Index.

Abbot of Folly in France, 334

—— of Unreason in Scotland, 331

Abdera, human scapegoats at, 254

Abeghian, Manuk, quoted, 107 sq.

Abjuration, form of, imposed on Jewish converts, 393

Abonsam, an evil spirit on the Gold Coast, 132

Abrahams, Israel, 393 n. 2

Abruzzi, Epiphany in the, 167 n. 2

Absalom, his intercourse with his father's concubines, 368

Absrot, village of Bohemia, 161

Abstinence as a charm to promote the growth of the seed, 347 sqq.

Abyssinian festival of Mascal or the Cross, 133 sq.

Accusations of ritual murders brought against the Jews, 394 sqq.

Acilisena, in Armenia, the worship of Anaitis at, 369 n. 1

Acosta, J. de, quoted, 275 sq., 277

Adaklu, Mount, in West Africa, 135 sq., 206 sq.

Adam and Eve, 259 n. 3

Adar, a Jewish month, 361, 394, 397, 398, 415

Adonis at Alexandria, 390;

annual death and resurrection of, 398;

his marriage with Ishtar (Aphrodite), 401.

See also Tammuz

—— and Aphrodite, 386

Aegisthus and Agamemnon, 19

Aesculapius at Epidaurus, 47

Africa, Northern, cairns in, 21;

popular cure for toothache in, 62;

South, dread of demons in, 77 sq.;

tribes of, their expulsion of demons, 110 sq.;

West, demons in, 74 sqq.

Agamemnon and Aegisthus, 19

Agathias on Sandes, 389

Agni, creation of the great god, 410

Agnus castus, used in ceremony of beating, 252, 257

Agricultural year, expulsions of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the, 225

Agrippa, King of Judaea, his mockery at Alexandria, 418

Ague, popular cures for, 56, 57 sq.;

Suffolk cure for, 68

Ahasuerus, King, 397, 401;

the Hebrew equivalent of Xerxes, 360

Ait Sadden, the, of Morocco, 182

—— Warain, a Berber tribe, 178

Aitan, a goddess, 173

Akamba, the, of British East Africa, riddles among the, 122 n.

Akikuyu of East Africa, 32

Alaska, the Esquimaux of, 124

Albania, expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, 157

Albanian custom of beating men and beasts in March, 266

Albanians of the Caucasus, their use of human scapegoats, 218

Albîrûnî, Arab historian, 393

Alençon, the Boy Bishop at, 337 n. 1

Aleutian Islands, 3, 16

Alexandria, Adonis at, 390;

mockery of King Agrippa at, 418

Alexandrian calendar, 395 n. 1

Alfoors of Central Celebes, riddles among the, 122 n.

—— of Halmahera, their expulsion of the devil, 112

Algeria, 31;

popular cure in, 60

All Souls' College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Allallu bird beloved by Ishtar, 371

Allhallow Even, 332

Almora, in Kumaon, 197

Altars, bloodless, 307

Ambarvalia, the, 359

Amboyna, belief in spirits in, 85;

disease-transference in, 187

Ameretât, a Persian archangel, 373 n. 1

America, Indian tribes of North-Western, their masked dances, 375 sqq.

Amoor, Gilyaks of the, 101

Amshaspands, Persian archangels, 373 n. 1

Amulets against demons, 95

[pg 426]

Anacan, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Anadates, at Zela, 373 n. 1

Anaitis, a Persian goddess, 355, 368, 369, 370, 389, 402 n. 1, 421 n. 1

Ancestral spirits, propitiation of, 86

Ancona, sarcophagus of St. Dasius at, 310

Andalusia, 173

Anderson, J. D., 176 n. 3

Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, 169 n. 2

Andree-Eysn, Mrs., quoted, 245 sq.

Animals, transference of evil to, 31 sqq.;

as scapegoats, 31 sqq., 190 sqq., 208 sqq., 216 sq.;

guardian spirits of, 98;

prayed to, 236;

dances taught by, 237;

imitated in dances, 376, 377, 381, 382

Aninga, aquatic plant in Brazil, 264

Annam, 33;

demon of cholera sent away on a raft from, 190;

explanation of human mortality in, 303

Anthesteria, Athenian festival of the dead, 152 sq.

Anthesterion, an Athenian month, 352

Antibes, Holy Innocents' Day at, 336 sq.

Antinmas, 167

Antiquity, human scapegoats in classical, 229 sqq.

Antoninus, Marcus, plague in his reign, 64

Ants, jealousy transferred to, 33;

stinging people with, 263

Anu, Babylonian god, visit of Ishtar to, 399 n. 1

Apachitas, heaps of stones, 9

Aphrodite and Adonis, 386

Aphrodite, the Oriental, 369 n. 1

Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, 217

Apollo, temple of, at the Lover's Leap, 254

—— and Artemis, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351 n. 3

April, Siamese festival of the dead in, 150

Arab cure for melancholy, 4

Arabia, 33

Arabs, their custom as to widows, 35;

their custom in regard to murder, 63;

beat camels to deliver them from jinn, 260;

of Morocco, their custom at the Great Feast, 265

Aracan, 12 n. 1, 117;

dances for the crops in, 236

Araucanians, the, of South America, 12

Arawaks of British Guiana, their explanation of human mortality, 302 sq.

Arcadian custom of beating Pan's image, 256

Arch to shut out plague, 5;

creeping through, as a cure, 55

Arches made over paths at expulsion of demons, 113, 120 sq.

Arctic regions, ceremonies at the reappearance of the sun in the, 124 sq., 125 n. 1

Ardennes, the King of the Bean in the, 314;

the Eve of Epiphany in the, 317

Argentina, 9

Argus, the murder of, 24

Aricia, 305;

the priest of, 273;

King of the Wood at, 409

Arician grove, the, 274, 305

—— priesthood, 305

Aries, the constellation, the sun in, 361 n. 1, 403

Armenia, the worship of Anaitis in, 369 n. 1

Armenians, their belief in demons, 107 sq.

Arrows, invisible, of demons, 101, 126

Artaxerxes II., his promotion of the worship of Anaitis, 370

Artemisia laciniata, garlands of, 284

Aru Archipelago, 121 n. 3

Arval Brothers, the college of the, at Rome, 230, 232, 238

Aryan custom of counting by nights instead of days, 326 n. 2

—— languages, names for moon and month in, 325

—— peoples, their correction of the lunar year, 342

Aryans of the Vedic age, 324;

their calendar, 325, 342

Ascalon, Derceto at, 370 n. 1

Ascension Day, cures on Eve of, 54;

annual expulsion of the devil on, 214 sq.;

ceremony at Rouen on, 215 sq.;

bells rung to make flax grow on, 247 sq.

Ash-tree in popular cure, 57

Ashantee, annual period of license in, 226 n. 1

Ashtaroth, 366

Ashurbanapal and Sardanapalus, 387 sq.

Asia, Saturnalia in Western, 354 sqq.

Asia Minor, use of human scapegoats by the Greeks of, 255

Asongtata, an annual ceremony, 208

Aspen in popular cure, 57

Ass in cure for scorpion's bite, 49 sq.;

introduced into church at Festival of Fools, 335 sq.;

triumphal ride of a buffoon on an, 402 sq.

Assam, the Kacharis of, 93;

the Lushais of, 94;

the Khasis of, 173;

the Nagas of, 177;

the Garos of, 208 sq.

Assembly of the gods at the New Year in Babylon, 356

Assimilation of human victims to trees, 257, 259 n. 3

Assyria, Ashurbanapal, king of, 387 sq.

Assyrian monarchs, conquerors of Babylonia, 356

[pg 427]

Assyrians, the ancient, their belief in demons, 102

Astarte or Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, 365.

See also Ishtar

—— and Semiramis, 369 sqq.

Aston, W. G., quoted, 213 n. 1

Aswang, an evil spirit, exorcism of, 260

Athenians, their use of human scapegoats, 253 sq.;

their mode of reckoning a day, 326 n. 2;

their religious dramas, 384

Athens, Cronus and the Cronia at, 351 sq.

Atkhans, the, of Aleutian Islands, 3

Atlas, Berbers of the Great, 178

Atlatatonan, Mexican goddess of lepers, 292;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of, 292

Atonement, the Jewish Day of, 210

Attis and Cybele, 386

Aubrey, John, on sin-eating, 43 sq.

Aucas, the, of South America, 12

Australia, Central, 2

——, demons in, 74;

annual expulsion of ghosts in, 123 sq.

Austria, cure of warts in, 48

Autumn, ceremony of the Esquimaux in late, 125

Autun, the Festival of Fools at, 335

Avestad in Sweden, 20

Axim, on the Gold Coast, 131

Aymara Indians, their remedy for plague, 193

Azazel, 210 n. 4

Aztecs, their custom of sacrificing human representatives of gods, 275;

their five supplementary days, 339

Azur, the month of March, 403

Baal, human sacrifices to, 353, 354

Babalawo, priest, 212

Babar Archipelago, 8;

sickness expelled in a boat from the, 187

Baboons sent by evil spirits, 110 sq.

Baby, effigy of, used to fertilize women, 245, 249

Babylon, festival of the Sacaea at, 354 sqq.

Babylonia, belief in demons in ancient, 102 sq.;

conquered by Assyria, 356;

the feast of Purim in, 393

Babylonian calendar, 398 n. 2

Bacchanalia, Purim a Jewish, 363

Badagas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, 36

Badi, performer at a ceremony, 197

Baffin Land, the Esquimaux of, 125

Baganda, the, of Central Africa, 4, 7, 17 sq., 27, 32;

human scapegoats among the, 42

Bahima, the, of the Uganda Protectorate, 6, 32

Baiga, aboriginal priest, 27

Bali, belief in demons in, 86;

periodical expulsion of demons in, 140

Ball, games of, played as a magical ceremony, 179 sq.;

in Normandy, 183 sq.

Balolo, a sea-slug, 141

Bamboo-rat sacrificed for riddance of evils, 208 sq.

Bananas, mode of fertilizing, 264;

the cause of human mortality, 303

Bangkok, 150

Banishment of evil spirits, 86

Banks' Islands, 9

Banks' Islanders, their story of the origin of death, 304

Banmanas of Senegambia, their custom at the death of an infant, 261 sq.

Banquets in honour of the spirits of disease, 119

Bantu tribes, 77

Banyoro, the, 42, 194

Barabbas and Christ, 417 sqq.

Baraka, blessed influence, 265

Barat, a ceremony performed in Kumaon, 196

Barito, river in Borneo, 87

Baron, S., quoted, 148

Barwan, river, 123

Bassa tribe, of the Cameroons, 120

Bassus, Roman officer, 309

Basutos, the, 30 n. 2

Batchelor, Rev. J., 261

Baton of Sinope, 350

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, 34;

their belief in demons, 87 sq.;

their use of human scapegoats, 213

Battle, annual, among boys in Tumleo, 143

Bavaria, mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, 327

——, Rhenish, 56

Bavarian cure for fever, 49

Bawenda, the, 30 n. 2

Bean, the King of the, 313 sqq.;

the Queen of the, 313, 315

—— clan, the, 27

Beans thrown about the house at the expulsion of demons, 143 sq.;

thrown about the house at the expulsion of ghosts, 155

“Beardless One, the Ride of the,” 402 sq.

Beating as a mode of purification, 262

—— human scapegoats, 196, 252, 255, 256 sq., 272 sq.

—— people as a mode of conveying good qualities, 262 sqq.;

with skins of sacrificial victims, 265;

with green boughs, 270 sqq.

—— persons, animals, or things to deliver them from demons and ghosts, 259 sqq.

Beating the air to drive away demons or [pg 428] ghosts, 109, 111, 115, 122, 131, 152, 156, 234

Beauce and Perche, in France, 57, 62

Beauvais, the Festival of Fools at, 335 sq.

Bechuana king, cure of, 31 sq.

Bedriacum, the battle of, 416

Befana at Rome and elsewhere, 167

Behar, 37 n. 4

Bekes, in Hungary, mode of fertilizing women in, 264

Bel, a Babylonian deity, 389

Belethus, J., 270 n.

Belgium, the King of the Bean in, 313

Bella Coola Indians of N. W. America, their masked dances, 376 n. 2

Bells on animal used as scapegoat, 37;

rung to expel demons, 117;

rung as a protection against witches, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166;

used in the expulsion of evils, 196, 200;

used at the expulsion of demons, 214, 246 sq., 251;

worn by dancers, 242, 243, 246 sqq., 250 sq.;

rung to make grass and flax grow, 247 sq.;

golden, worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, 278, 280, 284

Benin, time of the “grand devils” in, 131 sq.

Bergell in the Grisons, 247

Berkhampstead, cure for ague in, 57 sq.

