placed in a cool frame. Propagation by bulbels is a much quicker, as it is the usual method.

Ixiolirion, Kolpakowskia. Amaryllideæ.

Increased by seeds; and by bulbels.

Ixora. Rubiaceæ.

Seeds. Usually increased by short-jointed green cuttings placed in a close frame with a strong bottom heat.

Jaborosa. Solanaceæ.

Increased by seeds sown in spring, and by divisions, also by cuttings of young shoots, placed under a frame.

Jacaranda. Bignoniaceæ.

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots may be made in early summer and placed in sand over sandy peat, in heat, and kept shaded. Also seeds.

Jacobæan Lily. See Amaryllis.

Jacobinia. See Justicia.

Jacquinia. Myrsineæ.

Cuttings of ripened shoots, usually made in summer, placed in sand, in a moist bottom heat.

Jalapa. See Mirabilis.

Jambosa. See Myrtus.

Jasione (Sheep’s Scabious). Campanulaceæ.

Seeds, sown in spring or fall, usually in the open. The perennials may be divided.

Jasminum (Jasmine, Jessamine). Oleaceæ.

Sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings of the nearly ripened wood, under glass. Cuttings of ripe wood are also employed, and layers are often used.

Jatropha. Euphorbiaceæ.

Cuttings made of firm young shoots will strike in sandy soil in a strong bottom heat. The cuttings, if very fleshy, may be dried a few days before setting them.

Jeffersonia. Berberideæ.

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, or divisions may be made.

Jerusalem Artichoke (Girasole). See Artichoke.

Jessamine, Yellow. See Gelsemium.

Jonquil. See Narcissus.

Jubæa (Coquito Palm of Chili). Palmæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds.

Judas-tree. See Cercis.

Juglans (Walnut and Butternut). Juglandeæ.

All the species are readily propagated by means of stratified nuts. Do not allow the nuts to become dry. Artificial cracking should not be done. In stiff soils the seedlings are apt to produce a long tap-root which renders transplanting difficult after the first year or two. The tap-root may be cut by a long knife while the tree is growing, or the young seedling may be transplanted. Particular varieties are perpetuated by grafting or budding with any of the common methods. In the north, they are sometimes worked indoors in pots. Common shield-budding works well, if the sap is flowing freely in the stock. Flute-budding is often employed. The improved native sorts are root-grafted in winter. Old trees can be top-grafted like apple-trees (see p. 90).

The “English” walnut (J. regia) is mostly grown direct from seed in this country, and the different varieties usually come true. In California, the native walnut (J. Californica) is often used as a stock for this species, and flute-budding on branches a half-inch or more in diameter is often practiced. “Twig-budding,” or the insertion of a short branchlet or bit of branch which is severed from the parent branch in the same manner as a shield bud, is sometimes employed.

Jujube (Zizyphus Jujube). Rhamneæ.

Seeds and cuttings.

Juncus (Rush, Bulrush). Junceæ.

Seeds. The perennials may be increased by division.

Juneberry (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia). Rosaceæ.

Increased by using the sprouts which form freely about the old plants; also by seeds.

Juniperus (Juniper, Red Cedar). Coniferæ.

Increased readily by seeds, which, however, often lie dormant until the second year. They germinate more readily if the pulp is removed by maceration or by soaking with ashes for a few days. Green cuttings, in sand under glass, root easily; or mature cuttings may be taken in fall and placed in a cold-frame, in which they will need little protection during winter. Some varieties require a long time to root. Most of the named varieties may be grafted on imported Irish stocks, which are much used in some parts of the country. They may be veneer-grafted and handled in a cool house.

Jurinea. Compositæ.

Increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.

Jussiæa. Onagrarieæ.

Seeds and divisions are used for propagating.

Justicia, including Jacobinia and Sericographis. Acanthaceæ.

Seeds occasionally. The species strike readily from short green cuttings on a cutting bench or under a frame.

Kadsura, Sarcocarpon. Magnoliaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings, made of nearly ripened shoots, which should be placed in sand under glass.

Kaki. See Persimmon.

Kalanchoe. Crassulaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, but cuttings, when obtainable, are better.

Kale (Brassica oleracea, vars.). Cruciferæ.

By seeds, sown in the open in spring in the north, or in the fall in the south.

Kalmia (Mountain Laurel, Calico-bush). Ericaceæ.

