Index.
Reading edition
Ababua, the, 65
Abbas, the Great, 157
Abchases, their memorial feasts, 98, 103
Abdication, annual, of kings, 148;
of father when his son is grown up, 181;
of the king on the birth of a son, 190
Abeokuta, the Alake of, 203
Abipones, the, 63
Abraham, his attempted sacrifice of Isaac, 177
Abruzzi, the, 66, 67; burning an effigy of the Carnival in the, 224;
Lenten custom in the, 244 sq.
Abstract notions, the personification of, not primitive, 253
Academy at Athens, funeral games held in the, 96
Acaill, Book of, 39
Accession of a Shilluk king, ceremonies at the, 23 sq.
Acropolis at Athens, the sacred serpent on the, 86 sq.
Adonis or Tammuz, 7
Aesculapius restores Hippolytus or Virbius to life, 214
Africa, succession to the soul in, 200 sq.
—— North, festivals of swinging in, 284
Agathocles, his siege of Carthage, 167
Agrigentum, Phalaris of, 75
Agrionia, a festival, 163
Agylla, funeral games at, 95
Ahaz, King, his sacrifice of his children, 169 sq.
Akurwa, 19, 23, 24
Alake, the, of Abeokuta, custom of cutting off the head of his corpse, 203
Alban kings, 76
Albania, expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, 265
Alcibiades of Apamea, his vision of the Holy Ghost, 5 n.3
Alexander the Great, funeral games in his honour, 95
Algonkin women, their attempts to be impregnated by the souls of the dying, 199
Altdorf and Weingarten, Ash Wednesday at, 232
Alus, sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus at, 161, 164
Amasis, king of Egypt, 217
Amelioration in the character of the gods, 136
American Indians, their Great Spirit, 3
Andaman Islanders, their ideas as to shooting stars, 60
Angamis, the, 13
Angel of Death, 177 sq.
Angola, the Matiamvo of, 35
Angoni, the, of British Central Africa, 156 n.2
Angoy, king of, 39
Anhouri, Egyptian god, 5
Animals sacred to kings, 82, 84 sqq.;
transformations into, 82 sqq.
Annam, natives of, their indifference to death, 136 sq.
Annual abdication of kings, 148
—— renewal of king's power at Babylon, 113
—— tenure of the kingship, 113 sqq.
Antichrist, expected reign of, 44 sq.
Aphrodite, the grave of, 4
Apollo, buried at Delphi, 4;
servitude of, 70 n.1, 78;
and the laurel, 78 sqq.;
as slayer of the dragon at Delphi, 78, 79, 80 sq.;
at Thebes, 79;
purged of the dragon's blood in the Vale of Tempe, 81
Ardennes, effigies of Carnival burned in the, 226 sq.
Ares, the grave of, 4
Ariadne and Theseus, 75
Ariadne's Dance, 77
Arician grove, ritual of the, 213
Arizona, mock human sacrifices in, 215
Arnold, Matthew, on the English middle class, 146
Artemis, Munychian, sacrifice to, 166 n.1; mock human sacrifice in the ritual of, 215 sq.
Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, 95
[pg 290]
Ascanius, 76
Ascension Day, 222 n.1; the “Carrying out of Death” on, at Braller, 247 sqq.
Ash Wednesday, Burial of the Carnival on, 221;
death of Caramantran on, 226;
effigies of Carnival or of Shrove Tuesday burnt or buried on, 226, 228 sqq.
Asherim, sacred poles, 169
Ass, son of a god in the form of an, 124 sq.;
the crest or totem of a royal family, 132, 133
“Assegai, child of the,” 183
Asses and men, redemption of firstling, 173
Assyrian eponymate, 116 sq.
Astarte, the moon-goddess, 92
Astronomical considerations determining the early Greek calendar, 68 sq.
Athamas and his children, legend of, 161 sqq.
Athena, human sacrifices to, 166 n.1
Athenaeus, 143
Athenian festival of swinging, 281
Athens, funeral games at, 96;
hand of suicide cut off at, 220 n.
Attacks on kings permitted, 22, 48 sqq.
Aun or On, king of Sweden, 57; sacrifices his sons, 160 sq., 188
Aurora Australis, fear entertained by the Kurnai of the, 267 n.1
Australia, custom of destroying firstborn children among the aborigines of, 179 sq.;
magical rites for the revival of nature in Central, 270
Australian aborigines, their ideas as to shooting stars, 60 sq.
—— funeral custom, 92
Avebury, Lord, 146 n.1, 273
Baal, Semitic, 75;
human sacrifices to, 167 sqq., 195
Babylon, festival of Zagmuk at, 110, 113
Babylonian gods, mortality of the, 5 sq.
—— legend of creation, 110
—— myth of Marduk and Tiamat, 105 sq., 107 sq.
Bacchic frenzy, 164
Baganda, the, 11
Ball, V., 279
Ballymote, the Book of, 100
Balwe in Westphalia, Burying the Carnival at, 232
Banishment of homicide, 69 sq.
Banna, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, 181 sq.
Barber, Rev. Dr. W. T. A., 145 n., 275
Barcelona, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 242
Barongo, the, 10, 61
Bashada, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, 181 sq.
Bashkirs, their horse-races at funerals, 97
Bath of ox blood, 201
Battle of Summer and Winter, 254 sqq.
Bautz, Dr. Joseph, on hell fire, 136 n.1
Bavaria, Whitsuntide mummers in, 207 sq.;
Carrying out Death in, 233 sqq.;
dramatic contests between Summer and Winter in, 255 sq.
Bear, the soul of Typhon in the Great, 5
Beast, the number of the, 44
Beating cattle to make them fat or fruitful, 236
Beauty and the Beast type of tale, 125 sqq.
Bedouins, annual festival of the Sinaitic, 97
Behar, custom of swinging in, 279
Beheading the King, a Whitsuntide pageant in Bohemia, 209 sq.
Bengal, kings of, their rule of succession, 51
Bengkali, East Indian island, 277
Benin, king of, represented with panther's whiskers, 85 sq.;
human sacrifices at the burial of a king of, 139 sq.
Berosus, Babylonian historian, 113
Berry, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, 241 sq.
Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, 217 sq.
Bhuiyas, the, of north-eastern India, 56
Bilaspur, temporary rajah in, 154
Birds of omen, stories of their origin, 126, 127 sq.
Black, Dr. J. Sutherland, 260 sq.
Black bull sacrificed to the dead, 95
—— ox, bath of blood of, 201
—— ram sacrificed to Pelops, 92, 104
Bland, J. O. P., 274 sq.
Blemishes, bodily, a ground for putting kings to death, 36 sqq.
Blood of victims in rain-making ceremonies, 20;
bath of ox, 35;
human, offered to the dead, 92 sq., 104;
of sacrifice splashed on door-posts, house-posts, etc., 175, 176 n.1;
of human victims smeared on faces of idols, 185
Boemus, J., 234
Bohemia, Whitsuntide mummers in, 209 sqq.;
“Carrying out Death” in, 237 sq.
Bones of sacrificial victim not broken, 20
Bonfire, jumping over, 262
Boni, in Celebes, 40
Book of Acaill, 39
Borans, their custom of sacrificing their children, 181
Bororos, the, of Brazil, 62
Bourges, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 242
Bourke, Captain J. G., 215
[pg 291]
Boxers at funerals, 97
Brahmans, the ceremonial swinging of, 150, 156 sq.
Braller in Transylvania, 230; “Carrying out Death” at, 247 sqq.
Brasidas, funeral games in his honour, 94
Brazilian Indians, their indifference to death, 138
Breezes, magical means of securing, 287
Bridegroom of the May, 266
Bringing in Summer, 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.
Britomartis and Minos, 73
Brittany, Burial of Shrove Tuesday or of the Carnival in, 229 sq.
Brockelmann, C., 116
Bronze ploughs used by Etruscans at founding cities, 157
Brother and sister marriages in royal families, 193 sq.
Buddhist monks, suicide of, 42 sq.
Budge, E. A. Wallis, 5 n.3
Buginese of Celebes, their custom of swinging, 277
Bull, Pasiphae and the, 71; as symbol of the sun, 71 sq.;
the brazen, of Phalaris, 75;
said to have guided the Samnites, 186 n.4
—— and cow, represented by masked actors, 71
Bull-headed image of the sun, 75, 76, 78
Burgebrach in Bavaria, straw-man burnt on Ash Wednesday at, 232
Burial alive of the aged, 11 sq.;
in jars, 12 sq.;
of infants to secure rebirth, 199 sq.;
of Shrove Tuesday, 228
Burning an effigy of the Carnival, 223, 224, 228 sq., 229 sq., 232 sq.
