Index. (continued 2)

Tavernier, J. B., quoted, 148 n. 1

Taylor, Rev. J. C., quoted, 133, 211

Taylor, Rev. R., quoted, 81

Tellemarken in Norway, 14

Telugu remedy for a fever, 38

Temple, Sir Richard C., quoted, 88

Temple, the Inner and the Middle, Lords of Misrule in the, 333

—— church, Lord of Misrule in the, 333

Temporary king, 403 sq.;

in Siam, 151

Tench as scapegoat, 52

Tenggerese of Java, their sham fight at New Year, 184

Tepehuanes, the, of Mexico, 10

Teshu Lama, the, 203

—— Lumbo in Tibet, 203

Teso people of Central Africa, their use of bells to exorcise fiends, 246 sq.

Tezcatlipoca, great Mexican god, 276;

young man annually sacrificed in the character of, 276 sqq.

Thales on spirits, 104

Thargelia, human scapegoats at the festival of the, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 272, 273

Thay, the, of Indo-China, their worship of spirits, 97 sq.

Theal, G. McCall, on fear of demons, 77 sq.

Theckydaw, expulsion of demons, 147 sq.

Then, spirits, 97

Theodosius and Honorius, decree of, 392

Theory of sacrifice, the Brahmanical, 410 sq.

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, their charms against ghosts, 154 n.

Thorns, wreaths of, 140

Thrace, Abdera in, 254

Thrashing people to do them good, 262 sqq.

See also Beating and Whipping

Thread, red, in popular cure, 55

Three Kings on Twelfth Day, 329 sqq.

Threshold protected against witches by knives, 162;

by sods, 163

Throwing of sticks or stones interpreted as an offering or token of respect, 20 sqq., 25 sqq.;

as a mode of riddance of evil, 23 sqq.

Thule, ceremony in Thule at the annual reappearance of the sun, 125 n. 1

Thunder, the first peal heard in spring, 144;

demon of, exorcised by bells, 246 sq.

Thüringen, expulsion of witches in, 160;

custom of beating people on Holy Innocents' Day in, 271

Tiamat, mythical Babylonian monster, 410

Tibet, demonolatry in, 94;

human scapegoats in, 218 sqq.

Tiger-spirits, 199

Tikopia, island of, 189

Timbo in French Guinea, 235

Time, personification of periods of, 230

Timor, the island of, 8;

belief in the spirits of the dead in, 85

Timor fecit deos, 93

Timor-laut Islands, the tug-of-war in the, 176;

demons of sicknesses expelled in a proa from, 185 sq.

[pg 451]

Tinchebray in Normandy, 183

Tjingilli tribe of Central Australia, 2

Tlacaxipeualiztli, Mexican festival, 296

Tlaloc, temple of, in Mexico, 284, 292

Tlemcen in Algeria, 31

Toad as scapegoat, 193, 206 sq.

Toboongkoo, the, of Central Celebes, riddles among the, 112 n.

Toci, Mexican goddess, 289

Todas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, 37

Togoland, 3; the Hos of, 134, 206;

the negroes of, their remedy for influenza, 193

Tokio, annual expulsion of demons at, 213

Tomb of Moses, 21

Tonan, Mexican goddess, 287;

woman sacrificed in the character of, 287 sq.

Tonocotes. See Lules

Tonquin, demon of sickness expelled in, 119;

annual expulsion of demons in, 147 sq.

Toothache, cure for, 6, 57, 58, 59 sq., 62, 63, 71

Toradjas, the, of Central Celebes, 34;

their cure by beating, 265

Torches used in the expulsion of demons, 110, 117, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133 sq., 139, 140, 146, 157, 171;

used in the expulsion of witches, etc., 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166;

carried in procession by maskers, 243;

applied to fruit-trees on Eve of Twelfth Night, 316 sq.

Torquemada, J. de, Spanish historian of Mexico, 279 n. 1, 286 n. 1, 300 n. 1

Totec, Mexican god, 297, 298;

personated by a man wearing the skin of a human victim, 300

Totonacs, their worship of the corn-spirit, 286 n. 1

Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims, 298

Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year, 149 n. 2;

Mexican festival, 276

Trajan, Pliny's letter to, 420

Transference of evil, 1 sqq.;

to other people, 5 sqq.;

to sticks and stones, 8 sqq.;

to animals, 31 sqq.;

to men, 38 sqq.;

in Europe, 47 sqq.

Transformation of animals into men, 380

Transylvania, the Roumanians of, 16, 106 sq.

Travancore, Rajah of, 42 sq.;

demon-worship in, 94

Tree, disease transferred to, 6;

use of stick cut from a fruitful, 264

Trees, evils transferred to, 52, 54 sqq.

