CONTENTS (continued 4)

Boas, Franz.

1888. The central Eskimo. Sixth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethnology 1884-’85: 399-675, 6 pl., 152 fig., 7 maps.

1901, 1907. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15, pt. 1: vi-xviii, 1-370, 1901; pt. 2: 371-570, 1907; 10 pl., 270 fig.

Bompas, William Carpenter.

1888. Diocese of Mackenzie River. London: [1]+108, 1 map.

Buchanan, Angus.

1920. Wild life in Canada. Toronto: ix-xx, 1-264, 16 pl., 1 map.

Cabot, William B.

1912. In northern Labrador. Boston: xii + 292, 48 pl., 2 maps.

Cameron, Agnes Deans.

1912. The new North . . . New York and London: xix + 398, 1 pl., 114 fig., 1 map.

Camsell, Charles.

1916. An exploration of the Tazin and Taltson Rivers, North West Territories. Geol. Survey [Canada] Mem. 84, Geol. Ser. 69: iii + 124, 18 pl., 1 map.

Camsell, Charles, and Wyatt Malcolm.

1919. The Mackenzie River basin. Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey Mem. 108: ii + 154, 14 pl., 2 maps.

Caton, John Dean.

1881. The antelope and deer of America. Revised ed. Boston: v-xvi, 17-426, 1 pl., 76 fig. (Orig. ed. in 1877.)

Chambers, Ernest J.

1914. The unexploited West. Dept. Interior, Ottawa: xv + 361+viii+xi, 52 fig., 8 maps.

Christian, Edgar.

1937. Unflinching, a diary of tragic adventure. London: xi + 156, 8 pl., 1 map.

Clarke, C. H. D.

1940. A biological investigation of the Thelon Game Sanctuary. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 96: iv + 135, 4 pl., 21 fig., 4 maps.

Collinson, Richard.

1889. Journal of H.M.S. Enterprise, on the expedition in search of Sir John Franklin’s ships by Behring Strait. 1850-55. London: xii + 531, 2 pl., 6 maps.

Craig, J. D.

1927. Canadian Arctic Expedition 1923. In: Canada’s Arctic islands: 13-28, 9 fig. Dept. Interior, Ottawa.

Critchell-Bullock, James C.

1930-1931. An expedition to sub-Arctic Canada, 1924-25. Canadian Field-Naturalist 44 (3): 53-59; (4): 81-87; (5): 111-117; (6): 140-145; (7): 156-162; (8): 187-196; (9): 207-213, 1930; 45 (1): 11-18; (2): 31-35; 1 pl., 1931.

Degerbøl, Magnus.

1935. Mammals. Part 1. Systematic notes. Rept. Fifth Thule Exped. 1921-24, 2 (4-5): 1-67, 12 fig.

Dix, W. L.

1951. Lichens and hepatics of the Nueltin Lake Expedition, Keewatin. 1947. Bryologist 53 (4): 283-288, 3 fig., “December, 1950.”

Dobbs, Arthur.

1744. An account of the countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay. . . . London: ii + 211, 1 map.

Douglas, George M.

1914. Lands forlorn; a story of an expedition to Hearne’s Coppermine River. New York: xv + 285, 1 pl., 185 fig., 1 map.

Dowling, D. B.

1893. Narrative of a journey in 1890, from Great Slave Lake to Beechy Lake, on the Great Fish River. From the journal of Mr. James McKinley. . . . Ottawa Naturalist 7 (6): 85-92; (7): 101-114.

Downes, P. G.

1943. Sleeping Island. New York: vii + 296, 24 pl.

Dugmore, A. Radclyffe.

1913. The romance of the Newfoundland caribou, an intimate account of the life of the reindeer of North America. Philadelphia and London: viii + 192, 64 pl., 39 fig., 2 maps.

Dutilly, Arthème.

1949. A bibliography of reindeer, caribou, and musk-ox. Dept. of the Army, Office of Quartermaster General, Military Planning Division, Research and Development Branch, Environmental Protection Section, Rept. 129, Washington: x + 462. (Mimeographed.)

Dyar, Harrison G.

1919. The mosquitoes collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. (Diptera, Culicidae.) Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18, 3, part C: 31-33, 2 fig.

Ekblaw, W. Elmer.

1926. The American Arctic Archipelago. In: Victor E. Shelford (editor), Naturalist’s guide to the Americas: 98-102. Baltimore.

Elliot, Daniel Giraud.

1901. A synopsis of the mammals of North America and the adjacent seas. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser. 2: xv + 471, 49 pl., 94 fig.

1902. The caribou. In: Theodore Roosevelt, T. S. Van Dyke, D. G. Elliot, and A. J. Stone, The deer family: 259-287, 8 pl.

1905. A check list of mammals of the North American continent, the West Indies, and the neighboring seas. Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 105, Zool. Ser. 6: v + 761, 1 pl.

Fisher, Alexander.

1821. A journal of a voyage of discovery to the Arctic regions, in His Majesty’s ships Hecla and Griper, in the years 1819 and 1820. Ed. 2. London: iii-xi, 1-320, 18 fig., 1 map.

Flerov, Constantine C.

1933. Review of the Palaearctic reindeer or caribou. Jour. Mammalogy 14 (4): 328-338, 9 fig., 1 map.

1934. A new palaeolithic reindeer from Siberia. Jour. Mammalogy 15 (3): 239-240.

Franklin, John.

1823. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1819, 20, 21, and 22. Zoological appendix: quadrupeds and birds, by Joseph Sabine, pp. 647-703; notices of the fishes, and botanical appendix, by John Richardson, pp. 705-783. London: xv + 783 + [1], 30 pl., 4 maps.

Franklin, John, and John Richardson.

1828. Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1825, 1826, and 1827, by John Franklin. . . . Including an account of the progress of a detachment to the eastward, by John Richardson. . . . London: 320 + clvii, 31 pl., 6 maps.

Freuchen, Peter.

1935. Mammals. Part 2. Field notes and biological observations. Rept. Fifth Thule Exped. 1921-24, 2 (4-5): 68-278, 1 map.

Gavin, Angus.

1945. Notes on mammals observed in the Perry River district, Queen Maud Sea. Jour. Mammalogy 26 (3): 226-230.

Gilder, William H.

1881. Schwatka’s search. Sledging in the Arctic in quest of the Franklin records. New York: xvi + 316, 12 pl., 18 fig., 2 maps.

Godman, John D.

1831. American natural history. Ed. 2, vol. 2. Philadelphia: 1-330, 18 pl.

Godsell, Philip H.

1934. Arctic trader. New York: i-xvii, 19-329, 12 pl., 1 map.

1937. The “Blond” Eskimos and the “created want.” Nat. Hist. 39 (4): 285-289, 4 fig.

Goldman, Edward A.

1944. Part 2. Classification of wolves. In: Stanley P. Young and Edward A. Goldman, The wolves of North America: 387-636, 44 pl., 2 maps.

Grant, Madison.

1903. The caribou. Seventh Ann. Rept. New York Zool. Soc. . . . 1902: 175-196, 32 pl., 1 map.

Hamilton, W. J., Jr.

1939. American mammals, their lives, habits, and economic relations. New York: xii + 434, 1 pl., 92 fig.

Hanbury, David T.

1900. A journey from Chesterfield Inlet to Great Slave Lake, 1898-9. Geog. Jour. 16 (1): 63-77, 1 map.

1903. Through the Barren Ground of north-eastern Canada to the Arctic coast. Geog. Jour. 22 (2): 178-191, 9 fig., 1 map.

1904. Sport and travel in the northland of Canada. London and New York: xxxii + 319, 38 pl., 2 fig., 2 maps.

Harper, Francis.

1915. The Athabaska-Great Slave Lake expedition. Summary Rept. Geol. Survey [Canada] 1914: 159-163.

1932. Mammals of the Athabaska and Great Slave Lakes region. Jour. Mammalogy 13 (1): 19-36, 3 pl.

1945. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. Am. Committee Internat. Wild Life Protection, Spl. Publ. 12. New York: xvi + 850, 1 pl., 67 fig.

1949. In caribou land. Nat. Hist. 58 (5): 224-231, 239-240, 12 fig., 2 maps.

1953. Birds of the Nueltin Lake Expedition, Keewatin, 1947. Am. Midland Naturalist 49 (1): 1-116, 8 fig., 1 map. (“Jan.” = April?).

Hearne, Samuel.

1795. A journey from Prince of Wales’ Fort in Hudson’s Bay, to the Northern Ocean . . . in the years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772. London: xliv + 458, 9 pl. (A Dublin edition, 1796, with nearly identical pagination.)

Henderson, F. D.

1927. Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1924. In: Canada’s Arctic islands: 29-41, 6 fig. Dept. Interior, Ottawa.

Henriksen, Kai L.

1937. Zoology. Insects collected on the Fifth Thule Expedition. Rept. Fifth Thule Exped. 1921-24, 2 (8). 1-34, 1 map.

Hewitt, C. Gordon.

1921. The conservation of the wild life of Canada. New York: xxi + 344, 24 pl., 4 fig., 10 maps, 5 charts.

Hoare, W. H. B.

1930. Conserving Canada’s musk-oxen; being an account of an investigation of the Thelon Game Sanctuary 1928-29. . . . (Including Appendix B, Notes on the musk-ox and the caribou, pp. 49-53, by R. M. Anderson.) Dept. Interior, Ottawa: 2-53, 22 fig., 4 maps.

Hoffman, Arnold.

1949. The Northwest Territories: the last frontier. Explorers’ Jour. 27 (1): 10-12, 64.

Hooper, W. H.

1853. Ten months among the tents of the Tuski, with incidents of an Arctic boat expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, as far as the Mackenzie River, and Cape Bathurst. London: xvi + 417, 5 pl., 6 fig., 2 maps.

Hornaday, William T.

1904. The American natural history. . . . New York: xxv + 449, 343 fig., maps.

1914. The American natural history. Fireside ed., vol. 2. New York: xv + 332, 23 pl., 62 fig., 6 maps.

Hornby, John.

1934. Wild life in the Thelon River area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 48 (7): 105-115.

Hustich, Ilmari.

1951. The lichen woodlands in Labrador and their importance as winter pastures for domesticated reindeer. Acta Geographica 12 (1): 1-48, 18 fig., 4 maps.

Ingstad, Helge.

1933. The land of feast and famine. New York: 1-332, 31 pl., 1 map.

Isham, James.

1949. James Isham’s observations on Hudsons Bay 1743. . . . (Edited by E. E. Rich and A. M. Johnson.) Publ. Champlain Soc., Hudson’s Bay Company ser. 12. Toronto: iii-cv, 1-198, 1 pl., 18 fig.

Jackson, Hartley H. T.

1944. Big-game resources of the United States 1937-1942. U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research Rept. 8: ii + 56, 31 fig.

Jacobi, Arnold.

1931. Das Rentier. Zool. Anzeiger, suppl. vol. 96: vii + 264, 6 pl., 25 fig., 7 maps.

Jenness, Diamond.

1922. The life of the Copper Eskimo. Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18, 12: 1-277, 9 pl., 69 fig., 2 maps.

1932. The Indians of Canada. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 65: x + 446, 7 pl., 118 fig., 10 maps.

Johansen, Frits.

1921. Insect life on the western Arctic coast of America. Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18, 3, pt. K: 1-61, 10 pl., 1 map.

Jones, Charles J.

1899. Buffalo Jones’ forty years of adventure. . . . Compiled by Henry Inman. Topeka: xii + 469, 37 pl., 9 fig.

Kennedy, William.

1853. A short narrative of the second voyage of the Prince Albert, in search of Sir John Franklin. London: xiv + xxv, 27-202, 4 pl., 1 map.

Kennicott, Robert. (See Anonymous, 1869.)

Kindle, E. M.

1917. A note on the migration of the Barren Ground Caribou. Ottawa Naturalist 31 (9): 107-109.

1928. Canada north of fifty-six degrees: the land of long summer days. Canadian Field-Naturalist 42 (3): 53-86, 19 pl., 9 fig., 4 maps.

King, Richard.

1836. Narrative of a journey on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in 1833, 1834, and 1835; under the command of Capt. Back, R.N. London: 1: ix + 312; 2: viii + 321.

Kitto, F. H.

1930. The North West Territories 1930. Dept. Interior, Ottawa: 1-137, 44 fig., 3 maps.

Kumlien, Ludwig.

1879. Contributions to the natural history of Arctic America. . . . Introduction, ethnology, mammals. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 15: 3-67.

Lantis, Margaret.

1950. The reindeer industry in Alaska. Arctic 3 (1): 27-44, 2 fig., 1 map.

Lofthouse, J.

1899. A trip on the Tha-anne River, Hudson Bay. Geog. Jour. 13 (3): 274-277, 1 map.

Lydekker, Richard.

1898. The deer of all lands. London: xx + 329, 24 pl., 80 fig.

1901. The great and small game of Europe, western & northern Asia, and America; their distribution, habits, and structure. London: xx + 445, 8 pl., 75 fig.

1915. Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 4. London: xxi + 438, 56 fig.

Lyon, George F.

1824. The private journal of Captain G. F. Lyon, of H.M.S. Hecla, during the recent voyage of discovery under Captain Parry. London: xiv + 468, 7 pl., 1 map.

M’Clintock, F. L.

1860? In the Arctic seas. A narrative of the discovery of the fate of Sir John Franklin and his companions. Philadelphia: xxiii + 375, 1 pl., 5 fig.

MacFarlane, R.

