Part 3 — Art and Picture Credits

The National Park Service gratefully acknowledges the assistance of agencies and individuals furnishing illustrations and granting permission to reproduce them.

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ii Oil (1817) by John Trumbull, after his earlier painting of the same name (1786–95). Color separations courtesy United States Capitol Historical Society and Eastern National Park and Monument Association. Of the 48 individuals in the painting, 44 are signers. The likenesses were the basis for many later portraits by other artists.

4 Oil (date unknown) by Allan Ramsay. Library of Congress.

5 Engraving (1770) by Paul Revere. Library of Congress.

6 Lithograph (1830) by either William or John Pendleton, after a cartoon (1774) published in London. Library of Congress.

7 Lithograph (1846) by Nathaniel Currier. Library of Congress.

8 Engraving (1775) by Amos Doolittle. National Park Service.

9 Detail from broadside, publisher unknown. National Park Service.

10 Engraving (ca. 1776) by an unknown artist. Library of Congress.

11 Library of Congress.

12 Oil (ca. 1858) by Bass Otis, after George Romney. Independence National Historical Park.

13 Mezzotint (1778) by an unknown artist, after Corbutt. Library of Congress.

14 Oil (ca. 1782) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

17 Library of Congress.

19 Engraving (1823) by William Stone. Library of Congress.

21 Library of Congress.

22 Engraving (1859) by John C. McRae, after Johannes A. S. Oertel. Library of Congress.

23 Oil (date unknown) by Xavier D. Gratta. Valley Forge (Pa.) Historical Society.

28 Oil (before 1897) by an unknown artist, after Thomas Sully. Independence National Historical Park.

29 Oil (date unknown) by W. Trego. Valley Forge (Pa.) Historical Society.

30 Engraving (ca. 1725–26) by William Burgis. Library of Congress.

33 Oil (ca. 1791–94) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

36 Oil (1873) by Nahum B. Onthank, after John S. Copley. Independence National Historical Park.

39 Oil (1871) by Caroline Weeks, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

41 Oil (1901) by Albert Rosenthal, after a miniature by an unknown artist. Independence National Historical Park. In 1913 Charles H. Hart, an authority on historical portraits, maintained that this likeness was not Carter Braxton but was that of his brother George.

43 Oil (1823) by Charles Willson Peale, after Rembrandt Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

45 Oil (1819) by Charles Willson Peale, after his 1773 painting. Independence National Historical Park.

47 Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

48 Wood engraving by an unknown artist, after F. O. C. Darley, from Henry Howe, Life and Death on the Ocean (1855). Library of Congress.

49 Oil (1872) by Edward D. Marchant, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

50 Pen and ink drawing by an unknown artist, from Magazine of American History (September 1880). Library of Congress.

51 Oil (1876) by Samuel B. Waugh, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

53 Oil (1874) by Edward L. Henry, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

55 Oil (date unknown) by David Martin. Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia.

57 Engraving (1859) by Robert Whitechurch, after Christian Schussele. Library of Congress.

59 Oil (1861) by James Bogle, after John Vanderlyn. Independence National Historical Park.

62 Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress. The detail is a conjectural representation; no portrait or reliable likeness of Button Gwinnett is known to exist.

63 Lithograph, probably by an artist named Ferris, from William Brotherhead, The Book of the Signers (1861). Library of Congress.

65 Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

67 Oil (1816) by Samuel F. B. Morse, after John S. Copley. Independence National Historical Park.

70 Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

71 Oil (ca. 1884) by Herman F. Deigendisch, after Henry Bryan, Jr. Independence National Historical Park. Some authorities have questioned the authenticity of this likeness.

73 Oil (before 1893) by an unknown artist, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

74 Engraving by James B. Longacre, after Charles Willson Peale, from James Herring and James B. Longacre, The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans (1836). Library of Congress.

75 Oil (before 1851) by Charles Fraser, after Jeremiah Theus. Independence National Historical Park.

77 Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

79 Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park. According to one authority, Trumbull based his likeness on the features of Hopkins’ eldest son, Rufus, who bore a close resemblance to his father.

81 Oil (before 1854) by Dubois (probably Samuel T.), after Robert E. Pine. Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Independence National Historical Park.

83 Oil (1783) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

85 Oil (1791) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

87 Library of Congress.

89 Engraving (1826) by Benjamin Tanner. Library of Congress.

90 Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

92 Oil (1784) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

94 Oil (1906) by Albert Rosenthal, after an engraving from John Sanderson, Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (1824). Independence National Historical Park.

96 Oil (ca. 1770) probably by Abraham Delanoy, Jr. Frick Art Reference Library, New York City, and Taconic State Park Commission, Staatsburg, N.Y.

