CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXV.

History of Scottish Philosophy​—Carmichael​—Hutcheson.

⭘ Scope of this account of Scottish Philosophy​—Carmichael, his Teaching and Writings

⭘ Francis Hutcheson, his success as a Professor​—His Writings and Moral Doctrines​—Moral Sense, Happiness, the Object of Approbation​—His Political Views​—Influence of his Teaching and Writings

CHAPTER XXXVI.

David Hume and Adam Smith.

Section I.

Hume.

⭘ Characteristics of Hume and Smith​—Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature, its Method​—His own Account of the Origin of his Philosophy

⭘ His Explication of the Understanding, treatment of Impressions and Ideas​—Discussion of the Ideas of Space and Time, Idealism​—Treatment of Causation​—Scepticism touching Reason and the Senses, Personal Identity​—Summary of his Conclusions concerning the Understanding

⭘ His Handling of the Passions and the Will​—His Theory of Morals, Utility​—Summary of his Views

⭘ Essay on Miracles, its Characteristics​—Natural History of Religion, and Dialogues on Religion​—Estimate of his Philosophy​—Its Influence on Subsequent Speculation​—Hume’s Personal Character

Section II.

Adam Smith.

⭘ His early Life​—Method of Teaching​—His Travels​—His Method of Working

⭘ His Theory of Moral Sentiments, its Method and Style​—Sympathy the Origin of Approbation, early manifestation of Sympathy​—Exposition of the operation of Sympathy​—Happiness​—Summary of his Moral Views

⭘ The Wealth of Nations, his chief work, its Arrangement​—His Explanation of Labour, Land, and Rent

⭘ His Explication of the accumulation and employment of Stock​—Progress of Opulence, state of Agriculture in Europe, and the Rise and Progress of Cities

⭘ Discussion of the Mercantile System, erroneous notions about Money​—Exposure of the Doctrine of the Balance of Trade​—His attack upon the Great Eastern Company

⭘ Revenue of the State​—Educational and Religious Institutions​—Influence of the Work

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Reid, Ferguson, Stewart, and Other Writers.

Section I.

Reid.

⭘ His Life and Teaching​—His Writings​—Treatment of the External Senses​—His doctrine of Signs

⭘ His doctrine of Perception, imperfect Discrimination of the Views of other Philosophers​—Explanation of Theories of Mediate Perception

⭘ His Division of Mental Phenomena, and Treatment of Mental Powers​—Common-sense, its Relation to First Principles​—Classification of First Principles

⭘ Active Powers of the Mind​—Moral Obligation​—Reid’s Merits

Section II.

Adam Ferguson.

⭘ His early Life​—Principles of Moral and Political Science, his Method, Conceptions, and grasp of Thought

⭘ The Standard of Morality, the Supreme End, and the Principle of Approbation

Section III.

Dugald Stewart.

⭘ Stewart was a successful Professor​—The Scope of his Philosophy of the Human Mind​—His Political Views

⭘ Discrimination of Ultimate Principles​—Classification of the Intellectual Faculties​—Laws of Association of Ideas​—Memory, Imagination​—Reasoning and Deductive Evidence​—Varieties of Intellectual ♦Caricature

⭘ Summary of his Ethical System​—His Method and Style

Section IV.

Gerard, Beattie, Campbell, and Alison.

⭘ Gerard’s Essay on Taste, its Method and Characteristics

⭘ Beattie’s Essay on the Immutability of Truth​—His Elements of Moral Science​—Characteristics of his Style

⭘ Campbell’s Essay on Miracles, its Method​—His Rhetoric and Style​—Alison, the Scope of his Essay on Taste

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Dr. Brown​—Mackintosh.

Section I.

Dr. Brown.

⭘ His early Life​—Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect​—A successful Professor, his Lectures

⭘ Exposition of his Psychology​—Analysis of Sensation, his Doctrine of Perception, and Criticism of Dr. Reid​—His Classification of Mental Phenomena, Laws of Suggestion or Association​—Reduction of the Faculties of Judgment and Reason

⭘ Treatment of the Emotions, his Ethical Views, the Moral Faculty​—Practical Ethics​—The existence of God and Immortality of the Soul​—Estimate of his Psychology

Section II.

