Part 3 — Index
Reading edition
“A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled,” see Declaration of Independence
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (tract), 86, 87
Abingdon, Md., 113
Abolition of slavery, see under Slaves
Academies and academic affairs, see Education
Adam architectural style, 174, 239–240, 251–253
Adams, Abigail, see Adams, Mrs. John
Adams, Brooks, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194, 195
Adams, Charles Francis, grandson of signer, 33, 194, 195
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., great-grandson of signer, 33, 194
Adams, “Deacon” John, father of signer, 191–192, 193
Adams, Henry, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194
Adams, John (signer) (“Atlas of American Independence”), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30, 33–35, 37, 38, 58, 59, 61, 68, 74, 75, 88, 90, 93, 115, 124, 128, 170–173, 191–195, 218, 222, 228, 262
Adams, John Quincy, son of signer and sites associated with, 30, 33, 35, 191–195
Adams, John Quincy II, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194
Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith), wife of signer, 34, 35, 191–192, 193
Adams, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, 37
Adams, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, 37
Adams, Samuel (signer) (“Firebrand of the Revolution”), career of and sites associated with, 12, 27, 31, 36–39, 59, 60, 68, 69, 160, 199
Adams (John) Birthplace, Mass., 191–192
Adams (John Quincy) Birthplace, Mass., 191, 192–193
Adams Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 192
Adams (John) family and descendants, 33, 34, 191–195 passim
Adams Mansion, see Adams National Historic Site
Adams Memorial Society, 195
Adams National Historic Site (Adams Mansion; “Old House”; “Peacefield”; Vassall-Adams House), Mass., 160, 192, 193–195
Admiralty boards, courts, and judges:
civil, see Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
naval, see Continental Navy
Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments, 161, 272
Age of signers: at time of death, compared, 28–29, 43, 45, 52, 62, 98, 99, 109, 199;
at time of signing, compared, 28–29, 55, 79, 99, 123, 127.
See also specific signers.
Agencies of U.S. Government, see under United States
Agricultural Society of S.C., 76
Agriculture, see Farms and farming
Alamance, Battle of, N.C., 78
Albany, N.Y., 96, 153
Albany Congress (1754) and Albany Plan of Union, 56, 79, 80
Albemarle County, Va., 86
Alcoholic beverages, 51
Alexandria, Va., 136, 252
Alison, Rev. Francis, educator, 101, 118, 132
Allen, Md., 45
Allentown, Pa., 221
Almanacs, see Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
America and Americans, see United States;
and appropriate topics throughout this index
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 116
American Philosophical Society, 126, 221, 222, 226
American Philosophical Society Hall (Philosophical Hall), Pa., 218–226
American Revolution, see War for Independence;
and appropriate topics throughout this index
American Revolution, Daughters of the, see Daughters of the American Revolution
American Revolution, Sons of the, see Sons of the American Revolution
Amesbury, Mass., 39
Ammunition, see Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Ancestry of signers, compared, 27–28 (and see particular signers)
Anglican Church, 43–44, 45, 56, 62, 77, 113, 122, 136.
See also Christianity and religion.
Anglo-Saxon origin of signers, 27
Annapolis and Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., 43, 44, 45, 46, 100, 113, 147, 170–191 passim, 263
Annapolis Convention (1786), 46, 48, 108, 119
Antifederalists and Antifederalism, 61, 94
Antislavery movement, see under Slaves
Aquia Creek Quarries, Va., 171
Archeologists and archeological excavation, 177
Architects, architectural styles, and architectural features, see specific architects, architectural styles, and buildings and residences
Archives: Federal, see National Archives and Records Service;
non-Federal, and Declaration of Independence, 262
Ariss, John, architect-builder, 242, 246
Aristocrats and aristocracy, 31, 37, 41, 61, 66, 76, 77, 79, 97, 99, 147
Arlington, Mass., 60
Armies, standing, 60.
See also especially Continental Army;
and various wars, battles, and nations.
Arms, ammunition, and ordnance, 9, 22, 38, 42, 84, 103, 106, 111, 137, 138, 248
Army-Navy Museum, Pa., 224
Army of the Potomac (Civil War), 239
Arnold, Gen. Benedict, British officer, 239
Arson, and historic sites, 40
Art and artists, 81–83, 85, 134, 218, 234, 267 (and see Museums and illustrations throughout this volume)
Articles of Association (1774), 267
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, 29, 36, 39, 59, 71, 76, 81, 84, 90, 91, 93–94, 100, 106, 110, 117, 129, 131, 136, 145, 149, 151, 218;
document exhibited, 267;
signers of Declaration who also signed, 29, 36, 39, 59, 76, 90, 93–94, 100, 106, 117, 129, 149.
See also Continental Congress.
Ashley River, 103, 237
Assemblies, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in independence movement, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
signers serve in, see specific signers.
See also individual colonies/States.
Assembly Room (Independence Hall, Pa.), 219–221
Athens, Ga., 142
Attorneys and attorneys-general, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Augusta, Ga., 67, 141, 142, 161, 173, 175, 176
Augusta (Ga.) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 176
Authors, see Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts;
Literature and literary figures;
and particular authors
Autobiography, of Benjamin Franklin, 58
Bachelor signers, 29, 73, 120
Back River, 154
Baltimore, Md., 45, 46, 50, 124, 183, 184, 185, 187, 217, 263
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 44
Baltimore County, Md., 46
Baltimore Municipal Museum, 183
Baltimore Museum of Art, 187
Bank of England, 46
Bank of North America, 108, 147
Bank of the United States, First and Second, 218, 224, 226
Banks and banking, governmental and private, 46, 108, 147, 218, 224, 226.
See also Commerce, trade, and manufacturing;
Currency and money;
Speculators and speculation.
Barbados, 59
Barclay, Thomas, merchant, 229
Bartlett, Josiah (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 39–41, 199–201
Bartlett, Mrs. Josiah, wife of signer, 40
Bartlett descendants, 201
Bartlett House, N.H., 199–201
Battles, see under name of battle
Bedford County, Va., 249
Beith (town), Scotland, 149
Benezet, John, merchant, 230
Bennington, Battle of, N.Y., 40
Berkeley (Harrison’s Landing) (estate), Va., 70, 71, 239–240
Bible, see Christianity and religion
Bicentennial, U.S., 222
Bill of Rights, U.S., see under United States Constitution
Birthplaces of signers, see specific signers
Bishop White House, Pa., 224, 226
Blacks, see Slaves
Bonaparte, Joseph, Napoleon’s brother, 204
Bonaparte, Napoleon, French ruler, 204
Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts:
favor or oppose U.S. Constitution, 94, 125;
on astronomy, 130;
on monetary theory, 130;
on religion, 149;
signers write, 33, 35, 55–56, 58, 86, 87, 94, 125, 126, 130, 145, 146, 149, 150;
support Revolutionary cause, 9, 11, 12, 15, 33, 35, 86, 87, 145, 146, 150.
See also Libraries;
Literature and literary figures;
and particular works.
Borden, Joseph, father-in-law of signer, 204
Bordentown, N.J., 82, 204, 205
Bordentown (N.J.) Chamber of Commerce, 205
Borland, Leonard Vassall, and Adams National Historic Site, 194
Boston and Boston Harbor, Mass., 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 33–34, 36, 37–39, 53–54, 59–60, 68, 69, 77, 93, 115, 116, 120, 143, 193, 199.
See also entries immediately following.
Boston (Mass.) Latin School, 36, 68, 77, 115
Boston Massacre, 5, 34, 37, 68, 115
Boston Port Act, 111
“Boston Tea Party,” 7, 38
“Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering,” (The) (cartoon), reproduced, 6
Boudinot, Annis, marries signer, 134
Boudinot, Elias, brother-in-law of signer, 207
Boyhood homes of signers, see specific signers
Braintree, Mass., see Quincy
Brandywine, Battle of, Pa., 50
Braxton, Carter (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29, 41–42, 70, 71, 135, 240–242
Braxton, George, brother of signer, 41, 240
Braxton, Mrs. Carter, first wife of signer, 41
Braxton, Mrs. Carter, second wife of signer, 41
Bridgeport, Conn., 65
Bristol, England, 62
Britain, British, British Isles, British Empire, and British Commonwealth of Nations, see Great Britain
Broadside copies of Declaration, see under Declaration of Independence
Bronx, N.Y., 105.
See also New York City and New York Harbor.
Brookhaven and Brookhaven Township, N.Y., 53
Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights, N.Y., 97, 98.
See also New York City and New York Harbor.
Brothers, among signers, 92
Brown University, R.I., 80
Bruton Parish, Va., 256
Buckland, William, architect, 181–182
Bucks County, Pa., 137, 138
Builders, buildings, and building materials, see specific builder-architects, buildings, and residences
Burgesses, House of, see Virginia House of Burgesses
Burgoyne, Gen. John, British officer, 40, 143, 153
Burial places and burial grounds, see Cemeteries and burial places
Burke County, Ga., 67
Burlington, Mass., 199
Burlington and Burlington County, N.J., 148
Business and businessmen, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, and “Taps,” 240
Byberry (“The Homestead”), Pa., 124
Byfield (plantation), Del., 120, 121
Cadwalader House, Pa., 228
Calvinists and Calvinism, 116, 149.
See also Christianity and religion;
Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church.
Cambridge, Mass., 9, 60, 68, 196, 197
Cambridge University (England), 99, 103, 111
Canada, 44, 46, 173
Canals, 44
Cape Fear region of N.C., 77
Capital cities: national, see United States Capitals;
State, see particular cities
Capital punishment, 50, 126
Capitol (U.S.), see United States Capitol
Carlisle, Pa., 146
Carolinas, 115.
See also North Carolina;
South Carolina.
Caroline County, Va., 117
Carpenters, 114, 201, 217, 221
Carpenters’ Company of Philadelphia, 217, 221
Carpenters’ Hall, Pa., 8, 217, 221, 224, 226
Carroll, Charles I, grandfather of signer, 185
Carroll, Charles II, father of signer, 43, 185
Carroll, Charles III, of Carrollton (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 28, 31, 35, 43–45, 46, 52, 114, 179–181, 183–186
Carroll, Charles V, grandson of signer, 186
Carroll, Father John, cousin of signer, 44
Carroll, Mary, daughter of signer, 45, 183
Carroll (Charles) American Heritage Association, Inc., 185
Carroll family and descendants, 43, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185
Carroll Mansion, Md., 43, 179–180
“Carroll Vocational School,” Md., 184
Carrollton Manor, Md., 43, 180–181, 185
Carskerdo, Scotland, 145
Carter, Robert “King,” grandfather of signer, 41
Carter-May House, S.C., see Rutledge House
Carvel Hall Hotel, Md., 189
Catasauqua, Pa., 230
Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church
Caton, Mary Carroll, daughter of signer, 45, 183
Caton, Richard, son-in-law of signer, 45, 183
Caton family, 184
Cecil County, Md., 118, 124
Cemeteries and burial places, of signers, marked, 160 (and see specific signers)
Centennial (U.S.) Exposition, 264
Chain Bridge, 263
Chancery courts, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Channing, William Ellery, descendant of signer, 52
Chantilly (estate), Va., 92, 94
Chapels and chaplains, see Christianity and religion
Charitable organizations, 166
Charles Carroll American Heritage Association, Inc., 185
Charles City and Charles City County, Va., 70
Charles County, Md., 135–136, 189
Charleston and Charleston Harbor, S.C., 65, 76, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 233
Charleston County, S.C., 99
Charleston “double house,” 233–234
Charleston (S.C.) Museum, 234
Charlestown, Mass., 9
Charlottesville, Va., 88, 89, 243, 250
Charter of Privileges (1701), 221
Chase, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, 45, 46
Chase, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, 46
Chase, Samuel (signer) (“Demosthenes of Maryland”), career of and sites associated with, 16, 29, 44, 45–46, 113, 114, 136, 161, 181–182
Chase family and descendants, 183
Chase-Lloyd House, Md., 161, 181–183
Chatham County, Ga., 67
“Chawton Manor,” Pa., 230
Chemistry education, 123, 124
Chericoke (estate), Va., 42, 240
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 44
Chester and Chester County, Pa., 50, 101, 109, 110, 118, 137, 138
Chestertown, Md., 114
Chew, Benjamin, lawyer-jurist, 82
Chilbury Hall, Md., 113
Children of signers, number and careers of, compared, 29–30, 41 (and see individual signers)
Christ Church, Christ Churchyard, and Christ Church Burial Ground, Pa., 58, 75, 83, 108, 123, 126, 148, 224, 226
Christ Episcopal Church, Del., 121
Christianity and religion, and historic sites, 160, 181, 186, 199;
and signers, 28, 31, 33, 43, 45, 65, 68, 73, 77, 88, 90, 95, 97, 115, 116, 122, 149–150, 181, 186;
freedom in, 88, 90, 97;
in Colonies, 55–56;
in public education, 126;
in Scotland, 149–150;
in Va., 90, 93, 263;
theologian prominent in, 52.