1890. On an expedition down the Begh-ula or Anderson River. Canadian Record Sci. 4 (1): 28-53.

1905. Notes on mammals collected and observed in the northern Mackenzie River district, Northwest Territories of Canada. . . . Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1405): 673-764, 5 pl., 2 fig.

McLean, John.

1932. John McLean’s notes of a twenty-five year’s service in the Hudson’s Bay territory. (Edited by W. S. Wallace.) Publ. Champlain Soc. 19. Toronto: xxxvi + 402, 1 map. (Originally published in 1849.)

McLean, W. J.

1901. Notes and observations of travels on the Athabasca and Slave Lake regions in 1899. Trans. Hist. and Sci. Soc. Manitoba 58: 7 pp.

Mallet, Thierry.

1926. Plain tales of the North. New York and London: 1-136.

1930. Glimpses of the Barren Lands. New York: 1-142, 7 pl.

Malloch, J. R.

1919. The Diptera collected by the Canadian Expedition, 1913-1918. (Excluding the Tipulidae and Culicidae.) Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18, 3, pt. C: 34-90, 4 pl.

Manning, T. H.

1942. Remarks on the physiography, Eskimo, and mammals of Southampton Island. Canadian Geog. Jour. 24 (1): 16-33, 16 fig., 1 map.

1943a. Notes on the mammals of south and central west Baffin Island. Jour. Mammalogy 24 (1): 47-59, 1 map.

1943b. Notes on the coastal district of the eastern Barren Grounds and Melville Peninsula from Igloolik to Cape Fullerton. Canadian Geog. Jour. 26 (2): 84-105, 16 fig., 2 maps.

1948. Notes on the country, birds and mammals west of Hudson Bay between Reindeer and Baker Lakes. Canadian Field-Naturalist 62 (1): 1-28, 8 fig., 1 map.

Millais, J. G.

1907. Newfoundland and its untrodden ways. London: xvi + 340, 86 pl., 1 fig., 2 maps.

1915. The caribou. In: The gun at home & abroad: the big game of Asia and North America: 255-280, 9 pl. London.

Miller, Gerrit S., Jr.

1924. List of North American recent mammals 1923. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 128: xvi + 673.

Mochi, Ugo, and T. Donald Carter.

1953. Hoofed mammals of the world. New York and London: 89 unnumbered pp., 294 fig., 5 maps.

Munn, Henry Toke.

1932. Prairie trails and Arctic by-ways. London: 1-288, 16 pl.

Murie, Olaus J.

1935. Alaska-Yukon caribou. U.S. Dept. Agric., No. Am. Fauna 54: 1-93, 10 pl., 13 fig., 3 maps.

1939. The Caribou. Description and distribution. In: Alfred Ely, H. E. Anthony, and R. R. M. Carpenter, North American big game: 239-246, 1 pl., 1 map. New York and London.

1941. Wildlife introductions in Alaska. Trans. Fifth No. Am. Wildlife Conference: 432-436.

Murray, Andrew.

1858. Contributions to the natural history of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s territories. Part 1.—Reindeer. Edinburgh New Philos. Jour. 7 (2): 189-210, 4 fig.

Natvig, L. Reinhardt.

1918. Beitrag zur Biologie der Dasselfliegen des Renntieres. Tromsø Mus. Aarshefter 38/39: 117-132, 1 pl., 5 fig.

Nelson, E. W.

1916. The larger North American mammals. Nat. Geog. Mag. 30 (5): 385-472, 33 pl., 24 fig.

Nourse, J. E.

1884. American explorations in the ice zones. . . . Boston: 3-578, 121 fig., 6 maps.

Osborn, Sherard.

1852. Stray leaves from an Arctic journal; or, eighteen months in the polar regions, in search of Sir John Franklin’s Expedition, in the years 1850-51. New York: 1-216.

1865. The discovery of a North-west Passage by H.M.S. Investigator, Capt. R. M’Clure, during the years 1850-1851-1852-1853-1854. Ed. 4. Edinburgh and London: xxvi + 358, 1 map. (Ed. 1 in 1856.)

Parry, William Edward.

1821. Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the years 1819-20, in His Majesty’s ships Hecla and Griper. . . . Ed. 2. London: [8] + xxix + 310 + clxxix, 14 pl., 6 maps.

1824. Journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty’s ships Fury and Hecla. . . . London: [6] + xxx + 572, clxxv-cccx, 30 pl., 16 fig., 9 maps.

Peary, R. E.

1907. Nearest the Pole. . . . New York: xx + 411, 65 pl., 2 maps.

Perez-Llano, George Albert.

1944. Lichens—their biological and economic significance. Botanical Rev. 10 (1): 1-65.

Pike, Warburton.

1917. The Barren Ground of northern Canada. [Ed. 2?] New York: xii + 334, 15 pl., 1 map. (Originally published in 1892.)

Pocock, R. I.

1911. On the specialized cutaneous glands of ruminants. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1910: 840-986, 60 fig.

Polunin, Nicholas.

1949. Arctic unfolding. . . . London: 1-348, 33 pl., 3 maps.

Porsild, A. E.

1943. Reindeer and caribou grazing in Canada. Trans. Seventh No. Am. Wildlife Conference: 381-390, “1942.”

1950. A biological exploration of Banks and Victoria Islands. Arctic 3 (1): 45-54, 6 fig., 1 map.

1951. Caribou in Greenland. Arctic Circular 4 (4): 52-58. (Mimeographed.)

Preble, Edward A.

1902. A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. U.S. Dept. Agric., No. Am. Fauna 22: 1-140, 13 pl., 1 map.

1908. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. U.S. Dept. Agric., No. Am. Fauna 27: 1-574, 21 pl., 12 fig., 8 maps.

1926. The Mackenzie watershed; northern Hudson Bay region, upper Yukon region, and the Arctic islands. In: Victor E. Shelford (editor), Naturalist’s guide to the Americas: 115-141. Baltimore.

Rae, John.

1850. Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846 and 47. London: viii + 248, 2 maps.

1852a. Journey from Great Bear Lake to Wollaston Land. Jour. Royal Geog. Soc. London 22: 73-82, 1 map.

1852b. Recent explorations along the south and east coast of Victoria Land. Jour. Royal Geog. Soc. London 22: 82-96, 1 map.

Rand, A. L.

1948a. Mammals of the eastern Rockies and western plains of Canada. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 108: ii-vii, 1-237, 4 pl., 81 fig., 4 maps.

1948b. Mr. W. H. Bryenton’s notes on Manitoba mammals of the Herb Lake-Flin Flon area. Canadian Field-Naturalist 62 (5): 140-150.

Rasmussen, Knud.

1927. Across Arctic America: narrative of the Fifth Thule Expedition. New York-London: 1-388, 66 pl., 4 maps.

Raup, Hugh M.

1933. Range conditions in the Wood Buffalo Park of western Canada with notes on the history of the wood bison. Am. Comm. Internat. Wild Life Protection, Spl. Publ. 1 (2): 1-52, 1 map.

Rausch, Robert.

1951. Notes on the Nunamiut Eskimo and mammals of the Anaktuvuk Pass region, Brooks Range, Alaska. Arctic 4 (3): 147-195, 12 fig., 3 maps.

Richardson, John.

“1825.” Zoological appendix. No. 1. Account of the quadrupeds and birds. In: Appendix to Captain Parry’s journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty’s ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821-22-23: 287-379. London. (“Published probably in 1827”—Preble, 1908: 536.)

1829. Fauna boreali-americana . . . . Part 1. Quadrupeds. London; xlvi + 300, 28 pl., 5 fig.

1836. Zoological remarks. In: George Back, Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835: 475-542. London.

1852. Arctic Searching Expedition: a journal of a boat-voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the discovery ships under command of Sir John Franklin. [Ed. 2?] New York: iii-xi, 13-516, 8 fig.

1861. The polar regions. Edinburgh: ix + 400, 1 map.

Ridgway, Robert.

1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C.: iv + 44, 53 pl.

Ross, Bernard R.

1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6 (6): 433-441.

1862. List of mammals, birds, and eggs, observed in the McKenzie’s River district, with notices. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 7 (2): 137-155.

Ross, James Clark.

1826. Natural history. Zoology. Mammalia. In: William Edward Parry, Journal of a third voyage for the discovery of a North-west Passage . . .: 92-95. London.

Ross, John.

1835a. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west Passage . . . during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. London: [5] + xxxiv + 740, 23 pl., 5 maps.

1835b. Appendix to the narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west Passage . . . during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. London: xii + 120 + cxliv + [1], 20 pl. (Includes a report by James Clark Ross on zoology [mammals], pp. vii-xxiv.)

Rousseau, Jacques.

1948. The vegetation and life zones of George River, eastern Ungava and the welfare of the natives. Arctic 1 (2): 93-96.

Russell, Frank.

1895. Hunting the Barren Ground Caribou. Ottawa Naturalist 9 (2): 48-51.

1898. Explorations in the Far North. [Iowa City, Iowa]: ix + 290, 21 pl., 6 fig., 1 map.

Scheffer, Victor B.

1951. The rise and fall of a reindeer herd. Sci. Monthly 73 (6): 356-362, 9 fig.

Schwatka, Frederick.

1885. Nimrod in the North. New York: 1-198, 1 pl., 78 fig.

Scott, Peter.

1951. Wild geese and Eskimos. . . . London and New York: 1-254, 25 pl., 41 fig., 3 maps.

Seton, Ernest Thompson.

1911. The Arctic prairies. New York: xvi + 415, 32 pl., 116 fig., 9 maps.

1929. Lives of game animals. . . . Garden City, N.Y.: 1: xxxix + [1] + 640, 118 pl., 16 fig., 12 maps; 2: xvii + [1] + 746, 98 pl., 27 fig., 13 maps; 3: xix + [1] + 780, 96 pl., 23 fig., 10 maps.

Simpson, Thomas.

1843. Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of America . . . during the years 1836-39. London: xix + 419, 2 maps.

Siple, Paul A., and Charles F. Passel.

1945. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 89 (1): 177-199, 7 fig., 1 map.

Soper, J. Dewey.

1936. The Lake Harbour region, Baffin Island. Geog. Rev. 26 (3): 426-438, 9 fig., 1 map.

1942. Mammals of Wood Buffalo Park, northern Alberta and district of Mackenzie. Jour. Mammalogy 23 (2): 119-145, 2 pl., 1 map.

1944. The mammals of southern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Jour. Mammalogy 25 (3): 221-254, 2 pl., 2 fig., 2 maps.

Stefánsson, Vilhjálmur.

1913a. Victoria Island and the surrounding seas. Bull. Am. Geog. Soc. 45 (2): 93-106, 1 map.

1913b. My life with the Eskimo. New York: ix + 538, 60 pl., 2 maps.

1914. The Stefánsson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: preliminary ethnological report. Anthrop. Papers Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 14, pt. 1: [1] + 395, 95 fig., 2 maps.

1919. “Living off the country” as a method of Arctic exploration. Geog. Rev. 7 (5): 291-310, 15 fig.

1921. The friendly Arctic. . . . (With appendix, including (pp. 737-757): The work of the southern section of the expedition, by Rudolph M. Anderson.) New York: xxxi + 784, 70 pl., 9 maps.

Stewart, Norman H.

1930? Preliminary report on the occurrence of the nose fly (Cephenomyia) in the deer of Pennsylvania. Board Game Commissioners Pennsylvania Bull. (12) rev.: 61-65, 2 fig.

Stockwell, C. H.

1933. Great Slave Lake—Coppermine River area, Northwest Territories. Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey, Summary Rept. 1932, pt. C: 64-72, 1 map.

Stone, A. J.

1900. Some results of a natural history journey to northern British Columbia, Alaska, and the Northwest Territory, in the interest of the American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (5): 31-62, 2 fig., 3 maps.

Stone, Witmer, and William Everett Cram.

1904. American animals, a popular guide to the mammals of North America north of Mexico. . . . New York: xxiii + 318, 86 pl., 17 fig.

Sutton, George Miksch, and William J. Hamilton, Jr.

1932. The mammals of Southampton Island. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12, pt. 2, sect. 1: 1-111, 5 pl., 4 fig.

Thompson, David.

1916. David Thompson’s narrative of his explorations in western America 1784-1812. Edited by J. B. Tyrrell. Publ. Champlain Soc. 12: xcviii + 582, 21 pl., 2 maps.

Tweedsmuir, [Lord].

1951. Hudson’s Bay trader. New York: 1-195, 8 pl., 1 map.

Twinn, C. R.

1950. Studies of the biology and control of biting flies in northern Canada. Arctic 3 (1): 14-26, 11 fig.

Tyrrell, James W.

1908. Across the sub-Arctics of Canada. Ed. 3. Toronto: i-viii, 9-280, 18 pl., 66 fig., 3 maps. (Orig. ed. in 1898.)

1924. Report on an exploratory survey between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, districts of Mackenzie and Keewatin. Dept. Interior, Ottawa: 1-38, maps. (Reprinted from Ann. Rept. Dept. Interior 1901 [1902].)

Tyrrell, J. Burr.

1892. The winter home of the Barren Ground Caribou. Ottawa Naturalist 6 (8): 128-130.

1894. An expedition through the Barren Lands of northern Canada. Geog. Jour. 4 (5): 437-450, 1 map.

1895. A second expedition through the Barren Lands of northern Canada. Geog. Jour. 6 (5): 438-448, 1 map.

1896. Report on the country between Athabasca Lake and Churchill River with notes on two routes travelled between the Churchill and Saskatchewan Rivers. Ann. Rept. Geog. Survey Canada 8 (n.s.), 1895, rept. D: 1-120, 3 pl., 1 map.