Berosus, Babylonian historian, 355, 358, 359

Besisi of the Malay Peninsula, their carnival at rice-harvest, 226 n. 1

Bethlehem, the star of, 330

Bevan, Professor A. A., 367 n. 2

Beverley minster, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Bhars of India, 190

Bhootan, cairns in, 26

Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, 209

Biajas of Borneo, their expulsion of evils, 200

Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at, 165

Bikol, in Luzon, 260

Bilaspur, 44

Bilda in Algeria, 60

Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, 162;

used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, 269, 270

—— -trees in popular cure for gout, 56 sq.

Bird-chief of the Sea Dyaks, 383, 384

Birds as scapegoats, 35 sq., 51 sq.

Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents' Day, 336 sqq.

—— of Innocents, 333

Bishop, Mrs., quoted, 99 sq.

Bismarck Archipelago, the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, 83

Bithynia and Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, 420 sq.

Biyars of N. W. India, 230 n. 7

Black animals as scapegoats, 190, 192, 193

—— god and white god among the Slavs, 92

Black and white in relation to human scapegoats, 220, 253, 257, 272

—— Mountains in S. France, 166

Blankenheim in the Eifel, the King of the Bean at, 313

Blood, fatigue let out with, 12;

of children used to knead a paste, 129;

of pigs used in purificatory rites, 262;

drawn from ears as penance, 292

Bloodless altars, 307

Blows to drive away ghosts, 260 sqq.

Boars, evil spirits transferred to, 31

Boas, Franz, quoted, 375 sq.

Bocage of Normandy, games of ball in the, 183 sq.;

mode of forecasting the weather in, 323;

Eve of Twelfth Night in the, 316 sq.

Bock, C., quoted, 97

Bogle, George, envoy to Tibet, 203

Bohemia, “Easter Smacks” in, 268, 269;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, 330

——, the Germans of Western, their custom at Christmas, 270;

Twelfth Day among, 331

Bohemian cures for fever, 49, 51, 55 sq., 58, 59, 63;

remedy for jaundice, 52

Böhmerwald Mountains, 159

Bolang Mongondo in Celebes, 85 sq., 121 n. 3

Bolbe in Macedonia, lake of, 142 n. 1

Bolivia, 9;

Indians of, 26, 193

Boloki, the, of the Upper Congo, their fear of demons, 76 sq.

Bonfires, leaping over, 156;

on the Eve of Twelfth Day, 316 sqq.

Book of the Dead, the Egyptian, 103

Borneo, the Dyaks of, 14, 383;

belief in demons in, 87;

the Kayans of, 154 n., 236, 382 sq.;

sickness expelled in a ship from, 187;

the Biajas and Dusuns of, 200

Bourlet, A., quoted, 97 sqq.

Boy Bishop on Holy Innocents' Day, 336 sqq.

Brahmanism, vestiges of, under Mohammedanism, 90 n. 1

Brahmans, sacrificial custom of the, 25;

as human scapegoats, 42 sq., 44 sq.;

their theory of sacrifice, 410 sq.

Branches, fatigue transferred to, 8;

sickness transferred to, 186

Brandenburg, Mark of, cure for headache and giddiness in, 52, 53;

cure for toothache in, 60

Bras Basah, a village on the Perak river, 199

[pg 429]

Brass instrument sounded to frighten away demons, 147

Brazil, Indians of North-Western, 236;

custom of, 264;

their masked dances, 381

Breadalbane, use of a scapegoat in, 209

“Brethren of the Ploughed Fields,” 232

Bride, the last, privilege of, 183

Brittany, custom of sticking pins into a saint's image in, 70;

riddles in, 121 sq., n.;

forecasting the weather in, 323 sq.

Brooms used to sweep misfortune out of house, 5

Broomsticks, witches ride on, 162

Brown, Dr. George, quoted, 142 n. 1

Bruguière, Mgr., quoted, 97, 150 sq.

Brunnen, Twelfth Night at, 165

Buchanan, Francis, quoted, 175 sq.

Buckthorn chewed to keep off ghosts, 153;

as a charm against witchcraft, 153 n. 1, 163;

used to beat cattle, 266

Buddha, transmigrations of, 41;

in relation to spirits, 97;

offerings to, 150

Buddhism in Burma, 95 sq.;

the pope of, 223

Buddhist Lent, the, 349 sq.

—— monk, ceremony at the funeral of a, 175

—— priests expel demons, 116

Buddhists of Ceylon, 90 n. 1;

nominal, 97

Budge, E. A. Wallis, quoted, 103 sq.

Buffalo calf, sins of dead transferred to a, 36 sq.

—— dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, 171

Buffaloes as scapegoats, 190, 191

Buffooneries at the Festival of Fools, 335 sq.

Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, their belief in demons, 83 sq.

Bulgarian cure for fever, 55

Bulgarians, their way of keeping off ghosts, 153 n. 1

Bulls as scapegoats in ancient Egypt, 216 sq.

Bunyoro, in Central Africa, 195

Burial of infants, 45

Burkitt, Professor F. C., 420 n. 1

Burlesques of ecclesiastical ritual, 336 sq.

Burma, belief in demons in, 95 sq.;

expulsion of demons in, 116 sq.;

the tug-of-war in, 175 sq.

Burmese Lent, 349 sq.

“Burning the Old Year,” 230 n. 7;

at Biggar, 165

—— of Sandan and Hercules, 388 sqq.

—— witches alive, 19, 319;

on May Day in the Tyrol, 158 sq.;

on Walpurgis Night in Bohemia;

161, in Silesia and Saxony, 163

Buru, demons of sickness expelled in a proa from, 186

Burying the evil spirit, 110

Bushes, ailments transferred to, 54, 56

Bushmen, the, 16, 30

Butterflies, annual expulsion of, 159 n. 1

Butterfly dance, 381

Caffres of South Africa, 11, 30, 31

Cairns to which every passer-by adds a stone, 9 sqq.;

near shrines of saints, 21;

offerings at, 26 sqq.

See also Heaps

Cairo, cure for toothache and headache at, 63

Cake on Twelfth Night used to determine the King, 313 sqq.;

put on horn of ox, 318 sq.;

offered to Cronus, 351

Cakes, special, at New Year, 149 sq.;

with twelve knobs offered to gods, 351 n. 3

Calabar, Old, biennial expulsion of demons at, 203 sq.

—— River, 28

Calabria, annual expulsion of witches in, 157

Calendar of the Mayas of Yucatan, 171;

of the primitive Aryans, 325;

of the Celts of Gaul, 342 sqq.;

the Coligny, 342 sqq.;

the Alexandrian, 395 n. 1;

the Babylonian, 398 n. 2

Calicut, ceremonies at sowing in, 235

California, the Pomos of, 170 sq.

Cambodia, annual expulsion of demons in, 149;

palace of the Kings of Cambodia purged of devils, 172

Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, 330

Camel, plague transferred to, 33

Camels infested by jinn, 260

Cameroons, the, of West Africa, 120

Candlemas, dances at, 238

—— Day, 332, 333

Candles, twelve, on Twelfth Night, 321 sq.;

burnt at the Feast of Purim, 394

Cannibal banquets, 279 n. 1, 283, 298

Canton, the province of, 144

Caprification, the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, 257

Caprificus, the wild fig-tree, 258

Car Nicobar, annual expulsion of devils in, 201 sq.

Carabas and Barabbas, 418 sq.

Carmona in Andalusia, 173

Carnival, bell-ringing processions at the, 247;

Senseless Thursday in, 248;

in relation to the Saturnalia, 312, 345 sqq.

—— and Purim, 394

“Carrying out Death,” 227 sq., 230, 252

Casablanca in Morocco, 21

[pg 430]

Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, the Three Kings of Twelfth Day, 329 sqq.

Castilian peasants, their dances in May, 280

Casting the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, 302 sqq.

Cattle exposed to attacks of witches, 162;

beaten to do them good, 266 sq.

Caucasus, the Albanians of the, 218

Caunians of Asia Minor, their expulsion of foreign gods, 116

Cecrops, first king of Attica, 351

Cedar-bark ornaments worn in dances, 376

Celebes, Bolang Mongondo in, 85, 121;

Minahassa in, 111 sq.

——, Central, 34, 122 n., 265

Celts, their mode of forecasting the weather of the year, 323 sq.;

of Gaul, their calendar, 342 sqq.

Ceram, sicknesses expelled in a ship from, 185

Ceylon, fear of demons in, 94 sq.

Chaeronea, the “expulsion of hunger” at, 252

Chain used to expel demons, 260

Chains clanked as a protection against witches, 163;

clanked in masquerade, 244

Chaldeans, magic of, 64

Chalking up crosses as a protection against witches, 162 sq.

Chamar caste, 196

Chamba in India, 45

Chambers, E. K., quoted, 336 n. 1

Chameleon, ceremony at killing a, 28

Chariots, epidemics sent away in toy, 193 sq.

Cheremiss of Russia, their expulsion of Satan, 156

Cherokee Indians, annual expulsion of evils among the, 128

Cheshire, cure for thrush in, 50;

cure for warts in, 57

Chickens as scapegoats, 190

Chicomecohuatl, Mexican goddess of maize, 286 n. 1, 291, 292;

girl annually sacrificed in the character of, 292 sqq.

Childermas (Holy Innocents' Day), 336

Children personating spirits, 139

China, the Miotse of, 4;

belief in demons in, 98;

men possessed by spirits in, 117;

the Mossos of, 139;

the Shans of Southern, 141;

annual expulsion of demons in, 145 sqq.

——, aboriginal tribes of, their use of a human scapegoat, 196;

their annual destruction of evils, 202

Chinese festival of new fire, 359

Chins of Burma, their way of keeping off cholera, 123

Chirouba, festival in Manapur, 40

Chirus of Assam, 177 n. 3

Chitral, devil-driving in, 137

Chittagong, 63 n. 4

—— Hill Tracts, the Chukmas of the, 174

Choerilus, historian, 388 n. 1

Cholera sent away in animal scapegoats, 190, 191 sq.

——, demon of, 172;

expelled, 116, 117;

sent away on a raft, 190

——, goddess of, 194

Cholula, a city of Mexico, 281

Chota Nagpur in India, 19;

annual expulsion of disease in, 139

Christ, the crucifixion of, 412 sqq.

Christian festivals, the great, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, 328

Christianity, Latin, its tolerance of rustic paganism, 346

Christmas, custom of young men and women beating each other at, 270;

an old midwinter festival of the sun-god, 328

—— Day, Mexican festival on, 287;

Old (Twelfth Night), 321

—— Eve, witches active on, 160

Chukmas, the tug-of-war among the, 174

Church bells a protection against witchcraft, 157, 158

Churn-dashers ridden by witches, 160

Chwolsohn, D., on the worship of Haman, 366 n. 1

Ciallos, intercalary month of Gallic calendar, 343

Cilicia, Tarsus in, 388, 389, 391

Cingalese, the tug-of-war among the, 181;

devil-dancers, 38

Cinteotl or Centeotl, Mexican goddess of maize, 286 n. 1, 290

Circumcision Day, 334

Clangour of metal used to dispel demons, 233

Clanking chains as a protection against witches, 163

Clark, J. V. H., 209

Clarke, E. D., quoted, 20 sq.

Clashing of metal instruments a protection against witchcraft, 158;

used to dispel demons, 233

Clavigero, historian of Mexico, 286 n. 1

Clippings of nails in popular cures, 57, 58

Clowns in processions, 244 sq.

Cochinchina, mode of disposing of ghosts in, 62

Cock, disease transferred to a white, 187;

white, as scapegoat, 210 n. 4

Cocks as scapegoats, 191 sq.

Coligny calendar of Gaul, 342 sqq.

Columella on caprification, 258

[pg 431]

Comana, sacred harlots at, 370 n. 1;

worship of Ma at, 421 n. 1

Comitium, dances of the Salii in the, 232

Communion by means of stones, 21 sq.

Concubines of a king taken by his successor, 368

Condé in Normandy, 183

Confession of sins, 31, 36, 127

Conflicts, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, 184

Congrégation de Notre Dame at Paris, 337

Consumption, cure for, 51

Cook, A. B., 246 n. 2

Cook, Captain James, 80

Cootchie, a demon, 110

Cora Indians of Mexico, their dance at sowing, 238;

their dramatic dances, 381

Coran, the, 62

Corea, 11, 27;

traps for demons in, 61 sq.;

belief in demons in, 99 sq.;

spirit of disease expelled in, 119;

annual expulsion of demons in, 147;

the tug-of-war in, 177 sq.

Coreans, their annual ceremonies for the riddance of evils, 202 sq.

Corn festivals of the Cora Indians, 381

—— -ears, wreath of, as badge of priestly office, 232

—— -sieve beaten at ceremony, 145

Cornel-tree in popular remedy, 55

Cornouaille in Brittany, 323

“Corpse-praying priest,” 45

Corpses devoured by members of Secret Societies, 377

Cos, custom of Greek peasants in, 266

Cosmogonies, primitive, perhaps influenced by human sacrifices, 409 sqq.

Cosquin, E., on the book of Esther, 367 n. 3

Coughs transferred to animals, 51, 52

Couppé, Mgr., quoted, 82

Crabs change their skin, 303

Crackers ignited to expel demons, 117, 146 sq.