See also specific denominations and churches.
Churches and church affairs, see Christianity and religion
Circuit courts and judges, U.S., see United States Judiciary
Cities, towns, and villages: and committees/councils of correspondence, see Committees of correspondence;
and committees/councils of safety, see Committees of safety;
and historic preservation, 160;
and signers, see particular signers.
See also individual cities, towns, and villages.
City Hall, old, New York City, see Federal Hall
City Hall (Philadelphia), 218, 221
City Tavern (Philadelphia), 222
Civic affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
Civic organizations, and historic preservation, 160
Civil War (U.S.), 186, 236, 239, 251
Clark, Abraham (signer), career of and sites associated with, 47–48, 160
Clarke, Rev. Jonas, relative of signer, 199
Clarke Hall (Philadelphia), 222
Classical and Classic Revival architectural style, 183–184.
See also Greek Revival architectural style.
Classics, studied, see under Education
Clay, Henry, law student, 154, 156
Clergymen, see Christianity and religion
Clymer, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29, 49–51, 134, 229
Cobblers, 129
Codes, legal, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Codfish, 59
College Hill (Walton-Harper House), Ga., 142, 173–175
College of Charleston, S.C., 104
College of New Jersey, see Princeton University
College of Philadelphia, 82, 113, 124, 126, 146, 148
College of William and Mary, Va., 41, 70, 86, 154–156
Colleges and universities, and historic sites, 160;
chemistry education in, 123, 124;
classical education in, 154, 156;
legal education in, 154–156;
medical education in, 123–126;
signers aid, head, and serve, 67, 123–126, 142, 146, 148, 150–151, 154–156;
signers attend, 30 (and see particular signers).
See also Education;
and specific colleges and universities.
Colonial and colonial Philadelphia architectural style, 172, 228, 246, 252
Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., see Annapolis and Colonial Annapolis Historic District
Colonial Dames of America, 160, 202
Colonial National Historical Park, Va., 160, 247–249
Colonial Park Cemetery, Ga., 64
Colonial Williamsburg, Va., see Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial Williamsburg
Colonies, Thirteen (British-American): and British Empire, 147, 156;
and signers, see Signers of the Declaration and individual signers;
architecture in, see particular styles;
confederations of, actual and proposed, 16, 34, 56, 79, 80 (and see Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union);
constitutions, legislatures, and governments of, 9, 15 (and see specific colonies/States);
cultural heritage of, 8;
foreign nations recognize independence of, 35;
government and diplomacy of, see Continental Congress;
heroes and prominent men in, 27, 31, 34, 37, 43, 55, 56, 68, 115;
independence movement in, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash, Declaration of Independence, and Independence resolution;
meetings and congresses of, 56, 79, 80, 93, 132;
proprietary, 43, 56–57, 113, 120, 122, 136;
publications popular in, 15, 55–56, 81;
regions and trade of, 30, 62;
status of Ga. in, 15, 64, 89;
territory added to, 3;
wars in, see specific wars.
See also Continental Congress;
States;
War for Independence;
individual colonies/States and regions;
and appropriate topics throughout this index.
Columbia University (King’s College), N.Y., 97
Commerce, trade, and manufacturing: and colonial protest, 97;
and historic sites, 160, 181, 228;
and signers, 27, 31 (and see specific signers);
Britain-Colonies, 4, 8, 9, 37–38, 62, 68;
Continental Congress regulates, 49, 52, 95;
embargoes and restrictions on, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
France-Colonies, 147;
in slaves, see Slaves;
in various colonies, 36, 52, 55, 80, 101, 120, 184, 202;
Indian-Colonies, 4;
individuals other than signers in, 51, 59, 62, 68, 106, 111, 115, 184, 204, 251;
treaties deal with, 35, 58, 88–89.
See also Banks and banking;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
Taxes and taxation.
Commissions and commissioners, see individual commissions, governmental bodies, and topics
Committee of fifty-one, 95, 98
Committee of one hundred, 98
Committee of sixty, 95, 98
Committees, see particular agencies, governmental bodies, topics, and entries immediately preceding and following
Committees of correspondence, 7–8, 37–38, 40, 44, 45, 59, 70, 72, 73, 78, 81, 93, 106, 113, 130, 136, 138, 146, 150
Committees of safety, 9, 10, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 60, 68, 72, 76, 103, 106, 114, 122, 131, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145
Common Ground Cemetery, R.I., 52
Common schools, see Education
Common Sense (pamphlet), 11, 12, 15, 124
Community affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
Companies, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Composers, musical, see Music and musicians
Concord and Battle of Concord, Mass., 8, 9, 10, 12, 38, 42, 60, 68
Confederacy (Civil War), 251
Confederations: of Colonies, actual and proposed, see under Colonies;
of Thirteen States, see Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union;
Continental Congress
Conferences, see particular agencies, governmental bodies, and topics
Confiscation of lands, see under Land
Congregationalists and Congregational Church, 65, 68, 77, 144, 150, 166.
See also Christianity and religion.
Congresses, colonies/States, see individual colonies/States;
Continental, see Continental Congress;
intercolonial, see under Colonies;
U.S., see United States Congress
Congress Hall (County Court House), Pa., 218, 221, 223, 226
Congressional Cemetery, D.C., 62
Connecticut (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16, 18, 24, 53, 72, 83–84, 123, 129–131, 133, 143, 144–145, 152–153, 164–170, 211
Connecticut (Great) Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, 131
Conservatives and conservatism, political, 14, 16, 18, 22–23, 37, 41, 42, 45–46, 56, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 88, 94, 96, 101, 113, 114, 118, 119, 128, 135, 136, 141–142, 145, 147;
religious, 56, 65
Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament (tract), 146
Constitutional conventions and constitutions: British, see under Great Britain;
colonies/States, see specific colonies/States;
U.S., see United States Constitution and United States Constitutional Convention
Continental Army, and signers, 27, 34, 40, 60, 99–100, 107, 111;
battles and campaigns of, see War for Independence;
Continental Congress regulates, 34, 49, 60, 71, 84, 91, 98, 101, 105, 115, 143, 145, 147, 151;
created, 14, 217;
Declaration distributed to, 22;
financed, 14, 60, 106–108;
inspected, 134;
leadership of, 14, 29, 34, 41, 69, 74–75, 217, 264;
medical service and conditions in, 40, 125, 228;
recruiting poster of, reproduced, 10;
recruitment-enlistment for, 60, 121;
supplied, 14, 60, 84, 95, 106–108, 137, 138;
veterans of, 60, 114.
See also Militia.
Continental Association, 9, 66, 103
Continental Congress (First and Second), adjourns and convenes, 7–8, 9, 14, 38, 93;
and Adams (John), 18, 33–35, 38;
and Articles of Confederation, see Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union;
and Bank of North America, see Bank of North America;
and Colonies, see Colonies;
and committees of correspondence and safety, see Committees of correspondence and Committees of safety;
and Cornwallis’ surrender, 218;
and Declaration of Independence, see Declaration of Independence;
and Halifax Resolves, 74;
and Hancock, 69;
and independence from Britain, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash and Independence resolution;
and Indians, see Indians and Indian affairs;
and maritime matters, see Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
and Olive Branch Petition, 14;
and signers, see particular signers;
and U.S. Constitution, see United States Constitution;
book on, 268;
Delegates and delegations to, see individual Delegates and colonies/States and under Counties and parishes;
diplomatic program of, see Diplomats and diplomacy;
father-son team in, 100;
fiscal problems and policies of, 31, 49–50, 60, 71, 106–108, 111, 117, 131, 141, 143, 151;
gathering place for members of, 222;
key days in, 18;
meetingplaces of, front endpaper, 8, 14, 50, 217, 219–221, 224, 263;
memorialized, 221;
officials of, 22, 24, 39, 52, 67, 69, 84, 92, 94, 101, 117, 136, 207, 262–263, 267;
organization and committees/commissions of, 8, 15, 16, 34, 40, 44, 49–50, 52, 54, 71, 74, 81, 84, 91, 95, 98, 105, 110, 115, 131, 138, 141, 143, 147, 151;
profiteering in, 31, 46, 106–107;
prominent men not Delegates to, 27;
regulates commerce, 49, 52, 95;
representation and voting procedures in, 8, 15, 18, 24, 27, 39, 66 (and see individual colonies/States);
sectional rivalries in, 74;
temper and range of political opinion in, 8–9, 14–15, 16, 18, 34, 88, 135, 136, 141, 147.
See also entries immediately preceding and following, specific colonies/States, and appropriate topics throughout this index.
Continental currency, 31, 49, 69
Continental Loan Office, 52
Continental Navy, 15, 34, 52, 74–75, 81, 82, 108
Continental Navy Board, 82. See also Continental Navy.
Convention of Saratoga, see Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga
Conventions, see individual conventions, colonies/States, and appropriate topics
Conway, Thomas, and Conway Cabal, 60, 95, 125
Coopers, 83
Corbin, Richard, father-in-law of signer, 42
Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, British officer, 218, 248
Corporations, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Correspondence, committees/councils of, see Committees of correspondence
Coton (estate), Va., 91
Cotton planters, see Planters and plantations
Councils, see particular councils, cities, towns, colonies/States, and appropriate topics
Councils of correspondence, see Committees of correspondence
Councils of safety, see Committees of safety
Counties and parishes, and committees/councils of correspondence and safety, see Committees of correspondence and Committees of safety;
militia of, see Militia;
offices in and affairs of, role of signers in, see specific signers;
send Delegates to Continental Congress, 54, 66, 141.
See also individual colonies/States and counties/parishes.
Counting rooms and houses, 36, 184, 202
County Court House, Pa., see Congress Hall
Courts, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Coventry Forge, Pa., 137
Criteria of eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic Landmark status, 161, 270–271
Crown, British, see Colonies;
Great Britain
Crown Point, N.Y., 115
Cumberland County, Pa., 122
Currency and money, and Continental Congress, see under Continental Congress;
British problems with, 3;
Continental, 31, 49, 69;
signers raise to further Revolutionary cause, 31, 49;
speculation in, see Speculators and speculation;
status of signers regarding, see Wealth and financial status of signers;
theory on, 130. See also Banks and banking.
Customs laws, collection, and officials, British and American, 3, 4, 6, 34, 37, 52, 68, 82, 101
Dana, Richard Henry, Sr., grandson of signer, 52
Dartmouth College, N.H., 40, 84
Daughters of signers, see particular signers
Daughters of the American Revolution, 160, 176, 192, 224, 227
Daughters of the Revolution, 160
Dawes, William, patriot, 10, 199
“Dean’s House,” N.J., see President’s House
Deaths of signers: age at, compared, 28–29;
earliest, 62, 98, 109, 199;
latest, 35, 43;
on anniversary of adoption of Declaration, 35, 90.
See also specific signers.