1897. Report on the Doobaunt, Kazan and Ferguson Rivers and the north-west coast of Hudson Bay, and on two overland routes from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg. Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey Canada 9 (n.s.), 1896, rept. F: 1-218, 11 pl., 3 maps.

[United States] War Department.

1944. Arctic manual. Technical Manual 1-240. Washington: 1-131, 21 fig., 1 map.

Weber, Neal A.

1950. A survey of the insects and related arthropods of Arctic Alaska. Part 1. Trans. Am. Entom. Soc. 76 (3): 147-206, 7 pl.

Weeks, L. J.

1933. Maguse River and part of Ferguson River basin, Northwest Territories. Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey, Summary Rept. 1932, pt. C: 64-72, 1 map.

Weyer, Edward Moffatt, Jr.

1932. The Eskimos: their environment and folkways. New Haven: xvii + 491, 6 fig., 23 maps.

Wheeler, David E.

1912. Notes on the spring migration at timber line, north of Great Slave Lake. Auk 29 (2): 198-204, 1 map.

1914. The Dog-rib Indian and his home. Bull. Geog. Soc. Philadelphia 12 (2): 47-69, 3 pl., 1 map.

Whitney, Caspar.

1896. On snow-shoes to the Barren Grounds. . . . New York: x + 324, 35 pl., 77 fig., 2 maps.

Whittaker, E. J.

1919. Notes on midwinter life in the Far North. Ottawa Naturalist 32 (9): 166-167.

Wray, O. R.

1934. In the footsteps of Samuel Hearne. Canadian Geog. Jour. 9 (3): 138-146, 15 fig., 2 maps.

Wright, J. G.

1944. Economic wildlife of Canada’s eastern Arctic—caribou. Canadian Geog. Jour. 29 (4): 184-195, 12 fig., 1 map.

Young, Stanley P.

1944. The wolves of North America. Part 1. Their history, life habits, economic status, and control. Washington: 1-385, 74 pl., 4 fig., 8 maps.

Yule, Robert F.

1948. The disappearing caribou. Canadian Medic. Assoc. Jour. 58: 287-288, 1 fig.

Annotated Bibliographical References to Rangifer arcticus arcticus

These references are arranged chronologically, year by year; but within a given year, the arrangement for the most part is alphabetical by authors. The full citations of the publications (here designated merely by author and year) may be found in the preceding “Literature Cited.”

The name or names at the beginning of each entry are those by which the animal is referred to in that particular publication. If the author supplies a technical name (such as Rangifer arcticus), that name alone is furnished here. The authority for the technical name is included or omitted according to the usage of each author. If he omits a technical name, the common name or names he employs (such as “Caribou” or “Reindeer”) are supplied.

In some of the earlier accounts, particularly, more than one form of Rangifer (e.g., Peary’s Caribou, the Labrador Caribou, or even the Woodland Caribou, in addition to the typical Barren Ground Caribou) may have been treated under a single designation, such as “Reindeer” or “Cervus tarandus.” In such case the word “part” is added in parentheses after the name at the beginning of the entry. As far as is possible or feasible, the references are here limited to R. a. arcticus. They constitute a partial summary of the nomenclatural history of the typical subspecies.

The annotations aim to provide a sort of abstract of, or unalpha­betized index to, the treatment of this animal in each publication. Each topic or rubric of the annotations (such as migration, distribution, food, voice, antlers, or relation to Wolves) is accompanied by page references.

In the earlier part of the present publication, at the end of the discussion of each topic, references are given (merely by author, year, and page) to previous literature on the same topic. The Annotated Biblio­graphical References now supplied represent an amplification of those earlier and briefer references—an intermediate stage between them and the original literature. It is hoped that they will prove particularly helpful to those who may not have ready access to all the items of the original literature. My own coverage of the literature has not been by any means exhaustive; limitations of time and insufficient accessibility of some of the rarer publications have been the principal factors involved in this deficiency.

The chronological arrangement of the entries throws an interesting light on the gradual acquisition, during more than two centuries, of our present stock of information on the distribution, taxonomic characters, life habits, and general status of Rangifer arcticus arcticus. It may be remarked, however, that one of the very earliest accounts (Hearne, 1795) was one of the fullest. It contributes toward bringing into focus the remarkable attainments of that pioneer explorer-naturalist of the Barren Grounds.

“Deer” (one of three kinds): Isham, 1949 (1743): 151 (description); 152 (inhabit Barren Grounds); 152-153 (snares); 154 (Eskimos hunting with spears and arrows).

“Rain-deer” or “Cariboux”: Dobbs, 1774: 9, 78, 94 (Marble Island); 19 (Indians living on Caribou W. of Hudson Bay); 20 (herds of up to 10,000 between Churchill and Nelson rivers); 22 (migration [of Barren Ground or Woodland species?] near York Factory—S. in March-April, N. in July-August); 47, 59 (N. of Churchill); 73-74 (Wager Inlet); 80 (Cape Fullerton).

“Deer”: Hearne, 1795: 4, 7, 8, 14, 24 (vicinity of Seal River or Shethanei Lake); 28 (near Baralzon Lake); 35 (spearing by Chipewyans on upper Kazan River); 39, 40 (W. of upper Kazan River, July 22-30); 40-42, 50-52 (vicinity of upper Dubawnt River); 50 (skins suitable for clothing in late August); 56, 66 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba, November and December); 67-68 (E. of Nueltin Lake); 69, 72, (Nueltin Lake); 69 (flesh of bucks still unpalatable on December 30); 73, 74 (W. of Nueltin Lake, January); 76 (plentiful W. of Kasba Lake); 77 (Snowbird Lake); 78 (Indians living all winter on deer at Wholdaia Lake); 78-80 (description of a pound); 80-84 (deer in Indian economy); 84 (remoteness a barrier to trade in skins); 85-87 (W. of Wholdaia Lake, plentiful, March); 87 (“Thelewey-aza-yeth” Lake [on Thelon River], numerous, April); 96 (Indians living all winter on deer near Clowey Lake); 112, 114 (“Peshew” [Artillery?] Lake and vicinity); 117 (plentiful, vicinity of Thoy-noy-kyed and Thoy-coy-lyned lakes); 119, 123 (N. of Cogead Lake, where Indians kill deer at a river crossing); 139 (N. of Buffalo Lake); 141 (E. of Coppermine River); 142, 143, 147, 171 (Coppermine River and vicinity); 184 (Stony Mountains); 195 (Thaye-chuck-gyed Lake [Lac de Gras?]; great numbers killed); 196-197 (use for clothing, boots, tents, etc.); 197 (warbles eaten by Indians); 198 (rutting season in October; subsequent segregation of sexes); 198-199 (old bucks’ antlers shed in November; young bucks still retain theirs at Christmas, and does till summer); 201, 204 (Point Lake); 222 (between Great Slave and MacKay lakes); 275 (large numbers reported on upper Taltson? River); 281 (W. of Hill Island Lake); 285, 286 (plentiful in April on Thee-lee-aza [Thelon?] River, NE. of Hill Island Lake); 293 (near Wholdaia Lake); 295, 296 (W. and E. of Kazan River); 297 (method of drying meat); 299 (plentiful in June, Nueltin Lake region); 300 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba); 316-319 (stomach contents, unborn young and uterus eaten by Indians); 321-322 (Indians driving deer between converging rows of sticks); 322-323 (tents of deerskin); 323-325 (skins used in manufacture of sledges, snowshoes, and clothing).

“Rein-deer”: Parry, 1821: 273 (E. coast of Baffin Island).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Franklin, 1823: 215-227, 285 (Yellowknife River region); 230-232, 239-240, 245, 248, 268-271, 285, 297, 299, 309, 315-320, 438-440, 459-462, 480-488 (Winter Lake region); 233, 324-325, 418-426, 446-447 (Point Lake region); 240 (back fat; rutting season); 240-241 (antler and pelage change); 241 (larvae of warble and nostril flies); 241-242 (migration); 242 (fawning; food; weight; predation by wolves); 243-244 (Indian hunting methods); 327, 328, 333, 337, 344 (Coppermine River region); 327 (pursuit by a wolf); 344 (driven by wolves over a precipice); 363-374 (coast of Coronation Gulf); 379-395 (Bathurst Inlet region); 397-400 (Hood River region); 404-413 (Contwoyto Lake region); 478 (Marten Lake); 486, 487 (pursuit and killing by wolves, Winter Lake region).

Cervus Tarandas. . .: Sabine, in Franklin, 1823: 665, 667 (Barren Grounds, migrating in summer to Arctic islands).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: Lyon, 1824: 48, 58-60 (Frozen Strait); 54 (Repulse Bay); 64-67 (Gore Bay; too fleet for a greyhound); 70, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82 (Lyon Inlet and vicinity); 119, 123, 130, 144, 203, 212 (Winter Island; food of Eskimos; bows made of antlers; use of sinews; deerskin clothing); 192-198, 217, 221, 223, 229, 238, 241, 282-283, 311-317 (Melville Peninsula, E. coast; deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 257, 269-270 (near Fury and Hecla Strait; buck shedding velvet, September 4); 324, 327 (Eskimo use of antlers in sledges and bows); 336 (Melville Peninsula, in summer; voice; inquisi­tiveness); 336-337 (Eskimo hunting with bow and spearing in water); 415, 419-423, 430, 436 (near Igloolik, Melville Peninsula, in June).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: Parry, 1824: 42 (Southampton Island); 52, 61, 69, 71, 72, 83, 84, 92, 101, 106-108, 214, 230, 235, 236, 245, 254, 265 (s. Melville Peninsula and vicinity); 289, 305, 308, 324, 329, 332, 339, 343, 434, 438, 439, 441, 446, 447, 453-460 (Fury and Hecla Strait); 289 (stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 305 (estimated weight 220 lb.); 380 (venison supplied by Eskimos); 403 (15 deer killed by an Eskimo during a summer); 494-497 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos, Melville Peninsula); 505 (their dependence on reindeer for food); 508 (Eskimo spear for killing deer in water); 512 (Eskimo methods of hunting deer); 513 (numerous, Cockburn Land); 537 (Eskimo use of skins and sinew).

Cervus tarandus L.: Richardson, “1825” (= 1827?): 326 (native names); 327-328 (antler growth and change); 328 (rutting season and strong-tasting meat, about beginning of October; warble flies); 328-329 (migrations, in relation to attacks of parasitic flies and to food; does precede on northward migration); 329 (fawns born in May and June; stragglers in every part of the country at all seasons); 330 (utilization of Caribou—including fly larvae—as food by natives; nostril flies); 331 (marrow used as hair-dressing by native women).

Cervus tarandus. . .: J. C. Ross, 1826: 94 (North Somerset Island).

“Rein-deer”: Franklin, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 54, 57, 60, 64, 71, 72, 288 (Great Bear Lake).

“Rein-deer”: Richardson, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 200 (sinews used in Eskimo bows); 209, 218 (between Mackenzie River and Cape Dalhousie); 224 (Liverpool Bay); 231 (E. of Cape Bathurst); 241, 246 (near Cape Lyon); 249 (Cape Young); 255 (Dolphin and Union Strait); 269-273 (lower Coppermine River); 275 (stalking device of Hare Indians); 277 (Dease River); 282 (Great Bear Lake).

Cervus tarandus, var. [Greek: alpha] arctica Richardson: Richardson, 1829: 241-242 (original description); 239 (type locality, neighborhood of Fort Enterprise, Mackenzie); 241 (rutting season); 241-242 (antler change); 242 (pelage change; infestation with warble fly; foot click); 242-245 (economic uses of hide, flesh, bones, and antlers; migration; not wintering S. of Churchill); 242-244 (reproduction); 243, 245 (food); 245 (organization of herds; easy of approach); 245-249 (native methods of hunting).

Cervus tarandus L.: Godman, 1831, 2: 283-284 (migration); 284 (food; gadfly attacking both Woodland and Barren Ground Caribou); 285-293 (quotations from Franklin, 1823).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: John Ross, 1835a: 130-376, passim (Boothia Peninsula); 243-244 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 252 (Eskimo method of hunting); 328, 330 (only small numbers up to late April); 337 (many, early May); 352 (stomach contents as food for Eskimos); 376 (migrating N., May 26); 389 (large herd); 390 (hundreds, June 4); 402 (pursued and eaten by wolves); 432 (with fawns, June 10); 438 (many in June); 512 (many killed by Eskimos); 529 (many tracks, May 15); 530 (many passing, followed by a wolf); 534 (many, May 21, with two wolves); 537 (Eskimos killing deer in winter); 564 (a number pursued by a wolf); 612 (two, October 30); 628 (first tracks, March); 704 (tracks, Somerset Island, late June).

Cervus tarandus. . .: J. C. Ross, in John Ross, 1835b: xvii (great numbers, Boothia; weight 250 lb.; does arriving in April, bucks in May; fawns hunted by Eskimos with dogs; utilization by Eskimos; food; great numbers speared in water in autumn migration; stragglers found in winter); xviii (measurements).

“Rein-deer” or “deer”: Back, 1836: 86 (Thelon River); 105 (Great Slave Lake); 116 (Hoar-frost River); 128-129 (near Artillery Lake, reindeer chased by wolves); 138-143 (Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes); 156-157 (head of Great Fish River); 178, 205 (near Fort Reliance); 216, 225, 234 (remaining on Barren Grounds near Great Slave Lake during winter); 261, 267, 268, 273, 280, 281, 285, 286 (Artillery Lake); 290, 292 (Lake Aylmer); 299, 307, 311, 320, 323, 325, 328, 337 (upper Back’s River); 367 (lower Back’s River, deer drowned in rapids); 420 (Chantrey Inlet); 435, 439 (lower Back’s River).

