"A knowledge of grammar enables us to express ourselves better in conversation and in writing."—Sanborn cor. "And hence we infer, that there is no dictator here but use."—Jamieson cor. "Whence little is gained, except correct spelling and pronunciation."—Town cor. "The man who is faithfully attached to religion, may be relied on with confidence."—Merchant cor. "Shalt thou build me a house to dwell in?" Or: "Shalt thou build a house for me to dwell in?"—Bible cor. "The house was deemed polluted which was entered by so abandoned a woman."—Dr. Blair cor. "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his belief."—Keith cor. "I deny not that religion consists in these things."—Barclay cor. "Except the king delighted in her, and she were called by name."—Bible cor. "The proper method of reading these lines, is, to read them as the sense dictates."—Dr. Blair cor. "When any words become obsolete, or are used only in particular phrases, it is better to dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."—Campbell and Mur cor. "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."—L. Mur. cor. "Man is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case."—J. Flint cor. "The orator, as circumstances require, will employ them all."—Dr. Blair cor. "By deferring repentence [sic—KTH], we accumulate our sorrows."—L. Murray cor. "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of government."—Dr. Blair cor. "The different meanings of these two words, may not at first occur."—Id. "The sentiment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon."—L. Murray et al. cor. "They have had a greater privilege than we."—L. Mur. cor. "Every thing should be so arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what follows."—Dr. Blair cor. "So that his doctrines were embraced by great numbers."—Hist. cor. "They have taken an other and shorter cut."—South cor. "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from the present by adding d or ed; as, love, loved."—Frost cor. "The pronoun their does not agree in number with the noun 'man', for which it stands."—Kirkham cor. "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy, grief, or sudden emotion."—Bucke cor. "We all are accountable, each for himself."—L. Mur. et al. cor. "If he has commanded it, I must obey."—R. C. Smith cor. "I now present him a form of the diatonic scale."—Barber cor. "One after an other, their favourite rivers have been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other of their favourite rivers have they reluctantly abandoned."—Hodgson cor. "Particular and peculiar are words of different import."—Dr. Blair cor. "Some adverbs admit of comparison; as, soon, sooner, soonest."—Bucke cor. "Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost his health."—L. Mur. cor. "The verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."—Buchanan cor. "Write twenty short sentences containing adjectives."—Abbott cor. "This general tendency of the language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."— Churchill's Gram., p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is unity."—L. Murray cor. "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for omitting their names."—Id. "The letters of the English alphabet are twenty-six."—Id. et al. cor. "He who employs antiquated or novel phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."—Jamieson cor. "The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must have cases, I could never understand."—Bucke cor. "Active verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb have; passive verbs, with the auxiliary am or be."—Id. "What then may AND be called? A conjunction."—Smith cor. "Have they ascertained who gave the information?"—Bullions cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE X.—OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.

"All words signifying concrete qualities of things, are called adnouns, or adjectives."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "The macron [[=]] signifies a long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or unaccented syllable."—Id. "Whose duty it is, to help young ministers."—Friends cor. "The passage is closely connected with what precedes and what follows."—Phil. Mu. cor. "The work is not completed, but it soon will be."—R. C. Smith cor. "Of whom hast thou been afraid, or whom hast thou feared?"—Bible cor. "There is a God who made, and who governs, the world."—Bp. Butler cor. "It was this that made them so haughty."—Goldsmith cor. "How far the whole charge affected him, it is not easy to determine."—Id. "They saw these wonders of nature, and worshiped the God that made them."—Bucke cor. "The errors frequent in the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining them, or from introducing them on unsuitable occasions."—L. Mur. cor. "The preposition in is set before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; as, 'He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham.' But, before the names of villages, single houses, or foreign cities, at is used; as, 'He lives at Hackney.'"—Id. et al. cor. "And, in such recollection, the thing is not figured as in our view, nor is any image formed."—Kames cor. "Intrinsic beauty and relative beauty must be handled separately."—Id. "He should be on his guard not to do them injustice by disguising them or placing them in a false light."—Dr. Blair cor. "In perusing that work, we are frequently interrupted by the author's unnatural thoughts."—L. Murray cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which I have just given."—Dr. Blair cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which have just been given."—L. Murray cor. "Language, as written, or as oral, is addressed to the eye, or to the ear."—Journal cor. "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and to prove are very different."—Walpole cor. "They crowded around the door so as to prevent others from going out."—Abbott cor. "A word denoting one person or thing, is of the singular number; a word denoting more than one person or thing: is of the plural number."—J. Flint cor. "Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in the nominative, the possessive, or the objective case: thus, Nom. man. Poss. man's, Obj. man."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "Nouns or pronouns in the possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, and to which they belong."—Sanborn cor. "A teacher is explaining the difference between a noun and a verb."—Abbott cor. "And therefore the two ends, or extremities, must directly answer to the north and the south pole."—Harris cor. "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, and STANDS or STANDETH, are of the third person singular."—Kirkham cor. "I grew immediately roguish and pleasant, to a high degree, in the same strain."—Swift cor. "An Anapest has the first two syllables unaccented, and the last one accented."—Rev. D. Blair cor.; also Kirkham et al.; also L. Mur. et al. "But hearing and vision differ not more than words spoken and words written." Or: "But hearing and vision do not differ more than spoken words and written."—Wilson cor. "They are considered by some authors to be prepositions."—Cooper cor. "When those powers have been deluded and have gone astray."—Phil Mu. cor. "They will understand this, and will like it."—Abbott cor. "They had been expelled from their native country Romagna."—Hunt cor. "Future time is expressed in two different ways."—Adam and Gould cor. "Such as the borrowing of some noted event from history."—Kames cor. "Every finite verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."—Bucke cor. "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any handsome thing we see."—L. Murray cor. "Under this head, I shall consider every thing that is necessary to a good delivery."—Sheridan cor. "A good ear is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but it cannot be acquired by art."—L. Murray cor. "'Truth' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case."—Bullions cor. by Brown's Form. "'Possess' is a regular active-transitive verb, found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and plural number."—Id. "'Fear' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case: and is the subject of is: according to the Rule which says, 'A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case.' Because the meaning is—'fear is.'"—Id. "'Is' is an irregular neuter verb, from be, was, being, been; found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and singular number: and agrees with its nominative fear; according to the Rule which says, 'Every finite verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number' Because the meaning is—'fear is.'"—Id. "Ae in the word Gælic, has the sound of long a."—Wells cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XI.—OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.

