NOTES (continued 10)

173. ne of licomliche estes R.

176. schad is usually followed by of, as at 130/81, but Orm 6228, 9 has ‘bitwenen.’ Comp. ‘scadwisnesse,’ 92/121; ‘ȝescod,’ 14/74.

178. fallinde, perishing: B-T quotes ‘Ðis lif is lǽnlic and feallende,’ Thorpe, Anc. Laws, ii. 400/16.

179. þurh unweotenesse, if she sins, it will not be for lack of knowledge. Comp. ‘I þine soule, oðer two—sunne ⁊ ignorance; þet is, unwisdom ⁊ unwitenesse,’ AR 278/6.

180. After nis T adds ha. siker of, free from anxiety about; as ‘sikernesse’ in l. 188 is confidence. as þeo þe &c., as being one who thinks herself weak, like Lat. quippe quae: comp. 128/1.

181. ⁊: so T, but R has correctly to, in.

182. onont, as regards, so far as she herself is concerned: Lat. quoad. etstonden wið: see 121/158. turnes, cunning devices: comp. ‘aȝein þes deofles turnes ⁊ his fondunges,’ AR 78/27. deð—wise: comp. ‘þenne doþ we as þe wise,’ OEM 79/228.

185. deð: this superfluous use of do is common in AR. ‘ne seið hit nout ꝥ heo biheold wepmen; auh deð wummen,’ 54/19; ‘Auh þe treowe ancren þet we efneð to briddes; nout we þauh; auh deð God,’ 130/30, and often. Comp. 85/105: different is ‘do’ used to avoid the repetition of a verb as at 49/304, 86/141. to donne: see 118/45.

187. T omits halden.

189. T has the better reading, to do riht ⁊ riht for to demen, which is supported by 122/197: R to don riht ant riht fon ⁊ demen; ‘fon riht’ is a strange expression, which may mean to exact justice at the hands of others. ich deme &c.: Morris translates, ‘and I deem myself so that I, through myself, may do it (sin) not.’ The meaning is, My duty is to behave justly and to judge justly, and, in my own case, I judge that I do not perform that duty by my own unaided powers.

190: ‘Omne datum optimum et omne donum perfectum desursum est, descendens a Patre luminum,’ S. Jas. i. 17.

191. Nu . . . þenne: see 60/8.

192. werien . . . witen: see 118/50. halden: habben T.

193. demen &c., to have a poor and humble opinion of ourselves. Comp. ‘leoten ham lahe ⁊ eðeliche,’ HM 43/29. Ne beo—swucche, even if we be not at all such, belongs to the preceding sentence.

199. of, in respect to; it comes near in meaning to, in spite of these merits. OE. fordēman is constructed with for, dēman with be, ymbe.

200. him ane is definitive qualifying god: comp. ‘he him ane is to herien,’ 130/75.

201. þonkeð . . . of, thank on account of, for: comp. ‘Gode ðanciað mid godum weorcum his gifa,’ Cura Past. 318/3; ‘þet þu luuie þine drihten . . . ⁊ him þonkien alles þinges,’ OEH i. 39/25; but ‘þonkien hit ure drihten,’ id. 5/29.

203. on helpe, as a help: comp. 123/226. wite &c.: see 118/50.

206. dreaien: see 74/233: dreien R, drahen T. treowliliche is a scribe’s mistake for treowliche, as in R, treweliche T.

207. Vmben: not ‘for,’ Morris, but After. On the other hand, ‘umbe stunde,’ AR 344/27, means, at times; ‘eauer umbe stunde,’ HM 33/30, at all times.

209. freolich, goodly, charming, properly, of gentle upbringing: for the combination with feier, comp. 129/23, 138/22. ‘Alius nuntius venit pulcher et hilaris, qui videtur afferre bona,’ V 208 c. aturnet, attired: see 68/146.

210. ꝥ—neod, we should have much need of that: the construction in this expression is dat. of the person needing, nom. of the thing needed, as in ‘Muchel is us þenne neod . . . sod scrift,’ OEH i. 11/1; ‘Þu seist þet te nis no neod medicine,’ AR 178/15; ‘Þe holie man is ned ꝥ he [bie] festned on his holinesse,’ OEH ii. 57/31: see also 62/24.

211. mid alle, utterly: the phrase translates L. penitus in SK 658.

214. ilihtet, alleviated, freed from depression: comp. ‘þet ich beo ilihted of hore heuinesse,’ AR 356/5. ham þuncheð is parenthetic.

215. schimmeð, shines: a form found also in SJ, SM: schimereð T.

217. lustnin: T has lustin ꝥ helden us swa stille hwil fearlac us agrette, which corresponds to ‘Si nos, dum timor et memoria mortis loqueretur, tacuimus, iustum est ut te loquente multo magis taceamus,’ V 208 c.

219. munegunge: see 119/62. liues luue: ‘desiderium vitae aeternae’; comp. ‘ꝥ he hire liues luue luueliche leareð,’ HM 3/11.

220. ꝥ, in which, where.

222. drupnin, to be dejected: a Scand. word; see Björkman 177, 208, durcnin, the reading of R, is for drucnin, a variant of the other: comp. ‘⁊ dearede al adeadet, | druicninde ⁊ dreori,’ SK 2020. See Minot, i. 9 note.

224. fondin ⁊ ifinden, experience and discover.

229. ȝe iseoð: ȝoi isoð T.

230. alswa: R omits. aȝein, in comparison with: comp. 124/246, 264; ‘euerich worldes sauur is bitter þer aȝeines,’ AR 102/26, id. 112/10. In l. 232 it means toward, in the direction of (from the place opposite): comp. ‘Ben ðese hangen ðe sunne agen,’ GE 4075.

231. sunne—schadewe: comp. ‘te sunne were dosk ȝif hit to þi blisfule bleo mihte beo euenet,’ OEH i. 269/26 (Wohunge); ‘Iesu al feir . aȝein hwam þe sunne nis buten ase a scheadewe,’ id. 200/9; HM 39/32; AR 100/4.