97 Pen and ink drawing by an unknown artist, from Magazine of American History (December 1885). Library of Congress.

99 Oil (1875) by Anna Lea, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

100 Oil (1797) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

103 Oil (1872) by Philip F. Wharton, after Benjamin West. Independence National Historical Park.

104 Oil (1873) by Charles N. Flagg, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

106 Oil (ca. 1872) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

107 Engraving by William Birch, from The City of Philadelphia (1800). Independence National Historical Park.

109 Watercolor (ca. 1765) by Pierre Eugene Du Simitière. The R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, La.

110 Oil (ca. 1876) by William L. Sheppard, after Mason Chamberlin. Independence National Historical Park.

112 Oil (date unknown) by Louis E. Lami. Hangs in the Virginia State Capitol. National Park Service.

113 Oil (date unknown) by Francis B. Mayer, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

115 Oil (1876) by Richard M. Staigg, after Edward Savage. Independence National Historical Park.

116 Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

118 Oil (1860) by Thomas Sully, after Robert E. Pine. Independence National Historical Park.

120 Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

122 Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after Benjamin West. Independence National Historical Park.

123 Oil (1783) by Charles Willson Peale. The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Del. Gift of Mrs. Julia B. Henry.

125 Engraving (1799) by William Birch & Son. Library of Congress.

127 Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after James Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

129 Oil (1874–75) by Thomas Hicks, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

130 Lithograph by an unknown artist, from William Brotherhead, The Book of the Signers (1861). Library of Congress.

132 Watercolor (ca. 1760) by an unknown artist. The R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, La.

133 Oil (1873) by George W. Conarroe, after John Wollaston. Independence National Historical Park.

135 Library of Congress.

137 Oil (1912) by Laura J. Schneider, probably after George T. Pool. Independence National Historical Park.

139 Oil (date unknown) by an unknown artist. New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.

140 Oil (1874) by Samuel B. Waugh, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

142 Oil (1888) by Ulysses D. Tenney, after John Trumbull. Hangs in the Moffatt-Ladd House, Portsmouth, N.H. Photographer, Douglas Armsden, Kittery Point, Maine.

144 Oil (1873) by James J. Sawyer, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

145 Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after a miniature attributed to James Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

146 Sketch (date unknown) by C. A. Poulson. Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Independence National Historical Park.

149 Oil (ca. 1783) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

150 Engraving by Henry Dawkins, after W. Tennant, from An Account of the College of New Jersey (1764). Library of Congress.

152 Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

154 Oil (1876) by John F. Weir, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

164 National Park Service (Tony P. Wrenn).

165 National Park Service (Wrenn).

167 National Park Service (Wrenn).

168 National Park Service (Wrenn).

169 National Park Service (Wrenn).

171 National Park Service (Abbie Rowe).

172 Aquatint by an unknown artist, from Charles W. Janson, The Stranger in America (1807). Library of Congress.

174 National Park Service (Charles W. Snell).

175 National Park Service (John O. Littleton).

178 National Park Service (Wrenn).

179 National Park Service (Littleton).

181 National Park Service (Snell).

182 National Park Service (Littleton).

184 National Park Service (Snell).

185 National Park Service (Snell).

187 Photographer, William L. Klender.

188 National Park Service (Littleton).

190 National Park Service (Littleton).

192 Engraving (date unknown) probably by Stephen A. Schouff. Library of Congress.

194 National Park Service (Joseph L. Winn, Jr.).

196 National Park Service (Wrenn).

197 National Park Service (Wrenn).

198 National Park Service (Snell).

200 National Park Service (Wrenn).

201 National Park Service (Wrenn).

203 National Park Service (Snell).

205 National Park Service (Snell).

206 Historical Society of Princeton, N.J. Photographer, Constance Greiff.

207 National Park Service (Snell).

208 Department of Public Information, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

210 National Park Service (Snell).

211 National Park Service (Snell).

212 National Park Service (Snell).

213 National Park Service (Snell).

215 National Park Service (Snell).

216 National Park Service (Ralph H. Anderson).

219 Engraving by an unknown artist, from Columbian Magazine (July 1787). Library of Congress.

220 National Park Service.

223 National Park Service.

224 National Park Service (Jack E. Boucher).

225 National Park Service.

227 National Park Service (Snell).

229 National Park Service (Snell).

230 National Park Service (Snell).

232 National Park Service (Wrenn).

233 National Park Service.

235 National Park Service (Snell).

236 Photographer, Jesse Gibbes.

238 National Park Service (Snell).

239 National Park Service (Snell).

241 National Park Service (Littleton).

242 National Park Service (Littleton).

244 National Park Service (Snell).

246 National Park Service (Snell).

248 National Park Service (Snell).

250 National Park Service (Snell).

251 National Park Service (Littleton).

253 National Park Service (Snell).

256 National Park Service (Snell).

265 National Archives.

266 National Archives.

— FRONT END PAPER: Engraving (1776) by John C. McRae. Independence National Historical Park.

— REAR END PAPER: National Park Service sketch.