Introductory material (continued 49)

Malta $NA

Marshall Islands $51.1 million more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002

Martinique $NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)

Mauritania $305.7 million (2002)

Mauritius $42 million (1997)

Mayotte $208 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (2004)

Mexico $1.166 billion (1995)

Micronesia, Federated States of $86.3 million under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced

Moldova $100 million (2000)

Monaco $NA

Mongolia $215 million (2003)

Montenegro NA

Montserrat Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)

Morocco ODA, $218 million (2002)

Mozambique $632.8 million (2001)

Namibia ODA, $160 million (2000 est.)

Nauru $20 million mostly from Australia

Nepal $424 million (FY00/01)

Netherlands Antilles $21.5 million IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2004)

New Caledonia $525 million annual subsidy from France (2004)

Nicaragua $419.5 million (2005 est.)

Niger $453.3 million (2003)

Nigeria IMF, $250 million (1998)

Niue $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Norfolk Island $NA

Northern Mariana Islands extensive funding from US

Oman $76.4 million (1995)

Pakistan $2.4 billion (FY01/02)

Palau $19.6 million; note - the Compact of Free Association with the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over 15 years in return for furnishing military facilities

Panama $197.1 million (1995)

Papua New Guinea $NA

Paraguay $NA

Peru $491 million (2002)

Philippines ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004)

Pitcairn Islands $3.465 million (2004)

Poland $13.9 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Puerto Rico $NA

Qatar $NA

Reunion $NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001 est.)

Romania $3.3 billion in committed EU pre-accession aid (2004-06)

Russia in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000 est.)

Rwanda $425 million (2003)

Saint Helena $12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis $-110,000 (2004)

Saint Lucia $-21.5 million (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon approximately $60 million in annual grants from France

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $10.5 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (2004)

Samoa $30.8 million (2004)

San Marino $NA

Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Senegal $449.6 million (2003 est.)

Serbia $2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro (disbursements to follow over several years; aid pledged by EU and US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation by Serbia in handing over General Ratco MLADIC to the criminal court in The Hague)

Seychelles $16.4 million (1995)

Sierra Leone $297.4 million (2003 est.)

Singapore $NA

Slovakia $1.9 billion in committed EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Slovenia $484 million in committed EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Solomon Islands $122 million annually, mainly from Australia (2004 est.)

Somalia $60 million (1999 est.)

South Africa $487.5 million (2000)

Sri Lanka $577 million (1998)

Sudan $172 million (2001)

Suriname $46 million Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (2003)

Svalbard $8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Swaziland $104 million (2001)

Syria $180 million (2002 est.)

Tajikistan $67 million from US (2005)

Tanzania $1.2 billion (2001)

Thailand $72 million (2002)

Togo ODA, $80 million (2000 est.)

Tokelau about $4 million annually from New Zealand

Tonga $19.3 million Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Trinidad and Tobago $24 million (1999 est.)

Tunisia $114.6 million (2002)

Turkey ODA, $635.8 million (2002)

Turkmenistan $16 million from the US (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands $4.1 million (1997)

Tuvalu $13 million; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and the US (1999 est.)

Uganda $959 million (2003)

Ukraine $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)

Uruguay $NA

Uzbekistan $91.6 million from the US (2005)

Vanuatu $37.8 million (2004)

Venezuela $74 million (2000)

Vietnam $2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 (2004)

Virgin Islands $NA

Wallis and Futuna assistance from France

West Bank $1.14 billion; note - includes Gaza Strip (2004 est.)

Western Sahara $NA

World $154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)

Yemen $2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)

Zambia $640.6 million (2002)

Zimbabwe $178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

======================================================================

@2065 Currency (code)

Afghanistan afghani (AFA)

Albania lek (ALL)

Algeria Algerian dinar (DZD)

American Samoa US dollar (USD)

Andorra euro (EUR)

Angola kwanza (AOA)

Anguilla East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Argentina Argentine peso (ARS)

Armenia dram (AMD)

Aruba Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Australia Australian dollar (AUD)

Austria euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat (AZM)

Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Bahrain Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Bangladesh taka (BDT)

Barbados Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Belarus Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Belgium euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Belize Belizean dollar (BZD)

Benin Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Bermuda Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Bhutan ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Bolivia boliviano (BOB)

Bosnia and Herzegovina marka (BAM)

Botswana pula (BWP)