"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the prefix or preposition a and nouns."—Kirkham cor. "Participles are so called, because they participate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns. The Latin word participium, which signifies a participle, is derived from participo, to partake."—Merchant cor. "The possessive precedes an other noun, and is known by the sign 's, or by this ', the apostrophe only."—Beck cor. "Reciprocal pronouns, or compound personal pronouns, are formed by adding self or selves to the simple possessives of the first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person; as, myself, yourselves, himself, themselves."—Id. "The word SELF, and its plural SELVES, when used separately as names, must be considered as nouns; but when joined to the simple pronouns, they are not nouns, but parts of the compound personal pronouns."—Wright cor. "The Spondee 'rolls round,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his course."—Webster and Frazee cor. "Active-transitive verbs govern the objective case; as, 'John learned his lesson.'"—Frazee cor. "Prosody primarily signified accent, or the modulation of the voice; and, as the name implies, related to poetry, or song."—Hendrick cor. "On such a principle of forming them, there would be as many moods as verbs; and, in stead of four moods, we should have four thousand three hundred, which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to Lowth." [556]—Hallock cor. "The phrases, 'To let out blood,'—'To go a hunting,' are not elliptical; for out is needless, and a is a preposition, governing hunting."—Bullions cor. "In Rhyme, the last syllable of every line corresponds in sound with that of some other line or lines."—Id. "The possessive case plural, where the nominative ends in s, has the apostrophe only; as, 'Eagles' wings,'—'lions' whelps,'—'bears' claws.'"—Weld cor. "'Horses-manes,' plural, should be written possessively, 'horses' manes:'" [one "mane" is never possessed by many "horses."]—Id. "W takes its usual form from the union of two Vees, V being the figure of the Roman capital letter which was anciently called U."—Fowler cor. "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady who sings,' what word is nominative to SINGS?"—J. Flint cor. "In the sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word expresses the object of MADE?"—Id. "'That we fall into no sin:' no is a definitive or pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to sin."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "'That all our doings may be ordered by thy governance:' all is a pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to doings."—Id. "'Let him be made to study.' Why is the sign to expressed before study? Because be made is passive; and passive verbs do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition to."—Sanborn cor. "The following verbs have both the preterit tense and the perfect participle like the present: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut, let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."—Buchanan cor. "The agreement which any word has with an other in person, number, gender, or case, is called CONCORD; and the power which one word has over an other, in respect to ruling its case, mood, or form, is called GOVERNMENT."—Bucke cor. "The word ticks tells what the watch is doing."—Sanborn cor. "The Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the Macron ([=]), a long one."—Bullions and Lennie cor. "'Charles, you, by your diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The first you is in the nominative case, being the subject of the verb make."—Kirkham cor. "Uoy in buoy is a proper triphthong; eau in flambeau is an improper triphthong."—Sanborn cor. "'While I of things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'—POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing of things to come, as if I were rehearsing things that are past.'"—Kirkham cor. "A simple sentence usually has in it but one nominative, and but one finite verb."—Folker cor. "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed."—Brown's Inst., p. 75. "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, a comma is sometimes inserted before the relative; as, 'There is no charm in the female sex, which can supply the place of virtue.'"—L. Murray's Gram., p. 273. Or: "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, no comma is usually inserted before the relative; as, 'There is in the female sex no charm which can supply the place of virtue.'"—Kirkham cor. "Two capitals used in this way, denote different words; but one repeated, marks the plural number: as, L. D. Legis Doctor; LL. D. Legum Doctor."—Gould cor. "Was any person present besides the mercer? Yes; his clerk."—L. Murray cor. "The word adjective comes from the Latin adjectivum; and this, from ad, to, and jacio, I cast."—Kirkham cor. "Vision, or Imagery, is a figure by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination, as actually before his eyes, and present to his senses. Thus Cicero, in his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is triumphing in your miseries.'"—Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "When two or more verbs follow the same nominative, an auxiliary that is common to them both or all, is usually expressed to the first, and understood to the rest: as, 'He has gone and left me;' that is, 'He has gone and has left me.'"—Comly cor. "When I use the word pillar to denote a column that supports an edifice, I employ it literally."—Hiley cor. "In poetry, the conjunction nor is often used for neither; as

'A stately superstructure, that nor wind, Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'—POLLOK."—Id.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XII—OF PERVERSIONS.