Debts and economic reversals of signers, 36–37, 46, 63–64, 69, 73, 78, 89–90, 107–108, 112, 132, 146, 148, 196, 213
“Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled” (A), see Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence, and Adams (John), 16, 18, 20, 33–34;
and Va. constitution, 20;
anniversary of, 35, 90, 264;
author of, see Jefferson, Thomas;
books on, 268–269;
broadside copies of, 22, 69, 262;
building, residence, and rooms involved in creation of, 18, 159–160, 217, 222, rear endpaper;
celebrated and read publicly, 22, 217, 264;
contents and style of, analyzed, 20, 22;
debated, altered, adopted, and signed, 3, 18, 20, 22, 23–24, 28, 33, 34, 67, 69, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82, 88, 90, 93, 95, 100, 106, 110, 117, 120, 123, 124, 129, 136, 159–160, 217, 219–220, 222, 262 (and see individual signers);
desk written on, 222, 245;
displayed, in various places, 3, 262–267;
displayed, photo of, 266;
drafted, 14, 16, 18, 33, 34, 55, 57–58, 88, 90, 93, 129, 130, 217, 228, 245, 262, 263;
drafting committee of, illus. of, ii;
historical background and origins of, 3–24;
history of document, 262–267;
Jefferson presents to Hancock, in mural, 267;
misconceptions concerning, 23–24;
newspapers describe and publish, 21;
parchment copy of, 23–24, 69, 262–267;
parchment copy of, facsimile of, reproduced, 19;
political philosophy of, 20;
preamble of, 20;
predicted, 78, 82;
presented to Continental Congress, illus. of, ii;
printed and distributed, 22, 23–24, 262;
reflects unanimity, 23;
revised draft of, 262;
rough draft of, illus. of first page of, 17;
rough drafts of, 17, 18, 20, 262;
signatures on, order and nature of, 23–24, 39, 60, 67, 93, 100, 139, 140, 153, 155, 217, 262;
signers of, see Signers of the Declaration and specific signers;
significance and influence of, 3, 20;
text of, reprinted, 259–262;
titles of, 23;
traditions concerning, 52, 58, 69, 79.
See also Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
Independence resolution.
“Declaration of Independence” (The) (painting), reproduced, ii
“Declaration of Rights,” 20.
See also Rights.
Degrees, academic and honorary, signers earn, see individual signers
Deists, 28
Delaware (Three Lower Counties) (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16, 18, 24, 27, 100–102, 118–121, 122, 135.
See also Pennsylvania.
Delaware County, Pa., 109
Delegates, see particular legislative bodies and appropriate topics
Democracy, 3.
See also appropriate related topics throughout this index.
Democratic-Republicans and Democratic-Republican Party, 52, 61–62, 85, 89, 102.
See also Jeffersonians.
Departments of U.S. Government, see appropriate departments following United States
Derry Village, N.H., 139, 203
Descendants of signers, achieve distinction, 29–30;
and historic sites, 160.
See also specific signers and individuals.
Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Inc., 160
Deshler-Morris House, Pa., 224, 226
Deshon, Christopher, merchant, 183
Deshon-Caton-Carroll House, Md., 45, 183–185
Dickinson, John, lawyer-legislator, 18, 69, 93, 110, 119, 146
Dickinson College, Pa., 126
Dinwiddie, Robert, British official, 154
Diplomats and diplomacy, 15, 16, 29, 33, 35, 44, 46, 55, 58, 61, 71, 85, 88, 93, 95, 98, 128, 136, 143, 151, 193–196
Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers, see particular signers
District courts, U.S., see United States Judiciary
District of Columbia, see Washington, D.C.
Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals, 31, 39–40, 56, 65, 66, 67, 97, 98, 121, 123–127, 139–140, 152, 201, 203, 218, 228.
On the health of individual signers, see specific signers.
Dorchester, Mass., 129
Dorchester, S.C., 65
Doric architectural style, 166, 176, 186, 244
“Double house,” 233–234
Doughoregan Manor, Md., 43, 45, 179, 180, 183, 185–186
Dover, Del., 18, 101, 119, 120, 121
Down Hatherly (village), England, 62
Drafting, of Articles of Confederation, see Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union;
of Declaration, see Declaration of Independence;
of key State documents, see individual States;
of U.S. Constitution, see United States Constitution
Drafts, various, of Declaration, see Declaration of Independence
Dublin, Ireland, 118, 172
Duels, 62, 63, 64, 117
Duke of Leinster, 172
Dunmore, Lord John M., British official, 42, 111
Durham Furnace, Pa., 137, 138
Dutch, see Holland
Duties, see Customs laws, collection, and officials
East Cemetery, Conn., 153
East River, 97
East Windsor, Conn., 153
Eastern Shore, see Maryland
Easton, Pa., 137, 138, 230
Easton Cemetery, Pa., 138
Economic matters, see mainly Banks and banking;
Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Economic status of signers, see Wealth and financial status of signers
Edenton, N.C., 73, 78, 148
Edge, Gov. (N.J.) and Mrs. Walter E., and Morven, 208
Edinburgh, Scotland, 134, 149
Education, and Jefferson, 85, 86;
and Lowell, 195–196;
classical, 39, 45, 154;
in chemistry, 123, 124;
in various colonies/States, 84, 102, 229, 245, 252, 255;
legal, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence;
medical, see Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals;
of signers, compared, 27, 28, 30 (and see specific signers);
reform of, 126;
religious, in public schools, 126 (and see Christianity and religion);
signers further as teachers, professors, and administrators, 33, 56, 65, 67, 80, 85, 115, 142, 154–156.
See also Colleges and universities.
Elections and elective officials, see particular legislative bodies, offices, individuals, and colonies/States
Electors, presidential, see under United States Presidents and Presidency
Elementary schools, see Education
Eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic Landmark status, see National Historic Landmarks
Elizabeth City County, Va., 154
Ellery, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 51–52, 160
Elmwood (Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House), Mass., 195–197
Elsing Green (estate), Va., 41, 42, 240–242
Emancipation of slaves, see Slaves
Embargoes, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Emley, John, see Imlay, John
England and Englishmen, see Colonies;
Great Britain
English language and literature, see Literature and literary figures
Epidemics, see Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Esopus, N.Y., 98
Essays and essayists, see Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical (book), 126
Essex County, N.J., 47
Eton (school), England, 99
Europe, and Poor Richard’s Almanac, 55–56;
architecture in, 172;
capital from, 148;
colonists from, and western lands, 148;
culture of, 88;
medical students from, 126;
signers visit and study in, 30, 43, 88, 92, 95, 103, 179, 180, 192, 193, 235;
U.S. diplomats in, see Diplomats and diplomacy.
See also specific countries.
Excavation, archeological, 177
“Exceptional value,” sites and buildings of, see National Historic Landmarks
Excise taxes, see under Taxes and taxation
Exeter, N.H., 143
Exhibition Hall (National Archives Building, D.C.), 262, 266, 267
Exports, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Facsimiles of Declaration, see under Declaration of Independence
Fairfax County, Va., 91
Families of signers, suffer during War for Independence, 31, 47, 54, 71–72, 94–95, 104–105, 110.
See also specific signers and families.
Farms and farming: and signers, 31, 45, 47, 53, 72, 80, 83, 85, 101, 109, 110, 117, 124, 129, 134, 140, 164, 203, 209, 210–211, 212–213;
in various areas, 33, 76, 101, 117, 138, 140, 164, 166, 230, 255.
See also Planters and plantations.
Farmville, Va., 141
Federal, see United States entries and those immediately following
Federal City, see Washington, D.C.
Federal Hall (old City Hall), New York City, 263
Federal period architecture and literature, 81, 170
Federalists and Federalist Party, 35, 44, 46, 52, 61, 89, 102, 108, 116, 119, 128, 131, 156.
See also Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians.
Ferries, 140
Financial matters, see Currency and money;
Wealth and financial status of signers
Finian (estate), N.C., 77, 78, 79, 214
Finns and Finland, 109
Fire Island National Seashore, N.Y., 160, 210–212
Fires, and historic sites, 40, 86, 97, 159, 199, 207, 247, 250, 263
First Bank of the United States, see Bank of the United States
First Bank of the United States Building, Pa., 224, 226
First Baptist Church, N.J., 72
First Continental Congress, see Continental Congress
First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Pa., 133
First South Carolina Regiment of Continentals, 99
Fiscal matters, see Currency and money
Floor plans, see specific houses
Florida (region and State), 76, 104, 128, 233
Floyd, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, 53
Floyd, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, 54
Floyd, Nicoll, son of signer, 54, 211, 212
Floyd, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 53–54, 210–213
Floyd Birthplace (Fire Island National Seashore), N.Y., 53, 54, 160, 210–212
Floyd family and descendants, 54, 210–213
Floyd (General) House, N.Y., see General Floyd House
Flushing, N.Y., 95
Food shortages, 147
Foreign affairs, see Diplomats and diplomacy
Foreign born signers, 27–28 (and see particular signers)
“Formation of the Union” exhibit, 267
Fort Knox, Ky., 265
Fort Oswego, N.Y., 95
Fort Stanwix, N.Y., Second Treaty of (1784), 153
“Fort Wilson” (residence), Pa., 146, 147, 222
Foundations, historic, and historic sites, 160
Founders’ Monument, Ga., see Signers’ Monument
France, and Democratic-Republicans, 61;
and signers, 35, 43, 58, 95, 100, 145, 147;
and War for Independence, 145;
artist-engineer from, 171;
cedes land to Britain, 3, 4;
commerce of, 147;
diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, 35, 55, 58, 61, 88;
fortress of, 139;
loans money to Continental Congress, 108;
revolution in, 35, 88–89;
undeclared war of, with U.S., 35, 61;
wallpaper from, 202;
wars of, see specific wars.
See also New France.
Franklin, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 35, 44, 55–58, 79, 82, 88, 110, 124, 128, 147, 160, 221, 222, 224
Franklin, James, half-brother of signer, 55
Franklin College, Ga., 67, 142
Franklin stoves, 204
Frederick and Frederick County, Md., 43, 135
French and Indian War, 3, 56, 95, 97, 115, 144
French language, 44
French Revolution, 35, 88–89
Friends Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., 51
Frontier and frontiersmen, 4, 54, 56, 78, 85, 86, 108, 141, 147, 148, 212
Fulling mills, 72
Furniture and furnishings, associated with signers, collectively, 219, 221.
See also individual sites.
Gadsden, Christopher, legislator, 128
Gage, Gen. Thomas, British officer-official, 10
Galloway, John, Loyalist, 138
Gardens, famous, 236–237. See also specific sites.
Garrison house, 178
General Floyd House, N.Y., 54, 212–213
General Services Administration (U.S.), see United States General Services Administration
George II, King of England, 68
George III, King of England, 4, 8, 15, 22, 24, 68
George Taylor Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227
Georgetown and Georgetown County, S.C., 99
Georgia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 51, 54, 56, 62–67, 76, 138, 140–142, 148, 161, 173–177
Georgia State Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, 176
Georgian architectural style, 176–178, 181–183, 185–191, 194–198, 201–202, 206–213, 218–219, 226–227, 229–234, 239–249, 251–256
German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Pa., 138
Germans and Germany, 40
Germantown and Battle of Germantown, Pa., 23, 151, 224
Germantown (Pa.) Historical Society, 226
Gerry, Elbridge (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 29, 59–62, 195–198
Gerry, Mrs. Elbridge, wife of signer, 61–62
Gerry, Thomas, father of signer, 197
Gerry Birthplace, Mass., 197–198
Gerry family, 197
“Gerrymander,” 61
Gifford (village), Scotland, 149
Glamorganshire, Wales, 95
Glasgow, Scotland, 149
Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church National Historic Site, Pa., 226
Gloucestershire, England, 62
“God save the King” (British national anthem), 76
“God save the thirteen States” (song), 76
Goochland County, Va., 86
Governor Hopkins House, R.I., 231–232
Governor Huntington House, Conn., see Huntington House
Governors, see specific colonies/States and individuals
Grace Episcopal Church, Va., 112
Graff, Jacob, Jr., House, Pa.: and Declaration of Independence, 18, 222;
illus. of, 225, rear endpaper
Graham, Gov. (N.C.) William A., and Nash-Hooper House, 214
Grammar schools, see Education
Granville County, N.C., 117
Graves, graveyards, and gravestones, see Cemeteries and burial places
Great Britain, agents of various American colonies in, 56;
and Federalists, 61;
and Ga., 15, 64, 89;
and Liberty Bell, 221;
and signers, 28, 31, 41, 56, 62, 64, 68, 76, 82, 88, 95, 99, 103, 106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 127, 136, 143, 240;
and slave trade, 20;
Army of, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash and specific wars;
Bank of England in, 46;
clashes with American Colonies, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash and War for Independence;
colonies of, see Colonies;
Commonwealth of Nations of, 147;
“conspiracy” in, 3–4;
constitution of, 15;
creditors in, 4, 78;
debtors in, 78;
diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, 35, 194, 196;
Empire of, and Colonies, 155;
financial problems of, 3;
France cedes lands to, 3, 4;
grants lands, 95;
kings of, see specific kings;
national anthem of, 76;
navy of, 64, 98, 141;
Parliament of, see under Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
people of, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
recognizes U.S. independence, see Treaty of Paris;
reorganization of imperial structure of, 147;
Revolutionary tracts circulate in, 81, 146;
rights of citizens of, 8–9;
ties of, to American Colonies, 8;
trade of, 8, 9, 31, 37, 46;
treasury of, 3;
wars of, see specific wars.