Brazil real (BRL)

British Indian Ocean Territory both the British Pound (GBP) and the US Dollar (USD) are accepted

British Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Brunei Bruneian dollar (BND)

Bulgaria lev (BGL)

Burkina Faso Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Burma kyat (MMK)

Burundi Burundi franc (BIF)

Cambodia riel (KHR)

Cameroon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Canada Canadian dollar (CAD)

Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Cayman Islands Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Central African Republic Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chad Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chile Chilean peso (CLP)

China yuan (CNY); note - also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)

Christmas Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian dollar (AUD)

Colombia Colombian peso (COP)

Comoros Comoran franc (KMF)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)

Congo, Republic of the Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Cook Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Costa Rica Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Cote d'Ivoire Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Croatia kuna (HRK)

Cuba Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)

Cyprus Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish New lira (YTL)

Czech Republic Czech koruna (CZK)

Denmark Danish krone (DKK)

Djibouti Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Dominica East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Dominican Republic Dominican peso (DOP)

East Timor US dollar (USD)

Ecuador US dollar (USD)

Egypt Egyptian pound (EGP)

El Salvador US dollar (USD)

Equatorial Guinea Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Eritrea nakfa (ERN)

Estonia Estonian kroon (EEK)

Ethiopia birr (ETB)

European Union euro, British pound, Cypriot pound, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat, Lithuanian litas, Maltese lira, Polish zloty, Slovak koruna, Slovenian tolar, Swedish krona

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland pound (FKP)

Faroe Islands Danish krone (DKK)

Fiji Fijian dollar (FJD)

Finland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

France euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

French Guiana euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

French Polynesia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Gabon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Gambia, The dalasi (GMD)

Gaza Strip new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Georgia lari (GEL)

Germany euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Ghana cedi (GHC)

Gibraltar Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Greece euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Greenland Danish krone (DKK)

Grenada East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Guadeloupe euro (EUR)

Guam US dollar (USD)

Guatemala quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Guernsey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound

Guinea Guinean franc (GNF)

Guinea-Bissau Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Guyana Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Haiti gourde (HTG)

Holy See (Vatican City) euro (EUR)

Honduras lempira (HNL)

Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Hungary forint (HUF)

Iceland Icelandic krona (ISK)

India Indian rupee (INR)

Indonesia Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Iran Iranian rial (IRR)

Iraq New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Ireland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Isle of Man British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound

Israel new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS

Italy euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Jamaica Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Japan yen (JPY)

Jersey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound

Jordan Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)

Kenya Kenyan shilling (KES)

Kiribati Australian dollar (AUD)

Korea, North North Korean won (KPW)

Korea, South South Korean won (KRW)

Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar (KD)

Kyrgyzstan

Laos kip (LAK)

Latvia Latvian lat (LVL)

Lebanon Lebanese pound (LBP)

Lesotho loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Liberia Liberian dollar (LRD)

Libya Libyan dinar (LYD)

Liechtenstein Swiss franc (CHF)

Lithuania litas (LTL)

Luxembourg euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Macau pataca (MOP)

Macedonia Macedonian denar (MKD)

Madagascar Madagascar ariary (MGA)

Malawi Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Malaysia ringgit (MYR)

Maldives rufiyaa (MVR)

Mali Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Malta Maltese lira (MTL)

Marshall Islands US dollar (USD)

Martinique euro (EUR)

Mauritania ouguiya (MRO)

Mauritius Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Mayotte euro (EUR)

Mexico Mexican peso (MXN)

Micronesia, Federated States of US dollar (USD)

Moldova Moldovan leu (MDL)

Monaco euro (EUR)

Mongolia togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Montenegro euro (EUR)

Montserrat East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Morocco Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Mozambique metical (MZM)

Namibia Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Nauru Australian dollar (AUD)

Nepal Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Netherlands euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

New Caledonia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

New Zealand New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Nicaragua gold cordoba (NIO)

Niger Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States (BCEAO)

Nigeria naira (NGN)

Niue New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norfolk Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Northern Mariana Islands US dollar (USD)

Norway Norwegian krone (NOK)

Oman Omani rial (OMR)

Pakistan Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Palau US dollar (USD)

Panama balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Papua New Guinea kina (PGK)

Paraguay guarani (PYG)

Peru nuevo sol (PEN)

Philippines Philippine peso (PHP)

Pitcairn Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Poland zloty (PLN)