Mackintosh.

⭘ Vicissitudes of his Life​—He entered keenly into the stormy Movements of his Time​—His Literary Projects

⭘ His Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy​—Its Method and Scope​—His Sketches of Ethical Systems and Writers​—Summary of his own Ethical Views

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Hamilton​—Ferrier​—and Robertson.

⭘ Hamilton’s Education and early Life​—Appointed Professor of Logic and Metaphysics​—Preparation of his Lectures, his Edition of Reid’s Works​—He sustained a severe Paralytic Stroke, which disabled his right side​—His Death​—His Writings

⭘ Exposition of his Philosophy​—The Fundamental Principles​—Doctrines enunciated in his Introductory Lectures​—Man an End unto Himself​—His peculiar View of the End of Speculation​—The Communication of Knowledge​—The Nature, Causes, and Method of Philosophy

⭘ Division and Classification of Mental Phenomena​—His Distribution of Mental Philosophy

⭘ Explication of Consciousness, and its Relation to the Cognitive Faculties​—His Theory of Attention​—Law of Limitation​—Are we always consciously active?​—Latent Mental Modifications​—Somnambulism

⭘ Exposition of Cognition, Classification of the Special Faculties of Knowledge​—Discussion of Doctrines of Perception​—Statement of his own Doctrine of Natural Realism

⭘ Explanation of Memory, Reproduction, and Imagination

⭘ The Elaborative Faculty, Comparison​—Evolution of the Processes of Apprehension, Judgment, Classification, Abstraction, and Generalisation, from the original act of Consciousness

⭘ Primary Notions, Common Sense, or Fundamental Principles of Intelligence, recognised by Hamilton

⭘ Classification and Treatment of the Feelings​—His Theory of Pleasure and Pain

⭘ His Philosophy of the Conditioned, its Aim​—Explication of its Principles and Applications

⭘ His Treatment of Logic​—Efforts to simplify the Syllogistic System​—Doctrine of the Quantification of the Predicate

⭘ Summary​—His Method and Style​—Influence of Teaching and Writings​—Reference to Mill’s Examination

⭘ Ferrier’s Theory of Knowing and Being​—Primary Law of Knowledge​—His Method and Style​—Hegel

⭘ Robertson​—His Education​—Appointed Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic in University College, London​—Editor of Mind​—His Writings

CHAPTER XL.

Literature of Scotland in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Section I.

Historical Literature of the Eighteenth Century.

⭘ Abercromby​—Anderson​—Campbell, his Historical Writings​—Goodal, “Casket Letters”​—Innes on the Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland

⭘ Literary Revival​—Style became an Object of Study​—Clubs and Societies

⭘ Hume’s History of Great Britain, its defects and merits​—His Style

⭘ Robertson’s Historical Works​—Characteristics and Style of his Writings

⭘ Historical Writings of Guthrie, Smollett, Tytler, and Stuart

⭘ Henry’s History of Great Britain​—Lord Hailes’ Annals of Scotland​—Ferguson’s Historical Works​—Russell’s History of Modern Europe​—Watson’s Historical Writings​—Gillies’s History of Ancient Greece

⭘ Chalmers’s Caledonia​—Laing’s History of Scotland

Section II.

Historical Literature of the Nineteenth Century.

⭘ Historic Characteristics of the Period​—M‘Crie’s Writings​—His Style​—Mill’s History of British India​—Dunlop’s History of Fiction​—Tytler’s History of Scotland; its historic value​—Alison’s History of Europe, his Method and Style

⭘ Thomas Carlyle​—His early Life and Work​—His Essays and Pamphlets​—The French Revolution​—Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches​—History of Frederick the Great of Prussia​—Peculiar Characteristics of his Works​—His Death

⭘ Burton, his early Writings​—His History of Scotland​—History of Britain in the Reign of Queen Anne​—Blakey’s Historical Writings

⭘ Skene’s contributions to History​—His History of Celtic Scotland

⭘ Record Scholars and Editors of Historical materials, Thomson, Innes, Stuart, Robertson, Laing, and Pitcairn

⭘ Chambers’ History of the Rising of 1745​—Robertson’s Scotland under her early Kings​—Mure’s History of the Literature of Ancient Greece​—Grub’s Ecclesiastical History of Scotland​—Conclusion

CHAPTER XLI.