May be increased by seeds, which should be sown in shallow pans of sandy peat, and kept in a cold-frame until the seedlings are large enough to transfer to the open air after being hardened off. By cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat, placed in a shady situation under a hand-glass. Also by layers. Usually obtained from the woods.

Kennedya. Leguminosæ.

Seeds may be sown in spring or summer, or cuttings of rather firm side shoots may be made at the same time, and placed in peaty soil, in a close, warm frame.

Kentia. Palmæ.

Increased by seeds, placed in light, sandy soil, with heat.

Kentucky Coffee-tree. See Gymnocladus.

Kerria. Rosaceæ.

Propagated by divisions, layers, and by cuttings of young shoots, inserted under a hand-light, or by ripened cuttings. In this country, oftener increased by ripe wood in fall.

Kitaibelia. Malvaceæ.

Seeds. May be readily propagated by divisions.

Kleinhovia. Sterculiaceæ.

Seeds. Make cuttings of the young ripened shoots, and place in sand, in heat, under glass.

Klugia. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds. Propagated usually by cuttings.

Knightia, Rymandra. Proteaceæ.

Make cuttings of ripened shoots with upper leaves on, and place in sandy soil under glass, in a very gentle bottom heat.

Kniphofia, Tritoma. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the crown in early spring.

Knowltonia, Anamenia. Ranunculaceæ.

Increased by seeds and divisions.

Kœllikeria. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds, carefully sown. May be propagated by dividing the tubers.

Kœlreuteria. Sapindaceæ.

Propagated in spring by seed, by layers in autumn, and by cuttings of the young shoots in spring; also by root-cuttings.

Kœniga. Cruciferæ.

Seeds, in spring.

Krameria. Polygaleæ.

Cuttings, set in sand under glass, in spring.

Kreysigia, Tripladenia. Liliaceæ.

Seeds. Propagated generally by divisions in spring.

Kydia. Malvaceæ.

Seeds. May be increased by cuttings of firm shoots, which root in sand under glass.

Laburnum. Leguminosæ.

The species may be increased by seeds. Layers and suckers are often used. The varieties by grafting or budding on the common sorts.

Lachenalia. Liliaceæ.

Seeds. Bulbels.

Lachnæa. Thymelæaceæ.

Cuttings of short young shoots may be made in spring, and should be placed in sand, under glass.

Lælia. Orchideæ.

Increased by pseudo-bulbs, as in cattleya. See also under Orchids.

Lagerstrœmia (Crape Myrtle). Lythrarieæ.

Layers. Cuttings of firm, small side shoots may be made in spring, and placed in bottom heat.

Lagetta (Lace Bark). Thymelæaceæ.

Usually increased by cuttings of firm shoots, placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.

Lagunaria. Malvaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, placed under glass, in a gentle heat.

Lambertia. Proteaceæ.

Increased by seeds, sown in slight heat. By cuttings, made of young and rather firm shoots.

Lantana. Verbenaceæ.

Seeds, which give new varieties. Cuttings, in fall or spring, from good growing wood, in sand in a warm house or frame.

Lapageria, Capia, Phænocodon. Liliaceæ.

Sow seeds when ripe in a sandy peat soil, and keep in a moderate heat. Increased by layers of firm, strong shoots.

Laportea. Urticaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings placed in sand, in heat.

Lardizibala. Berberideæ.

The cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots, should be inserted in sandy soil under glass.

Larix (Larch, Tamarack). Coniferæ.

Seeds should be kept dry over winter and planted early in spring. Shade the young plants. Varieties, as the weeping sorts, are worked upon common stocks. The grafting may be done by the whip method, out-doors early in spring. Rare sorts are sometimes veneer-grafted under glass.

Larkspur. See Delphinium.

Lasiandra. Melastomaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings of the growing wood under glass.

Lasiopetalum. Sterculiaceæ.

Seeds. Make cuttings in spring of the half-ripened wood, and insert in sand, under glass.

Latania. See Livistona.

Lathyrus (Sweet Pea, Vetchling). Leguminosæ.

Seeds, sown very early in the open. The perennials also by seeds, sometimes by division.

Lattice-leaf. See Ouvirandra.

Latua. Solanaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

Laurel, Mountain. See Kalmia.

Laurus (Laurel). Laurineæ.

Increased by seeds, layers, and by cuttings, placed under a hand-glass in sandy soil. Also propagated by root-cuttings.

Laurustinus. See Viburnum.

Lavandula (Lavender). Labiatæ.