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."—Genesis, i, 1. "Canst thou by searching find out God?"—Job, xi, 7. "Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints."—Rev., xv. 3. "Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."—Matt., vii, 21. "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor."—2 Cor., viii, 9. "Whose foundation was overthrown with a flood."—SCOTT'S BIBLE: Job, xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me;" &c.—Matt., xi, 29. "I go to prepare a place for you."—John, xiv, 2. "And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins."—Ephesians, ii, 1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of Judah."—Amos, vii, 12; Lowth's Gram., p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of Judah."—Hart cor. "Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further."—Job, xxxviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is thine."—Psal., lxxiv, 16. "Tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope."—Romans, v, 4. "Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was; and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it."—Ecclesiastes, xii, 7. "At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall utter perverse things: Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea."—Prov., xxiii, 32, 33, 34. "The memory of the just is blessed; but the name of the wicked shall rot."—Prov., x, 7. "He that is slow to anger, is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city."—Prov., xvi, 32. "For whom the Lord loveth, he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth."—Prov., iii, 12. "The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter."—Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 54. "Teach me to feel another's woe, To hide the fault I see."—Pope's Univ. Prayer. "Surely thou art one of them; for thou art a Galilean."—Mark, xiv, 70. "Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."—Matt., xxvi, 73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life."—Matt., vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king."—Nehemiah, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared."—Psalms, cxxx, 4. "But yesterday, the word of Cæsar might Have stood against the world."—Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 250. "The North-East spends his rage."—Thomson's Seasons, p. 34. "Tells how the drudging goblin swet."—Milton's Allegro, l. 105. "And to his faithful champion hath in place Borne witness gloriously."—Milton's Sam. Agon., l. 1752. "Then, if thou fall'st, O Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr."—Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 173. Better: "Then, if thou fall, O Cromwell! thou fallst a blessed martyr."—Shak. and Kirk. cor. "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the Moray's silver star, Wave o'er the cloud of Saxon war, That up the lake comes winding far!"—Scott's Lady of the Lake, p. 162. "Each beast, each insect, happy in its own."—Pope, on Man, Ep. i, l. 185. "And he that is learning to arrange his sentences with accuracy and order, is learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order."—Blair's Lect., p. 120. "We, then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain."—2 Cor., vi, 1. "And on the boundless of thy goodness calls."—Young's Last Day, B. ii, l. 320. "Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own."—Cowper's Task, B. vi, l. 90. "O! let me listen to the words of life!"—Thomson's Paraphrase on Matt. vi. "Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower." &c.—Gray's Elegy, l. 9. "Weighs the men's wits against the Lady's hair."—Pope's Rape of the Lock, Canto v, l. 72. "Till the publication of Dr. Lowth's small Introduction, the grammatical study of our language formed no part of the ordinary method of instruction."—Hiley's Preface, p. vi. "Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee."—Gen., xiii, 8.

"What! canst thou not forbear me half an hour?"—Shakspeare.

"Till then who knew the force of those dire arms?"—Milton.

"In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold; Alike fantastic, if too new or old: Be not the first by whom the new are tried Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."—Pope, on Criticism, l. 333.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIII.—OF AWKWARDNESS.

"They slew Varus, whom I mentioned before."—L. Murray cor. "Maria rejected Valerius, whom she had rejected before." Or: "Maria rejected Valerius a second time."—Id. "In the English language, nouns have but two different terminations for cases."—Churchill's Gram., p. 64. "Socrates and Plato were the wisest men, and the most eminent philosophers in Greece."—Buchanan's Gram., Pref., p. viii. "Whether more than one were concerned in the business, does not yet appear." Or: "How many were concerned in the business, does not yet appear."—L. Murray cor. "And that, consequently, the verb or pronoun agreeing with it, can never with propriety be used in the plural number."—Id. et al. cor. "A second help may be, frequent and free converse with others of your own sex who are like minded."—Wesley cor. "Four of the semivowels, namely, l, m, n, and r, are termed LIQUIDS, on account of the fluency of their sounds."—See Brown's Inst., p. 16. "Some conjunctions are used in pairs, so that one answers to an other, as its regular correspondent."—Lowth et al. cor. "The mutes are those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted; the semivowels have imperfect sounds of their own, which can be continued at pleasure."—Murray et al. cor. "HE and SHE are sometimes used as nouns, and, as such, are regularly declined: as, 'The hes in birds.'—BACON. 'The shes of Italy.'—SHAK."—Churchill cor. "The separation of a preposition from the word which it governs, is [censured by some writers, as being improper."—C. Adams cor. "The word WHOSE, according to some critics, should be restricted to persons; but good writers still occasionally use it with reference to things."—Priestley et al. cor. "New and surpassing wonders present themselves to our view."—Sherlock cor. "The degrees of comparison are often inaccurately applied and construed."—Alger's Murray. Or: "Passages are often found in which the degrees of comparison have not an accurate construction."—Campbell cor.; also Murray et al. "The sign of possession is placed too far from the name, to form a construction that is either perspicuous or agreeable."—L. Murray cor. "The simple tenses are those which are formed by the principal verb without an auxiliary."—Id. "The more intimate men are, the more they affect one another's happiness."—Id. "This is the machine that he invented."—Nixon cor. "To give this sentence the interrogative form, we must express it thus." Or: "This sentence, to have the interrogative form, should be expressed thus."—L. Murray cor. "Never employ words that are susceptible of a sense different from that which you intend to convey."—Hiley cor. "Sixty pages are occupied in explaining what, according to the ordinary method, would not require more than ten or twelve."—Id. "The participle in ing always expresses action, suffering, or being, as continuing, or in progress."—Bullions cor. "The first participle of all active verbs, has usually an active signification; as, 'James is building the house.' Often, however, it takes a passive meaning; as, 'The house is building.'"—Id. "Previously to parsing this sentence, the young pupil may be taught to analyze it, by such questions as the following: viz."—Id. "Since that period, however, attention has been paid to this important subject."—Id. and Hiley cor. "A definition of a word is a brief explanation of what it means."—G. BROWN: Hiley cor.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIV.—OF IGNORANCE.