Literature of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (continued).

Section I.

Poetry of the Eighteenth Century.

⭘ Aim of the Chapter​—Allan Ramsay, Characteristics of his Songs and Poems​—His Gentle Shepherd​—William Hamilton​—Robert Crawford

⭘ Thomson, his Education and early Life​—The Four Seasons​—Character of his Genius​—The Castle of Indolence​—Influence of his Poetry

⭘ Mallet’s poetical efforts​—Armstrong’s Art of Preserving Health​—Blair’s Poem entitled The Grave​—Hamilton of Bangour, Characteristics of his Poetry

⭘ Alexander Ross, his Poems and Songs​—Skinner’s Poems and Songs​—Dr. Blacklock’s Poems​—Smollett’s Tears of Scotland

⭘ Home’s Tragedy of Douglas, caused a sensation​—Falconer’s Poem, The Shipwreck​—Macpherson’s Translation of Ossian’s Poems​—Macpherson’s abilities

⭘ Beattie’s Minstrel​—Logan’s Poems and Writings​—Fergusson’s Poems, Characteristics of his Genius

⭘ Burns was an assiduous reader and student​—His Ideal of the Poet’s Functions​—His Influence on the Imaginative Literature of ScotLand​—His Influence on the Mind of the Nation

⭘ Minor Poets

Section II.

Poetry of the Nineteenth Century.

⭘ Tannahill, Characteristics of his Poems and Songs

⭘ Mayne, his Poem, the Siller Gun, and a Ballad, Logan Braes​—Leyden, his early Life​—Style of his Poetry

⭘ Campbell’s Pleasures of Hope, its Characteristics​—His short Poems and Songs​—Specimens of the Poets

⭘ Scott, his Collection of Ballads​—His own Poems

⭘ Hogg, his early efforts​—The Queen’s Wake​—The cast of his Genius​—Flowing style of his Poetry

⭘ Boswell’s Songs​—Cunningham’s Songs​—His Prose Writings​—Tennant​—Motherwell​—Aytoun

⭘ Minor Poets

⭘ Smith​—Mackay​—Murdoch​—Lewis Morrison-Grant​—A great number of Scottish Poets

CHAPTER XLII.

Fiction of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ Smollett’s Novels​—Mackenzie’s stories, The Man of Feeling, and the Man of the World​—Moore’s Novels

⭘ Elizabeth Hamilton, her childhood​—Her Writings​—Mrs. Brunton’s Novels

⭘ Scott, an industrious Writer​—Characteristics of his Novels and Tales​—Their Influence on the People

⭘ Galt, his chequered Life​—He wrote many Novels, Tales and Dramatic pieces​—Mrs. Johnstone​—Susan E. Ferrier, her Three Novels​—John Wilson’s Tales and Stories

⭘ Sir Thomas D. Lauder’s Novels​—Andrew Picken’s Tales and Sketches​—James B. Fraser’s Eastern Tales​—Lockhart’s Novels​—David M. Moir​—James Grant

⭘ David Pae, his early Life​—He wrote many Stories​—William Minto

⭘ William Alexander, his Stories, Sketches, and other Writings​—Robert L. Stevenson, his Novels and Romances​—His Poems

CHAPTER XLIII.

Literature of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (continued)​—Religious and Miscellaneous Literature.

Section I.

Religious Literature of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ Character of the Religious Literature of Scotland​—Ebenezer Erskine​—Ralph Erskine​—Dr. John Erskine​—Dr. Webster​—Dr. John Witherspoon, his Writings​—His work in the United States of America

⭘ Dr. Blair’s Sermons​—Dr. MacKnight’s Writings​—John Brown of Haddington​—His Works​—Dr. John Brown, his Writings

⭘ Dr. Hunter’s Works​—Dr. William L. Brown​—Dr. Hill​—Dr. Andrew Thomson

⭘ Dr. Chalmers, his Energy and Work in Glasgow​—Appointed Professor of Divinity​—Characteristics of his Writings​—His influence among the People

⭘ Dr. Wardlaw​—Dr. Candlish​—Dr. Cumming​—Dr. Guthrie

⭘ Norman Macleod​—Dr. Eadie​—Dr. Buchanan​—Dr. Tulloch​—Dr. Milligan

⭘ William R. Smith​—His efforts for freedom of Criticism​—Importance of his Research and Works​—Conclusion

Section II.