Divisions. When the flowers are fully expanded, cuttings may be made. These should be inserted in sandy soil, under a frame.

Lawsonia, Alcanna. Lythrarieæ.

Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand under a glass, in heat.

Laxmannia. Liliaceæ.

Seeds. Propagation is usually effected by divisions or bulbels.

Layia. Compositæ.

Increased by seeds, sown in a hot-bed, or in the open border in the south.

Leaf-Beet or Chard. See Beet.

Ledum (Labrador Tea). Ericaceæ.

Propagated by seeds and divisions, but principally by layers, in sandy peat soil.

Leek (Allium Porrum). Liliaceæ.

Seeds, sown very early in the spring, either out-doors or in a cold-frame.

Leianthus. Gentianeæ.

Seeds, under cover; or cuttings of young shoots may be made, and inserted in sandy soil under glass.

Leiophyllum (Sand Myrtle). Ericaceæ.

May be freely increased by seeds, sown in pans and placed in a frame. By layers in autumn.

Lemon (Citrus Limonum). Rutaceæ.

The named sorts are budded upon either orange or lemon stocks. Orange stocks are probably most generally preferred, as they are adapted to a great variety of soils, and vigorous trees nearly always result. The budding is performed in the same manner as upon the orange, which see. Lemons are often grown from cuttings of the mature wood, which are set in the open ground as soon as the spring becomes warm, or in a frame. Stocks for budding upon are sometimes grown from cuttings in this way.

Lentil (Ervum, various species). Leguminosæ.

Seeds, sown in early spring.

Leonotis (Lion’s Ear, Lion’s Tail). Labiatæ.

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which root freely in a gentle bottom heat, in early spring.

Leontice. Berberideæ.

May be increased by seeds or by suckers.

Leontopodium (Edelweiss, Lion’s Foot). Compositæ.

May annually be raised from seeds, or the old plants may be divided in spring. The seeds must be kept in a dry place throughout the winter.

Lepachys. See Rudbeckia.

Leptosyne. Compositæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Leschenaultia. Goodenovieæ.

In spring or summer cuttings may be taken from the points of shoots that are rather firm, and placed in sandy peat, in a shaded frame.

Lessertia. Leguminosæ.

Propagation by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Compositæ.

Seeds, which may be sown under glass or in the open. In the middle and southern states, the seeds may be sown in the fall, and the plants protected during cold by a mulch; or the plants may grow during winter in the warmer parts.

Leucadendron (Silver Tree). Proteaceæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Leucoium (Snowflake). Amaryllideæ.

Seeds, for producing new sorts. Propagation is commonly effected by bulbels, which should be secured as soon as possible after the foliage ripens.

Leucothoë. Ericaceæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be covered very lightly. By divisions of established plants in autumn or winter. Also by layers.

Lewisia. Portulacaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

Leycesteria. Caprifoliaceæ.

May be increased by seeds, sown in spring. By cuttings of the short young shoots, made in spring; by older ones made in autumn.

Leyssera. Compositæ.

Increased by seeds, and by firm cuttings, placed in sandy soil during summer.

Liatris (Blazing Star, Button Snake-Root). Compositæ.

Seeds are usually sown early in autumn. Divisions may be made in spring.

Libonia. Acanthaceæ.

Seeds are rarely employed. Usually increased by short green cuttings in a frame.

Licuala, Pericycla. Palmæ.

Seeds may be sown in spring in a sandy soil, and placed in a strong, moist bottom heat.

Lietzia. Gesneraceæ.

Increased by seeds sown in early spring, in heat; by cuttings inserted in sand under a glass, in bottom heat; or by tubers, which must be kept dry in winter and potted in early spring.

Lightfootia. Campanulaceæ.

The annuals, by seeds sown in a warm frame in spring. Perennials also by cuttings made of young shoots placed in sand containing a little peat, under glass.

Ligularia. Compositæ.

Increased by seeds, or by divisions in spring and autumn.

Ligustrum (Privet, Prim). Oleaceæ.

Stratified seeds. Division. The named varieties are grown from cuttings, either of green or ripe wood.

Lilac. See Syringa.

Lilium (Lily). Liliaceæ.

Seeds—giving new varieties in the variable species—should be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pans of sandy peat, slightly covered with similar soil and a layer of moss, and placed in a cool frame. Usually increased by bulbels, which should be planted a few inches apart in prepared beds. Sometimes small bulblets form in the axils of the leaves, and these are used in the same manner as bulbels. Bulb-scales are often employed for the multiplication of scarce kinds. Those which produce large and loose bulbs, as L. candidum, may be increased by simple division. These operations are described on pp. 25 to 29.

Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria.

Lime (Citrus Limetta). Rutaceæ.

Seeds, which usually reproduce the variety. Some varieties are budded upon strong seedlings.

Lime-tree. See Tilia.

Limnanthes. Geraniaceæ.

Freely increased by seeds in any ordinary garden soil in spring or autumn.

Limnocharis. Alismaceæ.

Increased by seeds, by divisions, and by runners.

Linaria (Toadflax). Scrophularineæ.

Increased by seeds sown in light soil, in early spring. Or by divisions made in spring or autumn. The greenhouse species are ordinarily grown from seeds, which should be carefully sown in finely pulverized soil. Cuttings may also be used.

Linden. See Tilia.

Lindleya. Rosaceæ.

Increased by ripened cuttings under glass in bottom heat; or by grafting on the hawthorn.

Linnæa. Caprifoliaceæ.

Naturally increased by layers or runners. Seeds are rarely employed.

Linum (Flax). Lineæ.

Propagated by seeds, the hardy species sown out-doors and the tender ones under glass. Cuttings may be taken from firm shoots and inserted in a sandy position under glass. The ordinary flax is sown directly in the field.

Lippia, including Aloysia, Zapania. Verbenaceæ.

Seeds. Usually by cuttings of young shoots, which will root freely in sandy soil in a close, warm frame. If it is not possible to secure the necessary heat, cuttings of the hard wood can be used in autumn, under glass.

Liquidambar (Sweet Gum). Hammelideæ.

Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe. Many of the seeds may lie dormant until the second year.

Liquorice. See Glycyrrhiza.

Liriodendron (Tulip-tree, White-wood). Magnoliaceæ.

Increased by stratified seeds. Named varieties are grafted on seedlings. The seeds of the tulip-tree are apt to be hollow, especially those grown along the eastern limits of the distribution of the species.

Lisianthus. Gentianeæ.

The annuals may be increased by seeds, those of a shrubby habit by cuttings.

Litchi. See Nephelium.

Lithospermum, including Batschia (Gromwell). Boragineæ.

May be propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.

Livistona, Latania, Saribus (Fan-Palm). Palmæ.

Seeds, sown in a sandy soil and placed in a gentle bottom heat.

Lloydia. Liliaceæ.

Seeds rarely. Increased by bulbels, or by the creeping shoots leaving a bulb at the extremity.

Loasa, including Illairea. Loaseæ.

All are easily increased by seeds sown in a light, sandy soil, usually under cover. Cuttings are rarely used.

Lobelia. Campanulaceæ.

Ordinarily increased by seeds, which are more certain if handled in pans or flats under glass. Cuttings from vigorous shoots may be employed, and strong plants of some species may be divided. The cardinal flower (L. cardinalis) is grown from seeds carefully sown in fine soil, usually under cover.

Locust-tree. See Robinia.

Loddigesia. Leguminosæ.

Increased in spring by cuttings placed under glass, in sandy soil.

Lœselia, Hoitzia. Polemoniaceæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under glass.

Logania, Euosma. Loganiaceæ.

Propagated by cuttings of firm side shoots inserted in sandy soil, under glass.

Loiseleurea. Ericaceæ.

Propagation by layers; very rarely by seeds, which are slow and uncertain.

Lomatia, Tricondylus. Proteaceæ.

Increased by cuttings of well-ripened shoots placed in a gentle heat under glass.

Lonchocarpus. Leguminosæ.

Seeds. Propagated by growing cuttings placed in sand under glass, in mild heat.

Lonicera, including Caprifolium and Xylosteum (Honeysuckle). Caprifoliaceæ.

Seeds, for new varieties. Sow as soon as ripe, or stratify, first removing them from the pulp. The upright species are commonly grown from layers and from cuttings of dormant wood. The creepers are mostly grown from dormant cuttings.

Lopezia, Pisaura. Onagrarieæ.

Seeds, under cover in spring. Also increased by cuttings.

Lophanthus (Giant Hyssop). Labiatæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds and divisions.

Lophospermum. See Maurandya.

Loquat. See Photinia.

Lotus. Leguminosæ.

The species may be raised annually from seeds. Increased also by cuttings.

Lotus of the Nile. See Nymphæa.

Lovage (Levisticum officinale). Umbelliferæ.