—— effigies of Shrove Tuesday, 227 sqq.;
of Winter at Zurich, 260 sq.
“Burying the Carnival,” 209, 220 sqq.
Busoga, mock human sacrifice in, 215
Cabunian, Mount, 3
Cadiz, custom of swinging at, 284
Cadmea, the, 79
Cadmus, servitude of, for the slaughter of the dragon, 70 n.1, 78;
the slayer of the dragon at Thebes, 78 sq.
—— and Harmonia, their transformation into serpents, 84;
marriage of, 88, 89
Caffres, the, 65
Caiem, the caliph, 8
Calabria, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, 241;
custom of swinging in, 284
Calendar, the early Greek, determined by astronomical considerations, 68 sq.;
closely bound up with religion, 69;
the Syro-Macedonian, 116
Calica Puran, an Indian law-book, 217
Calicut, rule of succession observed by the kings of, 47 sqq., 206
California, Indians of, 62
Cambodia, Kings of Fire and Water in, 14;
annual abdication of the king of, 148
Canaanites, their custom of burning their children in honour of Baal, 168
Canada, Indians of, their ceremony for mitigating the cold of winter, 259 sq.
Caramantran, death of, on Ash Wednesday in Provence, 226
Carinthia, ceremony at the installation of a prince of, 154 sq.
Carman, the fair of, 100, 101
Carnival, Burying the, 209, 220 sqq.;
swings taken down at, 287
“Carnival (Shrovetide) Fool,” 231
Carolina, king's son wounded among the Indians of, 184 sq.
Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, 199
“Carrying out Death,” 221, 233 sqq., 246 sqq.
Carthaginian sacrifice of children to Moloch, 75;
to Baal, 167 sq.
Cassange, in Angola, king of, 203;
human sacrifice at installation of king of, 56 sq.
Cassotis, oracular spring, 79
Castaly, the oracular spring of, 79
Catalonia, funeral of Carnival in, 225
Cattle sacrificed instead of human beings, 166 n. 1
Caucasus, funeral games among the people of the, 97 sq.
Cauxanas, Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn children, 185 sq.
Cecrops, half-serpent, half-man, 86 sq.
Celebes, sanctity of regalia in, 202; the Toboongkoos of, 219
Celts of Gaul, their indifference to death, 142 sq.
Cemeteries, fairs held at, 101, 102
Chaka, a Zulu tyrant, 36 sq.
Chama, town on the Gold Coast, 129
Chariot-race at Olympia, 91, 104 sq., 287
—— races in honour of the dead, 93
Chewsurs, their funeral games, 98
Cheyne, Professor T. K., 86 n.4
Chilcotin Indians, their practice at an eclipse of the sun, 77
“Child of the assegai,” 183
Children sacrificed to Moloch, 75;
sacrificed by the Semites, 166 sqq.;
dislike of parents to have children like themselves, 287
Chinese indifference to death, 144 sqq., 273 sqq.;
reports of custom of devouring firstborn children, 180
Chiriguanos, the, of South America, 12
[pg 292]
Chirol, Valentine, 274
Chitomé, a pontiff in Congo, the manner of his death, 14 sq.
Christmas, custom of swinging at, 284
Chrudim in Bohemia, effigy of Death burnt at, 239
Chukchees, voluntary deaths among the, 13
Circassia, games in honour of the dead in, 98
Circumcision of father as a mode of redeeming his offspring, 181;
mimic rite of, 219 sq.
Cities, Etruscan ceremony at the founding of, 157
Cloud-dragon, myth of the, 107
Cluis-Dessus and Cluis-Dessous, custom of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 241 sq.
Cnossus, Minos at, 70 sqq.;
the labyrinth at, 75 sqq.
Cobra, the crest of the Maharajah of Nagpur, 132 sq.
Cock, king represented with the feathers of a, 85
Colchis, Phrixus in, 162
Congo, the pontiff Chitomé in, 14
Conjunction of sun and moon, a time for marriage, 73
Consecration of firstlings, 172
Contempt of death, 142 sqq.
Contests, dramatic, between actors representing Summer and Winter, 254 sqq.
Conti, Nicolo, 54
Conybeare, F. C., 5 n.3
Cook, A. B., 71 n.2, 78 n.2, 79 n.1, 80, 81 n.1, 82 ns.1 and 3, 89 n.5, 90
Corannas of South Africa, custom as to succession among the, 191 sq.
Corea, custom of swinging in, 284 sq.
Cornaby, Rev. W. A., 273
Cornford, F. M., 91 n.7
Corn-harvest, the first-fruits of the, offered at Lammas, 101 sq.
—— -spirit called the Old Man or the Old Woman, 253 sq.
Cornwall, temporary king in, 153 sq.
Corporeal relics of dead kings confer right to throne, 202 sq.
Courtiers required to imitate their sovereign, 39 sq.
Cow as symbol of the moon, 71 sq.
Crane, dance called the, 75
Crassus, Publicius Licinius, 96
Creation, myths of, 106 sqq.;
Babylonian legend of, 110
Creator, the grave of the, 3
Crete, grave of Zeus in, 3
Criminals sacrificed, 195
Crocodile clan, 31
Cromm Cruach, a legendary Irish idol, 183
Cronus buried in Sicily, 4;
his sacrifice of his son, 166, 179;
his treatment of his father and his children, 192;
his marriage with his sister Rhea, 194
Crooke, W., 53 n.1, 157 n.5, 159 n.1
Crown of laurel, 78, 80 sqq.;
of oak leaves, 80 sqq.;
of olive at Olympia, 91
Crowning, festival of the, at Delphi, 78 sqq.
Cruachan, the fair of, 101
Crystals, superstitions as to, 64 n.6
Cupid and Psyche, story of, 131
Cutting or lacerating the body in honour of the dead, 92 sq., 97
Cuttle-fish, expiation for killing a, 217
Cychreus, king of Salamis, 87
Cycle, the octennial, based on an attempt to reconcile solar and lunar time, 68 sq.
Cyclopes, slaughter of the, 78 n.4
Cytisorus, 162
Czechs of Bohemia, 221
Daedalus, 75
Dahomey, royal family of, related to leopards, 85;
religious massacres in, 138
Daira or Mahadev Mohammedans in Mysore, 220
Dalton, Colonel E. T., 217
Danakils or Afar of East Africa, 200
Dance of youths and maidens at Cnossus, 75 sqq.;
Ariadne's, 77
Dardistan, custom of swinging in, 279
Darfur, Sultans of, 39
Dassera festival of Nepaul, 277
Daura, a Hausa kingdom, 35;
custom of succession to the throne in, 201
David, King, and the brazen serpent, 86
Dead, souls of the, associated with falling stars, 64 sqq.;
rebirth of the, 70;
sacrifices to the, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97;
human blood offered to the, 92 sq., 104
Dead kings, worship of, 24 sq.;
their spirits thought to possess sick people, 25 sq.;
of Uganda consulted as oracles, 200 sq.
—— man's hand used in magical ceremony, 267 n.1
—— One, the, name applied to the last sheaf, 254
—— Sunday, 239;
the fourth Sunday in Lent, 221;
also called Mid-Lent, 222 n.1
Death of the Great Pan, 6 sq.
—— preference for a violent, 9 sqq.;
natural, regarded as a calamity, 11 sq.;
European fear of, 135 sq., 146;
indifference to, displayed by many races, 136 sqq.;
the Carrying out of, [pg 293] 221, 233 sqq., 246 sqq.;
conception of, in relation to vegetation, 253 sq.;
in the corn, 254;
and resurrection of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, 261;
and revival of vegetation, 263 sq.
Death, effigy of, feared and abhorred, 239 sq.;
potency of life attributed to, 247 sqq.
—— the Angel of, 177 sq.
De Barros, Portuguese historian, 51
Deer, descent of Kalamants from a, 126 sq.;
sacrificed instead of human beings, 166 n..1
Delos, Theseus at, 75
Delphi, tombs of Dionysus and Apollo at, 3 sq.;
festival of Crowning at, 78 sqq.
Dengdit, the Supreme Being of the Dinka, 30, 32
Deputy, the expedient of dying by, 56, 160
Dictynna and Minos, 73
Dinka, the, of the White Nile, 28 sqq.;
totemism of the, 30 sq.