Miscellaneous Literature of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ Arbuthnot’s Writings​—History of John Bull

⭘ Lord Kames, his Public Spirit​—His Writings​—Elements of Criticism and Sketches of the History of Man

⭘ Lord Monboddo, his Eccentricity​—His Writings

⭘ Lord Erskine​—Appointed Lord Chancellor​—His forensic Oratory

⭘ James Boswell​—Dr. Currie​—Lord Jeffrey, Editor of the Edinburgh Review​—His Writings

⭘ Lord Brougham, his early Career​—His Writing​—Robert Mudie​—George Combe, Characteristics of his Works

⭘ Hugh Miller​—His Literary Talents​—Character and Style of his Works

⭘ Patrick E. Dove’s Theory of Human Progression

⭘ George Gilfillan​—His Mental Powers and Sympathies​—A Preacher and Lecturer​—His Writings

⭘ Dr. John Brown​—William Minto​—His Education and early Life​—Appointed Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen​—His Writings

⭘ John Veitch, variety and character of his Philosophical and Literary Efforts

⭘ John S. Blackie, his Education and early Life​—A Professor of Humanity in Marischal College, Aberdeen, subsequently Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh​—His Writings

⭘ Travellers​—James Bruce​—Mungo Park​—Dr. Livingstone

⭘ Rise and Development of the Newspaper Press and Periodical Literature​—Works of Reference

CHAPTER XLIV.

Progress of Science in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Section I.

Physical Science.

⭘ Aim of the Chapter​—Conceptions of the Universe; Newton’s Theory Controversy touching the Invention of the Calculus​—Importance of Mathematical Science

⭘ Maclaurin, a Professor of Mathematics​—Method and Scope of his Course of Instruction​—His Works​—Theories of the Tides

⭘ James Stirling’s Mathematical Works​—Stewart​—Simson​—Playfair​—Leslie

⭘ Dr. Black’s Experiments​—His discovery of Latent Heat​—His Lectures on Chemistry​—His connection with James Watt​—Black was a successful Instructor

⭘ Sir John Leslie and other scientific men investigated the subject of Radiant Heat​—Leslie’s Experiments​—His Works

⭘ Progress of Discovery​—Spectrum Analysis

⭘ Optics: Dr. Young​—Sir David Brewster​—His Intellectual Energy and Industry​—His Discoveries​—His Works​—His Invention of Instruments and Apparatus

⭘ Geology: Hutton​—Lyell’s Works​—Murchison’s Explorations and Writings​—Siluria Strata​—Maclaren​—Hugh Miller

Section II.

Progress of Mechanical Science.

⭘ Relation between Physical Science and Mechanical Arts

⭘ Dr. Robison; his education​—He becomes acquainted with James Watt​—His work in foreign countries​—Appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh​—His Works

⭘ James Watt; his early training​—Went to London to improve his mechanical skill​—On returning he found employment in the University of Glasgow

⭘ Watt’s Experiments touching Steam​—The Steam Engine; his first improvement of it; subsequent improvements

⭘ His other Inventions​—His discovery of the composition of Water​—Honours conferred on him​—Serenity of the evening of his life​—His death​—The worth of his character and genius

⭘ Early attempts to apply Steam power to Navigation

⭘ Rise and Progress of the Science of Electricity​—Practical applications of the Electric Forces​—Conclusion of the Chapter

CHAPTER XLV.