"What is a verb? It is a word which signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon." Or thus: "What is an assertor? Ans. 'One who affirms positively; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator.'—WEBSTER'S DICT."—Peirce cor. "Virgil wrote the Æneid."—Kirkham cor. "Which, to a supercilious or inconsiderate native of Japan, would seem very idle and impertinent."—Locke cor. "Will not a look of disdain cast upon you throw you into a ferment?"—Say cor. "Though only the conjunction if is here set before the verb, there are several others, (as that, though, lest, unless, except,) which may be used with the subjunctive mood."—L. Murray cor. "When proper names have an article before them, they are used as common names."—Id. et al. cor. "When a proper noun has an article before it, it is used as a common noun."—Merchant cor. "Seeming to rob the death-field of its terrors."—Id. "For the same reason, we might, without any detriment to the language, dispense with the terminations of our verbs in the singular."—Kirkham cor. "It removes all possibility of being misunderstood."—Abbott cor. "Approximation to perfection is all that we can expect."—Id. "I have often joined in singing with musicians at Norwich."—Gardiner cor. "When not standing in regular prosaic order." Or:—"in the regular order of prose."—O. B. Peirce cor. "Regardless of the dogmas and edicts of the philosophical umpire."—Kirkham cor. "Others begin to talk before their mouths are open, prefixing the mouth-closing M to most of their words; as, 'M-yes,' for 'Yes.'"—Gardiner cor. "That noted close of his 'esse videatur,' exposed him to censure among his contemporaries."—Dr. Blair cor. "A man's own is what he has, or possesses by right; the word own being a past participle of the verb to owe, which formerly signified to have or possess."—Kirkham cor. "As requires so; expressing a comparison of manner; as, 'As the one dieth, so dieth the other.'"—L. Mur. et al. cor. "To obey our parents, is an obvious duty."—Parker and Fox cor. "Almost all the political papers of the kingdom have touched upon these things."—H. C. Wright cor. "I shall take the liberty to make a few observations on the subject."—Hiley cor. "His loss I have endeavoured to supply, so far as by additional vigilance and industry I could."—Id. "That they should make vegetation so exuberant as to anticipate every want."—Frazee cor. "The guillemets, or quotation points, [""] denote that one or more words are extracted from an other author."—P. E. Day cor. "Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was one of the most noted cities of ancient times."—Id. "It may, however, be rendered definite by the mention of some particular time; as, yesterday, last week, &c."—Bullions cor. "The last is called heroic measure, and is the same that is used by Milton, Young, Thomson, Pollok. &c."—Id. "Perennial ones must be sought in the delightful regions above."—Hallock cor. "Intransitive verbs are those which are inseparable from the effect produced." Or better: "Intransitive verbs are those which express action without governing an object."—Cutler cor. "The Feminine gender belongs to women, and animals of the female kind."—Id. "Wo unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!"—ALGER'S BIBLE: Luke, xi, 44. "A pyrrhic, which has both its syllables short."—Day cor. "What kind of jessamine? A jessamine in flower, or a flowery jessamine."—Barrett cor. "LANGUAGE, a word derived from LINGUA, the tongue, now signifies any series of sounds or letters formed into words, and used for the expression of thought."—Id. See this Gram. of E. Grammars, p. 145. "Say 'none,' not 'ne'er a one.'"—Staniford cor. "'E'er a one,' [is sometimes used for 'any'] or 'either.'"—Pond cor.

"Earth loses thy pattern for ever and aye; O sailor-boy! sailor-boy! peace to thy soul." —Dymond.

"His brow was sad; his eye beneath Flashed like a falchion from its sheath." —Longfellow's Ballads, p. 129.

[Fist] [The examples exhibited for exercises under Critical Notes 15th and 16th, being judged either incapable of correction, or unworthy of the endeavour, are submitted to the criticism of the reader, without any attempt to amend them, or to offer substitutes in this place.]