Portugal euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Puerto Rico US dollar (USD)

Qatar Qatari rial (QAR)

Reunion euro (EUR)

Romania leu (ROL) is being phased out in 2006; "new" leu (RON) was introduced in 2005 due to currency revaluation: 10,000 ROL = 1 RON

Russia Russian ruble (RUR)

Rwanda Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Helena Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa tala (SAT)

San Marino euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

Seychelles Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone leone (SLL)

Singapore Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia tolar (SIT)

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa rand (ZAR)

Spain euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Suriname Surinam dollar (SRD)

Svalbard Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan somoni

Tanzania Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand baht (THB)

Togo Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey Turkish lira (YTL); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005

Turkmenistan Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Uganda Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom British pound (GBP)

United States US dollar (USD)

Uruguay Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan Uzbekistani soum (UZS)

Vanuatu vatu (VUV)

Venezuela bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam dong (VND)

Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

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@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan 20.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Albania 5.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Algeria 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

American Samoa 3.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Andorra 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Angola 24.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Anguilla 5.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda 5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Argentina 7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Armenia 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Aruba 6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Australia 7.51 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Austria 9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Azerbaijan 9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bahamas, The 9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bahrain 4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bangladesh 8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Barbados 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belarus 14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belgium 10.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belize 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Benin 12.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bermuda 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bhutan 12.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bolivia 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Botswana 29.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Brazil 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Brunei 3.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bulgaria 14.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burkina Faso 15.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burma 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burundi 13.46 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cambodia 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cameroon 13.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Canada 7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cape Verde 6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cayman Islands 4.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Central African Republic 18.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Chad 16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Chile 5.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

China 6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA deaths/1,000 population

Colombia 5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Comoros 8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 13.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 12.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cook Islands NA deaths/1,000 population

Costa Rica 4.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 14.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Croatia 11.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cuba 7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cyprus 7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Czech Republic 10.59 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Denmark 10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Djibouti 19.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Dominica 6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Dominican Republic 5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

East Timor 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ecuador 4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Egypt 5.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

El Salvador 5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Eritrea 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Estonia 13.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ethiopia 14.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

European Union 10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA deaths/1,000 population

Faroe Islands 8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Fiji 5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Finland 9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

France 9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

French Guiana 4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

French Polynesia 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gabon 12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gambia, The 12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gaza Strip 3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Georgia 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Germany 10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ghana 9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gibraltar 9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Greece 10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Greenland 7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Grenada 6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guadeloupe 6.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guam 4.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guatemala 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guernsey 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guinea 15.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guyana 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Haiti 12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Honduras 5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Hong Kong 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Hungary 13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iceland 6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

India 8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Indonesia 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iran 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iraq 5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ireland 7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Isle of Man 11.19 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Israel 6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Italy 10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jamaica 6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Japan 9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jersey 9.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jordan 2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kazakhstan 9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kenya 14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kiribati 8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, North 7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, South 5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kuwait 2.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Laos 11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Latvia 13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lebanon 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lesotho 28.71 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liberia 23.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Libya 3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liechtenstein 7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lithuania 10.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Luxembourg 8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macau 4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macedonia 8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Madagascar 11.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malawi 19.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malaysia 5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Maldives 7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mali 16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malta 8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Marshall Islands 4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Martinique 6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritania 12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritius 6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mayotte 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mexico 4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Moldova 12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Monaco 12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mongolia 6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Montenegro 9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)

Montserrat 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Morocco 5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mozambique 21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Namibia 18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nauru 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nepal 9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands Antilles 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Caledonia 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Zealand 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nicaragua 4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niger 20.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nigeria 16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niue NA deaths/1,000 population

Norfolk Island NA deaths/1,000 population

Northern Mariana Islands 2.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Norway 9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oman 3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pakistan 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Palau 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Panama 5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Papua New Guinea 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Paraguay 4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Peru 6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Philippines 5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA deaths/1,000 population

Poland 9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Portugal 10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Puerto Rico 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Qatar 4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Reunion 5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Romania 11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Russia 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Rwanda 16.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Helena 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Lucia 5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Samoa 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

San Marino 8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe 6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saudi Arabia 2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Senegal 9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Seychelles 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sierra Leone 23.03 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Singapore 4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovakia 9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovenia 10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Solomon Islands 3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Somalia 16.63 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