Cervus tarandus Linn.: Richardson, in Back, 1836: 498 (Barren Grounds; migration; food); 499 (utilization by Indians and Eskimos; antlers).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Simpson, 1843: 76 (destruction in 1831 of a countless herd [of Woodland or Barren Ground species?] crossing Hayes River in summer); 196, 198 (Great Bear Lake, September); 206, 226, 232, 242, 247, 249, 250 (between Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River); 207 (solicitude of a buck for a wounded doe); 208 (antlers worn by Indian hunter as a decoy); 232 (deer driven over a cliff by wolves); 233 (numerous near Dease River, early April); 255, 256, 261, 264 (lower Coppermine River, June); 266, 271, 273 (Coppermine River to Cape Barrow, July); 277 (does apparently crossing the ice to islands for fawning); 278, 279 (Cape Barrow to Bathurst Inlet); 281 (first does with fawns seen, August 3); 284 (Bathurst Inlet); 295, 297, 301 (E. of Cape Franklin, migrating S., late August); 309, 310 (lower Coppermine River, September; drowned in rapids); 312 (deer snares, Dease River); 320-321 (retiring in winter to Coppermine River and country south of Great Bear Lake); 328 (numerous between Great Bear Lake and Mackenzie River in winter); 342 (between Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River, June); 347 (Eskimos hunting on Richardson River, summer); 352 (lower Coppermine River); 355 (Eskimos at Cape Barrow gone inland to hunt deer, July); 361 (Ellice River, July 31); 365, 367 (Adelaide Peninsula); 370, 374 (Elliot Bay); 379 (King William Island); 381 (does and fawns near Ogden Bay, early September); 382 (Melbourne Island); 386 (Victoria Island, early September); 391 (great numbers, lower Coppermine River, September 20).

“Rein-deer”: J. McLean, 1932 (1849): 195 (immense herds [Woodland or Barren Ground sp.?] in York Factory region prior to 1837; their disappearance reducing Indians to want); 359 (Yellowknife Indians reported to have the art of taming fawns, which follow them like dogs till killed and utilized).

“Deer” or “rein-deer”: Rae, 1850: 26, 27 (Rankin’s Inlet); 27 (Eskimos spearing deer while crossing Chesterfield Inlet); 28 (Cape Fullerton); 31, 32 (near Whale Point); 35, 39 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, Repulse Bay); 40, 64, 65, 73, 74, 76, 80, 84, 91, 92, 133, 134, 166, 169, 177 (Repulse Bay); 44 (stone monuments erected by Eskimos to deflect deer); 44, 68, 99 (Rae Isthmus); 52, 54, 55, 130, 132, 145, 160, 161 (Committee Bay); 79 (use by Eskimos for clothing and food); 93 (migrating N., Repulse Bay, early March); 116 (Pelly Bay); 149, 151 (Melville Peninsula); 150 (use of stomach contents as food); 170 (Eskimo drum of caribou skin); 184, 186 (near Chesterfield Inlet).

“Deer”: Osborn, 1852: 74 (near Pond Inlet).

“Deer”: Rae, 1852a: 75 (Victoria Island, near Richardson Islands); 79 (many crossing Dolphin and Union Straits to Victoria Island).

“Deer”: Rae, 1852b: 83 (lower Coppermine River); 91, 95 (Victoria Island, vicinity of Albert Edward Bay).

“Barren Ground reindeer”: Richardson, 1852: 156 (Point Atkinson); 158 (Cape Brown); 166 (Franklin Bay); 173 (Buchanan River); 188 (Rae’s River); 198 (Kendall River region); 290 (Great Bear Lake; weight; great numbers [of Woodland or Barren Ground species?] crossing Hayes River, 1833, and slaughtered there by Indians); 296 (Great Bear Lake, migrating N. in May).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Hooper, 1853: 296 (dried meat as winter fare at Fort Norman); 302 (few along Bear River, November); 342 (Kendall Island); 343 (Richard Island); 378, 381 (meat as winter fare at Fort Simpson); 391-393 (method of preparing pemmican).

“Rein-deer”: Kennedy, 1853: 128 (numerous tracks, North Somerset, early April); 133 (Bellot Strait); 144, 150 (numerous, Prince of Wales Island, late April).

Rangifer caribou . . . (C. tarandus, var. A. Arctica Richardson): Audubon and Bachman, 1854, 3: 114 (quotations from Richardson, 1829, and Hearne, 1795; “in every part of Arctic America, including the region from Hudson’s Bay to far within the Arctic circle”).

“Deer”: J. Anderson, 1856: 24 (about 100, mostly bucks, Adelaide Peninsula, early August; Eskimos at Lake Franklin preparing to hunt deer); 25 (a few does at Lake Macdougall, mid-August; numerous at Aylmer and Clinton-Colden Lakes, early September).

“Deer”: J. Anderson, 1857: 321 (Eskimos hunting deer, Lake Franklin, July 30); 322 (mouth of Back’s River, July 30); 323 (fat bucks killed, Montreal Island, August 2-3); 324, 325, 327 (100, mostly bucks, Adelaide Peninsula, August 6, 7, 11); 326 (all tracks going S., August 9); 328 (25 going S., Lake Pelly; good deer passes between Lakes Pelly and Garry and at Hawk Rapids).

“Reindeer” or “Deer”: Armstrong, 1857: 149, 154, 155 (Eskimos with Reindeer meat and skins, Point Warren, E. of Mackenzie River); 166 (skins and meat at Eskimo camp near Cape Dalhousie); 194 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos on coast of Mackenzie); 210, 316, 322, 384, 391, 395, 417 (Banks Island); 254, 335, 364, 365 (Victoria Island, in October, May, July, and August); 297, 336 (Prince of Wales Strait, January and May); 395 (predation by wolves, Banks Island); 475-488, 497-499, 505-510, 514, 515, 521-530, 545-556, 568 (Banks Island; maximum weight 240 lb.; distribution; remain during winter; fawning; 112 killed at Bay of Mercy; quality of meat varying with season; wariness; antler change; description; graze with heads to wind; pursuit by wolves).

Rangifer groenlandicus (Kerr) (part): Baird, 1857: 635 (description; weight); 635-636 (distribution).

Cervus Tarandus, var. [Greek: a] arctica Richardson: Murray, 1858: 191 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 193-198 (comparison with Lapland reindeer); 199-206 (antlers and shedding); 201-204 (quotations from previous literature on antlers, food, fawning season, and winter range); 206 (teeth); 206-210 (fur); 210 (damage by warble flies).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: M’Clintock, 1860?: 147 (s. shore of Pond Inlet); 167, 176, 177, 184-188, 191, 194, 201, 203, 217, 289, 290, 295, 299 (Bellot Strait); 184 (buck at Bellot Strait, minus paunch, weighing 354 lb.); 212 (Eskimo clothing of reindeer skins, Boothia Peninsula); 219 (Somerset Island); 239 (Adelaide Peninsula); 244 (Montreal Island); 245 (Chantrey Inlet); 252, 279, 280 (King William Island).

“Rein-deer” (part): Richardson, 1861: 274 (migration; rutting season; utilization by Indians and Eskimos); 275 (moving N. at Repulse Bay, March 1; food).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: B. R. Ross, 1861: 438 (between Hudson Bay and Arctic Ocean; infested by larvae of warble and nostril flies); 438-439 (migrations); 439 (antler and pelage change; food); 439-440 (value to Indians for food, clothing, etc.).

Rangifer Groënlandicus . . .: B. R. Ross, 1862: 141 (distribution).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Osborn, 1865: 70 (Cape Bathurst); 80, 110, 162, 170, 173, 182, 186, 188, 189, 192, 199, 206-208, 219 (Banks Island); 98, 139, 146 (Victoria Island); 112 (Prince of Wales Strait, January); 223-224 (resident in Arctic archipelago, including Banks Island); 226 (no migration across Barrow Strait or Melville Sound); 227 (weight; gait; antler change; fawning); 227-228, 231, 232 (wolf predation).

“Reindeer”: Kennicott, in Anonymous, 1869: 166 (dried reindeer meat one of chief foods at Fort Simpson); 170 (caribou clothing used by Yellow Knives).

Rangifer tarandus (Linné) Bd.: Kumlien, 1879: 19 (Eskimo hunting at Cumberland Sound); 23-25 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 36-37 (Eskimo arrows and bows of antlers); 53, 54 (pursuit by wolves); 54 (abundant in Cumberland Sound region; migration; food; hunting and utilization by Eskimos).

“Barren ground caribou”: R. Bell, 1881: 15C (migrating in great numbers, Reindeer Lake).

Rangifer Groenlandicus “Baird” (part): Caton, 1881: 105 (description); 106 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay); 107 (food); 108 (habits; migration); 366-371 (hunting by Indians and Eskimos).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Gilder, 1881: 11 (Eskimos near Lower Savage Islands, Hudson Strait, with skins and meat); 23, 25, 26, 28 (hunting by Eskimos near Connery River, Keewatin); 42, 46 (near Chesterfield Inlet); 43 (Eskimo drum of deerskin); 50 (dog harness of deerskin); 59, 61, 64, 67, 71 (522 reindeer killed by Schwatka’s party between Hudson Bay and King William Island); 61 (pursued by wolves); 78 (wariness in winter); 83, 192 (Adelaide Peninsula); 122, 132, 153, 157, 161, 162 (King William Island); 137-146 (Eskimo use of skins and meat); 154 (Eskimos use of fat and meat); 196-197 (reindeer collecting in immense herds to cross Simpson Strait on ice in early October); 217, 218 (lower Back’s River, December); 223, 224, 225, 226 (numerous between Back’s River and Chesterfield Inlet, January); 254-255 (deerskins as Eskimo bedding).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Nourse, 1884: 220 (Eskimos dressing skins near Wager Bay); 232 (37 killed by Hall’s party in July, Wager Bay); 235 (a thousand passing in a day; many cached near North Pole River, late September; seen from September to January, and reappearing in March); 256 (deer-hunting, Melville Peninsula); 264-265 (18 deer and a fawn near Cape Weynton); 351 (found abundant by Schwatka between Wager Bay and Back’s River); 354 (King William Island); 356 (plentiful, Terror Bay; immense herds, Simpson Strait, September to October 14).

“Reindeer” or “Arctic deer”: Schwatka, 1885: 59-60, 65, 67-71, 73-75, 81-82, 86 (hunting by Eskimos and whites in n. Keewatin); 60-64 (skins for clothing, bedding, and drums); 60-61 (molt); 65, 67 (use of meat); 68, 71-72 (swimming); 72 (many on King William Island); 77-79 (migrating across Simpson’s Strait, June and October); 79 (Boothia and North Somerset); 81 (near mouth of Back’s River); 83 (rarely seen in herds of more than 100; migrations); 84-85 (weight); 85 (unwariness).

“Deer”: Boas, 1888: 419 (deer in Eskimo economy); 429, 461-462, 501 (Baffin Island; hunting by Eskimos in summer by spear or line of cairns); 438 (varying numbers on Cumberland Peninsula); 502 (migration, Baffin and King William Islands); 502-503 (bows made of antlers); 508-509 (stalking and trapping by Eskimos); 522 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 555-560 (clothing of deerskin).

“Reindeer”: Bompas, 1888: 24 (deflected in their migrations in Mackenzie district by burning of the country); 60 (attacked by wolves); 61 (Indian methods of hunting); 62 (palatability of the flesh); 100 (utilization of hides and meat).

“Deer”: Collinson, 1889: 153 (Banks Island; weight); 166, 171, 173-175, 181, 186, 197, 209, 220, 237, 264, 272-274 (Victoria Island); 200, 203, 229 (Prince of Wales Strait); 235 (Dolphin and Union Strait); 243, 247, 281, 283 (Cambridge Bay); 244 (large herds waiting to cross Dease Strait, October; trailed by wolves); 277 (stone monuments of Eskimos for deflecting deer, Dease Strait); 290 (large numbers migrating in autumn from Victoria Island to mainland).

“Reindeer”: MacFarlane, 1890: 32-34 (Anderson River; Eskimos hunting reindeer there; their clothing in part of deerskin); 38 (Eskimo fish nets of deer sinew); 38, 43, 47 (numerous on Anderson River).

“Barren Ground caribou”: Pike, 1917 (1892): 43, 64 (near Lake Mackay); 44-46 (Lake Camsell); 48 (Arctic islands to s. part of Hudson Bay and vicinity of Fort Smith, W. to Mackenzie River; rutting season in October); 48-49 (migration); 49 (segregation of sexes; antler change); 50 (migration deflected by burning of country; thousands [Barren Ground or Woodland species?] at York Factory, about 1888-1890; depletion by hunting); 51-55 (Indian methods of hunting; economic uses); 51-52, 90 (unwariness); 56-58 (relations to Eskimos, wolves, and wolverines); 58-59 (parasitic flies); 59-60 (Indian superstition); 67, 72 (Coppermine River above Lac de Gras); 76 (near Lake Mackay; Lake Camsell); 81-82 (S. of Lake Mackay; curing of meat and hides); 89-91 (la foule); 90 (rutting season over and bucks too strong to eat, late October); 101 (mostly passed into the woods by November 11); 108 (Lake Mackay); 134 (near Lac de Mort); 148 (near Gros Cap, Great Slave Lake, January); 171, 174, 177 (N. of Great Slave Lake); 174 (bucks leaving woods in early June); 182 (Lake Aylmer); 186, 199 (Back’s River, July); 201, 204 (near Lake Beechey; females with young, late July); 209 (females and young in great numbers, upper Back’s River); 217 (Clinton-Colden Lake, early August); 220 (thousands at Ptarmigan Lake, August); 221 (Artillery Lake); 224, 227 (Pike’s Portage).