See also Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish;
Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish;
Wales and Welshmen;
and other appropriate topics throughout this index.
Great Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, 131
Greek language, 39, 156
Greek Revival architectural style, 164–165, 166, 168, 180, 185–186, 199–201, 203–204, 207–208, 231
Greenland, 115
Greensboro, N.C., 79, 118, 161
Greenwich Forge and Greenwich Township, N.J., 138, 226
Grievances, colonial, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Grist mills, 72
Grove Street Cemetery, Conn., 131
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, N.C., 79, 118, 161, 216
Guns and gunpowder, see Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Gwinnett, Button (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27–28, 62–64, 65, 67, 98, 140, 161, 176–177
Gwinnett, Mrs. Button, wife of signer, 62
H-shaped buildings, 251–253, 253–255
Habre-de-Venture (estate), Md., 136, 186–188, 189
Hackney School, England, 103, 111
Haddington (town) and Haddington Presbytery, Scotland, 149
Hague (town), Va., 94
“Hail Columbia” (song), 81
Halifax Resolves, 74
Hall, Lyman (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 64, 65–67, 140, 141, 160, 161
Hall, Mrs. Lyman, first wife of signer, 65
Hall, Mrs. Lyman, second wife of signer, 65
Hall, Rev. Samuel, uncle of signer, 65
Hall family, 66
Hall’s Knoll (estate), Ga., 66, 67
Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians, 35, 89.
See also Federalists and Federalist Party.
Hamilton, Andrew, lawyer-architect, 217
Hampton, Va., 154
Hancock, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 12, 22, 24, 34, 37, 38, 39, 59, 60, 67–69, 115, 116, 198–199, 262, 267
Hancock, John George Washington, son of signer, 69
Hancock, Rev. John, grandfather of signer, 199
Hancock, Thomas, uncle of signer, 68, 199
Hancock-Clarke House, Mass., 198–199
Hancock family, 199
Hanover County, Va., 42, 112, 247
Harford County, Md., 113
Harper family, 175
Harrison, Benjamin IV, father of signer, 239
Harrison, Benjamin V (signer) (“Falstaff of Congress”), career of and sites associated with, 30, 69, 70–71, 239–240
Harrison, Benjamin VI, son of signer, 239
Harrison, Benjamin, great-grandson of signer and President, 30, 70, 239
Harrison, Joseph H., legislator, 114, 136
Harrison, Mrs. Benjamin V, wife of signer, 70
Harrison, William Henry, son of signer and President, 30, 70, 239
Harrison family, 70, 71, 240
Harrison’s Landing, Va., see Berkeley
Hart, John (signer) (“Honest John”), career of and sites associated with, 71–72, 160
Hart, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 72
Harvard College and University, Mass., 30, 33, 36, 51, 59, 68, 77, 115, 144, 197
Hayes Plantation, N.C., 148
Health of signers, see specific signers
Henry, Patrick, career of, 27, 28, 42, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92, 93, 111
Heraldic emblems, 82
Hessians, see Germans and Germany
Hewes, Joseph (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29, 73–75, 116, 117, 161, 206, 224
Heyward, Daniel, father of signer, 233
Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., first wife of signer, 76
Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., second wife of signer, 76
Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 75–76, 99, 104, 127, 128, 233–234
Heyward family, 76, 234
Heyward-Washington House, S.C., 233–234
Higher education, see Colleges and universities
Hills, The (estate), Pa., 108
Hillsborough, N.C., 79, 214
Historians and historiography, 33, 194.
See also entries immediately following.
Historic Annapolis, Inc., 189
Historic Districts, see National Historic Landmarks
Historic foundations, and historic sites, 160
Historic Places, National Register of, see National Register of Historic Places
Historic preservation activities and problems, 159–162.
See also entries immediately preceding and following.
Historic sites and buildings of national significance, see National Historic Landmarks
Historical societies, State and local: and historic preservation, 160
Historiography, see Historians and historiography
Hoban, James, architect, 171, 172
Holland (Dutch Republic; Netherlands), 35, 96, 211
Homes of signers, see Residences of signers
“Homestead” (The), Pa., see Byberry
“Honeymoon Cottage,” Va., 244, 245
Hooper, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 77
Hooper, Rev. William, father of signer, 77
Hooper, William (signer) (“Prophet of Independence”), career of and sites associated with, 31, 77–79, 116, 117, 161, 214–216
Hopewell, N.J., 72
Hopkins, Alden, descendant of signer, 232
Hopkins, Esek, brother of signer, 80, 81
Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, first wife of signer, 80
Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, second wife of signer, 80
Hopkins, Stephen (signer), career of and sites associated with, 51, 79–81, 231–232
Hopkins (Governor) House, R.I., see Governor Hopkins House
Hopkinson, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, 81–83, 204–205, 224
Hopkinson, Joseph, son of signer, 81, 204
Hopkinson, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 82
Hopkinson family, 204
Hopkinson House, N.J., 204–205
Hopsewee-on-the-Santee (plantation), S.C., 99, 234–236
Horses, 101, 121, 134
Hospitals, see Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
House of Burgesses, see Virginia House of Burgesses
Howard County, Md., 43, 180, 183
Howe, Lord Richard, British admiral, 98, 128, 136
Howe, Sir William, British officer, 13, 128
Humanitarians and reformers, 50, 80, 97, 123–126
Humphreys, Charles, legislator, 110
Hunterdon County, N.J., 72
Huntington, Mrs. Samuel, wife of signer, 83
Huntington, Samuel (signer), career of and sites associated with, 83–84, 164–166, 222
Huntington Birthplace, Conn., 164–165
Huntington House (Governor Huntington House), Conn., 165–166
Illnesses of signers, see Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers
Imlay (Emley), John, merchant, 204
Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard, Del., 119
Impeachment, 46, 102, 148
Imports, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Imprisonment, see Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
Inaugurations and inaugural addresses of U.S. Presidents, see under United States Presidents and Presidency
Indentured servants, 31, 137
Independence Day (U.S.), 76
Independence Hall (State House for the Province of Pennsylvania), Pa., front endpaper, 14, 18, 22, 216, 217–226
Independence Mall, Pa., 226
Independence movement (U.S.) and British-colonial clash: and Adams (John), 18, 33–34;
and Adams (Samuel), 36–38;
and British Parliament, 8, 9, 14, 15, 38, 42, 56, 57, 59, 72, 81, 86, 93, 134, 146, 155;
and Continental Congress, see Continental Congress;
and R.I., 15;
and Va., 15;
British actions and postures during, 3–156 passim, 199;
colonial grievances, protests, and actions during, 3–156 passim, 189–190, 195, 199, 217, 259–262;
fathers of, 33, 67;
fruition and celebration of, 15, 22, 218;
outcome of, predicted, 78, 82;
public attitudes toward, 22–23;
range of reaction to, see Conservatives and conservatism, Loyalists and Tories, Moderates, and Radicals and radicalism;
results in war, see War for Independence;
signers’ role in, see individual signers;
timing of, 8, 16, 217.
See also Declaration of Independence;
Independence resolution;
specific colonies/States;
and appropriate topics throughout this index.
Independence National Historical Park, Pa., 159–160, 216–226
Independence resolution (U.S.), background, introduction, and adoption of, 14, 15–18, 22, 27, 34, 39, 44, 46, 60, 67, 72, 74, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120–121, 122, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136, 147, 153, 217.
See also Declaration of Independence;
Independence movement and British-colonial clash.
Independence Square, Pa., 217, 221, 222, 226
Indians and Indian affairs, 4, 51, 84, 89, 98, 105, 115, 122, 131, 138, 141, 147, 152–153, 177
Indigo, 66
Indigo Society School, S.C., 99
Individuals, and historic preservation, 160 (and see particular sites);
rights of, see Rights
Inflation, 147
Insane and insanity, 126
Intellectuals and intellectual life, 43, 55, 85, 145, 194, 228
Intercolonial affairs, see Colonies
Interstate disputes, see under States
Inventors and invention, 55, 85
Ionic architectural style, 182, 184, 197, 244
Iredell, James, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 78, 148, 213
Iredell, Mrs. James, and certain signers, 79, 214
Iredell House, N.C., 213–214
Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish, 43, 101, 118, 127, 132, 137, 139, 146, 171, 172, 204
Iron and iron manufacturing, 31, 132, 137, 226
Iroquois (Six Indian Nations) Indians, 138, 153
Italy and Italians, 88, 113, 183, 243
Jacob Graff, Jr., House, Pa., see Graff, Jacob, Jr., House
Jails, see Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
James River, 239, 253
Jasper County, S.C., 75
Jay, John, diplomat, 35, 58, 263
Jefferson, Martha, daughter of signer, 245
Jefferson, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 88, 244, 249
Jefferson, Peter, father of signer, 86, 254
Jefferson, Thomas (signer and author of Declaration), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 85–90, 93, 124, 154, 155, 170–173, 217, 222, 228, 243–245, 249–251, 253–255, 262, 263, 267, rear endpaper.
See also Jeffersonians.
Jefferson family, 245
Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial, D.C., 161
Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial Foundation, 245
Jefferson Papers, 262
Jeffersonians, 35. See also Democratic-Republicans and Democratic-Republican Party.
Jersey (ship), 48
Jesuits, see Roman Catholic Church
John Adams Birthplace, Mass., see Adams (John) Birthplace
John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Mass., see Adams (John Quincy) Birthplace
Johnson, Thomas, lawyer, 114, 136
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, 74–75
Judges, judicial matters, and jurisprudence, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Kent County, Del., 120, 121
King and Queen County, Va., 41
King George’s War, 139, 152
King William County and King William Courthouse, Va., 41
Kings, denounced, 15 (and see specific kings)
King’s Attorneys, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
King’s College, N.Y., see Columbia University
Kingston, N.H., 39, 41
Kingston, N.Y., 98
Kittery, Maine, 143, 177
Ladd family, 201–202
Lafayette, Marquis de, visits U.S., 248
Lake George, 144
Lancaster, Pa., 122, 132, 218, 263
Land, and signers, 31, 47, 61, 63, 66, 67, 95, 102, 108, 119, 133, 138, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 175, 212, 213;
interstate disputes over, 119, 133, 143, 153;
Loyalist, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175;
major grants of, 54, 63, 95, 102, 212;
speculation in, 108, 147, 148, 213
Landmarks, National Historic, see National Historic Landmarks
Languages, see specific languages
Latin language, 39, 146, 156
Latrobe, Benjamin H., architect, 172
Laurel Hill Cemetery, Pa., 102
Laurens, Henry, legislator, 117
Laws and lawyers, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Learned societies, 80, 116, 126, 218–226 passim
Lebanon, Conn., 144–145, 166
Lee, Arthur, brother of signers, 35, 90, 228, 251
Lee, Francis Lightfoot (signer), career of and sites associated with, 90–91, 92, 93, 228, 242–243, 246–247, 251–253
Lee, Henry (Col. “Lighthorse Harry”), relative of signers, 251–252
Lee, Matilda, niece of signers, 251–252
Lee, Mrs. Francis Lightfoot, wife of signer, 91, 242, 246
Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, first wife of signer, 92
Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, second wife of signer, 92
Lee, Philip Ludwell, brother of signers, 91, 92, 251
Lee, Richard Henry (signer and sponsor of independence resolution), career of and sites associated with, 15–16, 18, 22, 24, 27, 28, 44, 46, 71, 74, 86, 90, 91, 92–94, 111, 128, 147, 217, 228, 251–253
Lee, Richard Henry, grandson of signer, 264
Lee, Robert E., Confederate officer, 251–253
Lee, Thomas, father of signers, 91, 92, 251
Lee, Thomas Ludwell, brother of signers, 251
Lee, William, brother of signers, 90, 251
Lee family, 91, 94, 251–253
Lee (Robert E.) Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253
Leesburg, Va., 91, 263
Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence: admiralty, see Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
and colonial protests, 97;
and slaves, 80;
codes for, State, compiled and revised, 88, 101, 120, 131, 148, 155;
famous trials in, 34;
Federal, see United States Judiciary;
impeachment in, 46, 148;
individuals other than signers practice, 97, 101, 113, 117, 118, 122, 132, 134, 135, 141, 204, 217, 232;
political partisanship in, 46;
schools teach, 43, 154–156;
signers study and practice, see specific signers.