Seeds sown in the open ground, and division.

Lucern. See Medicago.

Luculia. Rubiaceæ.

Sow seeds in sandy soil and place in a little heat. Cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in spring, under glass, in gentle bottom heat for the first two or three weeks. Insert immediately after cutting and water freely.

Luffa (Dish-cloth Gourd). Cucurbitaceæ.

Seeds, sown in the open, or in the north better started in pots in early spring.

Lunaria (Honesty). Cruciferæ.

Propagated by seeds or by divisions.

Lupinus (Lupin). Leguminosæ.

Seeds of annuals may be sown in the open border during early spring. The perennials may be increased the same way, or by dividing the stronger growing plants during very early spring.

Lycaste. Orchideæ.

Division and pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids).

Lychnis, including Agrostemma, Viscaria. Caryophylleæ.

Increased readily in spring by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

Lycium (Matrimony Vine, Box Thorn). Solanaceæ.

Increased by seeds, suckers, layers; and by cuttings made in autumn or spring.

Lygodium (Hartford Fern, Climbing Fern). Filices.

By spores and divisions of the root. See Ferns.

Lyonia. Ericaceæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be sown very carefully in sandy peat soil. Also by layers.

Lysimachia (Loosestrife). Primulaceæ.

Propagation is easily effected by seeds; by divisions in late autumn or early spring; and by cuttings.

Lythrum (Loosestrife). Lythrarieæ.

Seeds and divisions are the usual methods. Cuttings are employed for some species.

Maclura (Osage Orange). Urticaceæ.

Sow seed in the spring. Soak in warm water a few days before sowing.

Madia. Compositæ.

Seeds.

Magnolia. Magnoliaceæ.

Seeds are commonly used. The coverings should be macerated from the very pulpy species. The cucumber-trees and some others are sown directly in autumn. The seeds of any species should not be allowed to become thoroughly dry. Magnolias strike well from green cuttings, cut to a heel and handled under glass. Layers are often used. Named varieties are veneer- or side-grafted upon strong stocks. The cucumber tree (M. acuminata) is used as a stock for all species. The umbrella tree (M. umbrella) is also a good stock.

Mahernia. Sterculiaceæ.

Propagated during summer by cuttings of young shoots, one or two inches long, inserted in sandy soil, under glass.

Mahonia. See Berberis.

Maidenhair-tree. See Ginkgo.

Maize(Zea Mays). Gramineæ.

Seeds (properly fruits) planted upon the approach of warm weather.

Malcolmia. Cruciferæ.

Propagated by seeds.

Mallow. See Malva.

Malope. Malvaceæ.

Seeds may be sown either under glass in early spring, or in the open border a month or two later.

Malpighia. Malpighiaceæ.

Cuttings of nearly ripened shoots may be made in summer, with leaves or under glass.

Malva (Mallow). Malvaceæ.

The annuals by seeds only. The perennials may be increased by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

Malvaviscus, Achania. Malvaceæ.

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of side shoots, placed under glass, in heat.

Mammea (Mammee Apple, St. Domingo Apricot). Guttiferæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be taken with the leaves on and placed in a frame.

Mammillaria. See Cactus.

Mandevilla. Apocynaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings of half-ripened wood.

Mandiocca. See Manihot.

Mandragora (Mandrake). Solanaceæ.

Propagated by seeds or by divisions.

Mandrake. See Mandragora and Podophyllum.

Manettia. Rubiaceæ.

Seeds are sometimes employed. Usually increased by cuttings of young shoots. Root-cuttings are sometimes made.

Mangifera. See Mango.

Mango (Mangifera Indica). Anacardiaceæ.

Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds usually have more than one embryo, sometimes as many as ten. Each embryo will produce a distinct plant. The embryos may be separated before planting, but it is preferable to separate the young plantlets soon after germination, before they grow together, as they are apt to do. The seeds germinate better if the hard shell is removed before planting. Seeds retain their vitality but a few days, and if to be shipped for sowing they should be enclosed in wax. Seedlings begin to bear from the third to the sixth years. Varieties are inarched upon other stocks.

Mangostana, Mangosteen. See Garcinia.

Manicaria, Pilophora. Palmæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in a strong, moist heat.

Manihot, Janipha, Mandiocca. Euphorbiaceæ.

Propagation is effected by cuttings of young and rather firm shoots, placed in sandy peat under glass, in bottom heat. For the propagation of M. Aipe, see Cassava.