Diomede, human sacrifices to, 166 n.1
Dionysus, the tomb of, at Delphi, 3;
human sacrifice consummated by a priest of, 163;
boys sacrificed to, 166 n.1
Dislike of people to have children like themselves, 287
Diurnal tenure of the kingship, 118 sq.
Divine king, the killing of the, 9 sqq.
—— kings of the Shilluk, 17 sqq.
—— spirit incarnate in Shilluk kings, 21, 26 sq.
Dodge, Colonel R. I., 3
Dog killed instead of king, 17
Doreh Bay in New Guinea, 287
Dorians, their superstition as to meteors, 59
Dragon, drama of the slaughter of the, 78 sqq., 89;
myth of the, 105 sqq.
Dragon-crest of kings, 105
Dramatic contests of actors representing Summer and Winter, 254 sqq.
Dreams, revelations in, 25
Drenching leaf-clad mummer as a rain-charm, 211
Driver, Professor S. R., 170 n.5, 173 n.1
Ducks and ptarmigan, dramatic contest of the, 259
Dyak medicine-men, their practice of swinging, 280 sq.
Dyaks of Sarawak, story of their descent from a fish, 126;
sacrifice cattle instead of human beings, 166 n.1;
their sacrifices during an epidemic, 176 n.1;
their custom of swinging, 277
Dying, custom of catching the souls of the, 198 sqq.
Dying by deputy, 56, 160
Eames, W., 273
Ears of sacrificial victims cut off, 97
Easter, first Sunday after, 249;
swinging on the Tuesday after, 283;
custom of swinging on the four Sundays before, 284
Easter Eve in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, 265
Eastertide, death and resurrection of Kostrubonko at, 261
Eating the bodies of aged relations, custom of, 14
Echinadian Islands, 6
Eclipse of the sun and moon, belief of the Tahitians as to, 73 n.2;
practice of the Chilcotin Indians at an, 77
Ecliptic perhaps mimicked in dances, 77
Effigies of Carnival, 222 sqq.;
of Shrove Tuesday, 227 sqq.;
of Death, 233 sqq., 246 sqq.;
seven-legged, of Lent in Spain and Italy, 244 sq.;
of Winter burnt at Zurich, 260 sq.;
of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo in Russia, 262 sq.
Effigy, human sacrifices carried out in, 217 sqq.
Egbas, the, 41
Egypt, temporary kings in Upper, 151 sq.;
mock human sacrifices in ancient, 217
Egyptian gods, mortality of the ancient, 4 sqq.;
influence on Christian doctrine of the Trinity, 5 n.3;
kings called bulls, 72;
trinities of gods, 5 n.3
Eimine Ban, an Irish abbot, 159 n.1
Eldest sons sacrificed for their fathers, 161 sqq.
Elliot, R. H., 136
Emain, fair at, 100
Embalming as a means of prolonging the life of the soul, 4
Encheleans, the, 84
Endymion at Olympia, 90; his tomb at Olympia, 287
English middle class, their clinging to life, 146
Ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, 70 n.3
Eponymate, the Assyrian, 116 sq.
Eponymous magistrates, 117 n.1
Equinox, the spring, custom of swinging at, 284;
drama of Summer and Winter at the spring, 257
Erechtheum, the, 87
Erechtheus or Erichthonius in relation to the sacred serpent on the Acropolis, 86 sq.;
voluntary death of the daughters of, 192 n.3
Ergamenes, king of Meroe, 15
Erichthonius, 86. See Erechtheus
Erigone, her suicide by hanging, 281 sq.
[pg 294]
Erzgebirge, Shrovetide custom in the, 208 sq.
Esagil, temple of Marduk at Babylon, 113
Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 116
Esquimaux, suicide among the, 43;
their magical ceremony in autumn, 259
Esthonian belief as to falling stars, 66 sq.;
celebration of St. John's Day, 280;
custom on Shrove Tuesday, 233, 252 sq.
Esthonians, their ideas of shooting stars, 63
Ethiopia, kings of, chosen for their beauty, 38 sq.
Ethiopian kings of Meroe put to death, 15
Etruscan ceremony at founding cities, 157
Euphorion of Chalcis, Greek author, 143, 144
Europa, her wanderings, 89;
and Zeus, 73
European beliefs as to shooting stars, 66 sqq.;
fear of death, 135 sq., 146
Evans, Sebastian, 122 n.1
Eve, Easter, in Albania, 265
Eve of St. John (Midsummer Eve), Russian ceremony on, 262
Ewe negroes, the, 61
Expiation for killing sacred animals, 216 sq.
Eyeo, kings of, put to death, 40 sq.
Ezekiel, on the sacrifice of the firstborn, 171 sq.
E-zida, the temple of Nabu, 110
Fairs of ancient Ireland, 99 sqq.
Fashoda, the capital of the Shilluk kings, 18, 19, 21, 24
Father god succeeded by his divine son, 5
Fazoql or Fazolglou, kings of, put to death, 16
Fear of death entertained by the European races, 135 sq., 146
“Feeding the dead,” 102
Feriae Latinae, 283
Feronia, a Latin goddess, 186 n.4
Fertilising power ascribed to the effigy of Death, 250 sq.
Festival of the Crowning at Delphi, 78 sq.;
of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, 78 sq., 88 sq.
Festus, on “the Sacred Spring,” 186
Feuillet, Madame Octave, 228 sq.
Fez, mock sultan in, 152
Fighting the king, right of, 22
Fiji, voluntary deaths in, 11 sq.;
custom of grave-diggers in, 156 n.2;
rule of succession in, 191
Finger-joints, custom of sacrificing, 219;
mock sacrifice of, ib.
Fire, voluntary death by, 42 sqq.;
and Water, kings of, in Cambodia, 14
Firstborn, sacrifice of the, 171 sqq.;
killed and eaten, 179 sq.;
sacrificed among various races, 179 sqq.
—— -fruits offered to the dead, 102;
of the corn offered at Lammas, 101 sq.;
of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, 283
Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, 172 sq.;
Irish sacrifice of, 183
Fish, descent of the Dyaks from a, 126
Fison, Rev. Lorimer, 156 n.2
Five years, despotic power for period of, 53
Flight of the priestly king (Regifugium) at Rome, 213
Florence, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 240 sq.
Florida, sacrifice of firstborn male children by the Indians of, 184
Fool, the Carnival, burial of, 231 sq.
Foot, custom of standing on one, 149, 150, 155, 156
—— -race at Olympia, 287
Franche-Comté, effigies of Shrove Tuesday destroyed in, 227
Freycinet, L. de, 118 n.1
Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy of the Carnival at, 22 sq.
Funeral of Kostroma, 261 sqq.
—— -games, 92 sqq.
—— -rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his wife's pregnancy, 189
Futuna in the South Pacific, 97
Galton, Sir Francis, 146 n.2
Game of Troy, 76 sq.
Games, funeral, 92 sqq.
Gandharva-Sena, 124, 125
Ganges, firstborn children sacrificed to the, 180 sq.
Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, 65
Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, 167
Genesis, account of the creation in, 106
Ghost, the Holy, regarded as female, 5 n.3
Ghosts propitiated with blood, 92;
propitiated with games, 96;
anger of, 103
Giles, Professor H. A., 275
Girls' race at Olympia, 91
Gladiators at Roman funerals, 96;
at Roman banquets, 143
Goats sacrificed instead of human beings, 166 n.1
Gobir, a Hausa kingdom, 35
God, the killing and resurrection of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, 221
[pg 295]
God's Mouth, 41
Gods, mortality of the, 1 sqq.;
created by man in his own likeness, 2 sq.;
succeeded by their sons, 5;
progressive amelioration in the character of the, 136
Golden apples of the Hesperides, 80
—— fleece, ram with, 162
—— swords, 75
Goldmann, Dr. Emil, 155 n.1
Goldziher, I., 97 n.7
Gomes, E. H., 176 n.1
Gonds, mock human sacrifices among the, 217
Good Friday, 284
Gore, Captain, 139 n.1
Gospel to the Hebrews, the apocryphal, 5 n.3
Graal, History of the Holy, 120, 134
Grape-cluster, Mother of the, 8
Gray, Archdeacon J. H., 145
Great Pan, death of the, 6 sq.
—— Spirit, the, of the American Indians, 3
—— year, the, 70
Greece, human sacrifices in ancient, 161 sqq.;
swinging as a festal rite in modern, 283 sq.
Greek mode of reckoning intervals of time, 59 n.1
Greenlanders, their belief in the mortality of the gods, 3
Grey hair a signal of death, 36 sq.