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SYNTAX.

LESSON I.—UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"Why is our language less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France?"—L. Murray cor. "Why is our language less refined than the French?"—Ingersoll cor. "I believe your Lordship will agree with me, in the reason why our language is less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France."—Swift cor. "Even in this short sentence, 'why our language is less refined than those of Italy, Spain, or France,' we may discern an inaccuracy; the pronominal adjective 'those' is made plural, when the substantive to which it refers, or the thing for which it stands, 'the language of Italy, Spain, or France,' is singular."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "The sentence would have run much better in this way:—'why our language is less refined than the Italian, the Spanish, or the French.'"—Id. "But when arranged in an entire sentence, as they must be to make a complete sense, they show it still more evidently."—L. Murray cor. "This is a more artificial and refined construction, than that in which the common connective is simply used."—Id. "I shall present to the reader a list of certain prepositions or prefixes, which are derived from the Latin and Greek languages."—Id. "A relative sometimes comprehends the meaning of a personal pronoun and a copulative conjunction."—Id. "Personal pronouns, being used to supply the places of nouns, are not often employed in the same clauses with the nouns which they represent."—Id. and Smith cor. "There is very seldom any occasion for a substitute where the principal word is present."—L. Mur. cor. "We hardly consider little children as persons, because the term person gives us the idea of reason, or intelligence."—Priestley et al. cor. "The occasions for exerting these two qualities are different."—Dr. Blair et al. cor. "I'll tell you with whom time ambles withal, with whom time trots withal, with whom time gallops withal, and with whom he stands still withal. I pray thee, with whom doth he trot withal?"—Buchanan's Gram., p. 122. "By greatness, I mean, not the bulk of any single object only but the largeness of a whole view."—Addison cor. "The question may then be put, What more does he than mean?"—Dr. Blair cor. "The question might be put, What more does he than mean?"—Id. "He is surprised to find himself at so great a distance from the object with which he set out."—Id.; also Murray cor. "Few rules can be given which will hold good in all cases."—Lowth and Mur. cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into metrical lines, according to the laws of verse."—Johnson cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into rhythmical lines of some particular length, so as to produce harmony by the regular alternation of syllables differing in quantity."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Amelia's friend Charlotte, to whom no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her own vindication."—L. Murray cor. "Mr. Pitt's joining of the war party in 1793, the most striking and the most fatal instance of this offence, is the one which at once presents itself."—Brougham cor. "To the framing of such a sound constitution of mind."—Lady cor. "'I beseech you,' said St. Paul to his Ephesian converts, 'that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.' "—See Eph., iv, 1. "So as to prevent it from being equal to that."—Booth cor. "When speaking of an action as being performed." Or: "When speaking of the performance of an action."—Id. "And, in all questions of actions being so performed, est is added for the second person."—Id. "No account can be given of this, but that custom has blinded their eyes." Or: "No other account can be given of this, than that custom has blinded their eyes."—Dymond cor.

"Design, or chance, makes others wive; But nature did this match contrive."—Waller cor.

LESSON II.—UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"I suppose each of you thinks it is his own nail."—Abbott cor. "They are useless, because they are apparently based upon this supposition."—Id. "The form, or manner, in which this plan may be adopted is various."—Id. "The making of intellectual effort, and the acquiring of knowledge, are always pleasant to the human mind."—Id. "This will do more than the best lecture that ever was delivered."—Id. "The doing of easy things is generally dull work."—Id. "Such are the tone and manner of some teachers."—Id. "Well, the fault is, that some one was disorderly at prayer time."—Id. "Do you remember to have spoken on this subject in school?"—Id. "The course above recommended, is not the trying of lax and inefficient measures"—Id. "Our community agree that there is a God."—Id. "It prevents them from being interested in what is said."—Id. "We will also suppose that I call an other boy to me, whom I have reason to believe to be a sincere Christian."—Id. "Five minutes' notice is given by the bell."—Id. "The Annals of Education give notice of it." Or: "The work entitled 'Annals of Education' gives notice of it."—Id. "Teachers' meetings will be interesting and useful."—Id. "She thought a half hour's study would conquer all the difficulties."—Id. "The difference between an honest and a hypocritical confession."—Id. "There is no point of attainment at which we must stop."—Id. "Now six hours' service is as much as is expected of teachers."—Id. "How many are seven times nine?"—Id. "Then the reckoning proceeds till it comes to ten hundred."—Frost cor. "Your success will depend on your own exertions; see, then, that you be diligent."—Id. "Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense: If I be known, If thou be known, If he be known;" &c.—Id. "If I be loved, If thou be loved, If he be loved;" &c.—Frost right. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, without any reference to the structure of those parts."—Frost cor. "The Cardinal numbers are those which simply tell how many; as, one, two, three."—Id. "More than one organ are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant." Or thus: "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost any consonant."—Id. "To extract from them all the terms which we use in our divisions and subdivisions of the art."—Holmes cor. "And there were written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe."—Bible cor. "If I were to be judged as to my behaviour, compared with that of John."—Whiston's Jos. cor. "The preposition to, signifying in order to, was anciently preceded by for; as, 'What went ye out for to see?'"—L. Murray's Gram., p. 184. "This makes the proper perfect tense, which in English is always expressed by the auxiliary verb have; as, 'I have written.'"—Dr. Blair cor. "Indeed, in the formation of character, personal exertion is the first, the second, and the third virtue."—Sanders cor. "The reducing of them to the condition of the beasts that perish."—Dymond cor. "Yet this affords no reason to deny that the nature of the gift is the same, or that both are divine." Or: "Yet this affords no reason to aver that the nature of the gift is not the same, or that both are not divine."—Id. "If God has made known his will."—Id. "If Christ has prohibited them, nothing else can prove them right."—Id. "That the taking of them is wrong, every man who simply consults his own heart, will know."—Id. "From these evils the world would be spared, if one did not write."—Id. "It is in a great degree our own fault."—Id. "It is worthy of observation, that lesson-learning is nearly excluded."—Id. "Who spares the aggressor's life, even to the endangering of his own."—Id. "Who advocates the taking of the life of an aggressor."—Id. "And thence up to the intentionally and voluntarily fraudulent."—Id. "And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other."—SCOTT'S, FRIENDS', ALGER'S, BRUCE'S BIBLE, AND OTHERS: Acts, xv, 39. "Here the man is John, and John is the man; so the words are imagination and fancy; but THE imagination and THE fancy are not words: they are intellectual powers."—Rev. M. Harrison cor. "The article, which is here so emphatic in the Greek, is quite forgotten in our translation."—Id. "We have no fewer than twenty-four pronouns."—Id. "It will admit of a pronoun joined to it."—Id. "From intercourse and from conquest, all the languages of Europe participate one with an other."—Id. "It is not always necessity, therefore, that has been the cause of our introducing of terms derived from the classical languages."—Id. "The man of genius stamps upon it any impression that pleases him." Or: "any impression that he chooses."—Id. "The proportion of names ending in SON preponderates greatly among the Dano-Saxon population of the North."—Id. "As a proof of the strong similarity between the English language and the Danish."—Id. "A century from the time when (or at which) Hengist and Horsa landed on the Isle of Thanet."—Id.