Creation of the world, legends of, influenced by human sacrifices, 409 sqq.

Creator beheaded, 410;

sacrifices himself daily to create the world afresh, 411

Creeping through an arch as a cure, 55

Cretan festival of Hermes, 350

Crimes, sticks or stones piled on the scene of, 13 sqq.

Criminals sacrificed, 354, 396 sq., 408

Croatia, Good Friday custom in, 268

Croesus on the pyre, 391

Cronia, a Greek festival resembling the Saturnalia, 351;

at Olympia, 352 sq.

Cronion, a Greek month, 351 n. 2

Cronus and the Cronia, 351 sq.;

and the Golden Age, 353;

and human sacrifice, 353 sq., 397

Cross-roads, 6, 7, 10, 24;

offerings at, 140;

ceremonies at, 144, 159, 161, 196;

witches at, 162

Crosses painted with tar as charms against ghosts and vampyres, 153 n. 1;

chalked on doors as protection against witchcraft, 160, 162 sq.;

white, made by the King of the Bean, 314

Crow as scapegoat, 193

Crucifixion of Christ, 412 sqq.

Cumont, Franz, 309, 393 n. 1

Cuzco, its scenery, 128 sq.

Cybele and Attis, 386

Cyrus and Croesus, 391

Dahomey, Porto Novo in, 205

Dalton, E. T., quoted, 92 sq.

Dance at cairns, 29;

the buffalo dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, 171;

to cause the grass to grow, 238

Dancers personate spirits, 375

Dances of the witches, 162;

of the Salii, 232;

to promote the growth of the crops, 232 sqq., 347;

at sowing, 234 sqq.;

taught by animals, 237;

for rain, 236 sq., 238;

solemn Mexican, 280, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289;

of Castilian peasants in May, 280;

of salt-makers in Mexico, 284;

to make hemp grow tall, 315;

as dramatic performances of myths, 375 sqq.;

bestowed on men by spirits, 375;

in imitation of animals, 376, 377, 381, 382

Dances, masked, to promote fertility, 236;

of savages, 374 sqq.;

to ensure good crops, 382

Dancing to obtain the favour of the gods, 236

Dandaki, King, 41

“Dark” moon and “light” moon, 140, 141 n. 1

Darwin, Sir Francis, 153 n. 1

Dasius, martyrdom of St., 308 sqq.

Dassera festival in Nepaul, 226 n. 1

Date palm, artificial fertilization of the, 272 sq.

Davies, T. Witton, 360 n. 2

Dead, disembodied souls of the, dreaded, 77;

worship of the, 97;

ghosts of the, periodically expelled, 123 sq.;

souls of the, received by their relations once a year, 150 sqq.

——, spirits of the, in the Philippine Islands, 82;

in Timor, 85

Death, the funeral of, 205;

the ceremony of carrying out, 227 sq., 230, 252;

savage tales of the origin of, 302 sqq.

Debang monastery at Lhasa, 218

[pg 432]

December, annual expulsion of demons in, 145;

custom of the heathen of Harran in, 263 sq.;

the Saturnalia held in, 306, 307, 345

Decle, L., 11 n. 1

De Goeje, M. J., 24 n. 1

Deified men, sacrifices of, 409

Delaware Indians, their remedies for sins, 263

Demonophobia in India, 91

Demon-worship, 94, 96.

See also Propitiation

Demons bunged up, 61 sq.;

omnipresence of, 72 sqq.;

propitiation of, 93, 94, 96, 100;

religious purification intended to ward off, 104;

cause sickness, failure of crops, etc., 109 sqq.;

of cholera, 116, 117, 123;

men disguised as, 170 sq., 172, 173;

decoyed by a pig, 200, 201;

conjured into images, 171, 172, 173, 203, 204, 205;

put to flight by clangour of metal, 233;

banned by masks, 246;

exorcised by bells, 246 sq., 251.

See also Devil and Devils

De Mortival, Roger, 338

Derceto, the fish goddess of Ascalon, 370 n. 1

De Ricci, S., 343 n.

Deslawen, village of Bohemia, 161

Devil driven away by paper kites, 4

Devil-driving in Chitral, 137

Devil's Neck, the, 16, 30

Devils personated by men, 235.

See Demons

Devonshire, cure for cough in, 51

Dharmi or Dharmesh, the Supreme God of the Oraons, 92 sq.

Dice used in divination, 220;

played at festivals, 350

Dieri tribe of Central Australia, their expulsion of a demon, 110

Dinkas, their use of cows as scapegoats, 193

Dio Chrysostom on the Sacaea, 368;

his account of the treatment of the mock king of the Sacaea, 414

Dionysiac festival of the opening of the wine jars, 351 sq.

Dionysus and the drama, 384

Disease transferred to other people, 6 sq.;

transferred to tree, 7;

caused by ghosts, 85;

annual expulsion of, 139;

sent away in little ships, 185 sqq.

Dittmar, C. von, quoted, 100 sq.

Divination on Twelfth Night, 316

Divine animals as scapegoats, 216 sq., 226 sq.

—— men as scapegoats, 217 sqq., 226 sq.

Dog, sickness transferred to, 33;

as scapegoat, 51, 208 sq.;

sacrifice of white, 127

Dog-demon of epilepsy, 69 n.

Doreh in Dutch New Guinea, the tug-of-war at, 178

Doubs, Montagne de, 316

Douglas, Alexander, victim of witchcraft, 39

Doutté, E., 22 n. 2

Doves of Astarte, the sacred, 370 n. 1

Dracaena terminalis, its leaves used to beat the sick, 265

Dramas, sacred, as magical rites, 373 sqq.

Dravidian tribes of N. India, their cure for epilepsy, 259 sq.

Dreams, festival of, among the Iroquois, 127

Dreikönigstag, Twelfth Day, 329

“Driving out the Witches,” 162

Drowo, gods, 74

Drums beaten to expel demons, 111, 113, 116, 120, 126, 146, 204

Dubrowitschi, a Russian village, 173

Duck as scapegoat, 50

Dudilaa, a spirit who lives in the sun, 186

Dumannos, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Duran, Diego, Spanish historian of Mexico, 295 n. 1, 297, 300 n. 1

Durostorum in Moesia, celebration of the Saturnalia at, 309

Dussaud, René, 22 n. 2

Dusuns of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils, 200 sq.

Dyak priestesses, 5;

transference of evil, 5;

mode of neutralizing bad omens, 39

Dyaks, their “lying heaps,” 14;

their Head Feast, 383

Dying god as scapegoat, 227

Eabani, Babylonian hero, 398 sq.

Ears, blood drawn from, as penance, 292

Earth, the Mistress of the, 85

—— -god, 28;

the Egyptian, 341

Earthman, the, 61

East, the Wise Men of the, 330 sq.

—— Indian Islands, 2

—— Indies, the tug-of-war in the, 177

Easter an old vernal festival of the vegetation-god, 328

—— eggs, 269

—— Eve in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, 157

—— Monday, “Easter Smacks” on, 268

“—— Smacks” in Germany and Austria, 268 sq.

—— Sunday, ceremony on the Eve of, 207 sq.

—— Tuesday, “Easter Smacks” on, 268

[pg 433]

Eastertide, expulsion of evils at, in Calabria, 157

Eck, R. van, quoted, 86

Edward VI., his Lord of Misrule, 332, 334

Effigies, disease transferred to, 7;

demons conjured into, 204, 205;

substituted for human victims, 408

Effigy of baby used to fertilize women, 245, 249

Eggs, red Easter, 269

Egypt, mode of laying ghosts in, 63;

modern, belief in the jinn in, 104;

Isis and Osiris in, 386

Egyptians, the ancient, their belief in spirits, 103 sq.;

their use of bulls as scapegoats, 216 sq.;

the five supplementary days of their year, 340 sq.

Eifel, the King of the Bean in the, 313

Eight days, feast and license of, before expulsion of demons, 131

Ekoi, the, of West Africa, 28

Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, 366;

inscriptions, 367

Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, 366

Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, 351

Elaphius, an Elean month, 352

Elder brother, the sin of marrying before an, 3

Elgon, Mount, 246

Elis, law of, 352 n. 2

Ellis, W., quoted, 80

Embodied evils, expulsion of, 170 sqq.

Emetics as remedies for sins, 263

Endle, S., quoted, 93

England, cure of warts in, 48;

the King of the Bean in, 313;

the Boy Bishop in, 337 sq.

Enigmas, ceremonial use of, 121 n. 3.

See Riddles

Entlebuch in Switzerland, expulsion of Posterli at, 214

Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, 47

Epidemics attributed to demons, 111 sqq.;

kept off by means of a plough, 172 sq.;

sent away in toy chariots, 193 sq.

Epilepsy, cure for, 2, 331;

Highland treatment of, 68 n. 2;

Roman cure for, 68;

Hindoo cure for, 69 n.;

cured by beating, 260.

See also Falling Sickness

Epiphany, annual expulsion of the powers of evil at, 165 sqq.;

the King of the Bean on, 313 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

Eponyms, annual, as scapegoats, 39 sqq.

Equinox, the vernal, festival of Cronus at, 352;

Persian marriages at the, 406 n. 3

Equos, a Gallic month, 343 n.

Erech, Babylonian city, Ishtar at, 398, 399

Erz-gebirge, the Saxon, 271

Esagila, temple at Babylon, 356

Esquimaux of Labrador, their fear of demons, 79 sq.;

of Point Barrow, their expulsion of Luña, 124 sq.;

of Baffin Land, their expulsion of Sedna, 125 sq.;

the Central, the tug-of-war among the, 174;

of Bering Strait, their masquerades, 379 sq.

Esther, fast of, 397 sq.;

the story of, acted as a comedy at Purim, 364

——, the book of, its date and purpose, 360;

its Persian colouring, 362, 401;

duplication of the personages in, 400 sq.;

the personages unmasked, 405 sqq.

—— and Mordecai equivalent to Ishtar and Marduk, 405;

the duplicates of Vashti and Haman, 406

—— and Vashti, temporary queens, 401

Esthonian mode of transferring bad luck to trees, 54;

expulsion of the devil, 173

Eton College, Boy Bishop at, 338

Euhemerism, 385

Euripides, 19

Europe, transference of evil in, 47 sqq.;

annual expulsion of demons and witches in, 155 sqq.;

annual expulsion of evils in, 207 sqq.;

masquerades in modern, 251 sq.

European folk-custom of “carrying out Death,” 227 sq.

Eve and Adam, 259 n. 3

Evening Star, the goddess of the, 369 n. 1

Evessen, in Brunswick, 60

Evil, the transference of, 1 sqq.;

transferred to other people, 5 sqq.;

transferred to sticks and stones, 8 sqq.;

transferred to animals, 31 sqq.;

transferred to men, 38 sqq.;

transference of, in Europe, 47 sqq.

—— spirits, banishment of, 86.

See Demons

Evil-Merodach, Babylonian king, 367 n. 2

Evils transferred to trees, 54 sqq.;

nailed into trees, walls, etc., 59 sqq.;

occasional expulsion of, 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic expulsion of, 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

expulsion of embodied, 170 sqq.;

expulsion of, in a material vehicle, 185 sqq.

See also Expulsion

Ewe, white-footed, as scapegoat, 192 sq.

Ewe-speaking negroes of the Slave Coast, 74

Excommunication of human scapegoat, 254

Execution by stoning, 24 n. 2

Exeter, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Exorcising spirits at sowing the seed, 235

[pg 434]

Exorcism of devils in Morocco, 63;

annual, of the evil spirit in Japan, 143 sq.;

Nicobarese ceremony of, 262

Exorcists, 2 sq., 33

Expiation for sin, 39

Expulsion of evils, 109 sqq.;

the direct or immediate and the indirect or mediate, 109, 224;

occasional, 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic, 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

of embodied evils, 170 sqq.;

of evils in a material vehicle, 185 sqq.;

annual, of demons and witches in Europe, 155 sqq.;

of Trows in Shetland, 168 sq.;

of hunger at Chaeronea, 252;

of winter, ceremony of the, 404 sq.

Faditras among the Malagasy, 33 sq.

Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, 89

Falling sickness, cure for, 52, 330.

See also Epilepsy

Fans, the, of West Africa, 30 n. 2

“Fast of Esther” before Purim, 397 sq.

Fatigue transferred to stones or sticks, 8 sqq.;

let out with blood, 12

Fawckner, Captain James, quoted, 131 sq.

Fear as a source of religion, 93

Feast, the Great, in Morocco, 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, 151 sq.

February and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, 346

Ferghana in Turkestan, 184

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, 332

Fertility of the ground, magical ceremony to promote the, 177

Fertilization, artificial, of fig-trees, 257 sqq., 272 sq.;

of the date palm, 272

Fertilizing virtue attributed to certain sticks, 264

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, 296 sqq.