—— hairs of kings, 100, 102, 103
Grimm, J., 155 n.1, 221, 240, 244
Groot, Professor J. J. M. de, 180 n.7, 275
Grove, the Arician, 213
Guatemala, catching the soul of the dying in, 199
Guayana Indians, 12
Gypsies, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” among the, 243
Hair, grey, a signal of death, 36 sq.
Halae in Attica, mock human sacrifice at, 215
Hale, Horatio, quoted, 11 sq.
Hamilton, Alexander, quoted, 48
Hamilton's Account of the East Indies, 278
Hammurabi, king of Babylon, 110
Hand of dead man in magical ceremony, 267 n.1;
of suicide cut off, 220 n.
Hanging of an effigy of the Carnival, 230 sq.
Harmonia and Cadmus, 84;
marriage of, 88, 89
Harvest ceremonies, 20, 25
Harz Mountains, ceremony at Carnival in the, 233
Hausa kings put to death, 35
Hawaii, annual festival in, 117 sq.
Hawk in Egypt, symbol of the sun and of the king, 112
Heads of dead kings removed and kept, 202 sq.
Hebrew sacrifice of the firstborn, 171 sqq.
Hebrews, apocryphal Gospel to the, 5 n.3
Heitsi-eibib, a Hottentot god, 3
Heliogabalus, the emperor, 92
Heliopolis, 5;
the sacred bull of, 72
Hell fire in Catholic and Protestant theology, 136
Helle and Phrixus, the children of King Athamas, 161 sqq.
Hephaestion, 95
Hera, race of girls in honour of, at Olympia, 91;
the sister of her husband Zeus, 194
Heraclitus, on the souls of the dead, 12
Hercules in the garden of the Hesperides, 80
Hermapolis, 4
Hermes, the grave of, 4
Heruli, the, 14
Hesperides, garden of the, 80
Hieraconpolis, 112
High History of the Holy Graal, 120, 134
Hippodamia at Olympia, 91;
grave of the suitors of, 104
Hippolytus or Virbius killed by horses, 214
Hindoo belief as to shooting stars, 67;
of the rebirth of a father in his son, 188
Hinnom, the Valley of, 169, 170
Hirpini, guided by a wolf (hirpus), 186 n.4
Hodson, T. C., 117 n.1
Hoeck, K., 73 n.1
Hofmayr, P. W., 18 n.1, 19 n.2
Holm-oak, 81 sq.
Holy Ghost, regarded as female, 5 n.3
—— Saturday, 244
Homeric age, funeral games in the, 93
Homicide, banishment of, 69 sq.
Homoeopathic or imitative magic, 283, 285
Hooks, Indian custom of swinging on, 278 sq.
Horse-mackerel, descent of a totemic clan from a, 129
—— -races in honour of the dead, 97, 98, 99, 101;
at fairs, 99 sqq.
Horses, Hippolytus killed by, 214
Horus, the soul of, in Orion, 5
Hottentots, the mortal god of the, 3
Howitt, A. W., 64
Human flesh, transformation into animal shape through eating, 83 sq.
[pg 296]
Human sacrifices at Upsala, 58;
in ancient Greece, 161 sqq.;
mock, 214 sqq.;
offered by ancestors of the European races, 214;
to renew the sun's fire, 74 sq.
Huntsman, the Spectral, 178
Huron Indians, their burial of infants, 199
Ibadan in West Africa, 203
Ibn Batuta, 53
Icarus or Icarius and his daughter Erigone, 281 sq., 283
Ida, oracular cave of Zeus on Mount, 70
Ihering, R. von, 187 n.4
Ijebu tribe, 112
Ilex or holm-oak, 81 sq.
Immortality, belief of savages in their natural, 1;
firm belief of the North American Indians in, 137
Impregnation by the souls of the dying, 199
Incarnation of divine spirit in Shilluk kings, 21, 26 sq.
India, sacrifice of firstborn children in, 180 sq.;
images of Siva and Pârvati married in, 265 sq.
Indians of Arizona, mock human sacrifice among the, 215;
of Canada, their ceremony for mitigating the cold of winter, 259 sq.
Indifference to death displayed by many races, 136 sqq.
Indra and the dragon Vrtra, 106 sq.
Infanticide among the Australian aborigines, 187 n.6;
sometimes suggested by a doctrine of transmigration or reincarnation of human souls, 188 sq.;
prevalent in Polynesia, 191, 196;
among savages, 196 sq.
Infants, burial of, 199
Ino and Melicertes, 162
Intervals of time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning, 59 n.1
Invocavit Sunday, 243
Ireland, the great fairs of ancient, 99 sqq.
Irish sacrifice of firstlings, 183
Iron-Beard, Dr., a Whitsuntide mummer, 208, 212, 233
Isaac about to be sacrificed by his father Abraham, 177
Isaacs, Nathaniel, 36 sq.
Isis, the soul of, in Sirius, 5
Isle of Man, May Day in the, 258
Isocrates, 95
Israelites, their custom of burning their children in honour of Baal, 168 sqq.
Isthmian games instituted in honour of Melicertes, 93, 103
Italy, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, 244 sq.
Jack o' Lent, 230
Jagas, a tribe of Angola, their custom of infanticide, 196 sq.
Jaintias of Assam, 55
Jambi in Sumatra, temporary kings in, 154
Japan, mock human sacrifices in, 218
Jars, burial in, 12 sq.
Java, Sultans of, 53
Jawbone of king preserved, 200 sq.
Jeoud, the only-begotten son of Cronus, sacrificed by his father, 166
Jerome, on Tophet, 170
“Jerusalem, the Road of,” 76
Jerusalem, sacrifice of children at, 169
Jinn, death of the King of the, 8
Jordanus, Friar, 54
Joyce, P. W., 100 n.1, 101
Judah, kings of, their custom of burning their children, 169
Jukos, kings of the, put to death, 34
Jumping over a bonfire, 262
June, the twenty-ninth of, St. Peter's Day, 262
Jŭok, the great god of the Shilluk, 18
Jupiter, period of revolution of the planet, 49
Justin, 187 n.5
Kaitish, the, 60
Kalamantans, their descent from a deer, 126 sq.
Kali, Indian goddess, 123
Kamants, a Jewish tribe, 12
Kanagra district of India, 265
Karpathos, custom of swinging in the island of, 284
Katsina, a Hausa kingdom, 35
Kayans of Borneo, mock human sacrifices among the, 218
Keonjhur, ceremony at installation of Rajah of, 56
Kerre, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, 181 sq.
Khlysti, the, a Russian sect, 196 n.3
Khonds of India, their human sacrifices, 139
Kibanga, kings of, put to death, 34
Killer of the Elephant, 35
Killing the divine king, 9 sqq.
—— of the tree-spirit, 205 sqq.;
a means to promote the growth of vegetation, 211 sq.
—— a god, in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, 221
King, the killing of the divine, 8 sqq.;
slaying of the, in legend, 120 sqq.;
responsible for the weather and crops, 165;
abdicates on the birth of a son, 190;
at Whitsuntide, pretence of beheading the, 209 sq.
[pg 297]
King of the Jinn, death of the, 8
—— of the Wood at Nemi, 28, 205 sq., 212 sqq.
—— and Queen of May, marriage of, 266
King Hop, 149, 151
King's daughter offered as prize in a race, 104
—— jawbone preserved, 200 sq.
—— life sympathetically bound up with the prosperity of the country, 21, 27
—— skull used as a drinking-vessel, 200
—— son, sacrifice of the, 160 sqq.
—— widow, succession to the throne through marriage with, 193
Kingdom, the prize of a race, 103 sqq. See also Succession
Kings, divine, of the Shilluk, 17 sqq.;
regarded as incarnations of a divine spirit, 21, 26 sq.;
attacks on, permitted, 22, 48 sqq.;
worship of dead, 24 sq.;
killed at the end of a fixed term, 46 sqq.;
related to sacred animals, 82, 84 sqq.;
personating dragons or serpents, 82;
addressed by names of animals, 86;
with a dragon or serpent crest, 105;
the supply of, 134 sqq.;
temporary, 148 sqq.;
abdicate annually, 148
—— killed when their strength fails, 14 sqq.
—— of Dahomey and Benin represented partly in animal shapes, 85 sq.
—— of Fire and Water, 14
—— of Uganda, dead, consulted as oracles, 200 sq.