Progress of Medical Science in Scotland in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ The prime phenomenon of Medical Science​—Sketch of the state of Medical Science in Europe at the beginning of the Eighteenth Century

⭘ Founding of the Edinburgh Medical School​—The College of Physicians and College of Surgeons​—The first Professor of Anatomy Recognition of other Chairs by the University​—John Monro; Alexander Monro

⭘ Alexander Monro, Professor of Anatomy​—His method and course of Instruction​—His Work on the Human Bones​—Erection of the Royal Infirmary​—By his Teaching and energy Monro contributed to raise the standing of the Edinburgh School​—A Chair of Midwifery instituted

⭘ Dr. Cullen; his education and early career​—His first Course of Lectures in the University of Glasgow​—His method of Instruction and energy

⭘ Cullen appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh​—Subsequently he was appointed to the Chair of Institutes of Medicine​—His Expository Powers​—His Works and Influence

⭘ Dr. John Gregory; his Works​—Dr. James Gregory​—Dr. Andrew Duncan, Professor of the Institutes of Medicine​—His Works​—His son, Dr. Andrew, was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence​—His Writings

⭘ Alexander Monro succeeded his father as Professor of Anatomy​—His Teaching and Works​—And his son, Alexander, also ♦succeeded to the Chair of Anatomy​—His Works are numerous​—John Goodsir

⭘ Extra-mural Teaching​—John Bell, Lecturer on Surgery and Midwifery​—His Works​—Sir Charles Bell, Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery​—He was appointed Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh​—His Works​—Dr. Barclay, Dr. Gordon and Dr. Knox, were extra-mural Lecturers

⭘ Dr. John Thomson, his work as a Professor of Military Surgery, a Lecturer, and Professor of Pathology

⭘ Dr. Henderson, Professor of Pathology​—His Writings​—Dr. Sanders​—Dr. ♦Ballingall, his Writings​—Dr. Alison​—James Syme​—An extra-mural Lecturer and Professor of Clinical Surgery​—His Works

⭘ Dr. Alexander Hamilton​—Sir James Y. Simpson​—Robert Christison

⭘ Institution of the Glasgow Medical School​—New Chairs instituted Extra-mural Lecturers​—The University Buildings​—The Infirmaries of Glasgow

⭘ Aberdeen Medical School​—Institution of New Chairs​—Erection of New Buildings​—Present state of the Medical School​—Dr. Pirrie​—Dr. Keith​—Dr. Lizars​—Dr. Ogston

⭘ Dr. James Douglas, his Works​—Dr. William Hunter​—William Cruickshanks​—John Hunter

CHAPTER XLVI.

Progress of Education in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ The old Parish School System ineffective in the Highlands​—The People took an interest in Education​—Annual Grants from Government​—Government Inspectors of Schools

⭘ Effect of the Disruption upon Education​—Free Church and Established Church Schools​—Sabbath Schools​—Reformatory Schools

⭘ Grammar Schools in the last Century, a marked improvement in these Schools​—Technical and Art Schools

⭘ The Universities in the early part of this Century​—Universities Act and Executive Commission of 1858​—Act and Executive Commission of 1889​—New Ordinances

⭘ Libraries in Scotland

CHAPTER XLVII.

Progress of Agriculture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

⭘ State of Agriculture in the last Century​—The Implements primitive and rude​—Introduction of Fanners and Thrashing-Machines​—Andrew Meikle​—Washing away the Moss of Kincardine

⭘ A revolution has been effected in Agricultural Implements and Machines​—Enclosing of Pasture Lands​—Reports on the state of Agriculture​—Institution of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland

⭘ Change in the method of Rotation of Crops​—♦Improvements in the system of Breeding, Rearing, and Feeding of Cattle​—Rents​—Horticulture

CHAPTER XLVIII.

Progress of Mining, Manufactures, and Commerce in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Section I.

Coal, Iron, and Lead Mining.

⭘ Coal Mining in the early part of last Century​—Improved methods of working the Mines, application of Steam-power​—Gradual increase in the consumption of Coal​—State of the Coal Miners in the last Century

⭘ The Collieries are now worked by Steam-power​—Quantities of Coal raised in Scotland​—Number of persons employed​—Wages of Coal Miners at different periods

⭘ Iron, Lead, and Copper Miners

Section II.

Iron Works, and Iron Manufactures.