—— of Fools in France, 334 sqq.;

in Germany, Bohemia, and England, 336 n. 1

—— of the Innocents, 336 sqq.

Festivals, the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, 328

Fête des Fous in France, 334 sqq.

—— des Rois, Twelfth Day, 329

Fever, remedy for, 38;

Roman cure for, 47;

popular cures for, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 63;

driven away by firing guns, etc., 121

Fielding, H., quoted, 349 sq.

Fiends burnt in fire, 320

Fig, the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, 255

Fig-tree, sacred, 61

—— -trees artificially fertilized, 257 sqq., 272 sq.;

personated by human victims, 257

Fights, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, 184

Figs, black and white, worn by human scapegoats, 253, 257, 272

Fiji, 15;

annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, 141 sq.

Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, 270, 271

—— -trees in popular cure, 56

Fire, Mexican god of, 300;

human sacrifices to, 300 sqq.;

to burn witches, 319

—— new, at New Year, 209;

Chinese festival of the, 359

—— sacred, of King of Uganda, 195;

kindled by friction, 391 n. 4

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, 141

Fires extinguished during ceremony, 172;

ceremonial, on Eve of Twelfth Day, 316 sqq.;

to burn fiends, 320.

See also Bonfires

Five days' duration of mock king's reign, 407 n. 1

—— days' reign of mock king at the Sacaea, 355, 357;

of Semiramis, 369

Flax, giddiness transferred to, 53;

bells rung to make flax grow, 247 sq.

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, 296 sqq.

Flemish cure for ague, 56

Flight from the demons of disease, 122 sq.

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, 162

Flood, the great, 399 n. 1

Flowers, the goddess of, 278

Flying Spirits, the, at Lhasa, 197 sq.

Food set out for ghosts, 154

Fools in processions of maskers, 243

——, festival of, in France, 334 sqq.;

in Germany, Bohemia, and England, 336 n. 1

Football, suggested origin of, 184

Fords, offerings and prayers at, 27 sq.

Formosa, 33

Forty days, man treated as a god during, 281;

man personating god during, 297

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, 348

Foucart, G., quoted, 341 n. 1

Fountains Abbey, 338

Fowler, W. Warde, 67 n. 2, 229 n. 1

Fowls as scapegoats, 31, 33, 36, 52 sq.

France, cure of warts in, 48;

cure for toothache in, 59;

the King of the [pg 435] Bean in, 313 sqq.;

Festival of Fools in, 334 sqq.

Franche-Comté, the King of the Bean in, 313;

bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, 316;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, 330;

Lent in, 348 n. 1

Frankenwald Mountains, 160

Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, 394

Fratres Arvales, 232

“French and English” or the “Tug-of-war” as a religious or magical rite, 174 sqq.

French cure for fever, 55

Fresh and green, beating people, 270 sq.

Frogs, malady transferred to, 50, 53

Fruit-trees, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, 317

Fruitful tree, use of stick cut from a, 264

Fumigation with juniper and rue as a precaution against witches, 158

Funeral, relations whipped at a, 260 sq.

—— of Death, 205

—— ceremony in Uganda, 45 n. 2;

of a Buddhist monk, 175

Furrow drawn round village as protection against epidemic, 172

Gallas, their mode of expelling fever, 121;

annual period of license among the, 226 n. 1;

their story of the origin of death, 304

Gallows-hill, witches at, 162

Gambling allowed during three days of the year, 150

Games of ball played to produce rain or dry weather, 179 sq.

Garcilasso de la Vega, 130 n. 1

Garos of Assam, their annual use of a scapegoat, 208 sq.

Gatto, in Benin, 131

Gaul, the Celts of, their calendar, 342 sqq.

Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, 82, 303

Ge-lug-pa, a Lamaist sect, 94

Geraestius, a Greek month, 350

Gerard, E., quoted, 106 sq.

Germany, cure for toothache in, 59;

the King of the Bean in, 313

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, 217

Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, 191

Ghosts of suicides feared, 17 sq.;

impregnation of women by, 18;

shut up in wood, 60 sq.;

modes of laying, 63;

diseases caused by, 85;

of the dead periodically expelled, 123 sq.;

Roman festival of, in May, 154 sq.;

driven off by blows, 260 sqq.

Giddiness, cure for, 53

Gilgamesh, the epic of, 371, 398 sq.;

his name formerly read as Izdubar, 372 n. 1;

a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, 371 sq., 398 sq.

Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, 372 n. 1

Gilgenburg in Masuren, 269

Gilyaks of the Amoor, their belief in demons, 101 sq.

Glamorganshire, cure for warts in, 53

Glen Mor, in Islay, 62

Gloucester, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318, 321

Goat's Marsh at Rome, 258

Goats, evil transferred to, 31, 32;

as scapegoats, 190, 191, 192

Gobi, the desert of, 13

God, killing the, 1;

the black and the white, 92;

dying, as scapegoat, 227;

the killing of the, in Mexico, 275 sqq.;

resurrection of the, 400

Gods and goddesses represented by living men and women, 385 sq.

——, Mexican, burn themselves to create the sun, 410;

Mother of the, 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the Mother of the, 289 sq.

—— shut up in wood, 61;

of the Maoris, 81;

of the Pelew Islanders, 81 sq.;

personated by priests, 287;

represented in masquerades, 377

Goitre, popular cure for, 54

Gold Coast of West Africa, expulsion of demons on the, 120, 131 sqq.

Golden Age, the, 353, 386;

the reign of Saturn, 306, 344

Golden bells worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, 278, 280, 284

Gomes, E. H., on the head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 384 n. 1

Gonds of India, human scapegoats among the, 217 sq.

Gongs beaten to expel demons, 113, 117, 147

Good Friday, 214;

expulsion of witches in Silesia on, 157;

cattle beaten on, 266;

custom of beating each other with rods on, 268

Goudie, Mr. Gilbert, 169 n. 2

Gour-deziou, “Supplementary Days,” in Brittany, 324

Gout, popular cures for, 56 sq.

Graetz, H., 395 n. 1

Gran Chaco, Indians of the, 122, 262

Grass to grow, dances to cause the, 238;

bells rung to cause the, 247

Grasshoppers, sacrifice of, 35

“Grass-ringers,” 247

Graubünden (the Grisons), 239

Graves, heaps of sticks or stones on, 15 sqq.

[pg 436]

Great Bassam in Guinea, exorcism of evil spirit at, 120

—— Feast, the, in Morocco, 180, 182, 265

“—— Purification,” Japanese ceremony, 213 n. 1

Greece, ancient, custom of stone-throwing in, 24 sq.;

human scapegoats in, 252 sqq.;

Saturnalia in, 350 sqq.

Greek use of swallows as scapegoats, 35;

of laurel in purification, 262

Greek women, their mourning for Persephone, 349

Greeks, the ancient, their cure for love, 3

—— of Asia Minor, their use of human scapegoats, 255

Green boughs, custom of beating young people with, at Christmas, 270

Grisons, masquerades in the, 239

Groot, J. J. M. de, quoted, 99

Grove, the Arician, 305

Grub in the Grisons, masquerade at, 239

Grubb, W. Barbrooke, quoted, 78 sq.

Grünberg in Silesia, 163

Guardian spirits of animals, 98

Guatemala, 10;

Indians of, 26

Guaycurus, Indian nation, their ceremony at appearance of the Pleiades, 262

Gudea, king of Southern Babylonia, 356

Guessing dreams, 127

Guiana, British, the Arawaks of, 302

——, French, the Roocooyen Indians of, 181, 263;

their fear of demons, 78 sq.

Guinea, annual expulsion of the devil in, 131

——, French, 235

—— negroes, 31

Guns fired to expel demons, 116 sq., 119, 120, 121, 125, 132, 133, 137, 147, 148, 149, 150, 203, 204, 221 n. 1;

against witches, 160, 161, 164

Gypsies, annual ceremony performed by the, 207 sq.

Hagen, B., quoted, 87 sq.

Hair of patient inserted in oak, 57 sq.

Hak-Ka, the, a native race in the province of Canton, 144

Halberstadt in Thüringen, annual ceremony at, 214

Hall in the Tyrol, 248

Halmahera, the Alfoors of, 112;

ceremonies at a funeral in, 260 sq.

Haman, effigies of, burnt at Purim, 392 sqq.

—— and Mordecai, 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, 400 sq.

—— and Vashti the duplicates of Mordecai and Vashti, 406

Haman, a god worshipped by the heathen of Harran, 366 n. 1

Hâmân-Sûr, a name for Purim, 393

Hammedatha, father of Haman, 373 n. 1

Hammer, sick people struck with a, 259 n. 4

Hands of deity, ceremony of grasping the, 356

Hantoes, spirits, 87

Hare as scapegoat, 50 sq.

Harlots, sacred, 370, 371, 372;

at Comana, 421 n. 1

Harpooning a spirit, 126

Harran, the heathen of, their custom in December, 263 sq.;

their marriage festival of all the gods, 273 n. 1;

worship a god Haman, 366 n. 1

Harrison, Miss J. E., 153 n. 1

Harthoorn, S. E., quoted, 86 sq.

Hartland, E. S., 22 n. 2, 69 n. 1

Harvest, annual expulsion of demons at or after, 137 sq., 225

Hasselt, J. L. van, quoted, 83

Hastings, Warren, 203

Haupt, P., 406 n. 2

Hawk, omens from, 384 n. 1

Hawthorn a charm against ghosts, 153 n. 1

Headache, cure for, 2, 52, 58, 63, 64

Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 383, 384 n. 1

Headman sacred, 177 n. 3

Heaps of stones, sticks, or leaves, to which every passer-by adds, 9 sqq.;

on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.;

on graves, 15 sqq.;

“lying heaps,” 14

Hearn, Lafcadio, 144

Hearts of human victims offered to the sun, 279, 298

Hebrews, their custom as to leprosy, 35

Hebron, 21

Hecatombaeon, an Athenian month, 351

Hecquard, H., 120

Heitsi-eibib, Hottentot god or hero, 16

Hemp, augury as to the height of the, 315;

dances to make hemp grow tall, 315

Hercules, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351 n. 3;

identified with Sandan, 388;

his death on a pyre, 391

—— and Omphale, 389

Hereford, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Herefordshire, the sin-eater in, 43;

Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318 sqq.

Hermes, wayside images of, 24;

Cretan festival of, 350

—— and Argus, 24

Herodotus on the worship of Ishtar (Astarte), 372

Hide beaten with rods, 231

Hierapolis, festival of the Pyre at, 392

Highlands of Scotland, 20;

the Twelve Days in the, 324

Hildesheim, bell-ringing at, on Ascension Day, 247 sq.

Himalayan districts of N. W. India, 29

[pg 437]

Hindoo Koosh, expulsion of demons in the, 225

—— tribes, their annual expulsion of demons after harvest, 137

Hindoos, transference of evil among the, 38;

their fear of demons, 91 sq.

Hirt, H., 325 n. 3

Hobby-horse to carry away spirit of smallpox, 119

Hochofen, village of Bohemia, 161

Hockey played as a ceremony, 174

Holed flint a protection against witches, 162

Holy Innocents' Day, 336, 337, 338;

young people beat each other on, 270, 271

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, 177

Homogeneity of civilization in prehistoric times in Southern Europe and Western Asia, 409

Honorius and Theodosius, decree of, 392

Hood Bay in New Guinea, 84

Horns blown to expel demons, 111, 117, 204, 214;

to ban witches, 160, 161, 165, 166;

at Penzance on eve of May Day, 163 sq.;

by maskers, 243, 244

—— of straw worn to keep off demons, 118;

of goat a protection against witches, 162

Horse sacrificed to Mars, 230;

beloved by Ishtar, 371, 407 n. 2;

beloved by Semiramis, 407 n. 2

—— -shoes a protection against witches, 162

Horus, the birth of, 341

Hos of N. E. India, their annual expulsion of demons at harvest, 136 sq.

—— of Togoland, their annual expulsion of evils, 134 sqq., 206 sq.

Hosskirch in Swabia, 323

Hottentots, the, 16, 29

Hoyerswerda in Silesia, 163

Huddler or Huttler in the Tyrol, 248

Hudel-running in the Tyrol, 248

Huichol Indians of Mexico, 10, 347 n. 3

Huitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, 280, 300;

young man sacrificed in the character of, 280 sq.;

temple of, 287, 290, 297;

hall of, 294

Huixtocihuatl, Mexican goddess of Salt, 283;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of, 283 sq.

Human god and goddess, their enforced union, 386 sq.

—— representatives of gods sacrificed in Mexico, 275 sqq.

—— sacrifice, successive mitigations of, 396 sq., 408

—— sacrifices, their influence on cosmogonical theories, 409 sqq.

—— scapegoats, 38 sqq., 194 sqq., 210 sqq.;

in ancient Rome, 229 sqq.;

in classical antiquity, 229 sqq.;

in ancient Greece, 252 sqq.;

reason for beating the, 256 sq.;

victims, men clad in the skins of, 265 sq.