See also particular laws.
Legislatures, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in independence movement, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
signers serve in, see individual signers.
See also specific colonies/States.
Lehigh County (Pa.) Historical Society, 231
Lehigh River, 230
Leinster, Duke of, 172
L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles, artist-engineer-architect, 108, 171
“Letters of the Federal Farmer to the Republican,” 94
Lewis, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 94–96, 160
Lewis, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 31, 94, 95
Lexington and Battle of Lexington, Mass., 12, 38, 42, 60, 68
Lexington (Mass.) Historical Society, 199
Liberty Bell, 221
Liberty County, Ga., 65–66
Libraries, public and private, 56, 80, 134, 151, 176, 186, 193, 195, 207, 209, 222, 236, 253, 262, 264–265.
See also Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.
Library Company of Philadelphia, 222
Library Hall, Pa., 222, 226
Library of Congress, 90, 262, 264–265
Linlithgo, N.Y., 96
Litchfield, Litchfield Historic District, and Litchfield County, Conn., 152, 153, 169
Literature (English and American) and literary figures, 8, 18, 33, 36–37, 45, 52, 55, 81–83, 86, 115, 123–126, 134, 146, 156, 194, 195–196, 204.
See also Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.
Liverpool, England, 106
Livingston, Mrs. Philip, mother of signer, 96
Livingston, Mrs. Philip, wife of signer, 96–97
Livingston, Philip, father of signer, 96
Livingston, Philip (signer), career of and sites associated with, 96–98, 160
Livingston, Robert R., helps draft Declaration, 14, 16, 18, 20, 228
Livingston Manor, N.Y., 96, 98
Llandaff (city), Wales, 95
Lloyd, Edward IV, planter-politician, 181
Lloyd family, 183
Local affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
Local groups and historical societies, and historic preservation, 160
Locke, John, British political philosopher, 20
London, England, 43, 46, 55, 56, 68, 76, 99, 103, 113, 124
Londonderry, N.H., 139, 140, 203
Long Island, Long Island Sound, and Battle of Long Island, N.Y., 53, 54, 95, 98, 212
Longevity of signers, see Age of signers
Lord North, British official, 82
Loudoun County, Va., 91
Louisbourg (fortress), Nova Scotia, 139
Lowell, James Russell, career of, 195–196
Lower Counties, Three, see Delaware
Loyalists and Tories: activities of, in various colonies/States, 7, 22–23, 40, 46, 53–54, 66, 77, 95, 104, 105, 119, 121, 122, 134, 138, 211;
criticized, 127;
forgiven, 79;
lands and property of, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175, 195;
legally defended, 147;
punishment of, recommended, 103, 143;
ridiculed, 82
Ludowici tile, 177
Lutwyche’s Ferry, N.H., 140
Lynch, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 99, 100
Lynch, Thomas, Sr., father of signer, 99, 100, 128
Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, 99–100, 127, 234–236
Lynchburg, Va., 89
Maclean House, N.J., see President’s House
McClellan, Gen. George B., Union officer, 239–240
McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, and signer Gwinnett, 63, 64
McKean, Mrs. Thomas, first wife of signer, 101
McKean, Mrs. Thomas, second wife of signer, 101
McKean, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 24, 100–102, 119, 120, 121, 160, 222
Madison, James, President, 61, 85, 89, 267
Magistrates, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Mail service, 56, 57, 264
Maine (region and State), history of and historic site in, 139, 143, 177–178.
See also Massachusetts.
Malvern Hill, Va., Battle of, 239
Manhattan, see New York City and New York Harbor
Manor houses, 185–186, 230
“Manor of Chawton,” 230
Manufacturing, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Marblehead, Mass., 59, 196
Marine and maritime matters, see Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
and foreign navies
Marine Corps Museum, Pa., see New Hall
Marital status of signers, compared, 29 (and see Bachelor signers and individual signers)
Marshall, John, Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State, 46, 154, 155, 221, 263
Maryland (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9, 16, 18, 24, 43–46, 106, 113–114, 118, 124, 134, 135–136, 179–191
Maryland Historical Trust, 189
Mason, George, and Declaration of Independence, 20
Masonboro Sound, N.C., 77
Massachusetts (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 24, 30, 33–39, 53–54, 55, 56, 59–62, 67–69, 77, 93, 115–116, 119, 129, 139, 140, 160, 177, 191–199, 203, 217.
See also Maine.
Mastic, N.Y., 53, 54, 212
Mathematics, 47, 109
Matlack, Timothy, and Declaration of Independence, 262
Mattaponi River, 41
Maybury Hill (estate), N.J., 73, 206
Meadow Garden (cottage), Ga., 142, 175–176
Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind (book), 126
Medicine, medical practice, and medical societies, see Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Memorials and monuments to signers, 161.
See also specific signers.
Menokin (estate), Va., 91, 242–243, 246
Menotomy, Mass., 60
Merchant marine and maritime affairs, 20, 28, 31, 42, 52, 59, 64, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 114, 119, 121, 123, 136, 142–143, 147, 177, 201–202, 251.
See also Commerce, trade, and manufacturing.
Merchants and mercantile firms, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Merchants’ Exchange, Pa., 224, 226
Meredith family, 49
Merrick’s Brook, Conn., 164
Merrimack, N.H., 140, 203
Merrimack River, 140
Middle Colonies, 4, 16, 30, 134, 150
Middleton, Arthur (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 99, 103–104, 127, 128, 236–237
Middleton, Henrietta, sister of one signer and wife of another, 127
Middleton, Henry, father of one signer and father-in-law of another, 104, 127, 128, 234
Middleton, Mrs. Arthur, wife of signer, 103
Middleton, William, and Middleton Place, 236
Middleton family and descendants, 103, 237
Middleton Place (estate), S.C., 103, 104, 236–237
Middleton Place Gardens, S.C., 236–237
Middletown, Conn., 54, 211
Midway (town) and Midway District, Ga., 66
Midway Congregational Church, Ga., 64
Mikveh Israel Cemetery, Pa., 226
Military affairs, see Continental Army;
Militia;
specific nations and individuals;
and other appropriate topics throughout this index
Militia, of various colonies/States and counties: activities of, 9, 10, 12, 22, 38, 40, 42, 53, 54, 64, 69, 76, 111, 146;
signers aid and serve in, 18, 27, 31, 40, 53, 54, 69, 75, 101, 103, 104, 105, 110–112, 114, 120–121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140–141, 142–143, 145, 152–153
Mills, 72, 253
Ministers, diplomatic, see Diplomats and diplomacy;
religious, see Christianity and religion
Mint, U.S., see United States Mint
Mission of Santa Catalina, Ga., 177
Moderates, political, 8, 16, 42, 69, 98, 110, 119, 127, 128, 138, 147
Moffatt, Catherine, marries signer, 202
Moffatt, John, father-in-law of signer, 201–202
Moffatt, Samuel, merchant-shipowner, 201
Moffatt family, 201–202
Moffatt-Ladd House, N.H., 201–202
Mohawk River, 54
Monarchs and monarchy, see Kings
Monetary theory and money, see Currency and money
Monmouth County, N.J., 134
Monocacy River, 180
Monroe, James, President, 85, 154, 155, 173, 263
Monticello (“Little Mountain”) (estate), Va., 86, 88, 90, 243–245, 250
Montreal, Canada, 46
Monuments to signers, see Memorials and monuments to signers
Moore, Thomas, Irish poet, 204
Morality, in Scotland, 149
Morris, Gouverneur, and Mrs. Robert Morris, 108
Morris, Lewis (signer), career of and sites associated with, 104–105, 160
Morris, Mrs. Lewis, wife of signer, 105
Morris, Mrs. Robert, wife of signer, 106
Morris, Robert (signer) (“Financier of the Revolution”), career of and sites associated with, 18, 27, 28, 29, 50, 106–108, 110, 129, 147, 160, 222, 224
Morris (Lewis) family, 105
“Morris’ Folly” (house), Pa., 107, 108
Morrisania (estate), N.Y., 105
Morrisville and Morrisville School District, Pa., 51, 229
Morton, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 98, 109–110, 147, 160
Morton, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 109
Morton, Sketchley, son of signer, 109
Morven (estate), N.J., 134, 135, 207–208
Moultrie, Gen. William, Army officer, 76, 128
Mount Airy (estate), Va., 91, 242, 246–247
Mount Vernon (Va.) Conference (1785), 46, 136
Municipal affairs and municipalities, see Cities, towns, and villages
Museums, 183, 187, 205, 218, 224, 234.
See also specific historic house museums.
Music and musicians, 81–83, 85, 204
“My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” (song), 82
Nash, Francis, and Nash-Hooper House, 214
Nash-Hooper House, N.C., 214–216
Nassau Hall (Princeton University), 150, 151
National affairs, signers lack reputation in, 27, 39, 51, 71, 113, 116–117, 122, 137, 138, 139, 144, 154, 159;
signers later take major part in, 29
National Archives and Records Service, 265
National Archives Building, D.C., 3, 262, 265–266
National Historic Landmarks, described individually, 164–165, 168–175, 181–183, 185–189, 191–193, 195–209, 212–216, 229, 247, 249–256;
mapped, facing page 163;
nature, eligibility, and designation of, 161–163, 226, 256, 270–271.
See also National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.
National origins of signers, compared, 27–28 (and see individual signers)
National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System: and historic-archeological preservation, 159–162;
sites considered for inclusion in, 161;
sites in, described individually, 193–195, 210–212, 216–227, 247–249;
sites in, in National Register, 162;
sites in, mapped, facing page 163.
See also National Register of Historic Places;
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings;
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation.
National Register of Historic Places, 162
National Register of Historic Places, 1972, 162
National significance of historic sites and buildings, see National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings
National Society of Colonial Dames of America, 160
National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, see Daughters of the American Revolution
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, purpose and procedures of, 161–162.
See also National Historic Landmarks; Other Sites Considered.
Nativity of signers, see National origins of signers
Navies, see Continental Navy;
United States Navy;
and specific nations
Negroes, see Slaves
Nelson, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 111
Nelson, Thomas (“Scotch Tom”), Sr., grandfather of signer, 247–248
Nelson, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, 88, 110–112, 247–249
Nelson, William, father of signer, 247–248
Nelson family, 249
Nelson House (York Hall), Va., 112, 160, 247–249
Netherlands, see Holland
New Bern, N.C., 78
New Castle and New Castle County, Del., 82, 101, 118, 119, 120, 122, 204
New England and New England architectural style, 20, 28, 30, 66, 68, 69, 74, 81, 115, 139, 144, 164, 191, 193, 202, 203.
See also specific colonies/States.
New England Courant (newspaper), 55
New France, 139, 152
New Hall (Marine Corps Museum), Pa., 224, 226
New Hampshire (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 39–41, 76, 128, 139–140, 142–143, 177, 199–204
New Hampshire Medical Society, 40
New Haven, Conn., 130, 131
New Jersey (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16, 18, 24, 47–48, 56, 71–72, 81–83, 101, 121, 124, 133–135, 149–151, 204–210
New Jersey, College of, see Princeton University
New London and New London Township, Pa., 101, 118, 132
New London County, Conn., 84
New Milford, Conn., 129
New York (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6, 9, 14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 44, 53–54, 94–98, 104–105, 110, 115, 119, 134–135, 143, 144, 148, 153, 160, 210–213.