Kingship, octennial tenure of the, 58 sqq.;
triennial tenure of the, 112 sq.;
annual tenure of the, 113 sqq.;
diurnal tenure of the, 118 sq.;
burdens and restrictions attaching to the early, 135;
modern type of, different from the ancient, 135
Kingsley, Mary H., 119 n.1
Kingsmill Islanders, 64
Kirghiz, games in honour of the dead among the, 97
Kirwaido, ruler of the old Prussians, 41
Königgrätz district of Bohemia, Whitsuntide custom in the, 209 sq.
Kore expelled on Easter Eve in Albania, 265
Koryaks, voluntary deaths among the, 13
Kostroma, funeral of, 261 sqq.
Kostrubonko, funeral of, 261
Krapf, Dr. J. L., 183 n.1
Krishna, Hindoo festival of swinging in honour of, 279
Kupalo, funeral of, 261, 262
Kurnai, their fear of the Aurora Australis, 267 n.1
Kutonaqa Indians of British Columbia, their sacrifice of their firstborn children to the sun, 183 sq.
La Rochelle, burning of Shrove Tuesday at, 230
Labyrinth, the Cretan, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77
Labyrinths in churches, 76;
in the north of Europe, 76 sq.
Lada, the funeral of, 261, 262
Laevinus, M. Valerius, 96
Laius and Oedipus, 193
“Lame reign,” 38
Lammas, the first of August, 99, 100, 101, 105
Lampson, M. W., 146 n.1, 273
Lancelot constrained to be king, 120 sq., 135
Lang, Andrew, 130 n.1
Laodicea in Syria, human sacrifices at, 166 n.1
Laos, a province of Siam, 97
Laphystian Zeus, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Last sheaf called “the Dead One,” 254
Latin festival, the great (Feriae Latinae), 283
—— mode of reckoning intervals of time, 59 n.1
Latins, sanctity of the woodpecker among the, 186 n.4
Latinus, King, his disappearance, 283
Laughlan Islanders, 63
Laurel, sacred, guarded by a dragon, 79 sq.;
chewed by priestess of Apollo, 80
Laurel-Bearer at Thebes, 88 sq.
—— -Bearing Apollo, 79 n.3
—— -bearing, festival of the, at Thebes, 78 sq., 88 sq.
—— wreath at Delphi and Thebes, 78 sqq.
Laws of Manu, 188
Learchus, son of King Athamas, 161, 162
Lechrain, Burial of the Carnival in, 231
Leipsic, “Carrying out Death” at, 236
Lengua Indians, 11;
of the Gran Chaco, 63;
their practice of killing firstborn girls, 186;
their custom of infanticide, 197
Lent, the fourth Sunday in, called Dead Sunday or Mid-Lent, 221, 222 n.1, 233 sqq., 250, 255;
personified by an actor or effigy, 226, 230;
fifth Sunday in, 234, 239;
third Sunday in, 238;
Queen of, 244;
symbolised by a seven-legged effigy, 244 sq.
Leonidas, funeral games in his honour, 94
[pg 298]
Leopard Societies of Western Africa, 83
Leopards related to royal family of Dahomey, 85
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, 96
Lepsius, R., 17 n.2
Lerida in Catalonia, funeral of the Carnival at, 225 sq.
Lerpiu, a spirit, 32
Letts, celebration of the summer solstice among the, 280
Leviathan, 106 n.2
Liebrecht, F., 7 n.2
Life, human, valued more highly by Europeans than by many other races, 135 sq.
Limu, the Assyrian eponymate, 117
Lion, king represented with the body of a, 85
Lisiansky, U., 117 sq.
“Little Easter Sunday,” 153, 154 n.1
Logan, W., 49
Lolos, the, 65
Lombardy, the Day of the Old Wives in, 241
“Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” 149, 150, 155, 156
Lostwithiel in Cornwall, temporary king at, 153 sq.
Lous, a Babylonian month, 113, 116
Lucian, 42
Lug, legendary Irish hero, 99, 101
Lugnasad, the first of August, 101
Lunar and solar time, attempts to harmonise, 68 sq.
Luschan, F. von, 85 n.5, 86 n.1
Lussac, Ash Wednesday at, 226
Lycaeus, Mount, Zeus on, 70;
human sacrifices on, 163
Macahity, an annual festival in Hawaii, 117
Macassars of Celebes, their custom of swinging, 277
Macdonald, Rev. J., 183 n.2
Maceboard, the, in the Isle of Man, 258
Macgregor, Sir William, 203 n.2
Macha, Queen, 100
McLennan, J. F., 194 n.1
Magic, the Age of, 2;
homoeopathic or imitative, 283, 285
Magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in spring, 266 sqq.;
for the revival of nature in Central Australia, 270
Maha Makham, the Great Sacrifice, 49
Mairs, their custom of sacrificing their firstborn sons, 181
Malabar, custom of Thalavettiparothiam in, 53;
religious suicide in, 54 sq.
Malayans, devil-dancers, practise a mock human sacrifice, 216
Malays, their belief in the Spectral Huntsman, 178
Malta, death of the Carnival in, 224 sq.
Manasseh, King, his sacrifice of his children, 170
Mandans, their notions as to the stars, 67 sq.
Man-god, reason for killing the, 9 sq.
Mangaians, their preference for a violent death, 10
Manipur, the Naga tribes of, 11;
mode of counting the years in, 117 n.1;
rajahs of, descended from a snake, 133
Mannhardt, W., 249 n.4, 253, 270
Manu, Laws of, 188
Maoris, the, 64
Mara tribe of northern Australia, 60
Mardi Gras, Shrove Tuesday, 227
Marduk, New Year festival of, 110;
his image at Babylon, 113
—— and Tiamat, 105 sq., 107 sq.
Mareielis at Zurich, 260
Marena, Winter or Death, 262
Marketa, the holy, 238
Marriage, mythical and dramatic, of the Sun and Moon, 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 92, 105;
of brothers and sisters in royal families, 193 sq.
—— Sacred, of king and queen, 71;
of gods and goddesses, 73;
of actors disguised as animals, 83;
of Zeus and Hera, 91
“Marriage Hollow” at Teltown, 99
Martin, Father, quoted, 141 sq.
Marzana, goddess of Death, 237
Masai, the, 61, 65;
their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, 202 sq.
Masks hung on trees, 283
Masquerades of kings and queens, 71 sq., 88, 89
Masson, Bishop, 137
Mata, the small-pox goddess, sacrifice of children to, 181
Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, 35 sq.
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 94 sq.
Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, 95
May, the Queen of, in the Isle of Man, 258;
King and Queen of, 266
—— Bride, 266
—— Day in Sweden, 254;
in the Isle of Man, 258
—— -tree, 246;
horse-race to, 208
—— -trees, 251 sq.
Mbaya Indians of South America, 140;
their custom of infanticide, 197
Medicine-men swinging as a mode of cure, 280 sq.
Melicertes at the Isthmus of Corinth, 93, 103;
in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, 162
[pg 299]
Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, 259 n.1
Men and asses, redemption of firstling, 173
Mendes, mummy of Osiris at, 4;
the ram-god of, 7 n.2
Menoeceus, his voluntary death, 192 n.3
Meriahs, human victims among the Khonds, 139
Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, 15
Merolla, G., quoted, 14 sq.
Messiah, a pretended, 46
Meteors, superstitions as to, 58 sqq.
Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, 192
Metsik, “wood-spirit,” 233, 252 sq.
Meyer, Professor Kuno, 159 n.1
Micah, the prophet, on sacrifice, 171, 174
Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, 222 n.1;
also called Dead Sunday, 221;
celebration of, 234, 236 sq.;
ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 240 sqq.
Midsummer Eve, Russian ceremony on, 262
Mikados, human sacrifices formerly offered at the graves of the, 218
Miltiades, funeral games in his honour, 93
Minahassa, mock human sacrifices in, 214 sq.
Minorca, seven-legged images of Lent in, 244 n.1
Minos, king of Cnossus, his reign of eight years, 70 sqq.;
tribute of youths and maidens sent to, 74 sqq.
—— and Britomartis, 73
Minotaur, legend of the, 71, 74, 75
Minyas, king of Orchomenus, 164
Mnevis, the sacred bull of Heliopolis, 72
Moab, king of, sacrifices his son on the wall, 166, 179
Mock human sacrifices, 214 sqq.;
sacrifices of finger-joints, 219
—— sultan in Morocco, 152 sq.
Mohammedan belief as to falling stars, 63 sq.