Hunger, expulsion of, at Chaeronea, 252

Hurons, their way of expelling sickness, 121

Husbandman, the Roman, his prayers to Mars, 229

Huss, John, 336 n. 1

Huttler or Huddler in the Tyrol, 248

Huzuls, the, of the Carpathians, 32 sq., 35

Hyginus on the death of Semiramis, 407 n. 2

Hysteria cured by beating, 260

Identification of girl with Maize Goddess, 295

Idols, nails knocked into, 69 sq.

Igbodu, a sacred grove, 212

Igliwa, a Berber tribe, 178

Ilamatecutli, Mexican goddess, 287;

woman sacrificed in the character of, 287 sq.

Ill Luck embodied in an ascetic, 41;

the casting away of, 144

Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., quoted, 78

Images, demons conjured into, 171, 172, 173, 203

Immestar in Syria, 394

Immortality, how men lost the boon of, 302 sqq.

Impregnation of women by ghosts, 18

Inanimate objects, transference of evil to, 1 sqq.

Inao, sacred whittled sticks, 261

Inauguration of a king in ancient India, 263

Incas of Peru, their annual expulsion of evils, 128 sqq.

Incense used against witches, 158, 159

India, fear of demons in, 89 sqq.;

epidemics sent away in toy chariots in, 193 sq.;

Dravidian tribes of Northern, 259;

inauguration of a king in ancient, 263;

the Twelve Days in ancient, 324 sq.;

origin of the drama in, 384 sq.

——, the Central Provinces of, 7;

expulsion of disease in the, 190

——, the North-Western Provinces of, 61;

the tug-of-war in, 181

Indian Archipelago, expulsion of diseases in the, 199

—— tribes of N. W. America, their masked dances, 375 sqq.

Indians, mutual scourgings of South American, 262

Indo-China, worship of spirits in, 97 sq.

Indra, creation of the great god, 410

Infant, children whipt at death of an, 261 sq.

[pg 438]

Infants, burial of, 45

Infertility, evil spirits of, 250

Influenza expelled by scapegoat, 191, 193

Initiation by spirits, 375

Innocents, Bishop of, in France, 334;

Festival of the, 336 sqq.

Innocents' Day, 336, 337, 338;

young people beat each other on, 270, 271

Inspired men in China, 117

Intercalary month, 342 sqq.

—— period of five days, 407 n. 1

—— periods, customs and superstitions attaching to, 328 sq.;

deemed unlucky, 339 sqq.

Intercalation, rudimentary, to equate lunar and solar years, 325 sqq.

Interregnum on intercalary days, 328 sq.

Inversion of social ranks at the Saturnalia and kindred festivals, 308, 350, 407

Ireland, Twelfth Night in, 321 sq.

Iroquois, their “festival of dreams,” 127;

their use of scapegoats, 209 sq., 233

Iser Mountains in Silesia, 163

Iserlohn in Westphalia, 266

Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, 365;

associated with Sirius, 359 n. 1;

at Erech, 398;

her visit to Anu, 399 n. 1;

goddess of fertility in animals, 406 n. 1

See also Astarte

—— and Gilgamesh, 371 sq., 398 sq.

—— and Semiramis, 369 sqq.

—— and Tammuz, 399, 406

Isis, the birth of, 341

—— and Osiris, 386

Italian cure for fever, 55;

season of sowing in spring, 346

Italy, cure of warts in, 48

Izdubar. See Gilgamesh

Jackson, Professor Henry, 35 n. 3

Jacobsen, J. Adrian, on the Secret Societies of N. W. America, 377 sqq.

Jalno, temporary ruler at Lhasa, 218, 220, 221, 222

James, M. R., 395 notes 2 and 3

Jamieson, J., on Trows, 168 n. 1, 169 n. 2

Japan, cure for toothache in, 71;

expulsion of demons in, 118 sq., 143 sq.;

Feast of Lanterns in, 151 sq.;

annual expulsion of evil in, 212 sq.

Jastrow, M., on the epic of Gilgamesh, 399 n. 1

Jataka, the, 41

Jaundice, cure for, 52

Java, belief in demons in, 86 sq.;

the Tenggerese of, 184

Jay, blue, as scapegoat, 51

Jealousy, cure for, 33

Jensen, P., 362 n. 1;

his theory of Haman and Vashti as Elamite deities, 366 sq.;

on Anaitis, 369 n. 1;

on the fast of Esther, 398 sq.

Jepur in India, use of scapegoat at, 191

Jerusalem, the weeping for Tammuz at, 400

Jewish calendar, New Year's Day of the, 359

—— converts, form of abjuration used by, 393

—— Day of Atonement, 210

—— festival of Purim, 360 sqq.

—— use of scapegoats, 210

Jews accused of ritual murders, 394 sqq.;

the great deliverance of the, at Purim, 398

Jinn, belief in the, 104;

infesting camels, 260

Jochelson, W., quoted, 101

Johns, Rev. C. H. W., 357 n. 2, 367 notes 2 and 3

Joustra, M., quoted, 88

Juhar, the Bhotiyas of, 209

July, the Nonae Caprotinae in, 258

June, Mexican human sacrifice in, 283

Jungle Mother, the, 27

Juniper burned to keep out ghosts, 154 n.;

used to beat people with, 271

—— berries, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, 158

Juno Caprotina, 258

Jupiter, temple of Capitoline, 66

Kabyle cure for jealousy, 33

Kacharis, the, of Assam, their fear of demons, 93

Kachins of Burma, their belief in demons, 96

Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 264

Kalau, demons, 101

Kaliths, gods of the Pelew Islanders, 81 sq.

Kamtchatka, the tug-of-war in, 178

Kamtchatkans, their fear of demons, 89

Kanagra in India, 45

Kanhar river, 60

Karens of Burma, their belief in demons, 96

Karkantzari, fiends or monsters in Macedonia, 320

Karpathos, a Greek island, 55

Kasan Government in Russia, the Wotyaks of the, 156

Kaua Indians of N. W. Brazil, 236;

their masked dances, 381

Kaumpuli, god of plague, 4

Kausika Sutra, Indian book of magic, 192

Kayans, the, of Borneo, 19, 154 n.;

their masked dances, 236, 382 sq.

[pg 439]

Keb, the Egyptian Earth-god, 341

Kei Islands, expulsion of demons in the, 112 sq.

—— river, 11

Kengtung in Burma, 116

Kennedy, Prof. A. R. S., quoted, 210 n. 4

Kharwars of N. India, their use of scapegoats, 192

Khasis of Assam, their annual expulsion of demon of plague, 173

Khonds, their annual expulsion of demons at seed-time, 138, 234;

their treatment of human victims, 259

Killing the god, 1;

in Mexico, 275 sqq.

King, temporary, in Siam, 151;

in ancient India, inauguration of a, 263;

assembly for determining the fate of the, 356;

mock or temporary, 403 sq.

—— and Queen of May, 406

—— of the Bean, 313 sqq.;

at Merton College, Oxford, 332

—— of the Saturnalia, 308, 311, 312

—— of the Years at Lhasa, 220, 221

King's College, Cambridge, Boy Bishop at, 338

Kings, the Three, on Twelfth Day, 329 sqq.;

magistrates at Olympia called, 352;

marry the wives and concubines of their predecessors, 368

Kingsley, Mary H., quoted, 74

Kioga Lake, 246

Kiriwina, in S. E. New Guinea, 134

Kirkland, Rev. Mr., 210

Kitching, A. L., quoted, 246 sq.

Kites, artificial, used to drive away the devil, 4;

paper, flown as scapegoats, 203

Kleintitschen, P. A., quoted, 82 sq.

Kleptomania, cure for, 34

Kling or Klieng, a mythical hero of the Dyaks, 383, 384 n. 1

Knives under the threshold, a protection against witches, 162

Knots tied in branches of trees as remedies, 56 sq.

Knotted thread in magic, 48

Kobeua Indians of N. W. Brazil, their masked dances, 236, 381

Kore, expulsion of, on Easter Eve in Albania, 157

Korkus, the, of India, 7

Korwas of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, 192

Koryaks, the, of N. E. Asia, their belief in demons, 100 sq.;

expulsion of demons among the, 126 sq.

Kubary, J., quoted, 81 sq.

Kumaon, in N. W. India, 37;

sliding down a rope in, 196 sq.

Kumis, the, of S. E. India, 117

Kurmis of India, 190

Kururumany, the Arawak creator, 302

Kuskokwin River, 380

Kwakiutl Indians of N. W. America, their masked dances, 376 n. 2, 378

Labrador, fear of demons in, 79 sq.

Labruguière, in S. France, 166

Lagarde, on the “Ride of the Beardless One,” 402, 405

Lakor, island of, 199

Lama of Tibet, the Grand, 197, 220, 221, 222

——, the Teshu, 203

Lamaist sects, 94

Lanchang, a Malay craft, 187

Lande-Patry in Normandy, 183

Lane, E. W., quoted, 104

Lanterns, feast of, in Japan, 151 sq.

Laos, 29

Laosians of Siam, their belief in demons, 97

Last day of the year, annual expulsion of demons on the, 145 sqq.

Latin Christianity, its tolerance of rustic paganism, 346

Laurel in purification, 262

Laurels, ceremony of renewing the, 346 n. 1

Lawes, W. G., quoted, 84 sq.

Lead, melted, in cure, 4

Leafman, the, 61

Leaping over bonfires, 156

Leaps to promote the growth of the crops, 232, 238 sqq.

Leaves, disease transferred to, 2;

fatigue transferred to, 8 sqq.;

used to expel demons, 201, 206;

sickness transferred to, 259;

used in exorcism, 262

Lehmann-Haupt, C. F., 412 n. 1, 415 n. 1

Lehner, Stefan, quoted, 83 sq.

Leith Links, witches burnt on, 165

Leme, the river, 182

Lengua Indians, 78

Lent, ceremony at Halberstadt in, 214;

perhaps derived from an old pagan period of abstinence observed for the growth of the seed, 347 sqq.

—— and the Saturnalia, 345 sqq.

Lenten fast, its origin, 348

Leobschütz district of Silesia, 268

Leprosy, Hebrew custom as to, 35;

Mexican goddess of, 292

Lerwick, ceremony of Up-helly-a' at, 169

Leti, island of, 199

Leucadians, their use of human scapegoats, 254

Lhasa, ceremony of the Tibetan New Year at, 197 sq., 218 sqq.

“Liar's mound, the,” in Borneo, 14

[pg 440]

License, month of general, 148;

periods of, preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, 225 sq., 306, 328 sq., 343, 344;

granted to slaves at the Saturnalia, 307 sq., 350 sq., 351 sq.

Licentious rites for the fertilization of the ground, 177

Lichfield, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Licorice root used to beat people with at Easter, 269

Liebrecht, F., 392 n. 1

Lienz in the Tyrol, masquerade at, 242, 245

Lime-tree in popular cure, 59 sq.

Limewood used at expulsion of demons, 156

Lincoln, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Lion beloved by Ishtar, 371

“—— with the Sheepskins,” 265

Livuans, the, of New Britain, 82

Livy on the annual custom of knocking a nail, 66;

on the Saturnalia, 345 n. 1

Lizard or snake in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, 208

Lizards and serpents supposed to renew their youth by casting their skins, 302 sqq.

Llama, black, as scapegoat, 193

Loango, practice of knocking nails into idols in, 69 sq.

Lokoala, initiation by spirits, 376

Lord of the Diamond, 29

—— of Misrule, 251;

in England, 331 sqq.

Lorraine, King and Queen of the Bean in, 315

Loth, J., 325 n. 3

Lots cast at Purim, 361 sq.

Louis XIV. as King of the Bean, 313

Lous, a Babylonian month, 355, 358

Love, cure for, 3

Lover's Leap, 254

Lovers of Semiramis and Ishtar, their sad fate, 371 sq.

Lucian, as to the rites of Hierapolis, 392

Ludlow in Shropshire, the tug-of-war at, 182

Lugg, river, 183

Lules or Tonocotes of the Gran Chaco, their behaviour in an epidemic, 122 sq.

Lumholtz, C., quoted, 10, 347 n. 3

Lunar year equated to solar year by intercalation, 325, 342 sq.

Lusatia, the “Witch-burning” in, 163

Lushais of Assam, their belief in demons, 94

Luzon, exorcism in, 260

Lycaeus, Mount, in Arcadia, human sacrifice on, 353

Lydia, the burning of kings in, 391

Lydus, Joannes, 229 n. 1

Ma, goddess worshipped at Comana, 421 n. 1

MacCulloch, J. A., 326 n.