See also entries immediately following.
New York Chamber of Commerce, 97
New York City and New York Harbor, N.Y., 22, 95–98, 135, 218, 263.
See also Bronx;
Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights;
Staten Island.
New York Hospital, 97
New York Society Library, N.Y., 97
Newark, N.J., 134
Newburyport, Mass., 140
Newington Plantation, Va., 41
Newport, R.I., 51, 52, 69, 80, 143
Newspapers, 20, 22, 37, 43, 55, 81, 124, 125, 127, 145
Newton, Mass., 129
Noke, William, architect, 182
Nonimportation agreements and measures, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
North, Lord, British official, 82
North America, Bank of, see Bank of North America
North Bridge, Mass., 8
North Burial Ground, R.I., 81
North Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 73–75, 77–79, 99, 116–118, 161, 206, 213–216.
See also Carolinas.
North East (town), Md., 118
North Santee River, 99, 234
Northampton County, Pa., 137, 138
Northern United States, 28.
See also specific colonies/States.
Norwich, Conn., 83, 84, 164
Notes on the State of Virginia (book), 250
Nova Scotia, Canada, 139
Occupations of signers, see Vocations of signers
Octagonal houses and rooms, 245, 249–251
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service, programs and activities of, 162
Offices, political, various local, State, and National, held by signers, see individual signers
Offley Hoo (estate), Va., 112, 247
Ohio (State), 153
Old Burial Ground, Conn., 84, 166
Old Custom House, Pa., 224
Old Granary Burying Ground, Mass., 39, 69, 116
“Old House,” Mass., see Adams National Historic Site
Old House Plantation, S.C., 75, 76
Old St. Paul’s Cemetery, Pa., 110
Old Swedes’ Church, Pa., see Gloria Dei Church National Historic Site
Olive Branch Petition, 14
Oliver, Andrew, British official, 195
Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House, Mass., see Elmwood
Orators and orations, and signers, 45, 52, 71, 78, 85, 86, 90, 92, 122, 136, 150, 151
Ordnance, see Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Orphans, 49, 95, 120, 141
Other Sites Considered, described individually, 165–167, 175–181, 183–185, 189–191, 197–198, 209–210, 213–214, 220–228;
nature of, 161–162
Otis, James, lawyer-radical leader, 77
Oxford, Md., 106
Paca, John, son of signer, 114
Paca, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, 113
Paca, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, 114
Paca, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 44, 46, 113–114, 136, 188–189
Paca family, 114
Paca House, Md., 113, 188–189
Paine, Mrs. Robert Treat, wife of signer, 115
Paine, Robert Treat (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 115–116, 160
Paine, Robert Treat, son of signer, 115
Paine, Robert Treat, great-grandson of signer, 115
Paine, Thomas, author-patriot, 12, 15, 107, 124, 204
Painters and painting, see Art and artists
Paisley (town), Scotland, 149, 150
Palladian architectural style, 172, 182, 183, 234, 246, 247
Pamphlets, see Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
Pamunkey River, 41, 240
Parchment copy of Declaration, see under Declaration of Independence
Parents of signers, see specific signers
Paris, France, 43, 88, 124.
See also Treaty of Paris
Parishes, political, see Counties and parishes;
religious, see Christianity and religion
Parliament, British: and Colonies, see under Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Parsons, William, and Parsons-Taylor House, 226
Parsons-Taylor House, Pa., 226–227
Parties, political, see particular political parties and individuals
Patent Office, D.C., 264
Patowmack (Potowmack) Company, 44
Patriotic-civic organizations, and historic sites, 160
Patriots and patriotic movement, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Peace negotiations and treaties, see Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
and specific treaties
“Peacefield,” Mass., see Adams National Historic Site
Peach Tree Plantation, S.C., 99, 100
Peale, Charles Willson, artist, 218
Peggy Stewart (ship), 189–190
Peggy Stewart House (Rutland-Peggy Stewart House; Rutland-Stewart-Stone House), Md., 189–191
Pemberton House (Army-Navy Museum), Pa., 224, 226
Penal matters, see Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war
Pendleton, Edmund, lawyer-patriot, 88, 111, 117, 155
Peninsular Campaign (Civil War), 239–240
Penn, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 116–118, 160, 161
Penn, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 117
Penn, William, and Charter of Privileges, 221
Penn (John) family, 118
Penn (William) family, 56
Pennsylvania (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 8–9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 27, 30, 44, 49–51, 55–58, 82, 93, 100–102, 106–110, 118, 122–126, 132–133, 137–138, 143, 145–148, 153, 159–160, 216–231.
See also Delaware.
Pennsylvania Gazette (The) (newspaper), 55
Pennsylvania Hospital, 125, 126
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 58, 126
Pennsylvania State House, see Independence Hall
Persimmon Point, Ga., 177
Perth Amboy, N.J., 134
Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 8, 9, 14–24 passim, 38, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49–50, 51, 52, 55–56, 57, 58, 64, 73, 82, 83, 95, 100–133 passim, 138, 146–148, 159–160, 172, 199, 204, 209, 210, 216–226, 228, 230, 263–264.
See also entries immediately following.
Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, 51
Philadelphia Agricultural Society, 51
Philadelphia architectural style, 228
Philadelphia Bank, 51
Philadelphia Bible Society, 126
Philadelphia College of Physicians, 126
Philadelphia Dispensary, 126
Philadelphia (Merchants’) Exchange, 224, 226
Philadelphia Medical Society, 126
Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission, 226
Philanthropists and philanthropy, 55, 56, 96, 97, 115
Philosophical Hall, Pa., see American Philosophical Society Hall
Philosophical Society of Newport, R.I., 80
Physicians, see Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers;
Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Piscataqua River, 177
Plainfield Academy, Conn., 84
Planters and plantations, 4, 28, 31, 41, 42, 43, 62, 63–64, 65, 66, 70, 75–76, 86, 94, 99, 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113, 120, 129, 135, 177, 186, 194, 233, 236–237, 239–256 passim.
See also Slaves;
and specific plantations.
Poets and poetry, see Literature and literary figures
Politics, politicians, political parties, and political theory, see particular political parties, colonies/States, signers, other individuals, and appropriate topics throughout this index
Poll taxes, see under Taxes and taxation
Poor Richard’s Almanac, 55–56
Poplar Forest (retreat), Va., 89, 249–251
Port Royal Island, S.C., 76, 128
Port Tobacco (town), Md., 136, 186
Portland, Mass., 115
Portraits of signers: collection of, discussed, 218;
collective, reproduced, ii;
individual, reproduced, see specific signers
Portsmouth and Portsmouth Harbor, N.H., 143, 177, 202
Post offices and postal officials, see Mail service
Potomac, Army of the (Civil War), 239
Potomac River and Potomac River Valley, 44, 92, 251, 263
Potowmack Company, see Patowmack Company
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 98, 105
Powell, Thomas, newspaper publisher, 127
Poynton Manor, Md., 135
Prehistory and prehistoric sites, 177
Presbyterian Cemetery, N.J., 48
Presbyterian Cemetery, N.Y., 54
Presbyterian Church, N.C., 216
Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church, 48, 54, 56, 149–151, 216.
See also Calvinists and Calvinism;
Christianity and religion.
Presidential electors, see under United States Presidents and Presidency
Presidents, of Continental Congress, see under Continental Congress;
U.S., see United States Presidents and Presidency
“President’s House,” D.C., see White House
President’s House (Dean’s House; Maclean House) (Princeton University), N.J., 150, 151, 208–209
President’s Lot, Princeton (N.J.) Cemetery, 151
“President’s Palace,” D.C., see White House
Press, see Newspapers
Primogeniture, 120, 135
Prince George County, Va., 154
Prince George’s Parish, S.C., 99
Princess Anne (town), Md., 45
Princeton Alumni Council, 208
Princeton and Battle of Princeton, N.J., 23–24, 72, 73, 134, 135, 207, 263.
See also Princeton University.
Princeton Cemetery, N.J., 151
Princeton University (College of New Jersey), 84, 124, 134, 149, 150–151, 208–209
Printing and publishing industry, 55.
See also Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts;
Newspapers.
Printing of Declaration, see under Declaration of Independence
Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war, 31, 48, 50, 75, 76, 94, 103, 107, 108, 126, 128, 132, 134–135, 140–141
Private individuals, groups, and agencies: and historic preservation, 160
Private schools, see Education
Privateers and privateering, 60, 97
Professions of signers, see Vocations of signers
Profiteering among signers, 31, 46, 59, 60, 106–107
“Progressive” party, in Va., 88
Prophecy (The) (essay), 82
Proprietary colonies, see under Colonies
Prospect Hill Cemetery, Pa., 98
Protestant Episcopal Church, 183.
See also Christianity and religion.
Protestants and Protestant Church, 28, 183.
See also Christianity and religion.
Protests, colonial, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Providence and Providence County, R.I., 79–81
Providence Gazette and Country Journal (newspaper), 81
Psychiatry, see Insane and insanity
Public libraries, see Libraries
Public schools, see Education
Public service, role of signers in, 29, 31 (and see specific signers)
Public speaking, see Orators and orations
Publishers and publishing, see Printing and publishing industry
Puritans, 65–66
Putnam, Herbert, and Declaration of Independence, 264
Quakers, 56, 73. See also Christianity and religion.
Queen Annes County, Md., 113, 188
Quincy (Braintree), Mass., 33, 34–35, 68, 192, 193
Quincy (Mass.) Historical Society, 192, 193
Radicals and radicalism, 16, 18, 34, 37–38, 45, 49, 71, 77, 78, 80, 88, 98, 103, 119, 130, 141, 147, 155
Rahway, N.J., 48
Raleigh’s Tavern, Va., 93
Randolph, Peyton, legislator, 42
Randolph, Thomas, relative of signer, 254
Randolph, Thomas Mann, relative of signer, 86, 254
Randolph, William, relative of signer, 86, 254
Randolph, William II, relative of signer, 254
Randolph family, 86, 255
Rappahannock Valley, 246
Read, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 29, 101, 118–119, 120, 121, 135, 160
Read, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 118
Reading, Pa., 146
Redemptionist Fathers, 179, 180
Reform and reformers, see Humanitarians and reformers
Regulators, of North Carolina, 78
Relatives of signers, see individual signers
Religion, see Christianity and religion
Representation, political, and representative government, see specific governmental bodies, colonies/States, and appropriate topics throughout this index
Republicans and republicanism, 61, 79, 128, 145, 147
Residences of signers, condition and status of, 31 (and see particular residences)
Retirement of signers, see individual signers
Revere, Paul, patriot and artist, 5, 10, 68, 199
Revolution, Daughters of the, 160
Revolution, Daughters of the American, see Daughters of the American Revolution
Revolution, Revolutionaries, and Revolutionary movement, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
War for Independence;
specific Revolutionaries;
and appropriate topics throughout this index
Revolution, Sons of the, 160
Revolution, Sons of the American, 160
Revolutionary War (U.S.), see War for Independence
Rhode Island (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 51–52, 79–81, 143, 231–232
Rhode Island College, 80
Rice planters, see Planters and plantations
Richmond, Va., 42, 86, 88, 156, 255
Richmond Academy, Ga., 142
Richmond County, Va., 91
Ridley Township, Pa., 109
Rights: Bill of, U.S., see under United States Constitution;
declarations of, by colonies/States, 20;
of Englishmen, and Colonies, 8–9;
of man, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
of States, 123
“Rights of the Colonies Examined” (The) (article-pamphlet), 81
Rising Sun (town), Md., 124, 134
“Rising Sun” chair, 219
Risks and sacrifices of signers, 22, 23–24, 31–32 (and see individual signers)
Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253
Rodney, Caesar (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 29, 101, 120–121, 160
Roman Catholic Church, 28, 43, 44, 179, 180, 238.
See also Christianity and religion.