"I saw the colours waving in the wind, And them within, to mischief how combin'd."—Bunyan cor.

LESSON III.—UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"A ship excepted: of which we say, 'She sails well.'"—Jonson cor. "Honesty is reckoned of little worth."—Lily cor. "Learn to esteem life as you ought."—Dodsley cor. "As the soundest health is less perceived than the lightest malady, so the highest joy toucheth us less sensibly than the smallest sorrow."—Id. "Youth is no apology for frivolousness."—Whiting cor. "The porch was of the same width as the temple."—Milman cor. "The other tribes contributed neither to his rise nor to his downfall."—Id. "His whole religion, with all its laws, would have been shaken to its foundation."—Id. "The English has most commonly been neglected, and children have been taught only in the Latin syntax."—J. Ward cor. "They are not noticed in the notes."— Id. "He walks in righteousness, doing what he would have others do to him."—Fisher cor. "They stand independent of the rest of the sentence."—Ingersoll cor. "My uncle and his son were in town yesterday."—Lennie cor. "She and her sisters are well."—Id. "His purse, with its contents, was abstracted from his pocket."—Id. "The great constitutional feature of this institution being, that directly after the acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next begins."—Dickens cor. "His disregarding of his parents' advice has brought him into disgrace."—Farnum cor. "Can you tell me why his father made that remark?"—Id. "Why does our teacher detain us so long?"—Id. "I am certain that the boy said so."—Id. "WHICH means any thing or things before named; and THAT may represent any person or persons, thing or things, that have been speaking, spoken to, or spoken of."—Perley cor. "A certain number of syllables occurring in a particular order, form a foot. Poetic feet are so called because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Questions asked by a principal verb only—as, 'Teach I?' 'Burns he?' &c.,—are archaisms, and now peculiar to the poets."—A. Murray cor. "Tell whether the 18th, the 19th, the 20th, the 21st, the 22d, or the 23d rule is to be used, and repeat the rule."—Parker and Fox cor. "The resolution was adopted without much deliberation, and consequently caused great dissatisfaction." Or: "The resolution, which caused great dissatisfaction, was adopted without much deliberation."— Iid. "The man is now much noticed by the people thereabouts."—Webb's Edward's Gram. cor. "The sand prevents them from sticking to one an other."—Id. "Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of the moods and tenses."—Greenleaf's Gram., p. 29; Ingersoll's, 121; Smith's, 90; Merchant's, 64; Nutting's, 68; L. Murray, Guy, Russell, Bacon, Frost, Alger, S. Putnam, Goldsbury, Felton, et al. cor. "Defective verbs are those which want some of the moods or tenses."—Lennie et al. cor. "Defective verbs want some of the parts common to other verbs."—Bullions cor. "A Defective verb is one that wants some of the parts common to verbs."—Id. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only irregular, but also wanting in some parts."—Lowth cor. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only wanting in some parts, but are, when inflected, irregular."—Churchill cor. "When two or more nouns occur together in the possessive case."—Farnum cor. "When several short sentences come together"—Id. "Words are divided into ten classes, called Parts of Speech."—L. Ainsworth cor. "A passive verb has its agent or doer always in the objective case, governed by a preposition."—Id. "I am surprised at your inattention."—Id. "SINGULAR: Thou lovest, not You love. You has always a plural verb."—Bullions cor. "How do you know that love is of the first person? Ans. Because we, the pronoun, is of the first person."—Id. and Lennie cor. "The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea."—Gray's Elegy, l. 2: Bullions cor. "Iambic verses have their second, fourth, and other even syllables accented."—Bullions cor. "Contractions that are not allowable in prose, are often made in poetry."—Id. "Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd"— Milton. "It never presents to his mind more than one new subject at the same time."—Felton cor. "An abstract noun is the name of some particular quality considered apart from its substance."—Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 32. "A noun is of the first person when it denotes the speaker."—Felton cor. "Which of the two brothers is a graduate?"— Hallock cor. "I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth know."—Cowper. "Oh the pain, the bliss of dying!"—Pope. "This do; take to you censers, thou, Korah, and all thy company."—Bible cor. "There are three participles; the imperfect, the perfect, and the preperfect: as, reading, read, having read. Transitive verbs have an active and passive participle: that is, their form for the perfect is sometimes active, and sometimes passive; as, read, or loved."—S. S. Greene cor.