Macdonald, Rev. James, 111 n. 1

Macdonell, Lady Agnes, 164 n. 1

Macedonian superstitions as to the Twelve Days, 320

Machindranath temple at Lhasa, 219

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., 169 n. 2

Macrobius on institution of the Saturnalia, 345 n. 1

Madagascar, 19

Madis, the, of Central Africa, 217

Magdalen College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Magic in ancient India, 91;

and witchcraft, permanence of the belief in, 89;

homoeopathic or imitative, 177, 232, 257

Magnesia on the Maeander, 397 n. 2

Mahadeva, propitiation of, 197

Maize, the goddess of the Young, 278;

Mexican goddesses of, 285 sq., 286 n. 1, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295

Majhwars, Dravidian race of Mirzapur, 36, 60

Makrîzî, Arabic writer, 393

Malabar, use of cows as scapegoats in, 216

Malagasy, faditras among the, 33 sq.

Malay Peninsula, the Besisi of the, 226 n. 1

Malays, their use of birds as scapegoats, 35;

stratification of religious beliefs among the, 90 n. 1

Mallans of India, 190

Mamurius Veturius in ancient Rome, 229 sqq., 252, 257

Man-god in China, 117 sq.

Mandan Indians, their annual expulsion of the devil, 171

Manipur, Rajah of, 39 sq.;

annual eponyms in, 39 sq.

Mannhardt, W., on processions of maskers, 250;

on beating human scapegoats, 255, 272

Mantras, the, of the Malay Peninsula, their fear of demons, 88 sq.

Maori gods, 81

Maraves, the, of South Africa, 19

Marcellus of Bordeaux, 48, 50

March, annual expulsion of demons in, 149;

annual expulsion of witches in, 157;

annual expulsion of evils in, 199;

ceremony of Mamurius Veturius in, 229, 231;

old Roman year began in, 231, 345;

dances of the Salii in, 232;

bell-ringing procession on the first of, 247;

custom of beating [pg 441] people and cattle in, 266;

marriage festival of all the gods in, 373 n. 1;

festival of the Matronalia in, 346

Marduk or Merodach, Babylonian god, 356, 357, 399;

as a deliverer from demons, 103;

his ceremonial marriage at New Year, 356;

the votaries of, 372 n. 2

Marjoram a protection against witchcraft, 160

Mar-na, a Philistine deity, 418 n. 1

Marriage of the god Marduk, 356

——, mock or real, of human victims, 257 sq.

—— festival of all the gods, 273 n. 1

Mars a god of vegetation, 229 sq.;

the Old, at Rome, 229, 231, 252

—— Silvanus, 230

Marsaba, a demon, 109

Marseilles, human scapegoats at, 253

Marsh-marigolds a protection against witches, 163

Martin, Rev. John, quoted, 132 sq.

Martyrdom of St. Dasius, 308 sqq.

Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, 133 sq.

Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, 366 sq.

Mask, two-faced, worn by image of goddess, 287.

See also Masks

Masked dances and ceremonies of savages, 374 sqq.;

to promote fertility, 236

Maskers in the Tyrol and Salzburg, 242 sqq.;

as bestowers of fertility, 249;

supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, 380, 382, 383

Masks worn at expulsion of demons, 111, 127, 145, 213;

intended to ban demons, 246;

worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, 236, 240, 242 sqq., 247, 248 sq.;

worn by the Perchten, 242, 243, 245, 247;

worn by priests who personate gods, 287;

worn in religious dances and performances, 375, 376 n. 2, 378, 379, 380, 382;

burned at end of masquerade, 382;

treated as animate 382

Masquerades in modern Europe, intention of certain, 251 sq.

Master of the Revels, 333 sq.

Masuren, “Easter Smacks” in, 269

Mateer, S., quoted, 94

Mater Dolorosa, the ancient and the modern, 349

Material vehicles of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Materialization of prayer, 22 n. 2

Matronalia, festival of the, in March, 346

Matse negroes of Togoland, 3

Mawu, Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, 74 sq.

Maxwell, W. E., quoted, 90 n. 1

May, Mexican human sacrifices in, 276, 280;

dances of Castilian peasants in, 280;

the King and Queen of, 406

—— Day, 359;

Eve of, witches abroad on, 158 sqq.;

in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, 158 sq.;

witches rob cows of milk on, 267

—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, 266

Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon, 171;

their calendar, 171;

their five supplementary days, 340

Mecca, stone-throwing at, 24

Mecklenburg, custom on Good Friday in, 266;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, 327

Medicine-man, need of, 76

Melanesia, belief in demons in, 82

Melenik in Macedonia, 320

Men, evil transferred to, 38 sqq.;

possessed by spirits in China, 117;

divine, as scapegoats, 217 sqq.;

sacrifices of deified, 409

—— and women forbidden by Mosaic law to interchange dress, 363

Mengap, a Dyak liturgy, 383

Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, 356

Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, 332

Metageitnion, a Greek month, 354

Mexican temples, their form, 279

Mexico, Indians of, 10;

the Cora Indians of, 238, 381;

the Tarahumare Indians of, 236 sq.;

use of skins of human victims in ancient, 265 sq.;

killing the god in, 275 sqq.;

story of the creation of the sun in, 410

Meyer, Eduard, 349 n. 4

Midsummer Day, 359

—— Eve, witches active on, 158, 160

Milan, festival of the Three Kings of Twelfth Day at, 331

Milk, heifers beaten to make them yield, 266 sq.

Milky juice of wild fig-tree in religious rite, 258

Mimicry the principle of religious or magical dramas, 374

Minahassa in Celebes, expulsion of demons in, 111 sq.

Mingoli, spirits of the dead, 77

Miotse, the, of China, 4

Mirzapur, 6, 27, 36;

the Korwas and Pataris of, 192

Misfortune swept out of house with brooms, 5

[pg 442]

Misrule, the Lord of, 251;

in England, 331 sqq.

Missiles hurled at dangerous ghosts or spirits, 17 sqq.

Mistress of the Earth, 85

Mitigations of human sacrifice, 396 sq., 408

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, 217

Moa, island of, 199

Mock king, 403 sq.

—— marriage of human victims, 257 sq.

Mockery of Christ, 412 sqq.

Modai, invisible spirits, 93

Moesia, Durostorum in Lower, 309

Mogador, 63

Mohammed and the devil, 24

Mohammedan custom of raising cairns, 21

—— saints, 21, 22

“Moles and Field-mice,” fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night, 317

Molina, Spanish historian, 130 n. 1

Molonga, a demon, 172

Mommsen, August, 153 n. 1

Mongol transference of evil, 7 sq.

Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, 208 sq.

Montagne du Doubs, 316

Month during which men disguised as devils go about, 132;

of general license before expulsion of demons, 148;

intercalary, 342 sqq.

—— and moon, names for, in Aryan languages, 325

Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, their masked dances, 382

Moon, bodily ailments transferred to the, 53 sq.;

the waning, 60;

the “dark” and the “light,” 140, 141 n. 1;

temple of the, 218;

hearts of human victims offered to the, 282;

the goddess of the, 341, 381

—— and month, names for, in Aryan languages, 325

Moors of Morocco, 31

Moravia, precautions against witchcraft in, 162;

“Easter Smacks” in, 268, 269

Mordecai, his triumphal ride in Susa, 403

—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, 405;

the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, 406

—— and Haman, 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, 400 sq.

Morning Star, personated by a man, 238;

the god of the, 381

Morocco, 21, 31;

exorcism in, 63;

the tug-of-war in, 178 sq., 182;

custom of beating people in, 265, 266

Morris-dancers, 250 sq.

Mortality, savage explanations of human, 302 sqq.

Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, 82

Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women, 363

Moses, the tomb of, 21

Moslem custom of raising cairns, 21

Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, 139

Mosul, cure for headache at, 64

Mother of the Gods, Mexican goddess, 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, 289 sq.

—— -kin in royal families, 368 n. 1

Moulton, Professor J. H., 325 n. 3, 373 n. 1

Mounds of Semiramis, 370, 371, 373

Mountain of Parting, 279

Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, 368, 387, 388, 391

Mowat in British New Guinea, 265

Mrus, the, of Aracan, 12 n. 1

Mule as scapegoat, 50

Müller, K. O., on Sandan, 389 sq.

Mundaris, the, of N. E. India, their annual saturnalia at harvest, 137

Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, 214 sq.

Munzerabad in S. India, 172

Muota Valley in Switzerland, 166

Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, 15

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, 372 n. 2, 390

Mysore in S. India, 172

Mysteries as magical ceremonies, 374

Mythical beings represented by men and women, 385 sq.

Myths in relation to magic, 374;

performed dramatically in dances, 375 sqq.

Nabu, Babylonian god, 358 n.

Nagas of Assam, the tug-of-war among the, 177

Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, 390

Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, 369 n. 1

Nailing evils into trees, walls, etc., 59 sqq.

Nails, clippings of, in popular cures, 57, 58;

knocked into trees, walls, etc., as remedy, 59 sqq.;

knocked into idols or fetishes, 69 sq.;

knocked in ground as cure for epilepsy, 330

Nakiza, the river, 27

Nat superstition in Burma, 90 n. 1

Nats, spirits in Burma, 175 sq.;

propitiation of, 96

Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, 166 sq.

Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, 357

Negritos, religion of the, 82

[pg 443]

Neilgherry Hills, 36, 37

Nelson, E. W., on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, 379 sqq.

Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, 339

Nepaul, Dassera festival in, 226 n. 1

Nephthys, the birth of, 341

Nettles, whipping with, 263

Neugramatin in Bohemia, 270

Neumann, J. B., quoted, 87

New Britain, the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, 82 sq.;

expulsion of devils in, 109 sq.;

Gazelle Peninsula in, 303

—— Caledonia, burying the evil spirit in, 110;

mode of promoting growth of taros in, 264

—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, 338

—— Guinea, annual expulsion of demons in, 134

—— Guinea, British, 265;

belief in ghosts in, 84 sq.

—— Guinea, Dutch, 178;

the Papuans of, their belief in demons, 83

—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, 188;

the Bukaua of, their belief in demons, 83 sq.;

the Kai of, 264;

the Monumbo of, 382

—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, 304

—— yams, ceremonies before eating the, 134 sqq.

—— Year, expulsion of evils at the, 127, 133, 149 sq., 155;

not reckoned from first month, 149 n. 2;

sham fight at the, 184;

ceremony at the Tibetan, 197 sq.;

festival among the Iroquois, 209 sq.;

the Tibetan, 218;

festival at Babylon, 356 sqq.

—— Year's Day in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, 202;

in Tibet, ceremony on, 203;

among the Swahili, 226 n. 1;

young women beat young men on, 271;

of the Jewish calendar, 359

—— Zealand, human scapegoats in, 39

Nganga, medicine-man, 76

Ngoc hoang, his message to men, 303

Nias, expulsion of demons in, 113 sqq.;

explanation of human mortality in, 303

Nicaragua, 9

Nicholas Bishop, 338

Nicobar Islanders, their belief in demons, 88;

their annual expulsion of demons, 201 sq.

—— Islands, demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, 189 sq.

Nicobarese ceremony of exorcism, 262

Nights, custom of reckoning by, 326 n. 2

Nineveh, tomb of Sardanapalus at, 388 n. 1;

the burning of Sandan at, 390

Ninus, Assyrian hero, 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, 25

Nisan, Jewish month, 356, 361, 415

No, annual expulsion of demons in China, 145 sq.

Noises made to expel demons, 109 sqq., 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on Purim and Esther, 366, 367 n. 1, 368 n.;

on Omanos and Anadates, 373 n. 1

Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, 258

Normandy, the Bocage of, 183 sq., 316, 323

Northamptonshire cure for cough, 51

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, 67

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, 267

Norwich, the Boy Bishop at, 337

November, annual ceremony in, at catching sea-slug, 143;

expulsion of demons in, 204

Nut, the Egyptian sky-goddess, 341

Nyassa, Lake, 10

Oak and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -trees in popular cures, 57, 60

Obassi Nsi, earth-god, 28

October, annual expulsion of demons in, 226 n. 1;

Roman sacrifice of horse in, 230

Oels, in Silesia, 157

Oesel, Esthonian island, 14

Offerings at cairns, 26 sqq.;

to demons, 96

Oho-harahi, a Japanese ceremony, 213

Old Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), 321

Oldenberg, H., quoted, 90 sq.

Oldenburg, popular cures in, 49, 51, 52, 53-58

Oldfield, H. A., quoted, 226 n. 1

Olive, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -tree in popular remedy, 60

Olympia, festival of Cronus at, 352 sq.

Olynthiac, river, 142 n. 1

Olynthus, tomb of, 143 n.

Omanos at Zela, 373 n. 1

Omens, mode of neutralizing bad, 39

Omnipresence of demons, 72 sqq.

Omphale and Hercules, 389

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, 402

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, annual expulsion of evils at, 133;

use of human scapegoats at, 210 sq.

[pg 444]

Opening of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, 352

Oraons, the, of Bengal, their belief in demons, 93 sq.;

their use of a human scapegoat, 196

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, 317, 319, 320

Orestes, purification of, 262

Origin of death, savage tales of the, 302 sqq.