⭘ Scottish Iron Ores​—Furnaces erected in Scotland​—Carron Iron Works​—Erection of other Iron Works in the last Century​—Quantity of Iron annually produced

⭘ More Blast-furnaces erected​—Discovery of the Blackband Ironstone​—Increasing demand for Iron​—Invention of the Hot-blast​—Annual production of Iron at different periods

⭘ Account of Iron Works​—Malleable Iron Works​—Steel Manufacture

⭘ Iron-founding and other branches of the Iron Trade​—Sequence of Industrial Development

Section III.

Improvement of the Means of Communication.

⭘ State of the Roads in the last Century​—New Roads and Bridges in the Highlands​—Making of Canals

⭘ Introduction and Development of Railways​—Improved Postal and Telegraphic Arrangements

Section IV.

Shipbuilding.

⭘ Progress of Shipping from the end of the Seventeenth Century Onwards

⭘ Shipbuilding in Leith​—In Dundee​—In Aberdeen, and other Ports​—Effect of Changes in the Construction of Vessels

⭘ Shipbuilding on the Clyde, Steam vessels​—Iron Ships​—War Ships​—Steel Vessels​—Number and Tonnage of Vessels built and launched

Section V.

Glass and Earthenware Manufactures.

⭘ Various kinds of Glass​—Process of making it​—Glass Engraving​—Glass Painting

⭘ Earthenware Works​—Brick and Tile Works

Section VI.

Textile Manufactures.

⭘ Mechanical Inventions, Appliances, and Machines for Spinning and Weaving

⭘ I.​—Development of the Woollen and Hosiery Manufactures​—Introduction of Machinery, Steam-power, and Power-looms​—Keen Competition in the Markets of the World​—Carpet Manufacture​—Bonnet Manufacture​—Number of Woollen Factories in Scotland, and number of Persons employed

⭘ II.​—Progress of the Linen Manufactures​—Number of Lint Mills in the Eighteenth Century​—Quantity of Linen produced, and its value​—Table Linen Manufacture in Dunfermline​—Introduction of Jute Manufactures​—Its rapid Development​—Number of Linen and Jute Factories, and total number of Persons employed

⭘ III.​—Introduction and Development of Cotton Manufactures​—Number of Cotton Mills in the Eighteenth Century​—Steam-power, and Power-looms​—Number of hands employed at different periods​—Thread Manufacture

⭘ IV.​—Silk Manufacture​—Mixed Fabrics​—Floorcloth​—Total number of Persons employed in Textile Manufactures

⭘ Some of the Effects of the Industrial Revolution​—Wages of Operatives in Cotton Factories

Section VII.

Paper Manufacture.

⭘ Invention of the Pulping engine, and Paper-making Machine​—Development of Paper Manufactures​—Raw materials used, and quantity of Paper produced​—Number of Persons employed

⭘ Manufacture of Paper-hangings

Section VIII.

Printing and Book-binding.

⭘ Printing in the last Century​—Invention and Development of Stereotyping​—Introduction of Printing Machines, and Steam-power​—Number of Persons employed

⭘ Book-binding, Machines used​—Minute division of Labour

Section IX.

Leather, India-rubber, and Shoe Manufactures.

⭘ Manufacture of Leather​—Number of hands employed​—Revolution in the Shoe-making Trade​—Gutta-percha​—India-rubber Manufactures

Section X.

Sugar-refining, Brewing, and Distilling.

⭘ I.​—Sugar-refining Trade​—Heavy Machinery and Apparatus used

⭘ II.​—Quantities of Malt consumed and Beer produced at different periods​—Export Trade​—Aerated Water

⭘ III.​—Legislation touching Whisky​—Variation of the Duty on Whisky​—Quantities produced and consumed in Scotland

Section XI.

Miscellaneous Manufactures.

⭘ Importance of Chemical Science in the useful Arts and Manufactures​—I. Alkali Works; II. Alum Works; III. Mineral Oil Works; IV. Artificial Manures; V. Comb Works​—Conclusion

CHAPTER XLIX.

Architecture, and Monumental Art.

Section I.

Architecture.