Trieste, St. Sylvester's Eve at, 165

Trinity, the Batta, 88 n. 1

—— College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, 332

Trinouxtion, 343 n.

Tripoli, mode of laying ghosts in, 63

Troezenians, their festival resembling the Saturnalia, 350

Trows in Shetland, 168 sq.

Trumpets blown to expel demons, 116, 117, 156;

blown at the feast of Purim, 394

Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, 212 sq.

Tsûl, a Berber tribe, 179

Tuaran district of British North Borneo, 200

Tug-of-war as a religious or magical rite, 173 sqq.;

as a charm to produce rain, 175 sq., 178 sq.

Tul-ya's e'en in Shetland, 168

Tullus Hostilius, 345 n. 1

Tumleo, annual fight in, 142 sq.

Tuna, a spirit, expulsion of, 124 sq.

Tung ak, a powerful spirit, 79, 80

Turkestan, 45;

Ferghana in, 184

Turkish tribes of Central Asia, riddles among the, 122 n.

Turner, L. M., quoted, 79 sq.

Tuscan Romagna, the, 167

Twelfth Day, serious significance of, 315;

the Three Kings on, 329 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

—— Day, Eve of, 318;

expulsion of witches, etc., on, 166 sq.

—— Night, expulsion of the powers of evil on, 165 sqq.;

dances on, 238;

Perchta's Day, 244;

(Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, 313 sqq.

See also Twelfth Day

—— Night, Eve of, 316;

old Mrs. Perchta on, 240, 241;

ceremonial fires on, 316 sqq.

Twelve Days, weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, 322 sqq.;

in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, 320;

in ancient India, 324 sq.;

accounted a miniature of the year, 324;

in the Highlands of Scotland, 324;

difference of opinion as to the date of the, 324, 327;

probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, 338 sq., 342

—— Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, 158 sqq., 164 sqq.

—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, 326 sqq.

—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, 318 sq., 321 sq.

Two-faced mask worn by image of goddess, 287

Typhon, the birth of, 341

Tyre and Sidon, 17

[pg 452]

Tyrol, annual “Burning out of the Witches” in the, 159 sq.;

the Perchten in the, 240, 242 sq.;

Senseless Thursday in the, 248

Uganda Protectorate, 6, 42;

funeral ceremony in, 45 n, 2;

human scapegoats in, 194 sq.

See also Baganda

Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, 16

Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, 194

Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, 331

Up-helly-a' in Shetland, 168 sq.

Urquhart, Sir Thomas, quoted, 332

Usener, H., 167 n. 1, 229 n. 2

Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, 45

Vampyres, charms against, 153 n. 1

Vashti and Esther, temporary queens, 401

—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, 406

Vedic times, 3;

cure for consumption in, 51;

the creed of the, 90;

riddles in, 122 n.;

the Aryans of the, 324

Vegetation, Mars a deity of, 229 sq.;

out-worn deity of, 231;

processions representing spirits of, 250

—— -god, Easter an old vernal festival of the, 328

Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, 185 sqq., 198 sqq., 224

Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Venus and Adonis, 406.

See also Adonis, Aphrodite

Verrall, A. W., 391 n. 4

Vicarious suffering, principle of, 1 sq.

Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, 337 n. 1

Vieux-Pont, in Orne, 183 n. 3

Vitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, 280;

young man annually sacrificed in the character of, 280 sq.

Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, 373 n. 1

Voigtland, cure for toothache in, 59;

belief in witchcraft in, 160;

“Easter Smacks” in, 268;

young people beat each other at Christmas in, 271

Vosges, cure for toothache in the, 59

—— Mountains, dances on Twelfth Day in the, 315;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, 330

Vulsinii in Etruria, 67

Wagogo, the, of German East Africa, 6

Walpurgis Night, witches abroad on, 158 sqq.;

annual expulsion of witches on, 159 sqq.;

dances on, 238

Warramunga tribe of Central Australia, 2

Warts, transference of, 48 sq.;

popular cures for, 54, 57

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, 29

Wasps, stinging people with, 263

Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day, 319

Wax figures in magic, 47

Weapons turned against spiritual foes, 233

Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, 8 sqq.

Weather of the twelve months determined by the weather of the Twelve Days, 322 sqq.

Weber, A., on origin of the Twelve Days, 325 n. 3

Weeks, Rev. John H., quoted, 76 sq.

Weights and measures, false, corrected in time of epidemic, 115

Weinhold, K., 327 n. 4

Welsh cure for cough, 51

—— custom of sin-eating, 43 sq.

Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of Christ, 412 sq., 418 n. 1

Wends of Saxony, their precautions against witches, 163

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, 180

Westphalia, 266

Westphalian form of the expulsion of evil, 159 n. 1

Whale represented dramatically as a mystery, 377

Whipping people to rid them of ghosts, 260 sqq.

Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 214;

used by maskers, 243, 244

White as a colour to repel demons, 115

—— and black in relation to human scapegoats, 220;

figs worn by human scapegoats, 253, 257, 272

—— cock, disease transferred to, 187;

as scapegoat, 210 n. 4

—— crosses made by the King of the Bean, 314

—— dog, sacrifice of, 127;

as scapegoat, 209 sq.

—— god and black god among the Slavs, 92

—— Nile, the Dinkas of the, 193

Whitsuntide, 359

Whydah, the King of, 234

Widow, bald-headed, in cure, 38

Widows, cleansing of, 35 sq.

Wild Huntsman, 164, 241

Willcock, Dr. J., 169 n. 2

William of Wykeham, 338

Williams, Monier, quoted, 91 sq.

Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, 269, 270

—— -trees in popular remedies, 56, 58, 59

Willow-wood used against witches, 160

Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, 338

[pg 453]

Wind, charm to produce a rainy or dry, 176, 178 sq.

Winnowing-basket beaten at ceremony, 145

Winter, ceremony at the end of, 124;

dances performed only in, 376;

ceremony of the expulsion of, 404 sq.;

effigies of, destroyed, 408 sq.

—— solstice, ceremony after the, 126

Witch, fire to burn old, on Twelfth Day, 319

Witchcraft in Scotland, 38 sq.;

on the Congo, dread of, 77 n. 2;

permanence of the belief in, 89;

in Moravia, precautions against, 162

Witches burnt alive, 19;

the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, 158 sq.;

in Bohemia, 161;

in Silesia and Saxony, 163;

special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, 157 sqq.;

annually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, 157 sqq.;

active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, 158 sqq.;

shooting the, 164;

driving out the, 164;

burnt in Scotland, 165;

beaten with buckthorn, 266;

rob cows of milk on May Day, 267

Wives of a king taken by his successor, 368 n. 1

Woman's ornaments, scapegoat decked with, 192

Women impregnated by ghosts, 18;

fertilized by effigy of a baby, 245, 249;

mode of fertilizing, 264;

put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, 283 sqq.

Wood, King of the, at Aricia, 409

World conceived as animated, 90 sq.;

daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, 411

Worship of the dead, 97;

paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, 278, 282, 289, 293

Wotyaks of Russia, annual expulsion of Satan among the, 155 sq.

Wuttke, A., 327 n. 4

Xerxes identified with Ahasuerus, 360

Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, 285;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of, 285 sq.

Xipe, Mexican god, 297, 298, 299;

statuette of, 291 n. 1;

his festival, 296 sqq.;

his image, 297

Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, 298, 299

Yabim of German New Guinea, their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, 188 sq.

Yams, ceremonies before eating the new, 134

Year, burning out the Old, 165, 230 n. 7;

the old Roman, began in March, 229;

supposed representatives of the old, 230.

See also New Year

——, lunar, of old Roman calendar, 232;

equated to solar year by intercalation, 325, 342 sq.

——, solar, intercalation of the, 407 n. 1

—— -man, the, in Japan, 144

Years named after eponymous magistrates, 39 sq.

——, the King of the, 220, 221

Yellow the royal colour among the Malays, 187

Yopico, temple in Mexico, 299

York, the Boy Bishop at, 337, 338

Yoruba negroes of West Africa, their use of human scapegoats, 211 sq.

Younghusband, Sir Francis, 13

Youth supposed to be renewed by sloughing of skin, 302 sqq.

Yucatan, the Mayas of, 171, 340

Yukon River, the Lower, 380

Yules, the, in Shetland, 168

Yumari, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, 237 sq.

Zakmuk or Zagmuk, the Babylonian festival of the New Year, 356 sqq.

—— and the Sacaea, 399

Zambesi, the river, 7, 11

Zela in Pontus, Anaitis and the Sacaea at, 370, 372, 373, 421 n. 1;

Omanos and Anadates at, 373 n. 1

Zeus, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351;

an upstart at Olympia, 352;

identified with the Babylonian Bel, 389

——, Laphystian, associated with human sacrifices, 354

——, Lycaean, human sacrifices to, 353, 354

——, Olympian, his temple at Athens, 351

——, Pelorian, 350

Zimmern, H., 358 n., 359 n. 1, 361 n. 4, 406 n. 2

Zoganes, a mock king at Babylon, 355, 357, 365, 368, 369, 387, 388, 406

Zoroaster, 389

Zündel, G., on demonolatry in West Africa, 74 sqq.

Zuni sacrifice of turtle, 217