South Africa 22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Spain 9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sri Lanka 6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sudan 8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Suriname 7.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Svalbard NA deaths/1,000 population

Swaziland 29.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sweden 10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Switzerland 8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Syria 4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Taiwan 6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tajikistan 8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tanzania 16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Thailand 7.04 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Togo 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tokelau NA deaths/1,000 population

Tonga 5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 10.57 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tunisia 5.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkey 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkmenistan 8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tuvalu 7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uganda 12.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ukraine 14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Arab Emirates 4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Kingdom 10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United States 8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uruguay 9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uzbekistan 7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vanuatu 7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Venezuela 4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vietnam 6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Virgin Islands 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Wallis and Futuna NA deaths/1,000 population

West Bank 3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Western Sahara NA deaths/1,000 population

World 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Yemen 8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zambia 19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zimbabwe 21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

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@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure

Afghanistan $122.4 million (2005 est.)

Albania $56.5 million (FY02)

Algeria $3 billion (2005 est.)

Angola $2 billion (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina $4.3 billion (FY99)

Armenia $135 million (FY01)

Australia $17.84 billion (2005 est.)

Austria $1.497 billion (FY01/02)

Azerbaijan $121 million (FY99)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain $627.7 million (2005 est.)

Bangladesh $1.01 billion (2005 est.)

Barbados NA

Belarus $420.5 million (2006)

Belgium $3.999 billion (2003)

Belize $19 million (2005 est.)

Benin $100.9 million (2005 est.)

Bermuda $4.03 million (2001)

Bhutan $8.29 million (2005 est.)

Bolivia $130 million (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina $234.3 million (FY02)

Botswana $325.5 million (2005 est.)

Brazil $9.94 billion (2005 est.)

Brunei $290.7 million (2003 est.)

Bulgaria $356 million (FY02)

Burkina Faso $74.83 million (2005 est.)

Burma $39 million (FY97)

Burundi $43.9 million (2005 est.)

Cambodia $112 million (FY01 est.)

Cameroon $230.2 million (2005 est.)

Canada $9,801.7 million (2003)

Cape Verde $7.18 million (2005 est.)

Central African Republic $16.37 million (2005 est.)

Chad $68.95 million (2005 est.)

Chile $3.91 billion (2005 est.)

China $81.48 billion (2005 est.)

Colombia $3.3 billion (FY01)

Comoros $12.87 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the $103.7 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the $85.22 million (2005 est.)

Costa Rica $83.46 million (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire $246.6 million (2005 est.)

Croatia $620 million (2004)

Cuba $694 million (2005 est.)

Cyprus $384 million (FY02)

Czech Republic $2.17 billion (2004)

Denmark $3,271.6 million (2003)

Djibouti $29.05 million (2005 est.)

Dominica NA

Dominican Republic $0 (2002 est.)

East Timor $4.4 million (FY03)

Ecuador $650 million (2005 est.)

Egypt $2.44 billion (2003)

El Salvador $161.7 million (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea $152.2 million (2005 est.)

Eritrea $220.1 million (2005 est.)

Estonia $155 million (2002 est.)

Ethiopia $295.9 million (2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands NA

Fiji $36 million (2004)

Finland $1.8 billion (FY98/99)

France $45 billion FY06 (2005)

French Guiana NA

Gabon $253.5 million (2005 est.)

Gambia, The $1.55 million (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip NA

Georgia $23 million (FY00)

Germany $35.063 billion (2003)

Ghana $83.65 million (2005 est.)

Greece $5.89 billion (2004)

Grenada NA

Guatemala $169.8 million (2005 est.)

Guinea $119.7 million (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau $9.46 million (2005 est.)

Guyana $6.48 million (2003 est.)

Haiti $25.96 million (2003 est.)

Honduras $52.8 million (2005 est.)

Hong Kong Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA

Hungary $1.08 billion (2002 est.)

Iceland 0

India $19.04 billion (2005 est.)

Indonesia $1.3 billion (2004)

Iran $4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Iraq $1.34 billion (2005 est.)

Ireland $700 million (FY00/01)

Israel $9.45 billion (2005 est.)

Italy $28,182.8 million (2003)

Jamaica $31.17 million (2003 est.)

Japan $44.31 billion (2005 est.)

Jordan $1.4 billion (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan $221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya $280.5 million (2005 est.)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North $5,217.4 million (FY02)

Korea, South $21.06 billion FY05 (2005 est.)