Mantisia. Scitamineæ.

Propagated usually by divisions, made just as growth commences.

Maple. See Acer.

Maranta. Scitamineæ.

Propagated the same as Calathea, which see.

Marguerite or Paris Daisy (Chrysanthemum frutescens). Compositæ.

Cuttings, as described for Chrysanthemum.

Marica. Irideæ.

Propagated by seeds, and by division of the rhizomes, placing each portion in sand, in a high bottom heat.

Marigold. See Tagetes.

Mariposa Lily. See Calochortus.

Marsdenia. Asclepiadeæ.

In spring, cuttings may be made and inserted in sand, under glass.

Marsh-Mallow. See Althæa.

Marsh-Marigold. See Caltha.

Martynia (Unicorn Plant). Pedalineæ.

Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow, or started under glass in the north.

Masdevallia. Orchideæ.

Division. (See also under Orchids.)

Matthiola (Stock, Gilliflower). Cruciferæ.

Seeds, sown either under cover or in the garden. Grows readily from cuttings.

Maurandya, including Lophospermum. Scrophularineæ.

Seeds, sown in heat. Cuttings of young growth under glass.

Mauritia, including Orophoma. Palmæ.

Sow seeds in heat.

Maxillaria. Orchideæ.

Division of the plants, and also of the pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids.)

May-Apple. See Podophyllum.

Meadow-Rue. See Thalictrum.

Meadow-Sweet. See Spiræa.

Meconopsis. Papaveraceæ.

Seeds, sown in early spring in a gentle heat. Also propagated by division.

Medeola (Indian Cucumber). Liliaceæ.

Seeds. May be increased by dividing the plants in spring.

Medicago (Lucerno, Medick). Leguminosæ.

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

Medinilla. Melastomaceæ.

Cuttings of young wood in strong, close heat.

Medlar (Pyrus [or Mespilus] Germanica). Rosaceæ.

Stocks are grown from stratified medlar seeds, and the plant may be worked upon these, the thorn or quince.

Megarrhiza. Cucurbitaceæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds, sown in gentle heat in spring.

Melittis (Bastard Balm). Labiatæ.

Seeds and division.

Melaleuca. Myrtaceæ.

Seeds. In spring, cuttings getting firm at the base may be made about three inches in length. Place in a compost of peat and sandy loam.

Melastoma. Melastomaceæ.

Make cuttings during spring, and place in sandy peat under glass in heat.

Melia (Bead-tree). Meliaceæ.

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe. Cuttings of growing wood under glass.

Melianthus (Honey Flower). Sapindaceæ.

Increased by seeds, by root-sprouts, or by cuttings, which root freely under glass.

Melichrus. Epacrideæ.

Cuttings of the shoots should be made, about two inches long, and inserted in sandy soil.

Melicocca (Ginep, Spanish Lime). Sapindaceæ.

Seeds. Place ripened cuttings in sand under glass, in heat.

Melocactus. See Cactus.

Melon (Cucumis Melo). Cucurbitaceæ.

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand. In the north they are occasionally started under glass in pots or pieces of inverted sods, by amateurs.

Menispermum (Moon-seed). Menispermaceæ.

Propagated by seeds, divisions or cuttings in spring.

Menyanthes (Buckbean). Gentianeæ.

Increased by seeds; by divisions of the roots.

Menziesia. Ericaceæ.

May be increased by dividing established tufts, by layers or by cuttings.

Mertensia, Lungwort. Boragineæ.

Propagation is effected by sowing seeds as soon as ripe, or by divisions in autumn.

Mesembryanthemum (Fig Marigold, Ice Plant). Ficoideæ.

May be easily propagated by seeds, sown under glass; by pieces, pulled or cut off, and laid in the sun on moist sand.

Mespilus. See Medlar.

Metrosideros. Myrtaceæ.

Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the hardened wood in late autumn.

Mezereum, Mezereon. See Daphne.

Michælmas Daisy. See Aster.

Michauxia. Campanulaceæ.

The seeds may be sown in the border in spring.

Michelia. Magnoliaceæ.

Seeds. Make cuttings of growing wood in summer, and place in sand under glass.

Mignonette. See Reseda.

Milfoil. See Achillea.

Milkweed. See Asclepias.

Milla. Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, bulbels or divisions.

Miltonia. Orchideæ.

Dividing the pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids.)

Mimosa (Sensitive Plant). Leguminosæ.