Orinoco, Indians of the, 303

Orkney Islands, 29;

transference of sickness in the, 49

Orlagau in Thüringen, 271

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, 231

Osiris, the birth of, 341

—— and Isis, 386

Ottery St. Mary's, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Oude, burial of infants in, 45

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, 278

Owl represented dramatically as a mystery, 377

Ox, disease transferred to, 31 sq.

Oxen pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, 319

Oxford, Lords of Misrule at, 332

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, 264

Palm Sunday, Russian custom on, 268

Pan's image beaten by the Arcadians, 256

Pancakes to scald fiends on New Year's Eve, 320

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, 47 sq.

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, 29

Papuans, their belief in demons, 83

Parkinson, R., quoted, 83

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, 367

Passover, accusations of murders at, 395 sq.;

the crucifixion of Christ at, 414 sqq.

Patagonians, their remedy for smallpox, 122

Pataris of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, 192

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, 94

Paton, L. B., 360 n. 1

Paton, W. R., on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, 257 sq., 259, 272;

on Adam and Eve, 259 n. 3;

on the crucifixion, 413 n. 2

Pauntley, parish of, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318

Pawnees, their human sacrifice, 296

Payne, E. J., 286 n. 1

Peach-tree in popular remedy, 54

Peaiman, sorcerer, 78

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, 7

Pegging ailments into trees, 58 sqq.

Pelew Islanders, their gods, 81 sq.

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, 350

Pelorian Zeus, 350

Pemali, taboo, 39

Pembrokeshire, cure for warts in, 53

Penance by drawing blood from ears, 292

Pennant, Thomas, quoted, 321, 324

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the Eve of May Day, 163 sq.

Perak, periodic expulsion of evils in, 198 sqq.;

the rajah of, 198 sq.

Perche and Beauce, in France, 57, 62

Perchta, Frau, 240 sq.

Perchta's Day, 240, 242, 244

Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, 240, 242 sqq.

Percival, R., quoted, 94 sq.

Perham, Rev. J., on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 383 sq.

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, 198 sqq.

Periods of license preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, 225 sq.

Περίψημα, 255 n. 1

Persephone, mourning for, 348 sq.

Persia, cure for toothache in, 59;

the feast of Purim in, 393

Persian framework of the book of Esther, 362, 401

—— kings married the wives of their predecessors, 368 n. 1

—— marriages at the vernal equinox, 406 n. 3

Persians annually expel demons, 145;

the Sacaea celebrated by the, 402

Peru, Indians of, 3;

Incas of, 128;

Aymara Indians of, 193;

autumn festival in, 262

Peruvian Indians, 9, 27

Phees (phi), evil spirits, 97

Philadelphia in Lydia, coin of, 389

Philippine Islands, spirits of the dead in the, 82

Philippines, the Tagbanuas of the, 189

Philo of Alexandria, on the mockery of King Agrippa, 418

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, 390

Phrygia, Cybele and Attis in, 386

Piazza Navona at Rome, Befana on the, 166 sq.

Pig used to decoy demons, 200, 201

Pig's blood used in purificatory rites, 262

Pilate and Christ, 416 sq.

Piles of sticks or stones. See Heaps

Pillar, fever transferred to a, 53

Pine-resin burnt as a protection against witches, 164

Pins stuck into saint's image, 70 sq.

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, 244

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, 153

Pitchforks ridden by witches, 160, 162

[pg 445]

Pithoria, village in India, 191

Pitteri Pennu, the god of increase, 138

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, 4 sq.;

god of, 4;

transferred to camel, 33;

preventive of, 64;

demon of, expelled, 173;

sent away in scapegoat, 193

Plato on parricide, etc., 24 sq.;

on poets, 35 n. 3;

on sorcery, 47

Playfair, Major A., quoted, 208 sq.

Pleiades, ceremony at the appearance of the, 262;

observed by savages, 326

Pliny on cure of warts, 48 n. 2;

on cure for epilepsy, 68

Pliny's letter to Trajan, 420

Plough drawn round village to keep off epidemic, 172 sq.

—— Monday, the rites of, 250 sq.

Ploughing, ceremonies at, 235

Plutarch on “the expulsion of hunger,” 252

Po Then, a great spirit, 97

Point Barrow, the Esquimaux of, 124

Pollution caused by murder, 25

Polynesia, demons in, 80 sq.

Pomerania, 17

Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, 170 sq.

Pongau district of Salzburg, 244

Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 316

Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, 370, 372

Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, 420 sq.

Porphyry on demons, 104

Port Charlotte in Islay, 62

—— Moresby in New Guinea, 84

Porto Novo, annual expulsion of demons at, 205

Poseidon, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351

Posterli, expulsion of, 214

Potala Hill at Lhasa, 197

Poverty, annual expulsion of, 144 sq.

Powers, Stephen, quoted, 170 sq.

Prajapati, the sacrifice of the creator, 411

Prayer, the materialization of, 22 n. 2;

at sowing, 138

Prayers at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, 26, 28, 29 sq.

Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, 182 sq.

Priest, the corpse-praying, 45

Priests personating gods, 287

Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, 185 sqq.;

diseases sent away in a, 199 sq.

Processions for the expulsion of demons, 117, 233;

bell-ringing, at the Carnival, 247;

to drive away demons of infertility, 245;

of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, 250

Procopius, quoted, 125 n. 1

Propertius, 19

Propitiation of ancestral spirits, 86;

of demons, 93, 94, 96, 100

Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, 268

——, West, 17

Prussian rulers, formerly burnt, 391

Public expulsion of evils, 109 sqq.

—— scapegoats, 170 sqq.

Puḫru, “assembly,” 361

Puithiam, sorcerer, 94

Puna Indians, 9

Punjaub, human scapegoats in the, 196

Puppy, blind, as scapegoat, 50

Pur in the sense of “lot,” 361

Purification by bathing or washing, 3 sq.;

by means of stone-throwing, 23 sqq.;

religious, intended to keep off demons, 104 sq.;

the Great, a Japanese ceremony, 213 n. 1;

by beating, 262;

Feast of the, (Candlemas), 332

—— festival among the Cherokee Indians, 128

Purim, the Jewish festival of, 360 sqq.;

custom of burning effigies of Haman at, 392 sqq.;

compared to the Carnival, 394;

its relation to Persia, 401 sqq.

Purushu, great primordial giant, 410

Pyre, traditionary death of Asiatic kings and heroes on a, 387, 388, 389 sqq.;

festival of the, at Hierapolis, 392

Pythagoras, his saying as to swallows, 35 n. 3

Quauhtitlan, city in Mexico, 301

Queen of the Bean, 313, 315

Queensland, tribes of Central, their expulsion of a demon, 172

Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, 281, 300;

man sacrificed in the character of, 281 sq.

“Quickening” heifers with a branch of rowan, 266 sq.

Quixos, Indians of the, 263

Ra, the Egyptian Sun-god, 341

Races to ensure good crops, 249

Radnorshire, 182

Rafts, evils expelled in, 199, 200 sq.

Rain, charms to produce, 175 sq., 178 sq.;

or drought, games of ball played to produce, 179 sq.;

dances to obtain, 236 sq., 238;

festival to procure, 277;

divinities of the, 381

—— gods of Mexico, 283

Rainy season, expulsion of demons at the beginning of the, 225

Rajah of Manipur, 39 sq.;

of Travancore, 42 sq.;

of Tanjore, 44

Ramsay, Sir W. M., 421 n. 1

Ranchi, in Chota Nagpur, 139

[pg 446]

Rattles to keep out ghosts, 154 n.

Raven legends among the Esquimaux, 380

Red thread in popular cure, 55

—— and yellow paint on human to represent colours of maize, 285

Reed, W. A., quoted, 82

Reinach, Salomon, 420 n. 1

Renan, Ernest, 70

Renewal, annual, of king's power at Babylon, 356, 358

Resurrection, the divine, in Mexican ritual, 288, 296, 302;

of the dead god, 400

Revelry at Purim, 363 sq.

Revels, Master of the, 333 sq.

Rhea, wife of Cronus, 351

Rhodians, their annual sacrifice of a man to Cronus, 353 sq., 397

Rhys, Sir John, 343 n.;

quoted, 70 sq.

Ribhus, Vedic genii of the seasons, 325

Rice-harvest, carnival at the, 226 n. 1

Richalm, Abbot, his fear of devils, 105 sq.

Riddles asked at certain seasons or on certain occasions, 120 sq., n.

“Ride of the Beardless One,” a Persian New Year ceremony, 402 sq.

Ridgeway, W., 353 n. 4;

on the origin of Greek tragedy, 384 n. 2

Ridley, Rev. W., quoted, 123 sq.

Riedel, J. G. F., quoted, 85

Rig Veda, story of creation in the, 410

Ring suspended in Purim bonfire, 393

Rings, headache transferred to, 2

Ritual murder, accusations of, brought against the Jews, 394 sqq.

River of Good Fortune, 28

Rivers used to sweep away evils, 3 sq., 5;

offerings and prayers to, 27 sq.

Rivros, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Rockhill, W. W., 220 n. 1

Rogations, 277

Roman cure for fever, 47;

for epilepsy, 68

—— festival in honour of ghosts, 154 sq.

—— husbandman, his prayers to Mars, 229

—— seasons of sowing, 232

—— soldiers, celebration of the Saturnalia by, 308 sq.

Romans, their mode of reckoning a day, 326 n. 2

Rome, the knocking of nails in ancient, 64 sqq.;

Piazza Navona at, 166 sq.;

ancient, human scapegoats in, 229 sqq.;

the Saturnalia at, 307 sq.

Romulus, disappearance of, 258

Roocooyen Indians of French Guiana, 263;

their tug-of-war, 181

Roof, dances on the, 315

Rook, expulsion of devil in island of, 109

Rope, ceremony of sliding down a, 196 sqq.

Ropes used to keep off demons, 120, 149;

used to exclude ghosts, 152 sq., 154 n.

Roscher, W. H., on the Salii, 231 n. 3

Roscommon, Twelfth Night in, 321 sq.

Rosemary, used to beat people with, 270, 271

Rouen, ceremony on Ascension Day at, 215 sq.

Roumanians of Transylvania, 16;

their belief in demons, 106 sq.

Rowan-tree, cattle beaten with branches of, on May Day, 266 sq.;

used to keep witches from cows, 267

Rue, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, 158

Rupture, popular cures for, 52, 60

Russia, the Wotyaks of, 155 sq.

Russian custom on Palm Sunday, 268

—— villagers, their precautions against epidemics, 172 sq.

Rutuburi, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, 237

Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, 354 sqq.;

in relation to Purim, 359 sqq.;

and Zakmuk, 399;

celebrated by the Persians, 402

Sacred dramas, as magical rites, 373 sqq.

—— harlots, 370, 371, 372

—— slaves, 370

Sacrifice, human, successive mitigations of, 396 sq., 408;

the Brahmanical theory of, 410 sq.

Sacrifices, human, their influence on cosmogonical theories, 409 sqq.;

of deified men, 409

Sacrificial victims, beating people with the skins of, 265

Sagar in India, use of scapegoat at, 190 sq.

Sahagun, B. de, 276, 280, 300 n. 1, 301 n. 1

“Saining,” a protection against spirits, 168

St. Barbara's Day, custom of putting rods in pickle on, 270

St. Dasius, martyrdom of, 308 sqq.

St. Edmund's Day in November, 332

St. Eustorgius, church of, at Milan, 331

St. George, Eve of, witches active on the, 158

St. George's Day among the South Slavs, 54

St. Guirec, 70

St. Hiztibouzit, 413 n. 2

[pg 447]

St. John the Baptist, 53

St. John (the Evangelist), festival of, 334

St. John's Day in Abyssinia, 133

St. John's wort a protection against witchcraft, 160

St. Joseph, feast of, 297

St. Nicholas Day, 337, 338

St. Paul's, London, the Boy Bishop at 337

St. Peter's, Canterbury, the Boy Bishop at, 337

St. Peter's Day (22nd February), ceremony on, 159 n. 1

St. Pierre d'Entremont in Normandy, 183

St. Romain, the shrine of, at Rouen, 216

St. Stephen's Day, 333, 334;

custom of beating young women on, 270

St. Sylvester's Day (New Year's Eve), precautions against witches on, 164 sq.

—— Eve at Trieste, 165

St. Tecla, 52

St. Thomas's Eve, witches active on, 160

Saints, cairns near shrines of, 21;

Mohammedan, 21, 22

Salii, the dancing priests of Mars, 231 sqq.

Salisbury, the Boy Bishop at, 337, 338

Salt, the goddess of, 278, 283

—— -makers worship the goddess of Salt, 283;

their dance, 284

Saluting the rising sun, a Syrian custom, 416

Salzburg, the Perchten in, 240, 242 sqq.

Samon, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Sampson, Agnes, a witch, 38

Samsi-Adad, king of Assyria, 370 n. 1

Samyas monastery near Lhasa, 220

San Pellegrino, church of, at Ancona, 310

Sandan, 368;

legendary or mythical hero of Western Asia, 388 sqq.

Sandes, the Persian Hercules, 389.