Moloch, sacrifice of children to, 75, 168 sqq.
Moon represented by a cow, 71 sq.;
myth of the setting and rising, 73;
married to Endymion, 90
—— and sun, mythical and dramatic marriage of the, 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 92, 105
Morasas, the, 219
Moravia, “Carrying out Death” in, 238 sq., 249
Morocco, annual temporary king in, 152 sq.
Mortality of the gods, 1 sqq.
Moschus, 73 n.1
Moss, W., 284 n.4
Mother of the Grape-cluster, 8
Moulton, Professor J. H., 124 n.1
Mounds, sepulchral, 93, 96, 100, 104
Mulai Rasheed II., 153
Müller, K. O., 59, 69 n.1, 90, 165 n.1, 166 n.1
Mumbo Jumbos, 178
Mummers, the Whitsuntide, 205 sqq.
Murderers, their bodies destroyed, 11
Mutch, Captain J. S., 259 n.1
Mysore, mimic rite of circumcision in, 220
Myths of creation, 106 sqq.
Nabu, a Babylonian god, 110
Naga tribes of Manipur, 11
Nagpur, the cobra the crest of the Maharajah of, 132 sq.
Namaquas, the, 61
Natural death regarded as a calamity, 11 sq.
Nauroz and Eed festivals, 279
Nemean games celebrated in honour of Opheltes, 93
Nemi, priest of, 28, 212 sq., 220;
King of the Wood at, 205 sq., 212 sqq.
Nephele, wife of King Athamas, 161
New Britain, 65
—— Guinea, the Papuans of, 287
—— Hebrides, burial alive in the, 12
—— South Wales, sacrifice of firstborn children among the aborigines of, 179 sq.
Ngarigo, the, of New South Wales, 60
Ngoio, a province of Congo, 118 sq.
Nias, custom of succession to the chieftainship in, 198 sq.;
mock human sacrifices at funerals in, 216
Nicobarese, their sham-fights to gratify the dead, 96
Niederpöring in Bavaria, Whitsuntide custom at, 206 sq.
Niué or Savage Island, 219
Nöldeke, Professor Th., 179 n.4
Normandy, Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, 228
Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, 13 sq.
North Africa, festivals of swinging in, 284
—— American Indians, their funeral celebrations, 97;
their firm belief in immortality, 137
Nyakang, founder of the dynasty of Shilluk kings, 18 sqq.
Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, 61
Oak, sacred, at Delphi, 80 sq.;
effigy of Death buried under an, 236
[pg 300]
Oak branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, 207
—— -leaves, crown of, 80 sqq.
Oath by the Styx, 70 n.1
Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonise lunar and solar time, 68 sq.
—— tenure of the kingship, 58 sqq.
Odin, 13;
legend of the deposition of, 56; sacrifice of king's sons to, 57;
human sacrifices to, 160 sq., 188
Oedipus, legend of, 193
Oenomaus at Olympia, 91
Oesel, island of, 66
Old Man, name of the corn-spirit, 253 sq.
—— people killed, 11 sqq.
—— Wives, the Day of the, 241
—— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony in Lent, 240 sqq.;
name applied to the corn-spirit, 253 sq.
Oldenberg, Professor H., 122 n.2
Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, 163, 164
Olive crown at Olympia, 91
Olympia, tombs of Pelops and Endymion at, 287
Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, 90
Olympic festival based on the octennial cycle, 89 sq.;
based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, 105
—— games said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, 92
—— stadium, the, 287
—— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, 90 sq., or of the Sun and Moon, 91, 105
Omen-birds, stories of their origin, 126, 127 sq.
On or Aun, king of Sweden, 57, 160 sq., 188
Opheltes at Nemea, 93
Ophites, the, 5 n.3
Oracular springs, 79 sq.
Orchomenus in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, 163 sq.
Ordeal by poison, fatal effects of, 197
Orestes, flight of, 213
Origen, on the Holy Spirit, 5 n.3
Orion the soul of Horus, 5
Ororo, 24
Osiris, the mummy of, 4
Otho, suicide of the Emperor, 140
Ox-blood, bath of, 201
Oxen sacrificed instead of human beings, 166 n.1
Palermo, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 240
Palm Sunday, “Sawing the Old Woman” on, 243
Palodes, 6
Pan, death of the Great, 6 sq.
Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead kings, 202
Papuans, the, of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, 287
Parker, Professor E. H., 146 n.1
Parkinson, John, 112 sq.
Parrots' eggs, a signal of death, 40 sq.
Parsons, Harold G., 203 n.5
Parthenon, eastern frieze of the, 89 n.5
Pârvatî and Siva, marriage of the images of, 265 sq.
Pasiphae identified with the moon, 72
—— and the bull, 71
“Pass through the fire,” meaning of the phrase as applied to the sacrifice of children, 165 n.3, 172
Passier, kings of, put to death, 51 sq.
Passover, tradition of the origin of the, 174 sqq.
Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, 225
Pausanias, King, funeral games in his honour, 94
Payagua Indians, 12
Payne, E. J., 69 n.2
Paxos, 6
Peking Gazette, 274, 275
Pelops worshipped at Olympia, 92, 104;
sacred precinct of, 104, 287
—— and Hippodamia at Olympia, 91
Penance for the slaughter of the dragon, 78
Peregrinus, his death by fire, 42
Persia, temporary kings in, 157 sqq.
Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, 253
Peru, sacrifice of children among the Indians of, 185
Perun, sacrifice of firstborn children to, 183
Peruvian Indians, 63 n.1
Pfingstl, a Whitsuntide mummer, 206 sq., 211
Phalaris, the brazen bull of, 75
Phaya Phollathep, “Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” 149
Pherecydes, 163 n.1
Philippine Islands, 3
Philo Judaeus, his doctrine of the Trinity, 6 n.
—— of Byblus, 166, 179
Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, 95
Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, 166 sq., 178, 179
Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, 161 sqq.
Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (picus), 186 n.4
Pilsen district of Bohemia, Whitsuntide custom in the, 210 sq.
Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, 70
[pg 301]
Pitrè, G., 224 n.1
Plataea, sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, 95 sq.
Plato on human sacrifices, 163
Ploughing, annual ceremony of, performed by temporary king, 149, 155 sq., 157
Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, 157
Plutarch, 163;
on the death of the Great Pan, 6;
on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, 167
Poison ordeal, fatal effects of the use of the, 197
Polynesia, remarkable rule of succession in, 190;
prevalence of infanticide in, 191, 196
Poplars burnt on Shrove Tuesday, 224 n.1
Poseidon, identified with Erechtheus, 87
Posidonius, ancient Greek traveller, 142
Possession by spirits of dead kings, 25 sq.
Preference for a violent death, 9 sqq.
Pregnancy, funeral rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his wife's, 189
Prince of Wales Islands, 64
Procopius, 14
Prussians, supreme ruler of the old, 41 sq.;
custom of the old, 156
Pruyssenaere, E. de, 30 n.1
Psoloeis, the, at Orchomenus, 163, 164
Ptarmigans and ducks, dramatic contest of the, 259
Puruha, a province of Quito, 185
Pururavas and Urvasi, Indian story of, 131
Pylos, burning the Carnival at, 232 sq.
Pythagoras at Delphi, 4
Pythian games, 80 sq.;
celebrated in honour of the Python, 93
Queen of May in the Isle of Man, 259;
married to the King of May, 266
—— of Winter in the Isle of Man, 258
Queensland, natives of, their superstitions as to falling stars, 60
Quilicare, suicide of kings of, 46 sq.
Quiteve, title of kings of Sofala, 37 sq.
Race for the kingdom at Olympia, 90
Races to determine the successor to the kingship, 103 sqq.
Radica, a festival at the end of the Carnival at Frosinone, 222
Rahab or Leviathan, 106 n.2
Rain-charms, 211
—— clan, 31
—— -god, 61
—— -makers among the Dinka, 32 sqq.
—— -making ceremonies, 20
Rajah, temporary, 154
Ralî, the fair of, 265
Ram with golden fleece, 162
—— -god of Mendes, 7 n.3
—— sacrificed to Pelops, 92, 104
Raratonga, custom of succession in, 191
Rauchfiess, a Whitsuntide mummer, 207 n.1
Rebirth of the dead, 70;
of a father in his son, 188 sqq.;
of the parent in the child, 287
Reckoning intervals of time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning, 59 n.1
Redemption of firstling men and asses, 173
Regalia in Celebes, sanctity of, 202
Regicide among the Slavs, 52;
modified custom of, 148
Regifugium at Rome, 213
Reinach, Salomon, 7 n.2
Reincarnation of human souls, belief in, a motive for infanticide, 188 sq.