Seeds, sown in-doors. Cuttings of rather firm shoots, and inserted in sandy soil, in heat.

Mimulus (Monkey Flower, Musk Plant). Scrophularineæ.

Propagated by seeds, which should be thinly sown and lightly covered. Also by divisions and cuttings.

Mint. See Peppermint and Spearmint.

Mirabilis, Jalapa (Marvel of Peru, Four-o’clock). Nyctagineæ.

Seeds, sown in spring either under cover or out-doors.

Mistletoe. See Viscum.

Mock Orange. See Philadelphus.

Momordica. Cucurbitaceæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in heat early in spring.

Monarda (Horse Mint). Labiatæ.

Seeds. Propagated also by dividing the roots.

Monk’s Hood. See Aconitum.

Monsonia. Geraniaceæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds, sown in-doors in spring; by division, or by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a hand-light, in spring or autumn.

Monstera, Serangium, Tornelia. Aroideæ.

Easily increased by seeds and by cuttings of the stem.

Montbretia. See Tritonia.

Montezuma. Malvaceæ.

Make cuttings of rather firm shoots, and insert in sand under glass.

Moon-seed. See Menispermum.

Moon-flower. See Ipomœa.

Moricandia. Cruciferæ.

Propagated by seed, sown in the open ground during spring.

Moringa, Anoma. Moringeæ.

Make cuttings of half-ripened shoots in spring, and insert in sand under glass.

Morning-glory. See Ipomœa.

Morus. See Mulberry.

Mountain Ash. See Pyrus.

Mountain Laurel. See Kalmia.

Mourning Bride. See Scabiosa.

Mucuna. Leguminosæ.

Propagation may be effected by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood, under glass.

Muehlenbeckia, Sarcogonum. Polygonaceæ.

Seeds. Increased usually by cuttings, taken in early summer in a frame.

Mulberry (Mortis alba, M. nigra and M. rubra). Urticaceæ.

New sorts are grown by seeds, which should be handled in the same manner as small fruit seeds. Named varieties are multiplied by cuttings of the root, or of mature wood, and sometimes by layers. The tree may also be budded or grafted by ordinary methods.

The common white mulberry was formerly used as a stock for named varieties, but Russian mulberry seedlings are now much used. The stocks may be top-worked out-doors, or root-grafted in the house. They are commonly crown-worked, however, in the house in winter, the stocks being grown in pots or boxes for the purpose. They are then kept under glass until the weather permits them out-doors. By this method fine specimen trees are procured, but they are readily handled by cheaper methods. The weeping and other ornamental sorts are now worked upon the Russian mulberry.

Mulberry, Paper. See Broussonetia.

Mullein. See Verbascum.

Musa (Banana, or Plantain-tree). Scitamineæ.

Seeds may be sown in heat during spring. Suckers are used for those species which produce them. Many of the species do not produce seeds freely, and suckers must be relied upon. See Banana.

Muscari, including Botryanthus (Grape Hyacinth). Liliaceæ.

Increased by seeds, and by bulbels, which are obtained by lifting the old bulbs early in the autumn, about every second year.

Mushroom (Agaricus campestris).

Break up the commercial spawn into pieces about as large as a hen’s egg, and plant it in drills or holes, using from one-half pound to a pound of spawn to each square yard of bed.

The spawn is the mycelium of the fungus held in a mass or “brick” of earth and manure. Various methods are employed for making the spawn, but the essentials of them all are that the body of the brick shall be composed of a porous and light material, which can be compressed into a compact mass; fresh mycelium must be communicated to this mass, and then a mild heat must be applied, until the whole mass is permeated by the mycelium. The mass should be kept in heat until the whole of it assumes a somewhat cloudy look, but not until the threads of the mycelium can be seen. Ordinarily, fresh horse manure, cow manure and good loam are mixed together in about equal proportions, enough water being added to render the material of the consistency of mortar. It is then spread upon the floor or in large vats, until sufficiently dry to be cut into bricks. When these are tolerably well dried, mycelium from a mushroom bed or from other bricks is inserted in the side of each brick. A bit of spawn about the size of a small walnut is thus inserted, and the hole is plugged up. The bricks are now placed in a mild covered hot-bed, with a bottom heat of 55° to 65°, and left there until the clouded appearance indicates that the mycelium has extended throughout the mass. Soil from a good mushroom bed is sometimes used to sow new beds, in place of commercial spawn. Old clumps of mushrooms may be allowed to become dry, and they may then be mixed into a bed. The spores will then stock the soil and produce a new crop. The full-grown mushroom may be laid upon white paper until the spores are discharged, and these spores may then be mixed into the earth. Propagation by spores is little understood, however. (See page 24.)