Roman Doric and Roman Revival architectural style, 189, 219, 221, 234, 245, 247
Rome, N.Y., 54, 212
Roselle, N.J., 47, 48
Rosney Cemetery, Ga., 142
Ross, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 118, 122–123, 160, 224
Ross, John, stepbrother of signer, 122
Ross, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 122
Rough draft of Declaration, see under Declaration of Independence
Royalists, see Loyalists and Tories
Royalty, see Kings
Rush, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 31, 123–126, 134, 160, 222, 224, 228
Rutland, Thomas, and Peggy Stewart House, 189
Rutland-Peggy Stewart House, Md., see Peggy Stewart House
Rutland-Stewart-Stone House, Md., see Peggy Stewart House
Rutledge, Edward (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 28, 31, 99, 104, 127–129, 135, 237–238
Rutledge, John, brother of signer, 127, 128
Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, first wife of signer, 127
Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, second wife of signer, 129
Rutledge (Carter-May) House, S.C., 237–238
Sacrifices of signers, see Risks and sacrifices of signers
Safety, committees/councils of, see Committees of safety
St. Andrews (city), Scotland, 145
St. Andrew’s Society, 97
St. Ann’s Church, N.Y., 105
St. Augustine, Fla., 76, 104, 128, 233
St. Catherines Island, Ga., 63, 64, 176–177
St. George’s Church, Pa., 224
St. Helena’s Parish, S.C., 75
St. James Parish, S.C., 99
St. John’s Episcopal Church, Va., 156
St. John’s Parish, Ga., 64, 65–66, 67, 141
St. Joseph’s Church, Pa., 224–226
St. Luke’s Parish, S.C., 75
St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Md., 179–180
St. Mary’s Church, Pa., 226
St. Paul’s Cemetery, Md., 46
St. Paul’s Cemetery, Old, Pa., 110
St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, S.C., 129
Salem, Mass., 68
Salem, N.J., 82
Saltbox architectural style, 164, 191, 193, 203
Santa Catalina Mission, Ga., 177
Santee River, North, 99, 234
Santee River, South, 99
Saratoga (Schuylerville) and Battle of Saratoga, N.Y., 40, 143, 153
Savannah, Ga., 63, 64, 66, 67, 76, 140–142, 175, 176, 233
Savannah River, 67
Sawmills, 72
Schools, see Education
Schuylerville, N.Y., see Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga
Schuylkill River, 108
Science and scientists, 55, 56, 80, 85, 89, 116, 130
Scituate (city) and Scituate Township, R.I., 80
Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish, 74, 77, 96, 101, 122, 124, 134, 139, 145, 146, 149–150, 208.
See also Great Britain.
Scotland (city), Conn., 83
Seamen, see Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
and various nations
Second Bank of the United States, see Bank of the United States
Second Bank of the United States Building, Pa., 218, 226
Second Continental Congress, see Continental Congress
Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (N.Y.), 153
Secondary education, see Education
Secretaries, of Continental Congress, see under Continental Congress;
of U.S. Government Departments, see following United States;
of various other bodies, signers as, see individual signers
Senate, U.S., see United States Senate
Servants, 31, 137, 186, 194, 195, 203.
See also Slaves.
Seven Buildings, D.C., 263
Shadwell (plantation), Va., 86, 244, 254
Shell Bluff Plantation, Ga., 67
Shenandoah River Valley, 44
Sherman, Roger (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 29, 106, 129–131, 160
Ship carpenters, 201
Shippen, Dr. William, Sr., and Philadelphia, 228
Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., brother-in-law of signers, 125, 228
Shippen-Wistar House, Pa., 228
Shippensburg, Pa., 132
Ships, shippers, and shipping, see Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
and various nations
Sickness of signers, see Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers
Signers of the Constitution (U.S.), see United States Constitution
Signers of the Declaration: age of, at time of signing and death, compared, see Age of signers;
biographical analysis and comparison of, collective, 27–32;
biographical sketches of, individual, 33–156;
books on, 268–269;
early (formal signing), 23, 67, 217, 262;
furniture and items associated with, collectively, 219, 221;
honored and commemorated, ii, 159–160, 224;
interest in, increases, 160;
largest number of, from one State, 30;
late, 23, 24, 60, 93, 100, 139, 140, 153, 155, 217, 262;
nationally famous, 34;
one of, prominent in affairs of two States, see McKean, Thomas;
one of, votes against independence, 27, 118, 121;
painted, ii, 218, and see individual portraits, 33–156 passim;
prominent patriots who were not, 27, 28, 29;
reflect regional and colonial attitudes, 30;
remarks of, on signing, 52, 58, 79;
replace opponents of independence, 27, 47, 72;
residences and sites associated with, collective, status of, 31, 159–163, 216 (and see particular residences and sites);
subsequent careers of, 29, 31 (and see individual signers);
traditions regarding, 24, 52, 58;
tragic life among, 99;
way of life of, 28–29, 159;
who also signed Articles of Confederation, 29, 36, 39, 59, 76, 90, 93–94, 100, 106, 117, 129, 149;
who also signed Articles of Confederation and Constitution (U.S.), 29, 106, 129;
who also signed Constitution (U.S.), 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 106, 129;
who did not vote for or take a stand on independence, 27, 106, 118–119;
who were non-natives of States they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65, 72, 73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137, 139, 140, 143, 145, 149.
See also Declaration of Independence;
specific signers;
and appropriate topics throughout this index.
Signers’ Monument, Ga., 67, 142, 161
Six Indian Nations, see Iroquois Indians
Skelton, Martha Wayles, marries signer, 86, 244, 249
Sketchley, John, stepfather of signer, 109
Slaves, and Congress, 58;
and Declaration of Independence, 20;
and Ga. economy, 66;
and New England shippers, 28;
British capture, 76;
burn estate, 236;
emancipated, 156;
in N.Y., 53;
institution of, opposed and condemned, 20, 28, 58, 80, 92, 123, 126, 156;
labor in gardens, 236;
laws on, 80;
quarters for, 177, 184, 234, 255;
signers own and trade, 28, 53, 63, 90, 110.
See also Servants.
Smith, Abigail, see Adams, Mrs. John
Smith, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 132–133, 160–161
Smith, Rev. Samuel S., son-in-law of signer, 151, 208
Smith, Robert, carpenter, 209
Smugglers and smuggling, 34, 68
Social status of signers, see Aristocrats and aristocracy;
and individual signers
Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island, 232
Songs, see Music and musicians
Sons of Liberty, 37, 45, 95, 97
Sons of signers, careers of, 30 (and see particular signers)
Sons of the American Revolution, 160
Sons of the Revolution, 160
Sourland Mountains, 72
South Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16, 18, 24, 64, 66, 75–76, 99–100, 103–104, 117, 127–129, 135, 233–238.
See also Carolinas.
South Santee River, 99
South Windsor, Conn., 152
Southern United States, 28, 30, 70, 74–75, 140–141, 233.
See also Planters and plantations;
and specific colonies/States.
Spain and Spaniards, 59, 115, 177, 196
Speaking, public, see Orators and orations
Speculators and speculation, 4, 108, 143, 147, 148, 213
Spoils system, 102
Spotsylvania County, Va., 154
Staffordshire, England, 62
Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation, 34, 37, 45, 56–57, 68, 70, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 106, 110, 119, 120, 134, 146, 155, 195
Stark, Gen. John, Army officer, 40
State Department, see United States Department of State
State House for the Province of Pennsylvania, see Independence Hall
Staten Island, N.Y., 98, 128. See also New York City and New York Harbor.
States (U.S.), and historic preservation, 160;
and National Register of Historic Places, 162;
economic and financial problems of, 107–108;
governmental bodies and other agencies of, see individual colonies/States;
honor and maintain homes of signers, 160, 161;
land disputes among, 119, 133, 143, 153;
large and small, and U.S. Constitution, 131;
militia of, see Militia;
receive taxes, 117;
rights of, see States’ rights;
role of, in Revolution, see particular States and appropriate topics;
seals of, 155;
signer prominent in affairs of two, see McKean, Thomas;
signers non-natives of those they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65, 72–73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137, 139, 140, 143, 145, 149;
signers’ role in affairs of, see specific States and signers.
See also Continental Congress;
and individual States.
States’ rights, 123
Statues of signers, 161
Stewart, Anthony, merchant, 189
Stewart (Peggy) House, Md., see Peggy Stewart House
Stockton, Julia, wife of one signer and daughter of another, 124
Stockton, Mrs. Richard, wife of signer, 134
Stockton, Richard, grandfather of signer, 207
Stockton, Richard (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 33, 124, 133–135, 207–208
Stockton family, 134, 208
Stone, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 136
Stone, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, 135–136, 186–188, 189–191
Stonington, Conn., 72
Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., 135
Stores, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Stoughton, Mass., 129
Stovall (town), N.C., 117
Stratford Hall (estate), Va., 91–92, 251–253
Strickland, William, architect, 218
Students, see Education
Suffolk County, N.Y., 53, 54
Suffolk Resolves, 38
Sugar Act, 37
Sugar planters, see Planters and plantations
Summary View of the Rights of British America (A) (tract), 86, 87
Summerseat (estate), Pa., 51, 229
Sunbury, Ga., 63, 64, 66
Superior Courts, State, see individual States
Supreme courts, of colonies and States, see specific colonies/States;
of United States, see United States Judiciary
Surgeons, see Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
Surveyors and surveying, 47, 80, 86, 109, 130, 132
Susquehanna River, 132
Sussex County, Del., 101, 121
Swedes and Sweden, 109
Tabby construction material, 177, 235
Tabby Cottage, Ga., 63, 176–177
Taliaferro, Richard, father-in-law of signer, 255
“Taps” (bugle call), 240
Tariffs, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Taunton, Mass., 115
Taverns, 222
Taxes and taxation, and British-colonial conflict, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
and signers, 37, 56, 131;
excise, on alcoholic beverages, 51;
in Boston, 36;
on stamps, see Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation;
on sugar, see Sugar Act;
on tea, see Tea and Tea Act;
poll, 113, 114, 136;
States receive, 117.
See also Customs laws, collection, and officials.
Tayloe, Col. John, father-in-law of signer, 91, 242, 246
Tayloe, Mrs. John, mother-in-law of signer, 91
Tayloe, Rebecca, marries signer, 91, 242, 246
Tayloe family and descendants, 91, 247
Taylor, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 31, 137–138, 226–227, 230–231
Taylor, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 137, 242
Taylor (George) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227
Taylor House, Pa., 137–138, 230–231
Tea and Tea Act, 7, 38, 49, 53–54, 189–190
Teachers and teaching, see Education
Temperance, 123, 126
“Temple of Minerva” (opera), 82
“The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering” (cartoon), reproduced, 6
“The Declaration of Independence” (painting), reproduced, ii
The Hills (estate), Pa., 108
“The Homestead,” Pa., see Byberry
The Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), 55
The Prophecy (essay), 82
“The Rights of the Colonies Examined” (article-pamphlet), 81
“The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America,” see Declaration of Independence
Theology, see Christianity and religion
Thirteen Colonies, see Colonies
Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C., 161
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 245
Thomson, Charles, and Declaration of Independence, 22, 69, 262
Thornton, Matthew (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 28, 31, 139–140, 203–204
Thornton House, N.H., 203–204
Thornton’s Ferry and Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery, N.H., 140
Three Lower Counties, see Delaware
Tobacco planters, see Planters and plantations
Todd House, Pa., 224, 226
Tombs and tombstones, see Cemeteries and burial places
Tories, see Loyalists and Tories
Townhouses, 43, 50, 76, 96, 97, 107, 108, 120, 179, 185, 188, 228, 233
Towns, see Cities, towns, and villages
Townshend Acts (1767), 37, 93, 120
Tracts, see Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts
Trade and traders, see Commerce, trade, and manufacturing
Traditions regarding signing of Declaration, 24, 52, 58
Treasury, British, see under Great Britain;
U.S., see United States Treasury Department
Treasury Building (old), D.C., 263
Treaties, see Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
and specific nations and treaties
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Second, 153
Treaty of Paris (1783), 24, 35, 58, 207, 267
Trenton and Battle of Trenton, N.J., 23–24, 51, 72, 263
Trials, see Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence
Trinity Church, N.Y., 96
Trumbull, John, artist, painting by, reproduced, ii
Trumbull, Jonathan, father-in-law of signer, 144–145
Trumbull Cemetery, Conn., 145
Tryon, William, British official, 77, 153
Tuckahoe (estate), Va., 86, 253–255
Tuscan architectural features, 196, 250
Tuscarora Creek, Md., 180
Tusculum (home), N.J., 151, 208, 209–210
Tutors and tutorial system, see Education
U-shaped buildings, 240, 242
“Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America” (The), see Declaration of Independence
Union Army, see Civil War
Union Cemetery, N.H., 143
Unitarians and Unitarianism, 52, 116.