Kuwait $3.01 billion (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan $19.2 million (FY01)

Laos $11.04 million (2005 est.)

Latvia $87 million (FY01)

Lebanon $540.6 million (2004)

Lesotho $41.1 million (2005 est.)

Liberia $67.4 million (2005 est.)

Libya $1.3 billion (FY99)

Lithuania $230.8 million (FY01)

Luxembourg $231.6 million (2003)

Macedonia $200 million (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar $329 million (2005 est.)

Malawi $15.81 million (2005 est.)

Malaysia $1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Maldives $45.07 million (2005 est.)

Mali $106.3 million (2005 est.)

Malta $38.168 million (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands NA

Mauritania $19.32 million (2005 est.)

Mauritius $12.04 million (2005 est.)

Mexico $6.07 billion (2005 est.)

Moldova $8.7 million (2004)

Mongolia $23.1 million (FY02)

Montenegro $2.306 billion

Morocco $2.31 billion (2003 est.)

Mozambique $78.03 million (2005 est.)

Namibia $149.5 million (2005 est.)

Nauru NA

Nepal $104.9 million (2005 est.)

Netherlands $9.408 billion (2004)

New Caledonia NA

New Zealand $1.147 billion (FY03/04)

Nicaragua $32.27 million (2005 est.)

Niger $44.78 million (2005 est.)

Nigeria $737.6 million (2005 est.)

Norway $4,033.5 million (2003)

Oman $252.99 million (2004)

Pakistan $4.26 billion (2005 est.)

Palau NA

Panama $150 million (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea $16.9 million (2003)

Paraguay $53.1 million (2003 est.)

Peru $829.3 million (2003 est.)

Philippines $836.9 million (2005 est.)

Poland $3.5 billion (2002)

Portugal $3,497.8 million (2003)

Qatar $723 million (FY00)

Romania $985 million (2002)

Russia NA

Rwanda $53.66 million (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino $700,000 (FY00/01)

Sao Tome and Principe $581,729 (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia $18 billion (2002)

Senegal $117.3 million (2005 est.)

Serbia $14.85 million

Seychelles $14.85 million (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone $14.25 million (2005 est.)

Singapore $4.47 billion (FY01 est.)

Slovakia $406 million (2002)

Slovenia $370 million (FY00)

Solomon Islands NA

Somalia $22.34 million (2005 est.)

South Africa $3.55 billion (2005 est.)

Spain $9,906.5 million (2003)

Sri Lanka $606.2 million (2005 est.)

Sudan $587 million (2001 est.) (2004)

Suriname $7.5 million (2003 est.)

Svalbard $5.501 billion

Swaziland $41.6 million (2005 est.)

Sweden $5.51 billion (2005 est.)

Switzerland $2.548 billion (FY01)

Syria $858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data that may understate actual spending

Taiwan $7.93 billion (2005 est.)

Tajikistan $35.4 million (FY01)

Tanzania $21.2 million (2005 est.)

Thailand $1.775 billion (FY00)

Togo $29.98 million (2005 est.)

Tokelau $66.72 million

Tonga NA

Trinidad and Tobago $66.72 million (2003 est.)

Tunisia $356 million (FY99)

Turkey $12.155 billion (2003)

Turkmenistan $90 million (FY99)

Turks and Caicos Islands $192.8 million

Tuvalu NA

Uganda $192.8 million (2005 est.)

Ukraine $617.9 million (FY02)

United Arab Emirates $1.6 billion (FY00)

United Kingdom $42,836.5 million (2003)

United States $518.1 billion (FY04 est.) (2005 est.)

Uruguay $371.2 million (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan $200 million (FY97)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela $1.61 billion (2005 est.)

Vietnam $650 million (FY98)

West Bank NA

Western Sahara $992.2 million

World aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide has increased in the beginning of the 21st century, with the largest increase in the US; a rough estimate for 2005 is $1.2 trillion (at puchasing power parity) (2005 est.)

Yemen $992.2 million (2005 est.)