Religion, the Age of, 2
Renewal, annual, of king's power at Babylon, 113
Resurrection of the god, 212;
of the tree-spirit, 212;
of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, 221;
enacted in Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies, 233;
of the effigy of Death, 247 sqq.;
of the Carnival, 252;
of the Wild Man, 252;
of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, 261
Retaliation in Southern India, law of, 141 sq.
Rhea and Cronus, 194
Rhegium in Italy, 187 n.5
Rhodes, human sacrifices to Baal in, 195
Rhys, Sir John, 101
Rigveda, the, 279
“Road of Jerusalem,” 76
Robinson, Captain W. C., 139 n.1
Rockhill, W. W., 284 sq.
Roman custom of catching the souls of the dying, 200;
of vowing a “Sacred Spring,” 186 sq.
—— funeral customs, 92, 96
—— game of Troy, 76 sq.
—— indifference to death, 143 sq.
Rome, funeral games at, 96;
the Regifugium at, 213
Rook, custom of killing all firstborn children in the island of, 180
Roscher, W. H., 7 n.2, 73 n.2
Roscoe, Rev. J., 139, 182 n.2, 201 n.1
Rose, H. A., 181
Rose, the Sunday of the, 222 n.1
Rottweil, the Carnival Fool at, 231
Russia, funeral ceremonies of Kostrubonko, etc., in, 261 sqq.
Russians, religious suicides among the, 44 sq.;
the heathen, their sacrifice of the firstborn children, 183
[pg 302]
Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, 113 sqq.
Sacred Marriage of king and queen, 71;
of actors disguised as animals, 71, 83;
of gods and goddesses, 73;
of Zeus and Hera, 91
—— spears, 19, 20
“Sacred spring, the,” among the ancient Italian peoples, 186 sq.
Sacrifice of the king's son, 160 sqq.;
of the firstborn, 171 sqq., 179 sqq.;
of finger-joints, 219
Sacrifices for rain, 20;
for the sick, 20, 25;
to totems, 31;
to the dead, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97;
of children among the Semites, 166 sqq.
—— human, in ancient Greece, 161 sqq.;
mock human, 214 sqq.
—— vicarious, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 n.1
St. George and the Dragon, 107;
swinging on the festival of, 283
St. John's Day (the summer solstice), swinging at, 280
—— Eve, Russian ceremony on, 262
Saint-Lô, the burning of Shrove Tuesday at, 228 sq.
St. Peter's Day, the twenty-ninth of June, 262
Saintonge and Aunis, burning the Carnival in, 230
Sakalavas, sanctity of relics of dead kings among the, 202
Salamis in Cyprus, human sacrifices at, 166 n.1
Salih, a prophet, 97
Salish Indians, their sacrifice of their firstborn children to the sun, 184
Salmoneus, his imitation of thunder and lightning, 165
Samaracand, New Year ceremony at, 151
Samnites, guided by a bull, 186 n.4
Samoa, expiation for disrespect to a sacred animal in, 216 sq.
Samorin, title of the kings of Calicut, 47 sq.
Samothracian mysteries, 89
Santal custom of swinging on hooks, 279
Santos, J. dos, 37 sq.
Sarawak, Dyaks of, 277
Saturday, Holy, 244
Savage Island, mimic rite of circumcision in, 219 sq.
Savages believe themselves naturally immortal, 1
Savou, island of, 287
“Sawing the Old Woman,” a Lenten ceremony, 240 sqq.
Saws at Mid-Lent, 241, 242
Saxon kings, their marriage with their stepmothers, 193
Saxons of Transylvania, the hanging of an effigy of Carnival among the, 230 sq.
Saxony, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208
Scarli, 224 n.1
Schmidt, A., 59 n.1
Schmiedel, Professor P., 261 n.1
Schoolcraft, H. R., 137 sq.
Schörzingen, the Carnival Fool at, 231
Schwegler, F. C. A., 187 n.4
Sdach Méac, title of annual temporary king of Cambodia, 148
Sea Dyaks, their stories of the origin of omen birds, 126, 127 sq.
Seligmann, C. G., 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33
Semang, the, 85
Semic in Bohemia, beheading the king on Whit-Monday at, 209
Seminoles of Florida, souls of the dying caught among the, 199
Semites, sacrifices of children among the, 166 sqq.
Semitic Baal, 75
Senjero, sacrifice of firstborn sons in, 182 sq.
Sepharvites, their sacrifices of children, 171
Seriphos, custom of swinging in the island of, 283 sq.
Serpent, the Brazen, 86;
sacred, on the Acropolis at Athens, 86;
or dragons personated by kings, 82;
transmigration of the souls of the dead into, 84
Servitude for the slaughter of dragons, 70, 78
Servius, on the legend of Erigone, 282
Seven youths and maidens, tribute of, 74 sqq.
—— -legged effigy of Lent, 244 sq.
Shadow Day, a gypsy name for Palm Sunday, 243
—— Queen, the, 243
Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 169, 170
Sham fight, 24
Shark, king of Dahomey represented with body of a, 85
Shilluk, a tribe of the White Nile, 17 sqq.;
custom of putting to death the divine kings, 17 sqq., 204, 206;
ceremony on the accession of a new king of the, 204
Shirt worn by the effigy of Death, its use, 247, 249
Shooting stars, superstitions as to, 53 sqq.
Shrines of dead kings, 24 sq.
Shrove Tuesday, Burial of the Carnival on, 221 sqq.;
mock death of, 227 sqq.;
drama of Summer and Winter on, 257
Shrovetide custom in the Erzgebirge, 208 sq.;
in Bohemia, 209
—— Bear, the, 230
[pg 303]
Shurii-Kia-Miau, aboriginal tribe in China, 145
Siam, annual temporary kings in, 149 sq.
Siamese, mock human sacrifices among the, 218
Sick, sacrifices for the, 20, 25;
thought to be possessed by the spirits of kings, 25 sq.
Silesia, “Carrying out Death” in, 236 sq., 250 sq.
Singalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit World, 127, 128
Sioo or Siauw, mock human sacrifices in the island of, 218
Sirius, the soul of Isis in, 5
Sister, marriage with, in royal families, 193 sq.
Siu, a Sea Dyak, and his bird wife, 127 sq.
Siva and Pârvatî, marriage of the images of, 265 sq.
Six hundred and sixty-six, the number of the Beast, 44
Skoptsi, a Russian sect, 196 n.3
Skull of dead king used as a drinking-vessel, 200
Skulls of dead kings removed and kept, 202 sq.
Sky-spirit, sacrifice of children to, 181
Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, 78 sqq., 89;
myth of the, 105 sqq.
Slavs, custom of regicide among the, 52;
festival of the New Year among the old, 221;
"Sawing the Old Woman" among the, 242
Slaying of the king in legend, 120 sqq.
Smith, W. Robertson, 8 n.1
Snake, rajahs of Manipur descended from a, 133
Sofala, kings of, put to death, 37 sq.;
dead kings of, consulted as oracles, 201
Solar and lunar time, early attempts to harmonise, 68 sq.
Son of the king sacrificed for his father, 160 sqq.
Sons of gods, 5
“Soranian Wolves,” 186 n.4
Soul, succession to the, 196 sqq.
Souls of the dead supposed to resemble their bodies, as these were at the moment of death, 10 sq.;
associated with falling stars, 64 sqq.;
transmitted to successors, 198
South American Indians, their insensibility to pain, 138
Spain, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, 244
Spartan kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, 58 sq.
Spears, sacred, 19
Spectral Huntsman, 178
Spencer and Gillen, quoted, 180 n.1, 187 n.6
Spirit, the Great, of the American Indians, 3
Spitting to avert demons, 63
Spring equinox, custom of swinging at, 284;
drama of Summer and Winter at the, 257
Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, 266 sqq.
“Spring, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, 186 sq.
Springs, oracular, 78 sq.
Stadium, the Olympic, 287
Standing on one foot, custom of, 149, 150, 155, 156
Stars, the souls of Egyptian gods in, 5;
shooting, superstitions as to, 58 sqq.;
their supposed influence on human destiny, 65 sq., 67 sq.
Stepmother, marriage with a, 193
Stevens, Captain John, his History of Persia quoted, 158 sq.
Stigand, Captain C. H., 182
Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, 24
Students of Fez, their mock sultan, 152 sq.