Rangifer Groenlandicus Linn.: J. B. Tyrrell, 1892: 128 (use in economy of northern Indians; weight; antler shedding; pelage change; infestation with warbles); 129 (wintering between Churchill River and Lake Athabaska; collecting on frozen lakes); 130 (Indian hunters killing 100-400 apiece; Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska, on a main migratory path).

Rangifer Groenlandica Linn.: Dowling, 1893: 89 (Bear Head Lake [N. of Great Slave Lake]); 92 (near Lake Mackay, June 22); 103 (a favorite crossing on Great Fish River near Musk-ox Lake); 107 (Pike’s expedition living mainly on caribou; migrations; does fawning near the sea-coast, bucks following behind; horns in velvet prized as food by Indians).

“Barren Ground caribou”: J. B. Tyrrell, 1894: 441 (Alectoria jubata, a lichen, at Daly Lake, as food of caribou); 442 (immense herd—“tens of thousands”—at Carey Lake, July 29; tormented by black flies; animals lean and poor); 445 (Eskimo wearing deerskin coat; Lady Marjorie Lake, lower Dubawnt River); 446 (caribou plentiful in country traversed as far as Baker Lake; last one shot there September 3).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Russell, 1895: 48 (a mass of caribou passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 49 (a section of antler used by Indian as a powder horn); 49-50 (caribou N. of North Arm of Great Slave Lake, November); 50 (leaping high in air at start; Indian hunting methods); 51 (Indian use of meat; albino specimen; antler growth and shedding; thousands near Bathurst Inlet, April; does fawning along sea coast in June).

“Deer”: J. B. Tyrrell, 1895: 440 (deer meat bartered by Chipewyans at Brochet); 442-443 (Indians hunting deer at Ennadai Lake; large numbers encountered there; Eskimos skinning deer on upper Kazan River); 444 (deerskin clothing purchased from Eskimos on Kazan River); 445 (no deer seen in rocky country along Ferguson River).

Rangifer Graenlandicus . . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1896: 13 (S. in winter to Reindeer Lake and Mudjatick and Foster Rivers); 63 (migrating past Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska).

“Caribou”: Whitney, 1896: 157, 238, 241 (migrations); 161 (fat, pemmican, and dried meat); 175 (use of dried meat by Dogribs); 176 (tepees of caribou skin); 202-206 (vicinity of Fort Enterprise); 210 (near Point Lake); 210, 213 (Dogrib hunting methods); 237 (importance to Indians; weight; an albino); 238-239 (antler shedding); 239 (warble and nostril flies; persecution by wolves); 240 (seasonal condition of flesh; distribution; recent decrease); 242 (wasteful killing by Indians; variation in wariness); 252, 268-269 (S. of Coronation Gulf); 262 (shoulder-blade as Indian talisman).

Rangifer Groenlandicus. . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1897: 10, 49-50, 165 (herd of 100,000 to 200,000 at Carey Lake, Dubawnt River, late July); 12 (plentiful near Thelon-Dubawnt junction; scarce at Baker Lake, early September); 14 (S. of Dawson Inlet); 19, 124 (large numbers, Ennadai Lake, mid-August); 21, 140, 142 (plentiful along Ferguson River, September); 76 (plentiful along Dubawnt River); 122, 131-132 (hunted by Chipewyans, Ennadai Lake and Kazan River); 126-127, 131-132 (hunted by Eskimos, upper Kazan River); 134 (many near Yathkyed Lake); 150-151 (near source of Owl River, Manitoba; hunted by Indians, Wapini­hikiskow Lake); 166-167 (hunting by Chipewyans and Eskimos; use for food, clothing, and kayaks).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus. . .: Lydekker, 1898: 47-48 (description); 48 (distribution); 48-49 (migration; food).

Rangifer tarandus (Linn.): Russell, 1898: 88 (great numbers passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 89 (N. of Fort Rae); 90 (leaping into air at start); 91 (use of flesh by Dog Ribs; albino specimen); 111, 113, 119 (upper Coppermine River region, abundant in March); 134 (caribou-skin clothing worn formerly by Loucheux at Fort McPherson); 139 (on Mackenzie Delta in 1850); 168 (caribou-skin lodge at Fort Rae); 169-172 (caribou-skin clothing among Dog Ribs); 176 (caribou-skin drum at Fort Rae; use of sinew); 178 (caribou-skin gun cases among Indians); 187-189 (caribou-skin clothing among Eskimos); 225 (antler change); 226 (albino; food; distribution and migrations); 227 (abundant along coast between Mackenzie River and Cape Bathurst, 1894; deer snares; spearing; hunting); 228-229 (utilization by Eskimos and Indians; parasitic flies).

“Barren Ground Caribou,” “deer,” or “reindeer”: J. W. Tyrrell, 1908 (1898): 77-78 (Barlow Lake; Carey Lake, thousands, late July); 79 (weight 100-400 lb.; molt); 79-80 (antler change); 80 (relation of prongs to age; migration; food; reproduction); 80-81 (utilization of meat, skins, and sinew); 87-88 (Dubawnt Lake); 97 (lower Dubawnt River); 98 (Wharton Lake); 123-138 (utilization by Eskimos); 139-141 (hunting by Eskimos); 174-177 (near Dawson Inlet); 206-207 (E. of Churchill River); 215 (mouth of Nelson River [Woodland or Barren Ground species?]); 241 (importance to natives).

“Caribou” or “reindeer”: Jones, 1899: 328-332, 342-343, 353-355 (Fort Reliance and vicinity); 329 (weight); 338, 340, 365, 394 (Artillery Lake and vicinity); 342 (Indian corral or trap); 359 (noonday rest of caribou); 368 (immense band, Clinton-Colden Lake, early March); 374 (tens of thousands of does daily, Clinton-Colden Lake, moving N., March); 374-375 (relations to wolves); 381 (abundant, near mouth of Dubawnt River, March); 390 (near lower Dubawnt River); 411 (suffering from insects); 429 (spearing by Indians).

“Deer”: Lofthouse, 1899: 275 (mouth of Tha-anne River, early July).

“Caribou or deer”: Hanbury, 1900: 64 (Eskimos bringing venison to Churchill and reporting deer numerous along the coast); 65 (importance of deer in northern travel; scarce along west coast of Hudson Bay in May and early June); 66-67 (very scarce at Baker Lake in June, plentiful in July); 67 (flesh unpalatable in fly-time; large bands at Aberdeen Lake, August); 69 (absent in winter on lower Thelon River; very scarce on Hanbury River, August); 71 (plentiful, Artillery Lake to Great Slave Lake, September).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): A. J. Stone, 1900: 50 (distribution; migration); 51 (Richards Island); 53 (antlers; does and fawns moving N. in May, Franklin Bay; sprawling posture of hind leg); 57 (disastrous results of whalers’ demands for meat; Darnley Bay; Bathurst Isthmus).

“Caribou”: J. M. Bell, 1901a: 16 (vast herds near Dismal Lake; use by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: J. M. Bell, 1901b: 252 (furnishing food and clothing for Hare Indians, Great Bear Lake); 255 (use by Eskimos near Coppermine River; vast herds); 258 (plentiful, but decreasing, S. of Great Bear Lake; wanton killing by Indian and Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Boas, 1901: 52, 54 (Eskimo garments of caribou skin, Cumberland Sound); 81 (Eskimos hunting caribou with harpoons); 102, 107 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, w. coast of Hudson Bay); 150 (albino caribou).—1907: 465 (Eskimos W. of Hudson Bay dependent on caribou); 474 (caribou plentiful on Southampton Island and larger than on mainland); 493 (caribou-hunting at Pond’s Inlet); 501 (taboo against killing albino caribou, W. of Hudson Bay).

[Rangifer] arcticus (Rich.): Elliot, 1901: 37 (“Barren grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean”; diagnosis).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus . . . (part): Lydekker, 1901: 38-40 (description).

“Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer caribou)”: W. J. McLean, 1901: 5 (Great Slave Lake, annual arrival on August 12; hunting and utilization by Indians); 6 (antler growth and change; migration; trails; swimming).

Rangifer tarandus . . . (part): Beddard, 1902: 298 (“circumpolar”).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: Elliot, 1902: 259 (“in 1856 they migrated to latitude 47° in great numbers to Lake Huron” [???]); 260, 274-275 (migrations); 273 (Arctic regions, W. to Coppermine and Mackenzie Rivers); 276 (food; fat); 276-277 (utilization by Indians and Eskimos); 277-279 (native hunting methods); 279-280 (antlers shed by old bucks in December and January, carried by young bucks till spring, and by does till birth of fawns); 281-282, 286-287 (description).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Preble, 1902: 41 (50 and 25 miles S. of Eskimo Point; pursued by wolves; attacks of insects); 42 (flashing a white throat-patch; summation of previous records; ranging S. to Churchill River and Reindeer Lake); 42-43 (pelage described).

“Caribou”: J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 15 (Fort Reliance, Great Slave Lake); 17 (Pike’s Portage); 18-20 (Artillery Lake); 26 (nearly all gone farther N., only stragglers remaining along Hanbury River, early July); 27-28 (numerous tracks but few animals, middle Thelon River, early July; hundreds killed by spring ice or Eskimos); 31 (large band moving S., Thelon River, July 23); 33-35 (between Thelon River and Artillery Lake); 37 (great bands of caribou the chief food supply in Thelon River region).

Rangifer articus . . . (part): Grant, 1903: 186 (Barren Grounds W. of Hudson Bay, W. to Mackenzie River, S. in winter to Churchill River and Reindeer Lake; threatened with extinction by whalers); 189 (Salisbury Island).

“Deer”: Hanbury, 1903: 185 (between Lake Pelly and Arctic coast, May).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Hanbury, 1904: 8 (Marble Island and Chesterfield Inlet, June); 9 (Baker Lake, July); 10 (large bands migrating S., Aberdeen Lake, early August); 14 (scarce, Hanbury River); 16 (plentiful, Lockhart River); 30 (Pike’s Portage, late July); 31 (Artillery Lake); 32 (Abbott Lake; scourged by warble flies); 34 (large bands migrating S., Hanbury River, late July); 41 (hunted by Eskimos near Thelon-Dubawnt junction); 43-44, 47 (Schultz Lake); 43 (voice; spearing by Eskimos); 48 (scarce, Baker Lake, early September); 49 (Chesterfield Inlet); 51 (plentiful near Marble Island, mid-September); 58 (leaving the coast, late September); 67 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 70, 72 (killed by Eskimos, Baker Lake); 73 (thousands at Baker Lake; fierce combats between old bucks in October rutting season); 75 (deerskin roof of igloo); 82 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 84, 88-90 (NW. of Baker Lake, November); 85 (unwariness); 89 (pursuit by wolves); 93 (bucks remaining all winter on Back’s River); 95 (numerous, Chesterfield Inlet; in December the old bucks had dropped their antlers); 100 (near Depot Island); 104-107 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 108 (does migrating N. in April); 111 (plentiful, Baker Lake, March); 113 (many, Schultz Lake, March); 114-115, 123 (snow pitfalls made by Eskimos); 115, 116 (numerous, Aberdeen Lake, March); 116 (antlers of bucks commencing to grow); 118 (NW. of Aberdeen Lake; buck weighing 280 lb.); 119 (Buchanan River); 120 (migration; many remaining on Barrens all winter; deer meat essential to Eskimos on Back’s River); 121 (frequent famine among Indians and Eskimos; caribou formerly migrating S. and W. to Forts Simpson and Providence); 127-131 (Pelly Lake and vicinity); 131 (antics; jumping and trotting); 133-137 (near Ogden Bay); 133 (majority of does shedding antlers by late April); 135 (ravens feeding on carcasses); 137 (warbles eaten by Eskimos); 139 (caribou wintering on Kent Peninsula, at Cape Barrow, and on Victoria Island); 143 (Arctic coast Eskimos going inland, summer and fall, to live on deer); 149 (White Bear Point); 153-167 (mainland near Kent Peninsula); 164-174 (Bathurst Inlet); 177, 185-197 (scarce, Cape Barrow to Coppermine River); 194 (molting, July; suffering from mosquitoes); 200-208 (lower Coppermine River); 209, 210 (Kendall River); 215-221 (Dismal Lake); 223, 229-233 (Dease River); 232 (rubbing trees).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1904: 136 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes to Cape Bathurst); 137 (Carey Lake; migration); 138 (weight; antlers).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Stone and Cram, 1904: 52 (description; Arctic islands to Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River; migration; rutting in October; sexual segregation); 53 (food; Mackay Lake; grunting). (Chiefly quoted from Pike, 1892.)

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Elliot, 1905: 401 (“Barren grounds of Arctic America north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean”).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): MacFarlane, 1905: 680 (Mackenzie Basin; depletion through wanton slaughter by Indians); 681-682 (Anderson River, in winter; hunting and utilization by Eskimos and Indians); 682-683 (albino); 683 (trade in skins; wintering at Prince of Wales Strait and Mercy Bay, Banks Island; migration between Arctic islands and mainland); 684-685 (table of migration at Reindeer Lake); 692-693 (predation by wolves).