Zambia $121.7 million (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe $124.7 million (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 2 November, 2006

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@2068 Dependent areas

Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Netherlands Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

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@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan most Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been repatriated, but thousands still remain in Iran, many at their own choosing; Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments; regional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Albania the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other developed countries

Algeria Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; most of the approximately 102,000 Western Saharan Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve relations, Morocco, in mid-2004, unilaterally lifted the requirement that Algerians visiting Morocco possess entry visas - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

American Samoa none

Andorra none

Angola many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in neighboring states

Anguilla none

Antarctica Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

Antigua and Barbuda none

Arctic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Argentina Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; action by the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending

Armenia Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Aruba none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

Atlantic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims

Austria Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic

Azerbaijan Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The disagrees with the US on the alignment of the maritime boundary; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees fleeing economic privation and political instability

Bahrain none

Baker Island none

Bangladesh discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Barbados in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing; joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Bassas da India claimed by Madagascar

Belarus 1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing border security; the whole boundary with Latvia and more than half the boundary with Lithuania remains undemarcated; discussions toward economic and political union with Russia proceed slowly

Belgium none

Belize Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS seeks to revive the 2002 failed Belize-Guatemala Differendum that created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial US-UK financial package

Benin Benin and Burkina Faso military clash in 2006 over sections of riverine boundary involving disputed villages and squatters; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin as a consequence of a 2004 joint task force to resolve maritime and land boundary disputes, but clashes among rival gangs along the border persist; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones

Bermuda none

Bhutan approximately 105,000 Bhutanese have lived decades as refugees in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian separatists

Bolivia Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder ratification of the 1999 border agreement

Botswana commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island none

Brazil unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend its maritime continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001 the former inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1965 and now residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest island in the chain;

British Virgin Islands none

Brunei in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international legal adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria none

Burkina Faso two villages are in dispute along the border with Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering Ivoirian rebels

Burma over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops; in 2005 Thailand sheltered about 121,000 Burmese refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote Burmese uplands

Burundi Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000 peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004; although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004, Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions re-erected missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Cameroon ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission, which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined coordinates and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed, but much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Canada managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Cape Verde none

Cayman Islands none

Central African Republic about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002 civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad since the expulsions of residents from Darfur in 2003 by Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military, about 200,000 refugees remain in eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Chile Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; action by the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending

China in 2005, China and India began drafting principles to resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans; China and Russia prepare to demarcate the boundary agreed to in October 2004 between the long-disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri; demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004, implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province

Christmas Island none

Clipperton Island none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none

Colombia Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into neighboring states

Comoros claims French-administered Mayotte

Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over 14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the remainder in the DRC expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DRC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the DRC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Congo, Republic of the about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands none

Coral Sea Islands none

Costa Rica in September 2005, Costa Rica took its case before the ICJ to advocate the navigation, security, and commercial rights of Costa Rican vessels using the Río San Juan over which Nicaragua retains sovereignty

Cote d'Ivoire rebel and ethnic fighting against the central government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country; the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels

Croatia discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Cuba US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Cyprus hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on 24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the 30-year division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north

Czech Republic in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with their expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II; Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic

Denmark Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; thousands of Somali refugees await repatriation in UNHCR camps in Djibouti

Dominica Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find work

East Timor UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has maintained about 1,000 peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the northern maritime boundaries; many refugees who left East Timor in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia and East Timor agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia has hampered creation of a southern maritime boundary with Indonesia

Ecuador organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to flee into Ecuador in 2004

Egypt Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as refugees

El Salvador in 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite Organization of American States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications; in 2005 Eritrea began severely restricting the operations of the UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitoring the 25km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000; Sudan sustains over 110,000 Eritrean refugees and accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups

Estonia in 2005, Russia refuses to sign the 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a unilateral declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses; Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Ethiopia Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation despite international intervention; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been delayed by civil war

Europa Island claimed by Madagascar

European Union as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; the 10 new member states that joined the EU in 2004 eventually are expected to participate in Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade their border controls and procedures

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Fiji none

Finland various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

France Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

French Guiana Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana

French Polynesia none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands French claim to "Adelie Land" in Antarctica is not recognized by the US

Gabon UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

Gambia, The attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states

Gaza Strip West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip in August 2005

Georgia Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany none

Ghana Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Glorioso Islands claimed by Madagascar

Greece Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Greenland managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Grenada none

Guadeloupe none

Guam none

Guatemala Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain forests of Belize's border region; Organization of American States (OAS) is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package; Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US

Guernsey none

Guinea conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in domestic instability; Sierra Leone has pressured Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga, occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region