See also Christianity and religion.
United First Parish Church, Mass., 35
United Kingdom, see Great Britain
United States, and Declaration of Independence, 3, 32;
architectural and historical heritage of, 32, 159–160, 216–217, 218, 245;
early antislavery law in, 80;
early chapel in, 186;
early chemistry education in, 124;
early legal education in, 155–156;
early libraries in, 222;
early medical practice and hospitals in, 123–126;
early music in, 82;
famous families in, 33, 91, 193;
famous writer in, 83;
first banks in, 108;
founding and early growth of, 3, 216–217;
major literary and political figures of, 194;
oldest learned society in, 221.
See also various colonies/States, regions, entries immediately following, and appropriate topics throughout this index.
United States, Bank of the, see Bank of the United States
United States Bicentennial, 222
United States Bill of Rights, see under United States Constitution
United States Capitals, 50, 124, 217, 263, 264
United States Capitol, D.C., ii, 161, 171, 173
United States Centennial Exposition, 264
United States circuit courts and judges, see United States Judiciary
United States Congress, 29, 30, 33, 40, 44, 46, 48, 50–51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 81, 106, 118, 160, 194, 218, 221.
See also Continental Congress;
United States Government;
United States House of Representatives;
United States Senate;
and specific Congressmen.
United States Constitution, and Connecticut (Great) Compromise, 118, 131;
and Pa. constitution, 148;
and signers of Declaration, 29, 39, 40, 44, 46, 50, 55, 58, 92, 106, 129, 144, 145–148;
Bill of Rights of, 48, 61, 71, 92, 94;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, 266, 267;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, photo of, 266;
debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, 50, 106, 129, 145–148, 218–221;
displayed, 264–265, 267;
displayed, photo of, 266;
favored and advocated, 40, 51, 61, 69, 125;
history and protection of document, 264–267;
Madison presents to Washington, mural of, 267;
opposed, 39, 46, 48, 61, 69, 71, 79, 84, 92, 94, 102, 105, 114, 119, 125, 131, 144, 148, 151, 153, 156;
room adopted and signed in, 218–221;
signers of, who also signed Declaration, 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 106, 129;
significance of, 217;
takes effect, 263.
See also United States Constitutional Convention.
United States Constitutional Convention, and signers of Declaration, 39, 44, 48, 61, 94, 108, 118, 119, 131, 136, 142, 145–148;
compromise at, 118, 131;
leader in, 228;
membership, deliberations, and actions of, 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 61, 131, 145–148, 154, 156, 217, 218, 222, 267;
room held in, 218–221.
See also United States Constitution.
United States courts, see United States Judiciary
United States Declaration of Independence, see Declaration of Independence
United States Department of State, 33, 85, 88, 194, 228, 263–264
United States Department of the Interior, and historic preservation, 161.
See also National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System.
United States Department of War, 263, 264
United States General Services Administration, 265
United States Government, and Declaration, 264;
and historic sites and buildings, 195, 212, 226;
buildings of, 173;
capitals of, see United States Capitals;
first official document of, see Declaration of Independence;
formation of, exhibit on, 267;
Jefferson sells library to, 90;
permanent records of, 265, 267;
role of signers in, 29, 60 (and see specific signers).
See also Colonies;
Continental Congress;
entries immediately preceding and following;
and appropriate topics throughout this index.
United States House of Representatives, 48, 50–51, 54, 131, 195.
See also United States Congress.
United States Judiciary, 29, 45, 46, 114, 145, 148, 213, 218, 219, 221
United States Mint, 125
United States Navy, 264.
See also Continental Navy.
United States Presidents and Presidency, and John and John Quincy Adams, 29, 30, 33, 35, 193, 194, 195, 218, 222;
and Mrs. John Adams, 34;
and signers, 29, 30, 85, 89, 239;
dignity of, 171;
electors for, 54, 84, 128, 142;
inaugurations and inaugural addresses of, 239, 267;
official residence of, see White House;
unofficial residence of, 222.
See also specific Presidents.
United States Secretary of State, see United States Department of State
United States Secretary of the Interior, see United States Department of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Treasury, see United States Treasury Department
United States Senate, 40, 44, 62, 92, 94, 106, 108, 118, 119, 131, 142.
See also United States Congress.
United States Supreme Court, see United States Judiciary
United States Treasury Department, 106, 108, 152
United States Vice Presidents, 29, 33, 35, 59, 61, 85, 88, 193, 195, 196, 228
United States War Department, 263, 264
United States War for Independence, see War for Independence
Universalist Church, N.H., 41
Universities, see Colleges and universities
University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 124, 134, 145, 149
University of Georgia, 67, 142
University of Glasgow, Scotland, 145
University of New York, 105
University of Pennsylvania, 82, 113, 126, 228
University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 228
University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 145
University of the State of Pennsylvania, 126
University of Virginia, 89, 90, 243
Urbanization, and historic preservation, 159
Valley Forge, Pa., 29
Van Brugh, Catherine, and signer, 96
Van Doren, Carl, historian, quoted, 217
Vandalism, and historic sites, 50, 159
Vassall, Maj. Leonard, and Adams National Historic Site, 194
Vassall-Adams House, Mass., see Adams National Historic Site
Vermont (colony and State), 153
Verse, see Literature and literary figures
Vice Presidents, U.S., see United States Vice Presidents
Villa architectural plan, 246
Villages, see Cities, towns, and villages
Virginia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 7, 9, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 41–42, 70–71, 74, 75, 85–94, 110–112, 117, 135, 136, 141, 154–156, 160, 239–256, 263.
See also entries immediately following.
Virginia Association, 42, 93
Virginia House of Burgesses, 38, 41–42, 70, 86, 91, 92, 93, 111, 155
Virginia Resolves, 42
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 88, 90
Vocations of signers, compared, 31.
See also individual signers.
Wakefield Academy, England, 92
Wales and Welshmen, 53, 62, 118
Wallingford, Conn., 65, 130
Walton, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 50, 64, 65, 66, 138, 140–142, 161, 173–176
Walton, George, Jr., son of signer, 175
Walton, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 141
Walton descendants, 175
Walton-Harper House, Ga., see College Hill
Wamassee Head, Ga., 177
War for Independence (U.S.), and Declaration of Independence, 3, 23–24, 217;
and Loyalists, see Loyalists and Tories;
battles and campaigns, land and naval, and course of, 3–156 passim, 207–218 passim, 228, 233, 236, 239, 248, 263, 264;
begins, 12, 38, 42;
ends, see Treaty of Paris;
feared, 134;
financed, see Continental Congress, fiscal problems and policies of;
generated, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
heroes of, 75, 251;
heroes of, painted, 218;
impact of, on signers and their families, see Risks and sacrifices of signers;
Iroquois Indians neutral during, 153;
peace negotiations during, 35, 58, 98, 128, 136;
verge of, 9;
won, 24.
See also appropriate topics throughout this index.
War of 1812, 172, 173, 263
War Office Building, D.C., 263
Ward, Samuel, politician, 80
Warren (town), R.I., 80
Wars, and historic sites, 159. See also specific wars.
Warwick Furnace, Pa., 137
Washington, President George, career of and sites associated with, 14, 23–24, 27, 29, 34, 35, 42, 46, 52, 60, 69, 75, 95, 98, 104, 107, 108, 114, 124, 125, 148, 171, 217, 218, 228, 233, 255, 264, 267
Washington, D.C., history of and historic sites in, 3, 62, 108, 161, 170–173, 218, 263–266 passim
Washington College, Md., 114
Watkins, Thomas, and Meadow Garden, 175
Wealth and financial status of signers, compared, 27, 28–29, 30, 31, 43.
See also Debts and economic reversals of signers;
and individual signers.
Weapons, see Arms, ammunition, and ordnance
Webster, Daniel, Secretary of State, 264
Welcome (village), Md., 135
Welles, Rev. Samuel, and Williams Birthplace, 166
Welles-Williams House, Conn., see Williams Birthplace
Wells family, 204
West, Benjamin, artist, 82
West Indies, 100, 194, 202
West Nottingham Academy, Md., 124, 134
Westchester County, N.Y., 105
Western Reserve (in present Ohio), 153
Western United States, see Frontier and frontiersmen
Westernville, N.Y., 54, 211, 212
Westminster School, England, 95
Westmoreland Association (1766), 93
Westmoreland County, Va., 91, 92
Westward expansion, see Frontier and frontiersmen
Whedbee, Joseph, builder, 214
Whigs (patriots) and Whig Party, see Independence movement and British-colonial clash
Whipple, Joseph, brother of signer, 143
Whipple, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 143, 202
Whipple, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 142–143, 177–178, 201–202
Whipple Birthplace, Maine, 177–178
White Hall Plantation, S.C., 76, 233
White (Bishop) House, Pa., 224, 226
White House (“President’s House”;
“President’s Palace”), D.C., 34, 85, 170–173
White Plains, N.Y., 105
Whitestone, N.Y., 95
Widowers, signers as, 35, 41, 46, 54, 148
Widows of signers, see Wives and widows of signers
Wilkins, John, builder, 214
William and Mary, College of, see College of William and Mary
William and Mary architectural style, 252
Williams, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 144
Williams, Rev. Solomon, father of signer, 166, 168
Williams, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 144–145, 166–169
Williams Birthplace (Welles-Williams House), Conn., 166–167
Williams House, Conn., 168–169
Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial Williamsburg, Va., 15, 42, 86, 93, 111, 154–156, 255–256
Willing, Charles, shipper, 106
Willing, Thomas, shipper-legislator, 106, 110
Wills, 67, 120, 156
Wilmington, Del., 119
Wilmington, N.C., 77, 78, 214
Wilson, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 29, 110, 125, 145–148, 213–214, 222, 224
Wilson, Mrs. James, first wife of signer, 146
Wilson, Mrs. James, second wife of signer, 148
Windham, Windham County, and Windham district, Conn., 83, 144
Windsor, Conn., 152, 169
Winyaw, S.C., 99
Wiscasset, Maine, 139
Wistar, Dr. Caspar, and Philadelphia, 228
Witherspoon, James, son of signer, 151
Witherspoon, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 31, 124, 134, 149–151, 208–210, 228
Witherspoon, Mrs. John, first wife of signer, 124, 134, 149, 150
Witherspoon, Mrs. John, second wife of signer, 151
Wives and widows of signers, last to survive, 62 (and see particular signers and individuals)
Wolcott, Oliver (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 31, 152–153, 169–170
Wolcott, Oliver, son of signer, 152, 153
Wolcott, Roger, father of signer, 152, 153
Wolcott descendants, 170
Wolcott House, Conn., 169–170
Wolverhampton, England, 62
Wooley, Edmund, carpenter, 217
Worcester, Mass., 33, 139, 203
World War II, 265
Writers and writing, see Literature and literary figures
Wyandotte Indians, 153
Wye Hall, Wye Island, and Wye Plantation, Md., 113, 114, 188
Wyoming Valley land dispute, 133, 143
Wythe, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 86, 88, 154–156, 255–256
Wythe, Mrs. George, first wife of signer, 154
Wythe, Mrs. George, second wife of signer, 154–155, 255
Wythe, Thomas, brother of signer, 154
Wythe House, Va., 255–256
XYZ affair, 61
Yale College, Conn., 65, 84, 96, 105, 130, 152
Yeoman farmers, 86
York and York County, Pa., 98, 132, 133, 218, 263
York County, Va., 111
York Hall, Va., see Nelson House
Yorkshire, England, 92
Yorktown and Battle (siege) of Yorktown, Va., 108, 111, 112, 218, 248, 255
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O-477-940
Sketch of proposed reconstruction of the Graff House, where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.