233. schawere, mirror; OE. scēawere. T has scheawere, R schadewe. The idea was possibly suggested by ‘per speculum in aenigmate,’ 1 Cor. xiii. 12. Comp. ‘Ȝe schulen, ase ine scheauware, iseon ure Lefdi mid hire meidenes,’ AR 92/26.

235. an, one; not ‘and,’ Morris: the expression translates individua Trinitas.

236. summes weis: see 121/162.

237. blisful: wunderful R.

238. rixleð: the absence of a connecting word is perhaps due to the original Latin: ‘Aliquantisper tamen intuitus sum Dominum Iesum Christum in dextera patris sedentem, in aeterna vita regnantem, quamvis super omnem creaturam adeo speciosum, ut in eum desiderent Angeli prospicere, ad haec (? adhuc) tamen vulnera passionis, quibus nos redemit, in corpore suo habentem, patri pro nobis assistentem,’ V 208 d.

239. ful . . . to bihalden, sated with gazing: a peculiar use of the, historically, dative infinitive as a genitive: comp. ‘sead . . . to iseonne,’ 133/30; ‘upo hwas nebschaft þe engles ne beoð neauer fulle to bihalden,’ HM 39/32: NED quotes under date 1607, ‘full to provide,’ fully occupied in providing. Sometimes ‘of’ is added, as 52/388; ‘Hit bieð sume þat non imeðe ne cunnen of hem seluen to feden,’ VV 139/23. In OE. the dat. inf. is often used to translate the Latin gerundive in the genitive, as ‘swa mycel getydnes ⁊ gelærednes to sprecanne’ = ‘tanta dicendi peritia,’ Bede, ed. Miller, 362/27. For ich iseh R has is, T iseh.

240. etscene: eðsene R, edscene T.

243. heouenliche, heavenly ones: T adds weoredes: comp. l. 251. ‘super omnes ordines beatorum Angelorum . . . exaltatam,’ V.

244. in, on.

245. istirret: isterret T. weoleful: meinful R, powerful.

246. þear ich iseh as, I saw where: usually the words are not separated: comp. 127/342; ‘he is ase buruh wiðuten wal, þer ase uerd mei in oueral,’ AR 74/6: so ‘þider as,’ whither, 126/334. For ase, where, comp. 125/272, ‘ine Jerusalem, ase he wunede,’ AR 172/2.

248. þa, when. R has after mahte, na mare of hire iþolien; T reads, mihte of hire na lengre þolien.

249. biseh to, looked upon, beheld: comp. 3/45; ‘Ða biseh ure drihte mildeliche to hire penitence,’ OEH ii. 145/9, and the similar ‘belocest to,’ 13/36; ‘hwa bihalt to þeo þet beoð of lowe liue,’ AR 276/26; ‘iseh towart’ = intuitus sum 124/254; ‘on to biseonne,’ 136/137. But ‘to . . . bisihð’ 134/81 means, looks up to, like ‘hwon ȝe habbeð touward me eien oðer honden,’ AR 76/16: ‘biseon to’ 136/134, look after, provide for, as in ‘Bisih to me lauedi briȝt, | Hwenne ich schal wende heonne,’ OEM 160/18. T omits ⁊—archangles, probably taking ‘þe oðre þe beoð buuen ham’ to mean the archangels. The Latin is, ‘Sed hanc admirabilem claritatem matris et filii diu ferre non sustinens, converti aspectum meum ad illos beatorum spirituum ordines, qui ante Deum assistunt.’ Probably the author meant by ‘þe oðre’ the four and twenty elders and the four beasts in perpetual adoration about the throne (Rev. iv. 4-11).

251. unwergeð: unwerched T. Nihe wordes: see 16/138: T has woredes, R ord`r´es, corrected out of wordes.

253. onsihðe: see 64/55.

255-8: ‘miro exultantes gaudio, qui eam quam olim a longe salutaverant patriam obtinent, qui ea quae in spiritu praeviderant completa conspiciunt,’ V 209 a. See Heb. xi. 13. ꝥ, because.

256. For igret, greeted, OE. gegrētan, R has igreiðet, prepared.

259. poure: ‘de pauperibus et de infirmis tam gloriosos tamque sublimes factos,’ V. T of poure, R `ꝥ´ poure `weren´; omitting on eorðe. bigoten, drenched, perfused: comp. ‘Eall ic wæs mid blode bestemed | begoten of þæs Guman sidan,’ Dream of the Rood, 48; ‘ꝥ ha al were bigoten of þe blode,’ SJ 27/6.

261. alle cunnes ledenes: RT have the usual alles: the MS. has alleṣ, where the dot may be only a casual resting of the pen: see 81/80, and comp. l. 264.

264. talden to, esteemed: for ‘to’ T has of, which is the usual construction, comp. 164/256, ‘telleð lutel þerof,’ AR 200/12, but ‘to’ at 129/30; ‘tellest herto lutel,’ AR 100/20. aȝeines: see 123/230.

266. haliche: read haliliche with RT.

267: ‘fulgent quasi stellae in perpetuas aeternitates,’ V 209 b, from Daniel xii. 3. wlite: ‘Regem in decore suo vident,’ V from Isa. xxxiii. 17. The writer omits any reference to monks, to whom the last clause of this sentence, ‘ꝥ—ehnen’ (Rev. vii. 17), is applied in the Latin. It is significant that he greatly expands the passage which describes the maidens; which should be compared with AS. Hom., ed. Assmann, 42/460-72 (Ælfric, de Virginitate), HM 19/9-15.

269. ferreden: comp. ‘i þe feire ferreden | of uirgines in heouene,’ SK 2309. ilikest towart engles: so, ‘þu ofearnest meiden to beo engle euening iþe heȝe blisse of heuene,’ HM 13/5; ‘to singen wið engles hwas felahes ha beoð,’ id. 19/8, 21/31.