R[angifer] arcticus. . .: J. A. Allen, 1908a: 488 (specimens from near Wager River described); 490 (migration).

Rangifer arctica (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1908b: 584 (type locality, Fort Enterprise).

“Reindeer”: Amundsen, 1908, 1: 76 (Boothia); 83-84 (King William Island, September); 97 (reported formerly at Simpson Strait in large herds in autumn); 99 (20 killed, King William Island, late September); 102-106 (common in October, passing S. over Simpson Strait; very shy; no wolves on King William Island); 120 (Eskimos trading skins); 200 (King William Island, first reindeer of season seen, June); 201 (supplied by Eskimos); 224 (Simpson Strait); 235, 241-243 (King William Island, September); 237 (Eskimos hunting in September); 247 (large herds passing over ice of Simpson Strait); 248 (King William Island, October 15); 326-329 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos in Boothia; few reindeer coming N. as early as May).—1908, 2: 110 (many killed by Eskimos, King William Island); 311-316 (several, April); 322-325 (Royal Geographical Society Islands).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Preble, 1908: 137 (Barren Grounds and islands northward; Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay; economy; probably two or more races; E. of Fort Smith in winter; long ago S. to Fort McMurray); 138 (in 1902-03 to Cree Lake; large numbers, Great Slave to Great Bear lakes; lower Coppermine River); 139 (migration); 139-143 (summation of previous records); 214 (wolves living largely on caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 (7 August specimens from Artillery and Aylmer lakes; measurements and weight).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Seton, 1911: 206-262, 341 (Artillery, Ptarmigan, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes; habits); 210 (voice); 220, 258-260 (numbers); 225-226 (relation to wolves); 259-262 (slaughter by natives and whalers).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Cameron, 1912: 127 (place in economy of Caribou-eater Chipewyans; migration; on Lake Athabaska in winter); 309 (Fort Rae as a “meat-post” for the Mackenzie District).

“Caribou”: Wheeler, 1912: 199 (Fort Enterprise and Coppermine River; 1910 a very poor caribou year; females and yearlings taken in April; females [only?] wintering between Rae and Enterprise, and largely exterminated; usual numbers in 1911; large migration of males commenced May 18); 200 (between Coppermine River and Bathurst Inlet; by June 10 all caribou beyond [N. of] Coppermine River).

“Barren ground caribou”: R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5 (recent great decrease); 6 (stragglers left in Mackenzie Delta region; great diminution along Arctic coast E. to Cape Parry, since recent advent of whaling ships; great numbers on Victoria Island in summer, crossing to mainland for winter; Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River; drives and spearing by Eskimos); 6, 8 (importance to Eskimos for clothing and meat); 8 (poor sight of caribou; hunting methods).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1913b: 502 (importance in native economy; recent enormous decrease; few left in Eskimo Lakes region, on Cape Bathurst, and at Langton and Darnley Bays; great number in summer on Victoria Island, migrating to the mainland); 503 (Great Bear Lake; Coppermine River; occurrence on Arctic coast at any season; Eskimos driving them between lines of stone monuments into water and there spearing them); 504 (hunting methods; senses; infestation by bot-fly); 504-505 (fawning); 505 (geographical variation; antler growth and change); 505-506 (fat); 516 (relations to wolves).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1913a: 93 (ravens in Arctic feeding on caribou left by wolves); 94 (caribou moving N., Prince Albert Sound, Victoria Island, May 12); 95-96 (migrating across Dolphin and Union Strait, March and May); 99 (plentiful on Dease River, winter of 1910-11; abundant on lower Coppermine River, March; no great numbers cross central Coronation Gulf; wintering on coast E. of Coppermine; many moving N. across w. Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April and May, and w. Victoria Island, May); 100 (migration across Kent Peninsula and in se. Victoria Island); 102 (E. of Cape Bexley); 103, 106 (numbers wintering on Banks Island, but few or none on Victoria Island); 105 (Eskimos hunting caribou in summer on s. Victoria Island); 106 (caribou wintering from Cape Bathurst to Kent Peninsula; migration N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April 1-May 20, and S. in the fall as soon as the ice is strong enough; tens of thousands on Dease River in late October; differences between Victoria Island and mainland specimens).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1913b: 27 (Fort Smith a “meat post”); 29 (abundant at Fort Norman 50 years previously); 127, 128, 156, 158 (Langton Bay); 130, 135, 137, 141, 142 (Horton River); 146 (Cape Parry); 151 (extreme scarcity of hornless caribou); 163 (Cape Lyon); 164 (Port Pierce; human eye keener than caribou’s); 203 (summer hunting by Eskimos S. of Dolphin and Union Strait); 203-204 (migration N. to Victoria Island); 204 (bot-fly larvae); 205 (near Dolphin and Union Strait); 210, 212, 213 (lower Coppermine River); 212-213 (seeking protection from mosquitoes on snow banks); 214 (Dismal Lake); 215 (summer hunting by Eskimos on Dease River); 219 (Great Bear Lake); 221 (August skins for Eskimo clothing); 224-225 (hundreds of thousands, Dease River, October); 228, 235 (N. of Great Bear Lake); 231, 232 (Horton River); 238, 239 (Kendall River); 241 (lower Coppermine River); 241-244 (geographical variation in caribou); 263-265, 269 (migrating N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, early May); 274, 278, 287, 289, 297, 298, 301 (Victoria Island); 276-277 (variation from mainland animals); 278 (habitual wariness); 281 (caribou-skin tents and Eskimo hunting, Victoria Island); 289 (Banks Island); 294 (few on Victoria Island in winter); 324 (Cape Parry); 333 (Langton Bay; skins spoiled by warble fly larvae, June and early July; skins thick in summer and fall); 335 (“Endicott” [= Melville] Mountains); 337-338 (Eskimo methods of hunting and curing meat); 348-350 (migrating NW., Horton River, October); 364 (Langton Bay, February-March).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Chambers, 1914: 93 (immense herd, between Churchill and Owl River, December); 291-294 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes); 294 (Mackenzie Delta region); 342-350 (summation of records on the Barren Grounds).

“Caribou”: Douglas, 1914: 103, 167, 168, 179, 180 (Dease River); 121, 190, 192, 196, 214 (lower Coppermine River); 137 (Great Bear Lake); 157, 158 (very scarce, Great Bear Lake, winter); 185 (Dismal Lakes); 191-192 (larvae of warble and nostril flies).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1914, 2: 97 (importance to Indians); 100 (the great mass between Cape Bathurst and Great Slave Lake; tens of thousands killed by natives for whalers); 101-104 (migrations); 103 (voice); 104 (tameness of large numbers; weight); 225-226 (numbers).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Stefánsson, 1914: 13 (former abundance from Mackenzie River eastward); 26 (scarce near Rae River); 39 (common the year round on Banks Island; abundant in summer, but scarce in winter, Victoria Island); 41 (migrating S. across Coronation Gulf in November); 48 (stomach contents and droppings eaten by Eskimos, Coronation Gulf); 54 (crossing ice in migrating N., April and May); 56 (chief source of Eskimo food in summer, Coronation Gulf); 57 (hunting with spear and bow); 58 (poor eyesight); 58-59 (use as food by Eskimos); 97 (kayak used in spearing caribou); 137, 139 (former hunting in Mackenzie Delta region); 140-141 (skin clothing in Mackenzie Delta region); 147-148 (methods of removing and drying skins, Mackenzie Delta region); 150 (use of skins and sinew); 275 (status about Great Bear Lake); 296 (droppings and warbles eaten by Eskimos, Victoria Island); 353 (caribou taboos); 355-356 (many on Mackenzie coast).

“Caribou”: Wheeler, 1914: 52 (Dog-rib clothing of caribou skins); 54 (between Forts Rae and Enterprise); 56 (Fort Rae’s early trade in caribou meat and skins); 58 (countless thousands, moving E., Great Slave Lake; Indian use of meat); 60 (caribou scarce N. of Great Slave Lake after burning of country); 65 (plentiful, Little Marten Lake); 67 (near Lake Providence).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Harper, 1915: 160 (Tazin-Taltson Basin).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus (Richardson): Lydekker, 1915: 254 (biblio­graphical references; type locality; description; Baffin Island).

Tarandus rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Millais, 1915: 255-256 (considered conspecific with Woodland Caribou); 258, 263 (supposed interbreeding with Woodland Caribou); 261 (description; in winter ranging “west to the Rockies above Fort Vermilion”[!]).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Camsell, 1916: 21 (Tazin-Taltson Basin, autumn and winter).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Nelson, 1916: 460 (Arctic barrens; numbers; Artillery Lake; gait); 460-461 (use as food).

“Rein Deer”: Thompson, 1916: 19 (Eskimo lances pointed with leg-bone); 99 ([Barren Ground or Woodland species?] numerous in spring on Hayes River, where snared by Indians); 100-101 (immense herd estimated at 3,564,000 individuals, crossing Hayes River 20 miles above York Factory in late May, 1792).

“Caribou”: J. B. Tyrrell, in Thompson, 1916: 16 (Eskimos on Kazan River subsisting chiefly on caribou, killing them with spears and using their skins for clothing and kayaks).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: Kindle, 1917: 107-108 (tens of thousands E. of Slave River, early winter); 108-109 (previous accounts of great numbers).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Camsell and Malcolm, 1919: 46 (e. border of Mackenzie Basin; migration).

“Barren Ground caribou”: Malloch, 1919: 55-56 (larvae of Oedemagena tarandi from skin of caribou, Dolphin and Union Strait, Bernard Harbour, and Coronation Gulf); 56 (larvae of Cephenemyia sp. from nasal passages of caribou, May 25, Bernard Harbour).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1919: 310 (hunting in the Arctic).

“Caribou”: Whittaker, 1919: 166 (in greater numbers than usual, E. of Slave River, winter); 167 (1,000 does crossing Great Slave Lake in March toward Barren Grounds).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Buchanan, 1920: 105 (S. in winter to Reindeer Lake and Churchill River, rarely to Cumberland House); 105-108, 128-129 (migration); 105-106, 131 (food); 113-125, 134-137, 142-151 (hunting by Indians and others); 122, 124 (traveling upwind); 125-126 (description); 126 (antler change; gait); 130-131 (numbers); 135-136 (snares); 136-140 (economic uses by Indians).

“Caribou”: R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1921: 743, 750 (Eskimos killing caribou, Victoria Island); 749 (Hood River); 750 (Bathurst Inlet).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hewitt, 1921: 11-12 (as a source of meat and clothing); 56 (most abundant of the larger land mammals of the world); 58, 64-66 (place in native economy; range and numbers becoming restricted by excessive slaughter); 59-60 (distribution); 59 (destruction by Eskimos and whalers); 60-63 (migration); 61 (food); 62 (fawning); 67 (warble flies, black flies, and mosquitoes).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Johansen, 1921: 22-24 (larvae and adults of Oedemagena tarandi and larvae of Cephenemyia sp., both parasites of caribou, at Bernard Harbour); 29 (adult Oe. tarandi, Dolphin and Union Strait); 35, 37 (larvae of Oe. tarandi, lower Coppermine River and Victoria Island).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1921: 18 (abundant, Banks Island, winter); 227-230 (Norway Island [W. of Banks Island]); 231-234 (qualities of meat and fat); 242-249, 255, 258, 262, 281-283, 358, 364, 397, 369, 372, 473, 475, 476 (hunting on Banks Island); 246-247 (fat); 247 (attacks by insects); 248 (speed according to sex and age); 248-249 (pursuit by wolves); 251 (wariness on Banks Island); 252 (back fat); 255 (perhaps 2,000-3,000 caribou on Banks Island in summer); 307 (sight); 401 (hunting on Victoria Island, September; some migrating S. to mainland); 401-402 (stone monuments used by Eskimos for driving caribou to ambush); 475-476 (relations of caribou and wolves).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Jenness, 1922: 15, 17 (migration between mainland and Arctic islands; one route across Cape Krusenstern); 20-21 (Coppermine River to Great Bear Lake); 22 (Cape Barrow to Bathurst Inlet); 25-26 (Victoria Island in summer); 47 (spearing from kayaks in Coppermine region); 48, 101, 248 (use of fat for fuel); 61 (skins as bedding); 78-81 (skins as tent material); 97 (stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 100-103 (Caribou as food of Eskimos; hunting on ice of Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; Coppermine River to Bathurst Inlet); 124 (summer hunting by Eskimos about Dolphin and Union Strait); 125 (October passage from Victoria Island to mainland); 127-142 (hunting on Victoria Island, April to October); 148-151 (Eskimo hunting methods about Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; attacks on Eskimos by Caribou); 182-189 (Eskimo superstitions concerning Caribou); 244, 249 (scarcity and destruction at Coronation Gulf).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1924: 329 (varying estimates of numbers; Barren Grounds of central mainland); 330 (relations to reindeer).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Miller, 1924: 491 (nomenclature; type locality).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1925: 15 (upper Coppermine); 32-34 (migration); 32-33 (sexual segregation); 33 (fawning; food; torment of flies; gait; molt; antler growth and change); 34 (senses; utilization by Indians; wariness; swimming; relations to wolves and foxes; Great Slave Lake to Great Bear Lake and Back’s River).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1926a: 73 (trails, Nonacho Lake); 96-97 (trail and signs, Lake Eileen); 98 (caribou in economy of the Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Blanchet, 1926b: 46-48 (migrations); 47 (fawning in early June; attacks of flies; gait; molt; utilization of hides); 47-48 (antler change); 48 (senses; segregation by sex and age; numbers in millions; Lake MacKay, Great Bear Lake, Lac de Gras, Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes; wintering S. to Cree, Foster, and Reindeer lakes).