"O Heav'n, in my connubial hour decree My spouse this man, or such a man as he."—Pope cor.

LESSON IV.—UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"The past tenses (of Hiley's subjunctive mood) represent conditional past facts or events, of which the speaker is uncertain."—Hiley cor. "Care also should be taken that they be not introduced too abundantly."—Id. "Till they have become familiar to the mind." Or: "Till they become familiar to the mind."—Id. "When once a particular arrangement and phraseology have become familiar to the mind."—Id. "I have furnished the student with the plainest and most practical directions that I could devise."—Id. "When you are conversant with the Rules of Grammar, you will be qualified to commence the study of Style."—Id. "C before e, i, or y, always has a soft sound, like s."—L. Murray cor. "G before e, i, or y, is generally soft; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."—Id. "C before e, i, or y, always sounds soft, like s."—Hiley cor. "G is generally soft before e, i, or y; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."—Id. "A perfect alphabet must always contain just as many letters as there are elementary sounds in the language: the English alphabet, having fewer letters than sounds, and sometimes more than one letter for the same sound, is both defective and redundant."—Id. "A common noun is a name, given to a whole class or species, and is applicable to every individual of that class."—Id. "Thus an adjective has usually a noun either expressed or understood."—Id. "Emphasis is extraordinary force used in the enunciation of such words as we wish to make prominent in discourse." Or: "Emphasis is a peculiar stress of voice, used in the utterance of words specially significant."—Dr. H. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "So simple a question as. 'Do you ride to town to-day?' is capable of as many as four different acceptations, the sense varying as the emphasis is differently placed."—Iid. "Thus, bravely, for 'in a brave manner.' is derived from brave-like."—Hiley cor. "In this manner, several different parts of speech are often formed from one root by means of different affixes."—Id. "Words derived from the same root, are always more or less allied in signification."—Id. "When a noun of multitude conveys the idea of unity, the verb and pronoun should be singular; but when it conveys the idea of plurality, the verb and pronoun must be plural."—Id. "They have spent their whole time to make the sacred chronology agree with the profane."—Id. "I have studied my lesson, but you have not looked at yours."—Id. "When words are connected in pairs, there is usually a comma after each pair."— Hiley, Bullions, and Lennie, cor. "When words are connected in pairs, the pairs should be marked by the comma."—Farnum cor. "His book entitled, 'Studies of Nature,' is deservedly a popular work."—Biog. Dict. cor.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown."—GRAY.

"'Youth,' here, is in the nominative case, (the verb 'rests' being, in this instance, transitive,) and is the subject of the sentence. The meaning is, 'A youth here rests his head,' &c."—Hart cor. "The pronoun I, as well as the interjection O, should be written with a capital." Or: "The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should be written with capitals"—Weld cor. "The pronoun I should always be written with a capital."—Id. "He went from London to York."—Id. "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify its meaning."—Id. (See Lesson 1st under the General Rule.) "SINGULAR signifies, 'expressing only one;' denoting but one person or thing. PLURAL, (Latin pluralis, from plus, more,) signifies, 'expressing more than one.'"—Weld cor. "When the present ends in e, d only is added to form the imperfect tense and the perfect participle of regular verbs."—Id. "Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one; as, seest for seëst, drowned for drown-ed."—Id. (See Brown's Inst. p. 230.) "Words ending in ee are often inflected by mere consonants, and without receiving an additional syllable beginning with e: as, see, seest, sees; agree, agreed, agrees."—Weld cor. "In monosyllables, final f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, is doubled; as in staff, mill, grass."—Id. "Before ing, words ending in ie drop the e, and change the i into y; as, die, dying."—Id." One number may be used for the other—or, rather, the plural may be used for the singular; as, we for I, you for thou."—S. S. Greene cor. "STR~OB'ILE, n. A pericarp made up of scales that lie one over an other."—Worcester cor.

"Yet ever, from the clearest source, hath run Some gross alloy, some tincture of the man."—Lowth cor.