270. feolohlukest, best fitted as associates and equals to rejoice and be glad with them. An isolated superlative of felaȝlich: comp. ‘wunderlukest,’ 34/88; ‘wurðlukest,’ L 25496. The comparative adv. is more common: ‘dimluker,’ 56/43, ‘creftluker,’ 131/88, ‘greatluker,’ 70/157, ‘monluker,’ 66/110, ‘oðerluker,’ 38/149, 86/135, ‘witerluker,’ 125/285: in AR ‘ȝeorneluker,’ ‘gledluker,’ ‘wisluker,’ ‘uestluker,’ 234/5, 7, 8, 9; ‘wunderluker,’ OEH i. 93/28. For u in these forms see Bülbring, §§ 420, 421. ouergað: see 22/143.

271. flesches lahe, desires of the flesh: lahe is custom, habit; its use was perhaps suggested by ‘Video autem aliam legem in membris meis . . . captivantem me in lege peccati,’ Rom. vii. 23. cunde, natural propensities: comp. 160/209; ‘heald þin cunde,’ follow nature, OEH ii. 31/6.

272. as, where: comp. 124/246. There should be a full stop at wunieð, as in RT.

274. R omits þe—singen. The arrangement in T shows how the mistake arose from the similar endings of two lines:

hare song: ‘Nam cantabant canticum, quod nemo alius poterat dicere,’ V 209 c, from Rev. xiv. 3 (altered).

275. smeal: smel R, smal T. ‘Sed odor in regione earum tam suavis erat, ut omnia aromatum genera exuperet,’ V.

277. aȝein &c., to receive their petitions. ꝥ alle &c.: ꝥ alle þe oðer `he´ walden sittinde ihereð R, ꝥ alle þoðre halhen sittinde him hereð T.

279. Ah nu &c.: ‘De singulis beatorum Ordinibus mira disseris, quaesumus ut quae sit eorum in communi actio edicas,’ V 209 d. The stop should come not after setnesse, but after sunderlepes, as in T; R puts it after sumhwet, which is tolerable. setnesse, OE. setness, properly ordinance, arrangement, is here by extension, order, class: R has the isolated tosetnesse, corresponding to an OE. *tō-setness, division into classes, which is probably the original word. The sense is, Well, thou hast now spoken so admirably about each class of the blessed severally, tell us somewhat as to what bliss is common to all alike. W explains setnesse as = swetnesse.

282. lengðe: ‘Vivunt, sapiunt, amant, gaudent, laudant, veloces sunt, securi sunt,’ V 209 d.

283. In T murie by punctuation goes with ‘loft song,’ which is OE. lof-song, Lauds, hymns of praise; see 126/318.

287-330. The messenger proceeds to explain the nature of the seven blisses. The scribe marks off each section with a special capital, but has omitted one at ‘her,’ 126/317.

287. brihtre: comp. ‘seouesiðe schenre þen þe sunne,’ HM 41/2; AR 100/4; SK 1665; SM 23/13; a phrase of this group. See Ælf. Lives, i. 538/820.

288. buten—swinc: ‘current et non laborabunt,’ Isa. xl. 31.

289. in a steal, in one station, condition: contrasted with man’s state on earth, ‘numquam in eodem statu permanet,’ Job xiv. 2, ‘never continueth in one stay.’ R has stel.

290. wið ute wonunge: ‘sine diminutione.’

291. hare lif &c.: ‘Vita eorum visio et cognitio beatae Trinitatis,’ V, quoting further S. John xvii. 3. R adds ‘in’ after is.

295. nebbe to nebbe: ‘tunc autem facie ad faciem,’ 1 Cor. xiii. 12. Comp. ‘secheð earst upon hire nebbe to nebbe,’ HM 17/7; ‘cristes wille bo us bitwon. | neb wið neb for him to son,’ OEH i. 61/109. wise &c.: ‘Sapiunt consilia atque iudicia Dei, quae sunt abyssus multa,’ V 209 e; partly from Ps. xxxv. 7.

296. R has godes runes ant his reades ꝥ. Comp. 1/5; ‘Godes derne runes ⁊ his derne domes,’ AR 96/3; ‘his derne runes ⁊ his heouenliche priuitez,’ id. 154/2; ‘þe deopschipe ⁊ te derne run,’ SK 1333.

297. sea dingle answers to ‘abyssus’: dingle is not otherwise known till the seventeenth century: see NED s.v. ha seoð &c.: so, ‘Alle þeo ine heouene iseoð ine God alle þing,’ AR 96/1.

298. hwi ⁊ hwerto: ‘Sapiunt causas et naturas et origines omnium rerum,’ V. R omits.

300. bi ham idon, acted towards them, dealt with them: comp. 80/58. R omits ham.

301. deorewurðe: muchele R. milce is dat., hwet acc. after ȝelden. R omits ase muchel.

302. R omits al, se muchel is not in RT and is not original: the correlatives are ‘Se gleade’ . . . ‘ꝥ ne mei.’

303. munne: comp. ‘⁊ monie ma murhðen | þen alle men mahten | wið hare muð munnen | ⁊ tellen wið tungen,’ SK 1697-1700, and 119/85.

304. Euchan—ahne: comp. ‘ylc blissæþ on oðres gode ⁊ on oðres murhðe, swá on his aȝene,’ Twelfth Cent. Hom. 120/11; AR 282/14-17.

306. ase—alle, as many gladnesses as all the saints in heaven are many: ‘tot gaudia habent quot socios,’ V. R omits alle.

308. hwen, since.

310. of: see 110/272. wið uten ei etlunge, beyond all estimate: comp. ‘wiðuten eni etlunge,’ HM 39/35. eilunge R, a scribe’s error.

311. Neomeð &c. The Latin of this passage is clear enough: ‘Si ergo cor uniuscuiusque vix capit suum gaudium, quomodo capit tot et tanta gaudia? Ideo dicitur, Intra in gaudium Domini tui: non intret gaudium Domini tui in te, quia capi non posset,’ V 209 b. If hu be read for ꝥ in l. 313, it gives a similar turn of expression and sense. As the text stands, it means, Now then note that, even if the heart of any one man can never find room for its own joy taken separately (so great beyond measure is the bliss of the individual) yet it does receive into itself so many and great joys [of others]. That is the meaning of our Lord’s saying, ‘Enter into the joy of thy Lord’ (S. Matt. xxv. 21). You must enter into the joy, it does not enter into you, for you cannot take it in. Such verbal ingenuity is common in scriptural interpretation at this period. nu þenne, now, that being so; see 60/8 note.