Styx, oath by the, 70 n.1
Substitutes, voluntary, for capital punishment in China, 145 sq., 273 sqq.
Succession in Polynesia, customs of, 190 sq.
—— to the kingdom through marriage with a sister or with the king's widow, 193 sq.;
conferred by personal relics of dead kings, 202 sq.
—— to the soul, 196 sqq.
Sufi II., Shah of Persia, 158
Suicide of Buddhist monks, 42 sq.;
epidemic of, in Russia, 44 sq.;
by hanging, 282
——, religious, 42 sqq., 54 sqq.;
in India, 54 sq.
——, hand of, cut off, 220 n.
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 65
“Sultan of the Scribes,” 152 sq.
Summer, bringing in, 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.
—— and Winter, dramatic battle of, 254 sq.
—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, 90;
swinging at the, 280
—— trees, 246, 251 sq.
Sun represented by a bull, 71 sq.;
represented as a man with a bull's head, 75;
eclipses of the, beliefs and practices as to, 73 n.2, 77;
sacrifice of firstborn children to the, 183 sq.;
called “the golden swing in the sky,” 279
[pg 304]
Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic marriage of, 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 92, 105
Sunday of the Rose, 222 n.1
Supply of kings, 134 sqq.
Supreme Beings, otiose, in Africa, 19 n.
Swabia, Whitsuntide mummers in, 207;
Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, 230, 233
Sweden, May Day in, 254
Swedish kings, traces of nine years' reign of, 57 sq.
Swing in the Sky, the Golden, description of the sun, 279
Swinging as a ceremony or magical rite, 150, 156 sq., 277 sqq.;
on hooks run through the body, Indian custom, 278 sq.;
as a mode of inspiration, 280;
as a festal rite in modern Greece, Spain, and Italy, 283 sq.
Swords, golden, 75
Syene, 144 n.2
Syntengs of Assam, 55
Syro-Macedonian calendar, 116 n.1
Tahiti, remarkable rule of succession in, 190
Tahitians, their notions as to eclipses of the sun and moon, 73 n.2
Tailltiu or Tailltin, the fair of, 99, 101
Takilis or Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, 199
Talos, a bronze man, perhaps identical with the Minotaur, 74 sq.
Tammuz or Adonis, 7
Tara, pagan cemetery at, 101
Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, 62
Taui Islanders, 61
Tchiglit Esquimaux, the, 65
Tel-El-Amarna tablets, 170 n.5
Teltown, the fair at, 99
Tempe, the Vale of, 81
Temporary kings, 148 sqq.
Tenedos, sacrifice of infants to Melicertes in, 162
Tengaroeng in Borneo, swinging at, 280, 281
Thalavettiparothiam, a custom observed in Malabar, 52 sq.
Thamus, an Egyptian pilot, 6
Thebes, festival of the Laurel-Bearing at, 78 sq., 88 sq.
Theopompus, 95
Theseus and Ariadne, 75
Thiodolf, the poet, 161
Thracians, funeral games held by the, 96;
their contempt of death, 142
Throne, reverence for the, 51
Thüringen, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208;
Carrying out Death in, 235 sq.
Tiamat and Marduk, 105 sq., 107 sq.
Tiberius, his enquiries as to the death of Pan, 7;
his attempt to put down Carthaginian sacrifices of children, 168
Tilton, E. L., 232
Time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning intervals of, 59
Timoleon, funeral games in his honour, 94
Tinneh Indians, the, 65, 278
Tirunavayi temple, 49
Tlachtga, pagan cemetery at, 101
Toboongkoos, mock human sacrifices among the, 219
Todtenstein, 264
Tonquinese custom of catching the soul of the dying, 200
Tooth of dead king kept, 203
Tophet, 169, 170, 171
Torres Straits, funeral custom in, 92 sq.
Totemism of the Dinka, 30 sq.;
possible trace of Latin, 186 n.4;
the source of a particular type of folk-tales, 129 sqq.
Totems, sacrifices to, 31;
stories told to account for the origin of, 129
Toumou, Egyptian god, 5
Transformations into animals, 82 sqq.
Transmigration of souls of the dead into serpents and other animals, 84 sq.;
belief in, a motive for infanticide, 188 sq.
Transmission of soul to successor, 198 sqq.
Trasimene Lake, battle of, 186
Tree-spirit, killing of the, 205 sqq.;
resurrection of the, 212;
in relation to vegetation-spirit, 253
Trees, masks hung on, 283
Trevelyan, G. M., 154 n.1
Tribute of youths and maidens, 74 sqq.
Triennial tenure of the kingship, 112 sq.
Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, 5 n.3
Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, 85
Trojeburg, 77
Trophonius at Lebadea, 166 n.1
Troy, the game of, 76 sq.
Tshi-speaking negroes of the Gold Coast, their stories to explain their totemism, 128 sq.
Turrbal tribe of Queensland, 60
Typhon, the soul of, in the Great Bear, 5
Uganda, king of, 39 sq.;
human sacrifices in, 139;
firstborn sons strangled in, 182;
dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, 200 sq.
Ujjain in Western India, 122 sqq., 132, 133
Ulster, tombs of the kings of, 101
Unyoro, kings of, put to death, 34
Upsala, 161;
sepulchral mound at, 57;
great festival at, 58
[pg 305]
Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, 192
Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story of, 131
Ushnagh, pagan cemetery at, 101
Valhala, 13
Varro on a Roman funeral custom, 92;
on suicides by hanging, 282
Vegetation, death and revival of, 263 sqq.
—— -spirit perhaps generalised from a tree-spirit, 253
Vicarious sacrifices, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 n.1
Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain, 122 sqq., 132
Vintage, first-fruits of the, offered to Icarius and Erigone, 283
Virbius or Hippolytus killed by horses, 214
Virgil, on the game of Troy, 76;
on the creation of the world, 108 sq.
Vishnu, mock human sacrifice in the worship of, 216
Volcano, sacrifice of child to, 218
Vosges Mountains, superstition as to shooting stars in the, 67
Vṛtra, the dragon, 106 sq.
Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257
Wadai, Sultan of, 39
Wade, Sir Thomas, 273 sq.
Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 156
Wak, a sky-spirit, 181
Wambugwe, the, 65
Water, effigies of Death thrown into the, 234 sqq., 246 sq.
—— -bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, 207 n.1
—— -dragon, drama of the slaying of, 78
Weinhold, K., 57 n.2
Wends, their custom of killing and eating the old, 14
Westermarck, Dr. E., 16 n.1, 153 n.1, 189 n.2, 204 n.1
Wheat at Lammas, offerings of, 101
Wheel, effigy of Death attached to a, 247
Whiteway, R. S., 51 n.2
Whitsuntide, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257
—— King, 209 sqq.
—— Mummers, 205 sqq.
—— Queen, 210
Widow of king, succession to the throne through marriage with the, 193
Wieland's House, 77
Wild Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 208 sq., 212
Winter, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, 258;
effigy of, burned at Zurich, 260 sq.
—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, 254 sqq.
Wolf, transformation into, 83;
said to have guided the Samnites, 186 n.4
—— -god, Zeus as the, 83
Wolves, Soranian, 186 n.4
Woman, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, 240 sqq.
Wood, King of the, at Nemi, 28
Woodpecker (picus) said to have guided the Piceni, 186 n.4;
sacred among the Latins, ib.
Worship of dead kings, 24 sq.
Wotjobaluk, the, 64
Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, 13 sq.
Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead, 97
Wurmlingen in Swabia, Whitsuntide custom at, 207 sq.;
the Carnival Fool at, 231 sq.
Wyse, W., 144
Xeres, Fr., early Spanish historian, 185
Xerxes in Thessaly, 161, 163
Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn children, 185 sq.
Yarilo, the funeral of, 261, 262 sq.
Year, the Great, 70
Years, mode of counting the, in Manipur, 117 n.1
Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, 64
Yorubas, the, 41, 112
Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, 74 sqq.
Zagmuk, a Babylonian festival, 110 sq., 113, 115 sqq.
Zeus, the grave of, 3;
oracular cave of, 70;
on Mount Lycaeus, 70 n.1;
his transformations into animals, 82 sq.;
the Wolf-god, 83;
the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, 90 sq.;
swallows his wife Metis, 192;
his marriage with his sister Hera, 194;
and Europa, 73
—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, 91
—— Laphystian, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Zimmern, H., 111 n.1
Zoganes at Babylon, 114
Zulu kings put to death, 36 sq.
Zurich, effigies of Winter burnt at, 260 sq.