Rangifer spp.: Ekblaw, 1926: 101 (s. Arctic Archipelago).

“Caribou”: Mallet, 1926: 79 (migration; wintering about Reindeer, Cree, Wollaston, and Nueltin lakes and Pakatawagan; predilection for frozen lakes; predation by wolves); 80 (dependence of travelers on Caribou for food; hunting on the ice of lakes).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Preble, 1926: 119 (Barren Grounds); 121 (depletion along Arctic coast E. to Coppermine River); 125 (Yellowknife Preserve); 137 (Back’s River Preserve; great numbers; migration); 138 (Arctic islands; partial migration); 139 (Banks and Victoria islands).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1927: 145 (Abitau River); 149 (sw. tributary of Dubawnt River, July 5).

“Caribou”: Craig, 1927: 22 (Admiralty Inlet; former abundance; depletion by hunting).

“Caribou”: Henderson, 1927: 40 (Clyde River, Baffin Island; annual caribou hunt by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Rasmussen, 1927: 5 (Eskimos clad in caribou skin, Melville Peninsula); 20-21 (hunting on Melville Peninsula); 23 (Eskimo stores of caribou meat); 54 (caribou moving N., Baker Lake, May); 59-60, 103, 105 (hunting by Eskimos, lower Kazan River); 63, 68 (Yathkyed Lake); 65 (warble fly larvae as Eskimo delicacy); 67 (decrease in Eskimos and caribou at Yathkyed Lake); 68 (stone cairns for deflecting caribou); 73-77 (Eskimo hunting methods); 104-106 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou, lower Kazan River); 145 (Eskimos hunting near Admiralty Inlet); 166-167 (caribou obtained by Eskimos, Pelly Bay); 205 (King William Island); 214-217 (migration, September 15-21, King William Island); 245 (Eskimos of Victoria Island living on caribou in summer and autumn); 246 (enormous herds crossing delta of Ellice River; Kent Peninsula becoming depopulated of Eskimos through failure of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Anthony, 1928: 530-531 (description); 532 (Barren Grounds; former abundance; destruction).

“Caribou”: Kindle, 1928: 72-73 (numbers estimated at more than 30,000,000; utilization by natives for clothing and meat); 74 (economic value of reindeer).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1929 (1): 9, 47, 57 (importance to Caribou Eskimos); 48 (back fat); 50 (wintering on Barren Grounds; moving against wind; antler shedding; poor quality of winter meat); 51 (wolves hunting caribou; does first on spring migration; fawning in June); 52-53 (Eskimos feasting on caribou in spring); 56 (fawning in late June and early July; great migration at Baker Lake, late July; plagued by Oedemagena tarandi; most important Eskimo hunting in late summer and early autumn); 86 (tents of caribou skin among Caribou Eskimos); 89 (Eskimo spade made of antler); 90 (bags of caribou skin; fat for illumination); 94 (skins for household use); 96 (the principal diet among Caribou Eskimos); 98 (hunting by means of fences); 100 (Yathkyed Lake); 101 (heedless slaughter by Eskimos; migration always incalculable; fox-trapping replacing caribou-hunting); 102 (former use of bow in hunting); 104 (arrowheads of caribou bones); 106 (hunting by Eskimos; wariness; keen hearing and smell; buck attacking a man at Vansittart Island; deer-crossings in region of Baker Lake and Kazan River); 107 (Eskimo hunting methods); 108 (snow pitfalls); 109-110 (spearing in water; swimming ability); 110-111 (driving between lines of cairns); 112 (snares); 133 (gadfly larvae as Eskimo delicacy); 134-135 (seasonal hunting); 135 (frequent starvation of Eskimos in lack of caribou); 137 (staple food of Caribou Eskimos); 138-139 (taboos in use of meat); 140-147 (Eskimo dressing of carcasses); 141-144 (raw, cooked, and dried meat in Eskimo diet); 171 (meat as dog food); 186 (deerskin for kayaks); 191, 196, 199-223 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 232, 239-251 (various Eskimo uses of skin, bones, and antlers); 262, 263 (Eskimo laws for hunting caribou); 268-271 (drums of deerskin).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Seton, 1929, 3: 95-135 (monographic); 97-99 (measurements, weight, color); 102 (distribution); 102-103 (antlers); 104 (molt; senses); 105 (communication; voice); 105-107 (disposition); 107 (aquatic ability); 107-108 (food); 108-109 (Wolves and other predators); 109-110 (effect of mosquitoes); 110-111 (warble and nostril flies); 111-116 (utilization of flesh and hide by natives and civilized man); 113-114 (fat); 117-122 (hunting by Eskimos and Indians); 122 (Artillery Lake to Back’s River; Arctic islands; migration); 124-125 (reproduction); 125-127 (migration); 127-128 (wintering between Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska lakes and Hudson Bay); 131 (Mackenzie River to Cape Bathurst; Langton and Darnley Bays); 131-134 (numbers perhaps 30,000,000); 133-134 (destruction by Indians, whalers, and Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1930: 49 (E. of Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska Lakes; fawns born in late May or June; antler growth and shedding); 49-52 (migration; Lac de Gras, Lake MacKay, Beverly, Aberdeen, and Baker lakes; Coppermine, Lockhart, Taltson, Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson rivers; S. to Cree and Reindeer lakes and Churchill; only a small migration now from Victoria Island to mainland; Wager and Repulse bays); 50-51 (importance to Indians and Eskimos; Dawson Inlet to North Seal River; inland from Eskimo Point and Nunalla; Padlei); 52 (food destroyed by fire; several millions); 53 (fawning area); 53-54 (possibilities for reindeer); 54-55 (relation of wolves to caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Critchell-Bullock, 1930: 55 (Artillery Lake; weight; therapeutic value of meat); 58 (Thelon River, thousands, late July); 143 (use as fox bait); 159-160 (numbers); 159-162 (useful role of Wolf as Caribou predator); 192 (wind direction scarcely affecting migration; Artillery Lake, mostly bucks, September to November; bucks getting lean, October 17; antlers dropping and flesh improving, November 7; practically all (buck) antlers dropped, November 19; Artillery Lake, several hundred does, November 4, then continuing to pass N. during winter; bands of bucks passing S., November 26 to December 9; young bucks with does during winter; does dropping antlers, March 24 to mid-April; all does gone N. by April 27; bucks moved N. of Hanbury River by June 20; main s. migration, Thelon River, July 23; all sexes and ages, in bands up to 2,000—total number 10,000+); 193 (scourged and driven by insects; voice; stage of pelage differing in sexes; delta of Dubawnt River; possibly yearling doe with fawn; flies gone August 24, animals putting on fat; does massing in September, hundreds slaughtered by Eskimos at Thelon-Dubawnt mouth; last seen, Baker Lake, September 5); 194-196 (table of Caribou movements—localities, dates, numbers, sex, wind.)—1931: 32 (conservation); 33 (trade in hides; Back’s River Eskimos living “solely” on Caribou).

“Caribou”: Hoare, 1930: 13 (bucks migrating NE., June, Artillery Lake to Ford Lake); 14 (10,000+ near Campbell Lake, going SW., late July); 16 (bands near Smart Lake, August); 21 (Ford Lake, early December); 22 (Artillery Lake and Pike’s Portage, numerous, December; wolf predation); 27 (small bands swimming lower Thelon River, late June); 31 (swimming Hanbury River, July); 33 (great numbers of bucks going S. Thelon River, July 22; relation of migrations to insects and storms); 36 (circular migration about e. end of Great Slave Lake; ne. migration in spring down Thelon River); 37-38 (relation of migration to mosquitoes); 52-53 (summation by R. M. Anderson: carrying capacity of range—60 acres per Caribou; probably total not over 3,000,000).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Kitto, 1930: 87 (food; economy; numbers and depletion; migrations); 88 (effect of firearms; segregation of sexes and ages); 89 (wolves; insect pests); 89-90 (conservation measures); 110 (Keewatin, mainland and Southampton and Coats islands; Churchill, Eskimo Point, and Baker Lake).

“Caribou”: Mallet, 1930: 13 (Eskimo clothing of skins, Kazan River); 20-23 (great migrant herd, led by a doe, crossing Kazan River near Yathkyed Lake); 27 (small herds migrating S., Ennadai Lake, August); 32 (Chipewyan drum of caribou skin); 85 (Eskimos between Nueltin and Baker lakes living on caribou); 87 (Eskimo clothing of caribou fur); 89 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou); 90 (500 consumed per winter by 20-odd Eskimos); 92 (caribou-skin gloves; tongues as provisions for journey); 95 (Eskimos eating raw frozen caribou in winter and “lukewarm meat” in summer); 102 (Eskimo tent of skins on Kazan River); 116 (Indians eating caribou on Kasmere River); 131-140 (Eskimo band succumbing to starvation for lack of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Jacobi, 1931: 78-80 (description); 80-84 (N. to Baffin Island and other Arctic islands; E. to Hudson Bay, Southampton Island, and Melville Peninsula; S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and Fort McMurray; W. to Athabaska and Mackenzie Rivers); 140 (phylogeny); 156, 157, 159 (depletion by natives, whalers, and traders); 186-187 (habitat); 190 (occurrence in herds); 192-210 (migrations: causes, extent, routes, numbers, behavior, segregation by sex and age, dates, winter quarters); 216 (swimming); 219, 220 (unwariness; curiosity); 223 (food); 232 (reproduction); 236 (molt); 237 (change of antlers); 240-241 (predation by wolves); 244-245 (parasitic flies).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Harper, 1932: 30 (Lake Athabaska; excessive slaughter by Indians; Tazin Highlands; food; Thainka Lake; junction of Tazin and Taltson Rivers; avoiding lower Taltson River after fire); 31 (Great Slave Lake; “near Artillery Lake” [= Stark Lake?]; Indians spearing hundreds in water; migration; havoc by wolves; Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

“Caribou”: Jenness, 1932: 47, 48, 58, 59 (caribou in Indian economy); 51, 58, 75, 406-408, 411, 412, 414, 415 (caribou in Eskimo economy).

“Cariboo” or “deer”: Munn, 1932: 57 (Artillery Lake); 58 (great migration of perhaps 2,000,000 between Artillery and Great Slave lakes; relation to mosquitoes); 168 (Baffin Island); 191-192 (Eskimo sleeping-bags and clothing of caribou skin, Baffin Island); 210, 214 (Eskimos hunting deer, Southampton Island); 255 (trade in skins from Melville Peninsula); 271 (depletion of Baffin Island herds); 278 (decimation of caribou in w. Arctic due to Eskimos trapping white fox instead of sealing in winter).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: 33, 35, 36, 81, 82, 84, 85 (predation by wolves, Southampton Island); 79 (formerly abundant, but no longer); 79, 81 (migration); 80-83, 86-87 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos); 81 (scatology); 81, 84-86 (reproduction); 81-86 (antler growth and shedding); 83 (standing on hind legs); 84 (food; foot-glands; voice); 84-86 (parasitic and other flies); 87-88 (description); 88 (previous records on Southampton Island).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus. . .: Weyer, 1932: 38 (most important land animal to Eskimos); 39 (utilization by Eskimos; food); 40 (fawning period; seasonal fat; migration).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1933: 89 (immense numbers on Barren Grounds, but recently declining); 90 (gadflies plaguing caribou); 91-92 (migration); 92 (thousands at Baker Lake, late July; scourged by mosquitoes); 93 (no longer migrating from Victoria Island to mainland); 94 (occurrence in autumn and winter at Repulse Bay); 100 (good hunting near Whale Point, Roe’s Welcome; use of cairns in hunting by Eskimos); 106 (not many near Eskimo Point); 112 (great migration at Baker Lake beginning in June); 118 (deer crossings on lower Kazan River); 121 (difficulty of reconciling reindeer culture with presence of caribou).

“Caribou”: Ingstad, 1933: 34 (caribou deflected on s. side of Great Slave Lake by forest fires); 48 (buck on Barren Grounds harassed by black flies); 85, 110 (E. of Great Slave Lake); 86 (asleep on ice of lakes); 87 (leaping into air before running off); 88 (varying wariness); 90 (carcass as fox bait near Artillery Lake); 118, 122 (use of meat and hides by Indians, Great Slave Lake); 134-135, 324 (spring migration across Great Slave Lake); 135 (antler velvet eaten by Indians; larvae of nostril and warble flies); 139 (Indian drum of caribou skin); 156-159 (migration; followed by wolves, ravens, foxes, and wolverines); 158 (rutting season and behavior); 159 (antler shedding); 160 (numbers); 161 (migration influenced by grazing available; fawning on Arctic islands); 162 (separation into different herd groupings); 162-163 (destruction by Eskimos with firearms along Arctic coast); 163 (migration deflected by burning of country); 165-166 (conservation; wolf predation); 167 (dependence of Caribou-eater Indians on this animal); 176, 181 (Stark Lake and vicinity); 186-187 (use of meat by Caribou-eaters); 204, 216, 218, 220, 222 (upper Thelon River region); 207 (predation by wolves); 225, 229-231 (Nonacho Lake area); 247, 253 (dependence of Barren Ground Indians on caribou); 253-254 (former hunting with spears, bows, dogteams, barriers, snares); 257-259 (Indian use of meat and hides); 280 (migrating near e. end of Great Slave Lake); 291, 293, 296 (thousands in winter on Barrens E. of Great Slave Lake); 293, 297 (unwariness); 302-304, 306-307 (predation by wolves on Barren Grounds); 312 (albino caribou).