312. iseide, meant, taken: for this use of seggen, see 56/46. T omits, B is defective here.

313. þe: þen R, te T. ꝥ would in a modern sentence come after ‘ȝeme,’ l. 311.

316. blisse: hus R. bigotten: see 124/259: biȝeoten R, biȝoten T.

317. neomen: in the absolute use of betake itself, proceed: see 213/539: in is a mere repetition of the preceding ‘in’: comp. 143/67 note. her of begins the expansion of ‘laudant’: it does not refer to what precedes, but means, for the reason given in the following verse, ‘Beati qui habitant in domo tua, Domine; in saecula saeculorum laudabunt te,’ Ps. lxxxiii. 5.

318. lusti, finding pleasure: ‘sine fastidio.’ songes: read songe, as in R.

321. Comp. ‘Alle þeo ine heouene schulen beon ase swifte ase is nu monnes þouht, ⁊ ase is þe sunne gleam, þet smit from east into þe west, ant ase þe eie openeð ⁊ tuneð; . . . tet bodi schal beon hwar so euer þe gost wule in one hondhwule,’ AR 94/21.

322. tuneð &c.: ‘In momento, in ictu oculi,’ 1 Cor. xv. 52: ‘as tu turnest þin hond,’ HM 25/12.

324. etstonden: see 121/158.

325. ȝe: Ȝea T. makie to cwakien: for the dat. inf. of purpose, comp. 128/370; ‘he wæs . . . geneded to onfonne þa ðegnunge biscophades,’ Bede, 368/17. The construction has its equivalent in an object clause, as ‘makeð ham ꝥ ha beoð,’ 131/101.

327. The writer has neglected the translation of ‘de tali velocitate’ after blisse. ꝥ hit &c.: ‘quod nullum finem, nullam diminutionem, nullum detrimentum habebunt,’ V 209 b. me is miswritten for mei; mai T.

329. nower neh, nowhere near, falling far short of the reality; a phrase of this group, comp. ‘Nis hit nower neh gold al ꝥ ter schineð,’ HM 9/15; ‘ne schaltu nower neh | se lihtliche etsterten,’ SK 2094. R reads, Ah nower neh ne neh al; ne ꝥ ich iseh . ne ne con ich al tellen: T, Ah nower neh ne seh ich al . ne þat ȝet ꝥ ich seh ne con ich half tellen. Both are quite intelligible, R is nearest the original. W emends, ah nowðer ne seh ich al, | ne þet ȝet þet ich iseh | ne con ich half tellen. The Latin is, ‘Neque enim ut vidi dicere, neque ut sunt videre potui.’ ȝet, even.

331. efter þi sihðe, in accordance with what you saw: ‘vera vidisse, vera narrasse te intelligimus,’ V 209 c.

332. bisið him, takes heed to himself.

333. towart: see 121/161.

334. þider as, to the place where: see 124/246. þider þer T.

335. an, for ant: ⁊ RT. blisse . . . bale; comp. ‘in blisse buten euch bale,’ SK 1755; ‘my blysse, my bale ȝe han ben boþe,’ E. E. Allit. Poems, 12/373. R has wið uten balesið.

336. folhin, to follow after, or to practise, does not suit the context; but fonden T, to experience, gives a good sense and a characteristic combination: see 123/224. R has folhen an finden. hwet &c.: ‘Quis ergo nos separabit a charitate Christi? . . . Certus sum enim quia neque mors neque vita . . . poterit nos separare a charitate Dei,’ Rom. viii. 35, 38, 39.

337. halden us þeonne, keep us away from him: comp. ‘halde we us from uniwil,’ OEH i. 69/264. þeonne, not ‘then,’ but thence, therefrom: contracted from þeonene, OE. þanone: usually meaning from that place and seldom applied to a person as here.

339. haueð: the subject is he contained in the preceding ‘his.’ tresures: a mistake for tresurers: tresorers T: possibly the earliest instance of its use.

340. under his wengen, i. e. if we have his protection: from ‘protegar in velamento alarum tuarum,’ Ps. lx. 5: similar expressions in Pss. lvi. 2, lxii. 8, xc. 4.

341. warschipe: T has rihtwisnesse, with the Latin, where Justitia pronounces judgement (comp. l. 350) and Fortitudo executes it (l. 343), while Temperantia says what is translated in ll. 349-52.

342. þer as, where: see 124/246. murðes: murhðes T.

343. nu ut quod strenðe is omitted by T.

344. ende: see 96/34. Nu nu quoð fearlaic . T.

345. lessere &c., inferior in importance to that of mirth’s messenger; so Morris, taking sondes as s. gen. balancing ‘mi’ after þen. T has sonden.

346. unbihefre: see 91/108. licwurðe ne icweme: comp. ‘Hesteres bone þe cwene was þe kinge Assuer licwurðe ⁊ icweme,’ AR 146/7, 120/25, 326/13.

347. ow: T adds quoð meað.

349. þah with nu, nevertheless at this time, on this occasion. T has, flutte nu þah fearlac.

351. ‘Forsitan tu admitteris si Desiderium vitae aeternae aliquando loqui cessaverit,’ V 209 d.

352. stutteð, ceases: a word characteristic of the group: comp. ‘þa ne cuðen ha neauer stutten hare cleappe,’ AR 72/14 (Corpus MS.); ‘Stute nu þenne ⁊ stew þe, | ⁊ stille þine wordes,’ SK 1529; ‘Wið þis ꝥ ha stutte stoden þe cwelleres,’ SJ 64/12; ‘stute nu ant stew þine unwittie wordes,’ SM 6/2: it is mostly used of cutting short a discourse: cognate with Du. stuiten (Franck), G. stutzen.

353. ituht efter, disciplined in conformity with: similarly don efter, l. 355, to behave in subservience to: comp. 106/197.