⭘ Variety of Stones​—Scottish Architects​—William Adam​—Robert Adam​—James Craig​—James Gibbs​—Robert Mylne​—Functions of the Architect

⭘ Crowded State of Edinburgh in the last Century​—The North Loch Bridged​—New Town​—Opening up and rebuilding of the Old Town​—Characteristics of the Architecture

⭘ Glasgow​—Extension and construction of new Streets​—In the middle of this Century the old localities of the City crowded​—New Water Works​—An extensive scheme of Improvement carried out​—Architectural characteristics of Glasgow​—Sanitary Arrangements

Section II.

Monumental Art, Granite Cutting and Polishing.

⭘ Reference to early stone Monuments​—Quarrying in Aberdeenshire​—Quantity of Stone annually Quarried

⭘ Granite-cutting and polishing Trade​—The branch of Monumental Art​—Lettering​—Export Trade

CHAPTER L.

Fine Art, Music, and Painting.

Section I.

Music.

⭘ I.​—Earliest Collection of Scottish Melodies​—Dance Music​—Sword-Dance

⭘ II.​—Scottish Musicians, Composers, Violinists, Vocalists, and Pipers

⭘ III.​—Psalmody​—Hymn Books​—Organs​—A Chair of Music instituted in the University of Edinburgh​—A Lectureship on Music founded in Anderson’s College

Section II.

Painting.

⭘ Conditions favourable to the Culture of Art​—Aikman​—Ramsay​—His success in London​—Runciman, his early efforts​—Paintings from scenes in Ossian’s Poems

⭘ David Allan​—His work in Rome​—His paintings of Scottish Subjects​—Other Painters of the Period

⭘ Raeburn, his Education​—His first Efforts at Painting​—His success and marriage​—His sojourn in Rome, and return to Edinburgh​—His method of working​—Honours conferred on him​—His Merits

⭘ Andrew Robertson​—Wilkie, his early Efforts​—Variety and Characteristics of his Paintings

⭘ John Burnet​—James Burnet​—Andrew Wilson, a Landscape Painter​—Andrew Donaldson

⭘ Sir William Allan, his early Efforts​—His historic Pictures of Scottish Subjects​—His Dramatic Power​—David Roberts​—William Bonnar

⭘ Thomas Duncan​—William Simson​—Sir John W. Gordon​—William Dyce​—His Paintings

⭘ Sir George Harvey​—His historic Pictures​—Robert S. Lauder​—David Scott​—Horatio M‘Culloch​—Alexander Johnston​—Alexander Backley

⭘ Sir Daniel Macnee​—His Portraits​—John Phillip​—His early Efforts and ultimate Success​—Characteristics of his Pictures

⭘ Robert T. Ross​—Robert Thorburn​—Joseph N. Paton​—Erskine Nicol​—Robert Herdman, an eminent Painter​—George Chalmers​—William B. Scott

⭘ Sculptors:​—Thomas Campbell​—Laurence Macdonald​—Sir John Steel​—William Brodie​—Alexander Brodie​—Henry B. Smith

CHAPTER LI.

Political and Social Movements.

⭘ State of Political Representation in Scotland prior to 1832​—Effect of the French Revolution on the Executive​—Trial of Thomas Muir​—The Lord Justice Clerk’s Address to the Jury​—Other persons tried for political offences​—Three Men Executed

⭘ Slow progress of Liberal Principles​—Chartist Movement​—New Reform Bill before Parliament, opposed and defeated​—Great Agitation​—The Second Reform Bill passed

⭘ Political Rights of the People recognised

CHAPTER LII.

Ecclesiastical Movements.

⭘ Theocratic Conception of the Church and State​—Historic Polity of Presbyterianism​—Election of ministers

⭘ Patronage restored​—Struggles within the Church​—Secession​—Dr. Robertson’s Leadership of the Assembly, effect of his policy​—Continuation of the internal Struggle

⭘ A Revolution preparing​—Narrative of the Movement

⭘ The Popular Party assumed a firm attitude​—Interference of the Court of Session, historical view of its Proceedings

⭘ Excitement in the Country​—The General Assembly adopted “the Claim of Right,” but Parliament rejected it​—Assembly of 1843​—The final Scene​—Significance of the Disruption

CHAPTER LIII.

Summary.

⭘ Summary of the Work​—Conclusion

♦INDEX

⭘ Listing

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.