Guyana all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Haiti since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands none

Holy See (Vatican City) none

Honduras in 1992, International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but despite Organization of American States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Hong Kong none

Howland Island none

Hungary in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special social and cultural benefits - and voted down a referendum to extend dual citizenship - to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Iles Eparses Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island: claimed by Madagascar Tromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius

India since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Indian Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Iran Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Isle of Man none

Israel West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Italy Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa

Jamaica none

Jan Mayen none

Japan the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting

Jarvis Island none

Jersey none

Johnston Atoll none

Jordan 2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation

Juan de Nova Island claimed by Madagascar

Kazakhstan in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states

Kenya Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; the Kenya-Somalia border is open to pastoralists and is susceptible to cross-border clan insurgencies; Kenya's administrative limits extend beyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle

Kingman Reef none

Kiribati none

Korea, North China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)

Korea, South Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Kuwait Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas

Laos Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over several areas along Mekong River and Thai squatters; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels

Latvia Russia refuses to sign the 1997 boundary treaty due to Latvian insistence on a unilateral clarificatory declaration referencing Soviet occupation of Latvia and territorial losses; Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Lebanon Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978

Lesotho none

Liberia although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil unrest persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in Guinea, 72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000 in Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia; the Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

Libya Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya

Liechtenstein in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property

Lithuania Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons

Luxembourg none

Macau none

Macedonia ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)

Malawi disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Malaysia Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003, Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Maldives none

Mali none

Malta none

Marshall Islands claims US territory of Wake Island

Martinique none

Mauritania Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent years

Mauritius Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no right to patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin Island

Mayotte claimed by Comoros

Mexico prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world from illegally crossing the border with Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of none

Midway Islands none

Moldova Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region which remains under OSCE supervision

Monaco none

Mongolia none

Montenegro ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Montenegro

Montserrat none

Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Mozambique none

Namibia border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes with Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Nauru none

Navassa Island claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing

Nepal joint border commission continues to work on small disputed sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities

Netherlands none

Netherlands Antilles none

New Caledonia Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu

New Zealand asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) [see Antarctica]

Nicaragua Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica

Niger Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Nigeria ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; following the UN-brokered Greentree Agreement of 12 June 2006, Nigeria, in completion of the 2002 ICJ decision on the Cameroon-Nigerian land boundary, handed sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon on 14 August; all Nigerian military forces have reportedly withdrawn from the region but Nigeria will continue to maintain a police and administrative presence in the southeastern "transition zone" for a period of up to two years; Nigeria pledges to provide for the resettlement of those Bakassi residents who wish to remain Nigerian citizens; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; a joint task force was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Benin on the Okpara River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Niue none

Norfolk Island none

Northern Mariana Islands none

Norway Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Oman boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public

Pacific Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Pakistan various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease-fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005 restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration and in general the two states still dispute Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed the Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, had repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and had undertaken a census to count the remaining million or more, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan and stem organized terrorist or other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments

Palau border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines, Indonesia

Palmyra Atoll none

Panama organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the border region with Panama

Papua New Guinea relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists

Paracel Islands occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

Paraguay unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations

Peru Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral law to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundary along the parallel of latitude to an equidistance line which favors Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru does not support Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Philippines Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf

Pitcairn Islands none

Poland as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Portugal Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Puerto Rico increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work

Qatar none

Reunion none

Romania Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, to which Romania had objected

Russia in 2005, China and Russia ratified the treaty to divide up the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, representing the final portion of their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, to strict Schengen border rules; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is complete, but states have renewed discussions on demarcation; the dispute over the maritime boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; discussions toward economic and political union with Belarus advance slowly; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation ratified November 2005 and demarcation is underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea

Rwanda Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia

Saint Helena none

Saint Kitts and Nevis joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Lucia joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Samoa none

San Marino none

Sao Tome and Principe none

Saudi Arabia despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Saudi Arabia still maintains the concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; the United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook published a map and text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, as stipulated in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the grounds that the agreement was not formally ratified

Senegal The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling

Serbia the final status of the Serbian province of Kosovo remains unresolved and several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) have administered the region since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo independence; the international community had agreed to begin a process to determine final status but contingency of solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia and Montenegro delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections with Serbia along the Drina River remain in dispute

Seychelles together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

Sierra Leone domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since 1998