355. T has, se ful itohen ⁊ don al as ham luste ase wil hare lafdi ⁊ nawt ase wit ham tuhte; lustneð &c.

356. fondeð &c., each one, owing to those two messages which they have heard, and (owing to) that which the four sisters have taught in addition, ever strives, in discharge of his office, to keep his watch and to guard faithfully against the entrance of each vice.

357. þurh: R has the contraction þ with oblique stroke through the lower part of the staff here and at 128/371, not ꝥ. ꝥ fowr: to fowr R.

358. for, against, with ‘witene’ and ‘warden.’ warde &c.: comp. 118/50.

359. ant—treowliche: T omits.

360. ofte &c.: see 32/47.

361. þe islep: ꝥ iþe slep of ȝemles T. For ȝemeles comp. 54/10, 17. hire: his T. ‘Sic debet quisque torporem suum excutere,’ V 209 d.

362. efter þeos: after þe tidings of þe T. biseon to, gaze up to: comp. 124/249: with on, 120/122. Here V ends.

364. T reads his hinen. efter, in accordance with that which: after þat his wil T.

365. ꝥ is: þe wise T. tuhten ⁊ teachen: comp. 47/272: in Specimens connected with ‘wule,’ ‘as Wit . . . will discipline and instruct’; by Morris made to depend on ‘husebonde,’ both wrongly. They depend on ah, l. 360, which governs the whole series of infinitives ‘te þenchen,’ ‘awecchen,’ ‘biseon,’ ‘To habben,’ ‘leaden,’ ‘tuhten ⁊ teachen,’ ‘witen,’ l. 368: one ought to train and teach (himself and his servants, l. 363) that Wit should always go before.

366. teache: T has the correct reading, drahe. dihteð ⁊ demeð, arranges and decrees to be done. The combination is uncommon, but comp. ‘al ich wule dihten | þe domen of mi kinedom,’ SK 1460 (MS. Titus); ‘he dihte feole domes,’ L 7221.

367. þer fore: not in T; it is a blundering anticipation of the two words following.

370. te fleon: see 126/325. ontent, inflames: comp. 70/168; ‘þe hali gast | þe, in furene tungen, | ontende þe apostles,’ SK 1402; ‘Ontend me wiþ þe blase of þi leitinde loue,’ OEH i. 185/6. T has ontenden.

372. feder &c.: fader ⁊ te hali gast an godd i þrehad rixleð ai bute ende T. ant e sune is a strange mistake: comp. 88/190.

374 ff. are not in T. iohan is the copyist: comp. 74/237, 75/209; ‘Ant he ꝥ her least on wrat swa as he cuðe,’ SJ 79/18. He may have been the author of the doggerel which follows.

377. swa, accordingly, i.e. by reading it.

381. ꝥ lif, such a life.

384. Þet means that, in conjunction with 381, so that, with 382. Johan was a good scribe, and a poor poet.

Sources: ... ‘Et qui veniunt cum illa?’ illa.

Phonology: (1) of B. of B. misprinted as plain (not spaced)

greot 93 for grot RT (grot, particle) R. T.

ea before r ... schulde 158 (R₁ has scylde subj.), comma missing

a + g ... (R₁ has frægnast, Li, fregna) reference “Li” unexplained: Lindisfarne glosses?

tintreohen 264 with eo, å-umlaut of e e misprinted as plain (non-bold)

... The stop c is usually k before e, i, “e” and “i” misprinted as plain (non-italic)

Sweet, Oldest E. Texts, p. 149 OE. Texts

Dialect: ... its u-, å-umlauts; “u” and “å” misprinted as plain (non-italic)

8. hire ... all punctuation in this paragraph printed as shown

... the embodiment of the latter later

28. forte breoke . . . abuten: ... abuten;

73. ... ibreuet in R is pp. of *breuen, * breuen,

116. ... tam immanissimum hostem immannissimum

157. ... T reads eðeliche ⁊ wake · vnwearnede anomalous mid-dot unchanged

331. ... vera vidisse, vera narrasse narasse

XVII. SAINT KATHERINE

Manuscripts: As for Sawles Warde. The text of this extract is from the Royal MS.

Editions: Morton, James, The Legend of St. Katherine of Alexandria, Abbotsford Club, London, 1841 (text from MS. Titus D 18, with variants from the Royal MS.). Hardwick, Charles, An Historical Inquiry touching Saint Catharine of Alexandria: to which is added a Semi-Saxon Legend, Cambridge, 1849 (text from MS. Titus). Einenkel, Eugen, The Life of Saint Katherine, London 1884 (text based on the Royal MS. with readings of all the manuscripts, the Latin original and an English translation): also as Appendix to The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Katherine of Alexandria, Roxburghe Club, 1884.

Literature: (1) Of the present version. Einenkel, E. (see p. 493/7); *Stodte, H. (see p. 493/9); Victor, Otto, Zur Textkritik und Metrik der frühmittelenglischen Katharinenlegende, Bonn, 1912; Luick, Karl, Anglia, Beiblatt, xxiii. 226-35 (review of Victor’s dissertation); Bartels, L. (see p. 450/23). (2) Of the Legend in general. Knust, H., Geschichte der Legenden der h. Katharina von Alexandrien und der h. Maria Aegyptiaca, Halle, 1890; Varnhagen, H., Zur Geschichte der Legende der Katharina von Alexandrien, Erlangen, 1891; id., Zur Geschichte der Legende der Katharina von Alexandrien, Erlangen, 1901.

Source: The most widely spread of the Latin lives of the Saint, called by Varnhagen the Vulgata, and printed opposite the English text by Einenkel. Varnhagen’s tract dated 1891 gives a good account of all the Latin versions and their sources.