“Barren land caribou”: Stockwell, 1933: 45 (large herds in August, Point, Thonokied, and MacKay lakes and Coppermine River).

“Caribou”: Weeks, 1933: 65 (very plentiful on Maguse River after August 4).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1934a: 81 (utilization of skin and meat; migrations; Melville Peninsula, Boothia Peninsula, and Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1934b: 4062, fig. 9 (map shows range of subsp. arcticus extending N. only to Arctic coast and over Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Flerov, 1934: 240 (cranial measurements).

“Caribou”: Godsell, 1934: 273-276 (trade with Eskimos on Arctic coast resulting in great slaughter of caribou); 276 (importation of reindeer to Mackenzie Delta region to replace caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Hornby, 1934: 105 (food; weight; fat; migrations influenced by natives, unfrozen large lakes, and fires; effects of flies; rutting season and behavior; antler shedding); 106 (irregular migrations; sexual segregation; wolf predation); 106-107 (movements, numbers, and dates in region between Great Slave and Baker lakes); 108 (beneficial effect of wolves on caribou).

“Caribou”: Wray, 1934: 141 (abundant, Lac de Gras, 1932); 144 (few S. of Mackay Lake).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Degerbøl, 1935: 48-51 (specimens from Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula, including an albino from Rae Isthmus; descriptions).

“Caribou”: Freuchen, 1935: 93 (abundance of rabbits supposed to lessen wolf predation on caribou); 99 (wolverine reputed to attack sleeping caribou); 120 (pursuit by wolves near Wager Inlet); 121 (followed by wolves, Melville Peninsula; predation by wolves, Southampton Island); 122 (wolves said not to follow caribou across streams; wolf methods of hunting caribou); 128 (caribou carcasses consumed by Arctic foxes).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Murie, 1935: 74, 75 (type locality; skull measurements).

“Barren ground caribou”: Alcock, 1936: 9 (Lake Athabaska).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1936: 90 (importance to Eskimos); 91 (migration; snow pitfalls, baited with urine; hunting with spears, rows of stone cairns, snares, and bows); 110 (dependence of Caribou Eskimos on Caribou); 111 (frequent famine and cannibalism among them for lack of Caribou; lookout knolls for Caribou); 112 (sexual segregation in herds); 115-116 (clothing of caribou skin).

“Caribou”: Soper, 1936: 429 (resorting to Grinnell Glacier, Baffin Island, to escape mosquitoes).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1937: 103 (lower Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay; use of skin and meat; scarce on coast W. of Bathurst Inlet; concentration between Bathurst Inlet, Great Slave Lake, and Baker Lake; S. into Wood Buffalo Park; use of rifles by Central Eskimos resulting in decrease; apparent inter­gradation with R. a. pearyi in northern islands).

“Caribou”: Godsell, 1937: 288 (caribou migrating between mainland and Arctic islands exterminated by Eskimos with ammunition supplied by traders); 289 (reindeer imported to mouth of Mackenzie to replace vanished caribou).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Henriksen, 1937: 25 (larvae of Cephenomyia trompe L. from nasal passage, Baker Lake, May 2); 26 (larvae of Oedemagena tarandi collected from caribou in May, Gore Bay, Lyon Inlet, and Melville Peninsula).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1938: 400 (perhaps no great reduction in numbers, but some shifting of range from human encroachments and fire; wintering S. to n. Manitoba and Saskatchewan and ne. Alberta; estimate of 3,000,000).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Hamilton, 1939: 109 (hoofs; function of fat); 244-247 (migrations); 246, 352, 359 (importance to Indians and Eskimos); 247 (influence of mosquitoes on movements; sexual segregation); 301 (distribution determined by insect pests); 359 (immense herd in ne. Saskatchewan).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Murie, 1939: 239 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island, including some of the Arctic islands; diagnosis); 244 (antlers; pelage; migration; rut in September and October); 245 (food; ankle click; voice; gait; senses; insect pests; Wolves and other predators); 245-246 (danger from introduction of Reindeer); 246 (adaptation to environment).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Clarke, 1940: 5, 7 (dependence of Indians and Eskimos on caribou); 8-9 (Rum Lake country a wintering ground; Eskimos from Back’s River to Wager Inlet and Baker Lake dependent on winter caribou; likewise those at Beverly, Aberdeen, and Schultz lakes); 11 (great winter herd S. and W. of Bathurst Inlet); 65 (fluctuations; current abundance in Hanbury-Thelon region and scarcity at Baker Lake); 70 (parasites; diseases); 84 (economic importance); 85-86 (migrating southward in late July in Thelon Game Sanctuary and at Tourgis Lake, in early August at Hanbury, Artillery, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes, and from early August to late September at Taltson River and Thekulthili and Nonacho lakes; in autumn near Lac de Gras and on upper Back’s River; in autumn and winter at Reliance and Snowdrift); 87-90 (at least 100,000 migrating N. in early July at Hanbury and Thelon rivers, including does with month-old fawns); 89, 90 (molt); 91 (previous records in Thelon Sanctuary region); 92-93 (near Lake Athabaska and Slave River and at Hill Island Lake in early August; Wood Buffalo Park in winter; the various groups and their movements defined); 93-95 (early ideas of migrations); 95 (fallacies; sexual segregation; antlers; influence of flies); 96-97 (details of migratory movements; retrograde autumnal movement); 98 (extermination of bands formerly migrating from mainland to Victoria and King William islands); 98-100 (irregular migrations; influences—such as wide open waters, overgrazing, and fires—affecting migrations); 101-104 (carrying capacity of range; numbers estimated at 3,000,000; increase and decrease); 104-106 (accidents); 106-107 (effects of fire and overgrazing; food); 107-110 (wolves and other predators); 110 (hunting and its effects); 112 (importance to natives).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): G. M. Allen, 1942: 297 (mainstay of Eskimos and Indians); 297-298 (description); 298-299 (Hudson Bay to Mackenzie River, N. to Banks and Victoria Islands, Boothia, Southampton and Baffin Islands, S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and ne. Alberta; migratory habit; shift of range due to human crowding and destruction of winter forage by fire); 299 (increased slaughter in winter range; reduction on Southampton Island).

“Caribou”: Manning, 1942: 28 (rapidly reduced on Southampton Island after establishment of a post in 1924); 29 (insufficient skins for Eskimo clothing); 29 (wolves, for lack of caribou, became extinct on Southampton by 1937).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Soper, 1942: 143 (in 1932-33, E. of Fort Smith, S. to 30th base line; along N. shore of Lake Athabaska to Fond du Lac; W. of Slave River, between Lobstick Creek and Grand Detour and into Wood Buffalo Park; Tethul River to Tsu Lake and Taltson River; in 1933-34, crossing Slave River from E. in vicinity of Caribou and Stony Islands and Buffalo Landing, and feeding on goose grass [= Equisetum, fide Raup, 1933: 39]).

“Caribou”: Downes, 1943: 203 (Windy Lake, late July); 215 (1925-26 and 1938-39 bad years for caribou on upper Kazan River; consequent mortality among Eskimos); 221 (Red River, July 28); 224, 249, 250 (Simons’ Lake); 226 (grunting; shaking heads on account of flies; buck with winter pelage); 227 (butchering operation); 228 (use of antlers and hoofs; feeding on dwarf birch; protecting carcasses from gulls); 236-237 (antics of a buck); 253 (Red River); 255 (warble and nostril flies); 256 (does beginning to appear; swimming ability); 256-257 (snuffing, snorting, and coughing); 258-260 (estimates of numbers); 260 (change of migration routes through human activities and forest fires); 261-262 (effect of natives and wolves); pl. following p. 296 (Kasmere River).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Manning, 1943a: 47 (recent depletion by Eskimos); 49-52 (w. Baffin Island; Koukdjuak and Hantzsch rivers; Bowman, Taverner, Wordie, and Harbour bays; Tweedsmuir Islands; Baird Peninsula; Lake Nettilling; Cumberland Sound; Fury and Hecla Strait); 50 (summer and winter droppings; exterminated from most of Foxe Peninsula); 51 (estimated population in central western Baffin Island 10,000); 51-52 (migratory movements); 52 (sexual segregation and herding; females bearing young at end of second year); 52-53 (antler growth and shedding); 53 (molt; development of warble flies, and their scarcity in fawns; accumulation of fat); 55 (annual kill by wolves on w. Baffin Island estimated at 2,000 animals over one year of age).

“Caribou”: Manning, 1943b: 103 (former migration—now ceased—from the S. to Melville Peninsula, where the animals are now scarce; still numerous on Baffin Island N. of Fury and Hecla Strait; fairly numerous, Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet; dearth of skins for Eskimo clothing; numerous herds about Piling, Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Porsild, 1943: 383 (food); 386 (warble and nostril flies “apparently do not travel very far”; sparsely covered grazing areas suitable for caribou but not for reindeer); 389 (migration affected by rotational grazing and seasonal and local abundance of mosquitoes or flies; wariness varying with size of herd; caribou disappear before expanding reindeer culture).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Soper, 1944: 274-250 (great reduction in southern coastal region of Baffin Island; few left on Foxe Peninsula; Hantzsch and Soper rivers; Bowman, Amadjuak, and Frobisher bays; Lake Harbour; Nettilling Lake; Big Island; Grinnell Glacier; Cockburn Land); 248 (measurements); 248-249 (migrations); 248-250 (utilization by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: [U.S.] War Department, 1944: 40 (Canadian mainland and Arctic islands); 77 (importance as food).

“Barren ground caribou”: Wright, 1944: 185 (late summer skins for clothing; high value of the meat; reduction in numbers); 186 (migration routes changed by overgrazing, fires, and excessive hunting; numbers); 187 (annual consumption in Keewatin not less than 22,000; decrease on Boothia and Melville peninsulas; locally plentiful in w. Baffin Island; scarce on King William Island; none on Adelaide Peninsula; great decrease on Southampton Island); 188 (small herds on Coats Island; varying numbers on Baffin Island, where skins are imported for clothing; a herd on Bylot Island); 189 (scarce at Arctic Bay and on Brodeur Peninsula); 190 (migration on Baffin Island); 191 (Baffin population estimated at 25,000); 193 (tables of numbers taken annually on Baffin Island and in Keewatin); 195 (smaller caribou on Boothia Peninsula and on Somerset and Prince of Wales islands).

“Caribou”: Young, 1944: 236-238, 243 (predation by wolves in the Barren Grounds, including Southampton Island and Artillery Lake).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Gavin, 1945: 227-228 (recent increase at Perry River and Bathurst Inlet; partly resident on mainland but also migratory, a few crossing to Victoria Island); 228 (many fawning on small coastal islands and Kent Peninsula; many succumbing to mosquitoes; damage by larvae of warble fly).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1947: 178 (type locality; Mackenzie and Keewatin, from Hudson Bay and Melville Peninsula W. to lower Mackenzie Valley, and N. to s. fringe of islands N. of the mainland Arctic coast; migrating S. to Churchill River or beyond, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabaska, and occasionally the Wood Buffalo Park in ne. Alberta).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1948: 15 (decrease; shift of range attributed to fire or overgrazing; need of protection; killing from planes; Northwest Territories; northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Manning, 1948: 26-28 (Eyrie, Big Sand, Neck, Sandhill, Malaher, Boundary, Boulder, South Henik, Camp, Carr, Alder, Victory, Ninety-seven, Twin, and Baker lakes; Tha-anne and Kazan rivers; W. of Padlei; Christopher Island; Chesterfield Inlet; Tavani; most numerous in the more southerly and westerly of these localities in Manitoba and Keewatin; heavy grazing on lichens where the caribou had been numerous; migration; trails).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Rand, 1948a: 211-212 (diagnosis); 212 (Northwest Territories, wandering southward in winter as far as Fort McMurray (formerly) and Wood Buffalo Park; food; habitat).

Rangifer arcticus Richardson: Rand, 1948b: 149 (numerous at Burnt Wood River, W. of Nelson House, winter of 1944-45, and in Herb Lake area, Manitoba, winters of 1944-45 and 1945-46; hundreds killed by Indians).

“Caribou”: Yule, 1948: 287 (a losing battle for survival; not half as many as a few years previously); 288 (considerable herds between Churchill and Gillam, but fewer to the westward; excessive kill; consumption by dogs and wolves; disaster confronting Indians and Eskimos through diminishing supply of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Banfield, 1949: 477 (economy); 478 (Mackenzie and Keewatin; numbers less than previous estimate of 3,000,000; S. in winter to nw. Ontario, central Manitoba, n. Saskatchewan, ne. Alberta, Wood Buffalo Park, and Norman Wells; small bands remaining on Boothia and Adelaide peninsulas, S. of Pelly Bay, on Somerset, Prince of Wales, and Russell islands, and at Daly Bay; believed extirpated on King William Island; Melville Peninsula); 481 (near Wager Bay; fairly plentiful along Arctic coast from Back’s River to Horton River, in Perry River district, and on Kent Peninsula, where a few cross to Victoria Island; population on Southampton Island estimated at 300, on Coats Island at 1,000 and on Baffin Island at 25,000; apparently extirpated on Bylot Island in 1941; Eskimo pressure on Baffin Island herds). (Fig. 1 suggests n. limit at s. Victoria Island and Prince of Wales and Somerset islands.)