LESSON V.—UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"The possessive case is usually followed by a noun, expressed or understood, which is the name of the thing possessed."—Felton cor. "Hadmer of Aggstein was as pious, devout, and praying a Christian, as was Nelson, Washington, or Jefferson; or as is Wellington, Tyler, Clay, or Polk."—H. C. Wright cor. "A word in the possessive case is not an independent noun, and cannot stand by itself."—J. W. Wright cor. "Mary is not handsome, but she is good-natured; and good-nature is better than beauty."—St. Quentin cor. "After the practice of joining all words together had ceased, a note of distinction was placed at the end of every word."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Neither Henry nor Charles dissipates his time."—Hallock cor. "'He had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.' KNOLLES:"—Brown's Institutes, p. 200; Johnson's Quarto Dict., w. What. "In what character Butler was admitted, is unknown." Or: "In whatever character Butler was admitted, that character is unknown."—Hallock cor. "How are the agent of a passive and the object of an active verb often left?"—Id. "By SUBJECT, is meant the word of whose object something is declared." Or: "By SUBJECT, is meant the word which has something declared of the thing signified."—Chandler cor. "Care should also be taken that a transitive verb be not used in stead of a neuter or intransitive; as, lay for lie, raise for rise, set for sit, &c."—Id. "On them depends the duration of our Constitution and our country."—Calhoun cor. "In the present sentence, neither the sense nor the measure requires WHAT."—Chandler cor. "The Irish thought themselves oppressed by the law that forbid them to draw with their horses' tails."—Brightland cor. "So and willingly are adverbs. So is an adverb of degree, and qualifies willingly. Willingly is an adverb of manner, and qualifies deceives."—Cutler cor. "Epicurus, for experiment's sake, confined himself to a narrower diet than that of the severest prisons."—Id. "Derivative words are such as are formed from other words by prefixes or suffixes; as, injustice, goodness, falsehood."—Id. "The distinction here insisted on is as old as Aristotle, and should not be lost from sight." Or: "and it should still be kept in view."—Hart cor. "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and Potential Moods." Or: "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and the Potential Mood."—Id. "A triphthong is a union of three vowels, uttered by a single impulse of the voice; as, uoy in buoy"—Pardon Davis cor. "A common noun is the name of a species or kind."—Id. "The superlative degree implies a comparison either between two or among more."—Id. "An adverb is a word serving to give an additional idea to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."—Id. "When several nouns in the possessive case occur in succession, each showing possession of things of the same sort, it is generally necessary to add the sign of the possessive case to each of them: as, 'He sells men's, women's, and children's shoes.'—'Dogs', cats', and tigers' feet are digitated.'"—Id. "'A rail-road is being made,' should be, 'A railroad is making;' 'A school-house is being built,' should be, 'A schoolhouse is building.'"—Id. "Auxiliaries are of themselves verbs; yet they resemble, in their character and use, those terminational or other inflections which, in other languages, serve to express the action in the mood, tense, person, and number desired."—Id. "Please to hold my horse while I speak to my friend."—Id. "If I say, 'Give me the book,' I demand some particular book."—Noble Butler cor. "Here are five men."—Id. "After the active verb, the object may be omitted; after the passive, the name of the agent may be omitted."—Id. "The Progressive and Emphatic forms give, in each case, a different shade of meaning to the verb."—Hart cor. "THAT may be called a Redditive Conjunction, when it answers to so or SUCH."—Ward cor. "He attributes to negligence your want of success in that business."—Smart cor. "Do WILL and GO express but one action?" Or: "Does 'will go' express but one action?"—Barrett cor. "Language is the principal vehicle of thought."—G. Brown's Inst., Pref., p. iii. "Much is applied to things weighed or measured; many, to those that are numbered. Elder and eldest are applied to persons only; older and oldest, to either persons or things."—Bullions cor. "If there are any old maids still extant, while misogynists are so rare, the fault must be attributable to themselves."—Kirkham cor. "The second method, used by the Greeks, has never been the practice of any other people of Europe."—Sheridan cor. "Neither consonant nor vowel is to be dwelt upon beyond its common quantity, when it closes a sentence." Or: "Neither consonants nor vowels are to be dwelt upon beyond their common quantity, when they close a sentence." Or, better thus: "Neither a consonant nor a vowel, when it closes a sentence, is to be protracted beyond its usual length."—Id. "Irony is a mode of speech, in which what is said, is the opposite of what is meant."—McElligott's Manual, p. 103. "The person speaking, and the person or persons spoken to, are supposed to be present."—Wells cor.; also Murray. "A Noun is a name, a word used to express the idea of an object."—Wells cor. "A syllable is such a word, or part of a word, as is uttered by one articulation."—Weld cor.

"Thus wond'rous fair; thyself how wond'rous then! Unspeakable, who sitst above these heavens."—Milton, B. v, l. 156.

"And feel thy sovran vital lamp; but thou Revisitst not these eyes, that roll in vain."—Id., iii, 22.

"Before all temples th' upright heart and pure."—Id., i, 18.

"In forest wild, in thicket, brake, or den."—Id., vii, 458.

"The rogue and fool by fits are fair and wise; And e'en the best, by fits, what they despise."—Pope cor.