Phonology: This is of the same type as that of MS. A of the Ancrene Wisse and of MSS. B, R of Sawles Warde. Noteworthy are cang 88 with a for a before a lengthening group, and therefore a loan-word; wastum 24 with a for æ after w; icuret 25 participle of ME. curen, derivative of cyre; dale 33 from dāl, not dǣl; medschipe 79 (gemǣdd pp.); teeð 64 with doubled vowel for length; roðeren 21 (reoderen B) from hrȳðer through ruðeren L 8106 (roþere O); awariede 48, 82, wariet 67 without i-umlaut of ea; horte 38 French writing for heorte; steðeluest 24 u-umlaut of a; woorld 97 probably miswritten for weorld (weorlde B); hersumin 49 representing *hēarsumian without umlaut; storede 4 French writing for steorede from stēoran without umlaut; scheop 73, 80, 103 (scēop). Dreien 12 is dragan with å-umlaut of a; for plohen 36 see 360/19; slaht 67 is Anglian slæht; seheliche represents *gesegenlic, Li has geseen; rewfule 55 has ew from ēow. A glide e is added in halewunde 78, ludere 69; e is lost in ȝeinde 54, wettres 93; e is u in halewunde 78 (hālwende) through an intermediate i; o is u in þrittuðe 15. In ȝurinde 54 r has been lost, d is t in wurðmunt 73 (wurðmund T); ð in cweðen 45 is from the singular; ð is lost in wurgin 19, wurgið 93 (wurðgin B, ME. derivative of wierðig); ȝ is written for g in ȝeinen 60 (OWScand. gegna); initial h is lost in lowinge, ludinge 48, remes 55.

Accidence: This has been sufficiently described in the texts mentioned above. Noteworthy is heoren 85, perhaps the earliest instance of the form with n added from min, þin.

Vocabulary: Scandinavian are bule 21, crokes 43 with its derivative crokinde 87, euene 20, ȝeinen 60 (keinen T), (god)lec 98, 101, hap 62, keisere 60, lates 35, menske 45, witer(liche) 96: possibly hird 53, ȝeinde 54. French are lay 55, mawmez 21, mawmetes 48: possibly cang 88, crauant 45.

Dialect: As for Sawles Warde.

Style: What has been said about the arrangement of Sawles Warde in Layamonic verse applies to Einenkel’s distribution of SK in Otfridic verse, which Trautmann, the discoverer of Otfrid’s verse in England, afterwards recognized as Layamon’s. It produces such strange divisions as, ‘þet an engel ne com | lihtinde, with swuch | leome, from heouene,’ 666-8; ‘He haueð iweddet him to | mi meiðhad mit te ring,’ 1507, 8; ‘to habben ant to halden þe | cwic, þen to acwellen þe,’ 1867, 8; ‘ant heo duden; drohen hire | wið uten þe burhȝetes,’ 2173, 4, and such rhythms as, ‘hwet he warpe a word aȝein ow,’ 643; ‘for hwas nome ich underneome,’ 765; ‘ant kénest of ow álle óf þe créft,’ 814; ‘ant cweðe ham al sker up,’ 867, with many others. There is a parallel to SK in the OHG. Himmel und Hölle printed as verse in MSD i. 67. It is described by Einenkel (p. xxi) as ‘a poem which, curiously enough, is in its unrhymed form unique in O. H. G., and forms the only perfect analogy to our three legends and to numerous other Old and Middle English poems of the same class,’ while Steinmeyer (MSD ii. 162) is of opinion that to treat it as verse and so create an unique rhymeless poem in the earliest German literature is a very doubtful proceeding.

Introduction: This is the first version of the Legend extant in English. It was followed by six other redactions in Middle English, all in verse: they are enumerated and traced to their originals in Varnhagen’s tract of 1901.

1. Maxence: a mistake of the Latin original and of its source, Simeon Metaphrastes, for Maximinus, as correctly given in the Menologium Basilianum (Hardwick, p. 11). Galerius Valerius Maximinus was raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle, the Emperor Galerius, and made governor of Syria and Egypt in 303 A.D. He died in 313. See 138/16. as, as being: comp. 122/180, 131/103, 139/15, 141/49, 142/57, 145/105, 108.

2. hehest i rome: comp. 140/32.

3. þurh: the usual prep. is bi, as ‘ðe ferden al bi fendes red,’ GE 2921: ‘be his witena ræde,’ Ælf. Lives, ii. 106/591. hwiles: hwile BT, which is grammatically correct; but comp. ‘umbehwiles,’ l. 5 (where BT have again hwile); ‘sumehwiles,’ AR 272/28; ‘oðer hwiles,’ HM 33/31.

4. refschipe: comp. 143/71.

5. comen: subject hi, contained in preceding ‘him’: see 6/18. Similarly warð, l. 10.

7. walde: for omission of gan, see 2/2.

9. of him siker, secure so far as he was concerned, fearing no danger from him. of his cume: comp. 94/24.

10. lei into, appertained to, was subject to; comp. 143/72: a charter expression: B-T quotes ‘ælc ðara landa ðe on mines fæder dæge læg into Cristes cyrcean,’ Kemble, iv. 232/8: in modern dialect it means, to border on.

11. wedwulf: ‘repentina rabie incitatus’: comp. ‘þe þurs Maxence, | þe wed wulf, þe heaðene hund,’ SK 1858.

14. Oleast, at last, as a final resort: the prefix is on: comp. ‘a last,’ Castel off Loue, 457, AR 18/15.

15. tintreo: comp. 144/98, 145/119. tintreohen B, tintrohen T. The first form which occurs five times in R corresponds to OE. tintrego, pl. of tintreg: the others to tintregan, pl. of tintrega.

16. okine seotle: comp. ‘set in kineseotle,’ SK 722.

18. iþe tun does not mean ‘in the town,’ Morton, but, in the court, the enclosure in which the temple was built. The Latin is ‘ad templum deorum suorum.’

20. bi his euene, according to his ability, means: ‘iuxta possibilitatem suam’; comp. ‘efter hire efne,’ AR 126/31; ‘mys motinde men alle by here euene,’ Böddeker, AE. Dicht. 110/38. OWScand. efni: Einenkel points out that it has taken the place of OE. hæfen, as in ‘Be his agene hæfene,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 582/28. to wurgen: wur`d´gede B.

21. mahte: so B; mihte T.