See Sandan

Santiago Tepehuacan, Indians of, 4, 347. 4

Sarawak, the Sea Dyaks of, 154

Sardan or Sandan, the burning of, 389 sq.

Sardanapalus, 368; the epitaph of, 388

—— and Ashurbanapal, 387 sq.

Sardes in Lydia, 389, 391

Sarn, valley of the, in Salzburg, 245

Sarum use, service-books of the, 338

Satan annually expelled by the Wotyaks, 155 sq.;

by the Cheremiss, 156

Saturn, the Roman god of sowing, 232, 306, 307 n. 1;

his festival the Saturnalia, 306 sqq.;

and the Golden Age, 306, 344, 386;

man put to death in the character of, 309;

dedication of the temple of, 345 n. 1;

the old Italian god of sowing, 346

Saturnalia among the Hos and Mundaris of N. E. India, 136 sq.;

and kindred festivals, 306 sqq.;

the Roman, 306 sqq.;

as celebrated by Roman soldiers, 308 sq.;

the King of the, 308, 311, 312;

its relation to the Carnival, 312, 345 sqq.;

and Lent, 345 sqq.;

in ancient Greece, 350 sqq.;

in Western Asia, 354 sqq.;

wide prevalence of festivals like the, 407 sqq.

Savages, their regulation of the calendar, 326

Saxon cure for rupture, 52

Scapegoat, plantain-tree as a, 5;

decked with women's ornaments, 192;

Jewish use of, 210;

a material vehicle for the expulsion of evils, 224

Scapegoats, immaterial objects as, 1 sqq.;

animals as, 31 sqq., 190 sqq., 208 sqq.;

birds as, 35 sq.;

human beings as, 38 sqq., 210 sqq.;

public, 170 sqq.;

divine animals as, 216 sq., 226 sq.;

divine men as, 217 sqq., 226 sq.;

in general, 224 sqq.

——, human, 194 sqq.;

in classical antiquity, 229 sqq.;

in ancient Greece, 252 sqq.;

beaten, 252, 255;

stoned, 253, 254;

cast into the sea, 254 sq.;

reason for beating the, 256 sq.

“Scaring away the devil” at Penzance on the Eve of May Day, 163 sq.

Scarlet thread in charm against witchcraft, 267

Schechter, Dr. S., 364 n. 1

Scheil, Father, on Elamite inscriptions, 367 n. 3

Schmeckostern in Germany and Austria, 268 sq.

Schönthal, the abbot of, 105

Schönwert, village of Bohemia, 161

Schrader, O., 326 n.

Schuyler, E., 45

Schwaz, on the Inn, the “grass-ringers” at, 247

Scorpion's bite, cure for, 49 sq.

Scotch witch, 38 sq.

Scotland, the Highlands of, 20;

cure of warts in, 48;

witches burnt in, 165;

Abbot of Unreason in, 331.

See also Highlands

Scourgings, mutual, of South American Indians, 262

Scythian kings married the wives of their predecessors, 368 n. 1

Scythians, revellers disguised as, 355

Sea, scapegoats cast into the, 254 sq.

—— Dyaks of Sarawak, their Festival of Departed Spirits, 154

[pg 448]

Sea-god, sacrifice to, 255

—— -slugs, ceremonies at the annual appearance of, 141 sqq.

Secret Societies in North-Western America, 377 sq.

Sedna, Mistress of the Nether World, among the Esquimaux, 125 sq.

Seed-time, annual expulsion of demons at, 138

Selangor, demons of disease expelled in a ship from, 187 sq.

Selemnus, the river, 3

Seler, E., 277

Seleucia, 64

Semiramis, mythical and historical, 369 sqq.;

the mounds of, 370, 371, 373, 388 n. 1;

the sad fate of her lovers, 371;

burnt herself on a pyre, 407 n. 2

Sena-speaking people, 7

Senegambia, 16;

the Banmanas of, 261

Senseless Thursday in Carnival, 248

September, expulsion of evils by the Incas of Peru in, 128

Serpents and lizards supposed to renew their youth by casting their skins, 302 sqq.

Servians, their precaution against vampyres, 153 n. 1

Set, the birth of, 341

Sham fight at New Year, 184;

as religious rite, 289

Shaman, function of the, 79 sq.

Shamans, necessity of, 99, 100;

expel demons, 126;

among the Esquimaux, 379, 380

Shammuramat and Semiramis, 370 n. 1

Shampoo, the fatal, 42

Shans of Kengtung, their expulsion of demons, 116 sq.;

of Southern China, their annual expulsion of the fire-spirit, 141

Shawms blown to ban witches, 160

Sheepskins, people beaten with, 265

Shepherd beloved by Ishtar, 371

Shetland Islands, Yule in the, 167 sqq.

Shinto priest, 116

Ship, sicknesses expelled in a, 185 sqq.;

demons expelled in a, 201 sq.

Shogun's palace in Japan, 144

“Shooting the Witches,” 164

Shropshire, 182;

the sin-eater in, 44;

fires on Twelfth Night in, 321

Shrove Tuesday, the tug-of-war on, 182 sq.;

dances to promote the growth of the crops on, 239, 347

Siam, the Laosians of, 97;

annual expulsion of demons in, 149 sqq.;

human scapegoats in, 212

Siamese year of twelve lunar months, 149 n. 2

Sicily, Ascension Day in, 54

Sickness transferred to animals in Europe, 49 sqq.;

ascribed to demons, 109 sqq.

Sicknesses expelled in a ship, 185 sqq.

Sihanaka, the, of Madagascar, 2

Sikhim, cairns in, 26;

demonolatry in, 94

Silence, compulsory, to deceive demons, 132 sq., 140.

Compare 142

Silesia, expulsion of witches on Good Friday in, 157;

precautions against witches in, 162 sq., 164;

“Easter Smacks” in, 268, 269;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, 327

Silili, a Babylonian goddess, 371

Sin-eater, the, 43 sq.

Sin-eating in Wales, 43 sq.

Singalang Burong, a Dyak war-god, 383

Sins, confession of, 36, 127;

transferred to a buffalo calf, 36 sq.;

transferred vicariously to human beings, 39 sqq.;

of people transferred to animals, 210;

Delaware Indian remedies for, 263

Sirius associated with Ishtar, 359 n. 1

Situa, annual festival of the Incas, 128

Siyins, of N. E. India, their belief in demons, 93

Skin disease, supposed remedy for, 266;

Mexican remedy for, 298

Skins, creatures that slough their, supposed to renew their youth, 302 sqq.

—— of human victims, worn by men in Mexico, 265 sq., 288, 290, 294 sq., 296 sqq., 301 sq.

—— of sacrificial victims used to beat people, 265

Sky-goddess, the Egyptian, 341

Sladen, Colonel, 141

Slave Coast, 74

—— women, religious ceremony performed by, 258

Slaves, license granted to, at the Saturnalia, 307 sq., 350 sq., 351 sq.;

feasted by their masters, 308, 350 sq.;

feasted by their mistresses, 346

Slavonia, Good Friday custom in, 268

Slavonic custom of “carrying out Death,” 230

—— peoples, “Easter Smacks” among the, 268

—— year, the beginning of the, 228

Slavs, black god and white god among the, 92

Sleeman, General Sir William, 191

Sloth, the animal, imitated by masker, 381

Sloughing the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, 302 sqq.

Smallpox, cure for, 6;

attributed to a devil, 117, 119, 120, 123;

expelled in a proa, 186

——, demon of, 172;

sent away in a canoe, 188 sq.

[pg 449]

Smell, foul, used to drive demons away, 112

Smith, W. Robertson, on Semiramis, 369 sq.

Smut in wheat, ceremony to prevent, 318

Snails as scapegoats, 52, 53

Snake or lizard in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, 208

Snipe as scapegoat, 51

Social ranks, inversion of, at festivals, 350, 407

Socrates, church historian, 394

Sods, freshly cut, a protection against witches, 163

Soldiers, Roman, celebration of the Saturnalia by, 308 sq.

Solomon Islanders, their expulsion of demons, 116

—— Islands, 9

Solstice, the winter, ceremony after the, 127

Soma, worship of, 90

Songs, liturgical, revealed by gods, 381

—— and dances, how they originate, 378 sq.

Sonnenberg, popular cure for gout in, 56

Soracte, Mount, 311

Sorcerers as protectors against demons, 94;

exorcise demons, 113

Soule, a ball contended for in Normandy, 183

Souls of the dead received once a year by their relations, 150 sqq.

South American Indians, 12, 20

Sow as scapegoat, 33

Sowing, prayer at, 138;

expulsion of demons at, 225;

the god of, 232;

dances at, 234 sqq.;

Saturn the god of, 346;

in Italy, season of the spring, 346

Sown fields, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, 316, 318, 321

Spain, the Boy Bishop in, 338

Spear, sacred, 218

Spears used to expel demons, 115, 116

Spirits, retreat of the army of, 72 sq.;

guardian, 98;

good and evil, personated by children, 139;

Festival of Departed, 154

Spitting as a mode of transferring evil, 3, 10, 11;

as a mode of transferring disease, 187;

at ceremony for expulsion of evils, 208

Spittle as a protection against demons, 118

Spring, rites to ensure the revival of life in, 400

Squills used to beat human scapegoats, etc., 255 sq.

Star, the Morning, personated by a man, 238;

of Bethlehem, 330

Steele, Sir Richard, quoted, 333

Sternberg, L., quoted, 101 sq.

Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, 264 sq.

—— and stones, evils transferred to, 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, 263

Stone-throwing at Mecca, rite of, 24;

in ancient Greece, 24 sq.

Stones heaped up near shrines of saints, 21;

communion by means of, 21 sq.;

thrown at demons, 131, 146, 152

—— and sticks, evil transferred to, 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

Stoning, execution by, 24 n. 2

—— human scapegoats, 253, 254

Stopfer, maskers in Switzerland, 239

Stow, John, on Lords of Misrule, quoted, 331 sq.

Strabo, on the Sacaea, 355, 369;

on the worship at Zela, 370 n. 4;

on the sanctuary at Zela, 421 n. 1

Strack, H. L., 395 n. 3

Stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays, 90 n. 1

Straw wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, 164

Strehlitz, in Silesia, 157

Strudeli and Strätteli, 165

Substitutes in human sacrifice, 396 sq., 408

Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, 202

Suffering, principle of vicarious, 1 sq.

Suffolk cure for ague, 68

Suicides, ghosts of, feared, 17 sq.

Sukandar river, 60

Sumatra, the Battas or Bataks of, 87, 213

Sun, appeal to the, 3;

charm to prevent the sun from setting, 30 n. 2;

reappearance of, in the Arctic regions, ceremonies at, 124 sq., 125 n. 1;

temple of the, at Cuzco, 129;

spirit who lives in the, 186;

hearts of human victims offered to the, 279, 298;

Mexican story of the creation of the, 410;

Syrian custom of saluting the rising, 416

—— -god, Christmas, an old pagan festival of the, 328;

the Egyptian, 341

Sunderland, cure for cough in, 52

Süntevögel or Sunnenvögel, 159 n. 1

Superhuman power supposed to be acquired by actors in sacred dramas, 382, 383

Supplementary days of the year, 171

Supreme Being in West Africa, 74 sq.

—— God of the Oraons, 92 sq.

Susa, capital of the Elamites, 366

[pg 450]

Swabia, the “Twelve Lot Days” in, 322

Swahili, the, of East Africa, their New Year's Day, 226 n. 1

Swallow dance, 381

Swallows as scapegoats, 35

Sweden, 14, 20, 27

Sweeping misfortune out of house with brooms, 5

—— out the town, annual ceremony of, 135

Swords used to ward off or expel demons, 113, 118, 119, 120, 123, 203;

carried by mummers, 245

Syria, 17, 21;

Aphrodite and Adonis in, 386

Syro-Macedonian calendar, 358 n. 1

Tagbanuas of the Philippines, their custom of sending spirits of disease away in little ships, 189

Tahiti, transference of sins in, 45 sq.

Tahitians, the, 80

Taigonos Peninsula, 126

Taleins, the, of Burma, their worship of demons, 96

Talmud, the, on Purim, 363

Tamanachiers, Indian tribe of the Orinoco, 303

Tamanawas, dramatic performances of myths, 376, 377

Tamarisk branches used to beat people ceremonially, 263

Tambaran, demons, 82, 83

Tammuz, the lover of Ishtar, 371, 373;

annual death and resurrection of, 398;

at Jerusalem, the weeping for, 400.

See also Adonis

—— and Ishtar, 399, 406

Tanganyika, Lake, 10

Tangkhuls of Assam, 177

Tanjore, Rajah of, 44

Taoism, 99

Tar to keep out ghosts and witches, 153 n. 1

—— -barrels burnt, 169

Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, 10;

their dances for the crops, 236 sqq.

Taros, mode of fertilizing, 264

Tarsus in Cilicia, Sandan at, 388, 389, 391, 392

Taupes et Mulots, fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night, 317