Mustard (Brassica or Sinapis species).

Propagated by seeds.

Mutisia. Compositæ.

Seeds. Layers and cuttings of growing wood, those of the tender species in bottom heat.

Mygindia, Rhacoma. Celastrineæ.

Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots under glass.

Myoporum. Myoporineæ.

Seeds, when obtainable. Usually by cuttings of young wood in heat.

Myosotis (Forget-me-not). Boragineæ.

Propagated by seeds sown in spring in-doors or in the garden. The perennials may also be increased by divisions, in spring, or by cuttings placed under a hand-glass in a shady spot, in summer.

Myrica (Bayberry, Sweet Gale, Wax Myrtle, Candleberry). Myricaceæ.

Hardy species mostly by seeds, from which the pulp has been removed. Sow as soon as ripe, or stratify them. Layers and divisions may also be employed. The greenhouse species are increased mostly by green cuttings.

Myristica (Nutmeg). Myristiceæ.

May be increased by seeds; or by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.

Myrobolan. See Prunus.

Myrodia, Lexarsa. Sterculiaceæ.

Cuttings of firm shoots, which should be placed in sand under glass, in heat.

Myroxylon (Tolu Balsam-tree). Leguminosæ.

Propagation is effected during summer by cuttings of growing shoots placed in sand in a frame.

Myrrhis (Sweet Cicely or Myrrh). Umbelliferæ.

May be increased by divisions or by seeds.

Myrsiphyllum. Liliaceæ.

Freely increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings. M. asparagoides, the “Smilax” or Boston-vine of greenhouses, is increased by seeds, which germinate readily.

Myrtus, including Ugni (Myrtle). Myrtaceæ.

Seeds, when they can be obtained. Readily propagated by cuttings of firm or partially ripened shoots, placed in a close frame; those of the stove species require a warmer temperature than the half-hardy ones.

Nægelia. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds rarely. Propagation is effected by potting the runners in spring or summer in a compost of peat, leaf soil and a little loam. Cuttings of young shoots, as mature leaves, will also root readily.

Napoleona, Belvisia. Myrtaceæ.

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots two to four inches long, in mild bottom heat.

Narcissus (Daffodil, Jonquil, Chinese Sacred Lily). Amaryllideæ.

New varieties are grown from seeds, which give flowering bulbs in three or four years. Ordinarily increased by bulbels, which usually flower the second year.

Nasturtium. See Water-Cress and Tropæolum.

Nauclea. Rubiaceæ.

May be increased by cuttings of growing shoots, in heat.

Nectarine. See Peach.

Negundo (Box Elder). Sapindaceæ.

Propagates with readiness by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. Also by cuttings of mature wood, handled like grape cuttings.

Neillia. Handled the same as Spiræa, which see.

Nelumbo, Nelumbium (Water Chinquapin, Lotus, Water Bean). Nymphæaceæ.

Seeds, which may be sown in shallow pans of water in the garden, or if sown in ponds they may be incorporated in a ball of clay and dropped into the water. The seeds of some species are very hard, and germination is facilitated if they are very carefully filed or bored (see Fig. 7). Sections of the rhizomes may be used instead. They should always be covered with water, at least a foot or two deep, if out-doors.

Nemastylis, Nemostylis. Irideæ.

Propagation is effected by seeds, or by bulbels.

Nematanthus. Gesneraceæ.

Seeds rarely. Freely increased by cuttings, inserted in sandy soil and kept rather dry.

Nemopanthes (Mountain Holly). Ilicineæ.

Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe or else stratified; also by division of old plants.

Nemophila. Hydrophyllaceæ.

Seeds may be sown in late summer or any time during early spring.

Nepenthes (Pitcher Plant). Nepenthaceæ.

Propagated by seeds and cuttings. The seeds must have good drainage, uniform conditions and strong heat (80° to 85°). Sow upon a soil made of peat and fine sphagnum, and keep in a moist and close frame. Cuttings are usually struck in moss in a frame having strong bottom heat. A good plan is to fill a small pot with moss, invert it, and insert the cutting through the hole in the bottom. The pot then keeps the moss uniform. The pot is broken when the plant is removed. When potting off, use very coarse material.