22. Add full stop after briddes.

23. ȝung of ȝeres: comp. 139/23; ‘ȝung of ȝeres ase he was,’ AR 158/17; ‘ȝunglich of ȝeres,’ SK 545. twa wone of twenti: ‘duo de viginti’: see 52/368 and comp. ‘Abraham on wane of an hundred told,’ GE 1028. feier ⁊ freolich: comp. 123/209, 138/22. o wlite &c.: comp. ‘schan al of wlite ant of wastum,’ SM 2/34: similarly, ‘O schene nebschaft | ⁊ schape se swiðe semlich,’ SK 1446.

24. steðeluest goes closely with ‘of treowe bileaue’; not ‘steadfast within, of true faith,’ Morton: comp. ‘stalewarde ⁊ kene ine treowe bileaue,’ AR 272/6. OE. staþol-fæst usually takes on, like ‘a þanke unstedefeste,’ 44/241. ‘speciosa valde, sed quod pluris est religiosa fide.’

25. icuret clergesse, a choice female scholar: comp. ‘Sum is clergesse, ⁊ sum nis nout,’ AR 6/12.

26. of, from: comp. ‘Þah ich beo in alle | of se earliche ilearet,’ SK 858.

27. wisliche: see 18/16.

28. herd: OE. heord, flock: not ‘custodia,’ Einenkel, which is OE. heorde. It does not fit the context, and eard B points to an original erde, dwelling-place, ancestral home. Morton took herd to mean hearth, hall. com of &c.: com hire of burde B, com hire of burðe T, came to her by birth: Victor quotes ‘⁊ tat com þe of burðe,’ OEH i. 273/27.

30. telleð wel to: see 124/264.

32. kepte . . . of: like ‘let of,’ 44/260; ‘tellen of,’ 164/256; ‘Hold it of wel litel pris,’ Floriz, 350: ‘nichil cum mundo habere commune decreverat.’

34. in, upon.

35. lasteles lates, blameless gestures, bearing.

36. lihte plohen apparently answers to ‘puellares iocos,’ and Morton’s ‘trifling amusements’ seems preferable to ‘frivolous plays,’ Einenkel. luue—songes: sotte songes Nalde he nane ronnes BT.

37. leornin refers to ‘songes,’ lustnin to ‘runes,’ talk; see 102/159.

39. to leaf ⁊ to lare, to belief and to learning: comp. ‘ꝥ tu were iset ȝung | to leaf ⁊ to lare,’ SK 384. underueng: undernom B, undernam T.

41. underneomen, ‘entrap,’ Morton, a translation which suits also ‘me to underneomene,’ SK 652, but is hard to parallel elsewhere, the usual senses being to receive (in one’s mind), to reprehend. Perhaps the writer had in mind OF. susprendre, to catch in one’s words; ‘ut eum caperent in verbo,’ S. Mark xii. 13. The Latin has attemptassent.

42. wrenchen . . . ut of þe weie: a phrase characteristic of this group: Einenkel quotes ‘mahen wrenchen sum rihtwis of þe weie,’ SJ 43/5; ‘tu ne maht . . . me . . . wrenchen ut of þe weie,’ SM 4/25. crefti crokes, crafty devices; a figurative use of croke, hook: comp. 131/87, 148/141; SJ 35/5; ‘Mast he cuth o crafte and crok,’ CM 700, 740.

43. ȝeincleppes, blows in return, counter strokes; apparently only here: ȝeincleappes B, ȝainclappes T.

45. crauant, vanquished: comp. ‘he is crauant ꝥ me wende to ouercumen,’ SM 11/19. cweðen . . . up, yield, resign: comp. ‘al ich forsake her | ⁊ cweðe ham al sker up,’ SK 866: possibly an imitation of L. abdicare.

47. burde boldes: burðe boldes T: it corresponds to ‘in palatio patris,’ and may mean, ancestral mansion; it occurs only here: at l. 439 is ‘buriboldes,’ = palatium. murhðe: murð T, nurð B, which is doubtless correct: see 118/22.

48. towart, in the direction of.

49. Comp. ‘gleowinde of euch gleo,’ SK 1667; ‘ꝥ euch mon ah to hersumin | ⁊ herien in eorðe,’ id. 352; 131/84.

51. were is subjunctive in a dependent question: contrast with ‘wes’ in preceding line. sone so, as soon as: comp. 94/18: ‘Þe child him answerde | Sone so he hit herde,’ KH 199, where MS. L has the alternative ‘so sone.’

52. of: comp. ‘þat he of þe holy gost · so vre heorte a-tende,’ OEM 52/548, but ‘wið’ is usual, as at 70/168. wod—walde: similar expressions are frequent in this group: comp. 130/81; 146/121; ‘þet wod he walde iwurðen,’ SJ 66/7; ‘for neh wod he walde iwurðen,’ SM 7/34.

53. hwuch as, those whom: less common than the equivalent ‘hwich þat.’ For a similar use of as, comp. 72/192.

54. ȝeinde ⁊ ȝurinde: comp. ‘⁊ he to rarin reowliche · to ȝuren ant to ȝein,’ SJ 49/4; ‘þe heaðene hundes ȝellen | ⁊ ȝeien ⁊ ȝuren on euch half,’ SK 2013. wið rewfule remes: comp. 141/39.

57. hire: heo BT; both are necessary and in besides: read, þen heo in hire heorte iwundet inwið: comp. 139/28; ‘Nes þis meiden nawiht | herfore imenget | in hire mod inwið,’ SK 607; ‘Constu bulden a burh | inwið i þin heorte,’ id. 1642. Einenkel reads heo and says that ‘heorte’ is instrumental.

58. wraðe: the usual meaning, angry, is unsuitable: the word is connected with OE. wrīþan, to twist, OHG. reid, ‘curled’, and crooked, perverse, would give a good sense here and in such places as ‘iboren owraðe time,’ SJ 57/3; ‘to wraðer heale,’ 141/64.

60. þah: so all three MSS. Einenkel reads þa, and translates, ‘as she was alone (to strive) against’; rather, when she singly should be against, &c. If any alteration is to be made, ꝥ for þat would be preferable, but þah, even if, as in ‘ꝥ we ne cunnen | ⁊ tah we cuðen, | ne nullen ne ne duren,’ SK 1322, gives a quite sufficient sense.

61. hef, lifted: comp. ‘tu schuldest þin herte heouen þiderward as tin heritage is,’ HM 25/34; AR 86/5.

62. hap, good fortune, success. wisliche, truly.

63. wepnede: ‘sumentes scutum fidei,’ Eph. vi. 16; ‘induti loricam fidei,’ 1 Thess. v. 8.

65. rode taken: see 17/145.

66. itend of lei: comp. 130/52; ‘al þe cwarterne, of his cume | leitede o leie,’ SK 671; but, ‘leitinde al on leie,’ id. 1651; ‘þe halwende lei | of þe hali gast,’ id. 1401. bimong: see 66/97 note.

67. deoulen, dat. pl., deouele BT, dat. sing. to lake, for a sacrifice.

69. ludere stefne, dat., as in ‘þa cleopode he hludre stefne,’ BH 181/18; but ‘⁊ ȝeide lude steuene,’ SK 2033; ‘ȝeiden lude stefne,’ SJ 64/12.

71. ȝeld, tribute, resumed in ‘hit,’ l. 72.

72. driueð: comp. 60/11.

73. ⁊ al walt: omit al and ⁊ after wisdom, with BT.

75. he him ane, he and only he: see 123/200 note.

76. þah—þolie, though he be long-suffering; ‘longanimiter ferens,’ Heb. vi. 15.

78. halde, keep: comp. ‘haldeð his heastes,’ SK 1788; ‘heaste halden,’ HM 5/28.

80. wið is adverbial and repeats ‘þurh’: see 62/24 note, and add, ‘vor vuel ꝥ ter kumeð of hit,’ AR 52/2; ‘þu ꝥ dest eni þing hwarof þer mon is fleschliche ivonded of þe,’ id. 58/22. The repetition of conjunctions is also found as in, ‘nis he fol chepmon þet, hwon he wule buggen hors oðer oxe, ȝif he nule biholden bute þet heaued one?’ AR 208/6; of pronouns, as ‘ꝥ þe muð ne mei uor scheome, þe liht eie spekeð hit,’ id. 60/6. B omits wið. þen = þen ꝥ.

81. schad: see 122/176. wit ⁊ . . . wisdom: see 22/142. wurðen &c.: see 130/52.

82. forð: se uorð B, se forð T: se being wanting in this text, the following ꝥ must mean, so that.

83. unwitlese: so B unwitelese, but T witlese, senseless, the meaning required. wuneð in: the idea that idols are inhabited by demons is as old as Porphyry: it is frequently expressed in the legends: comp. 145/118; SJ 22/14; CM 2303; SK 553; ‘praecipio tibi, daemon, qui in eo [ydolo] latitas, ut simulacrum istud comminuas,’ Legenda Aurea, ed. Graesse, 39/2; ‘In hoc ydolo quidam daemon habitabat,’ id. 540/30.

84. hereð &c.: see 130/49.

87. fint: ‘malorum omnium inventor diabolus.’ crokinde creftes, comp. 129/42: not ‘crooked crafts,’ but either, perverting devices, or more probably, devices by which he hooks his victims; the idea of both words being pursued in ‘keccheð’ and ‘creftluker’: for the termination of the latter, see 125/270.

88. cang: see 58/82.

89. ꝥ he makeð, by his making.

92. sunne &c.: the Latin has only ‘elementis mundi’; perhaps the author had in mind, ‘Nam solis lunaeque simulacra humanum in modum formant, item ignis et terrae et maris: quae illi Vulcanum, Vestam, Neptunum vocant,’ Lactantius, de Origine Erroris, ch. vi (ed. Spark, 143/5).

95. bute ꝥ ow þuncheð, but by your thinking, lit. but that it seems to you; the explanation of ‘þing.’ schulen: so B, but T has correctly sehen.

97. B reads, ant of nawt ant i.

98. of: comp. 83/5.

99. ha ꝥ walden, must mean, they desired that. But BT have correctly he ꝥ walde.

100. þurh cunde, by reason of their nature.

101. makeð &c.: see 126/325. in eche, eternal: T omits in, but the phrase occurs again 149/182, SJ 79/14.

103. as in sum time, as conditioned by time: comp. 128/1. BT have ham for as.

104. ꝥ . . . in, in which. ne does not negative the clause: it continues and emphasizes the negatives of the principal sentence: see the quotations in note on 25/241.

Style: ... unique in O.H.G. O. H. G.

while Steinmeyer (MSD ii. 162) MSD.

47. ... ‘in palatio patris,’ close quote invisible

XVIII. THE ORISON OF OUR LADY

Manuscript: Cotton Nero A 14, British Museum. See p. 355.

Editions: Morris, R., OEH i. 191-9 (with translation), and Specimens, 129-32 (part only); Zupitza-Schipper, AE. Lesebuch, ed. viii. 106-10.

Literature: Kölbing, E., ES i. 169; Lauchert, F., ES xiii. 83; xvi. 124. Marufke, W., Der älteste englische Marienhymnus, Leipzig, 1907; Vollhardt, W. (see p. 269/19).

Phonology: This section should be compared with the account of MS. N of the Ancrene Wisse, pp. 363-5, the copy of which is by the same scribe as the Orison.

Oral a is a, hauest 9, uare 119; a before nasals is o, mon 74, nome 126, hwon 112, 119, but me 45; a before lengthening groups is o, londe 16, ilong 96, but and 4: þeonne 118 is influenced by heonne. æ is regularly e, et 90, gled 54, hedde 144, nes 68, once ea, sead 30, and a in habbe 82 (4 times), hwat 106, was 88 (4). e is e, aleggen 133, seggen 158; before lengthening groups, engles 27, schende 92, but i in siggen 134, siggeð 72, 73: in seoruwe 60, 89, 120 eo represents œ, i-umlaut of o. i is i. o is o, uorst 38, hopie 110, note 88; before lengthening groups, gold 34, nolde 143: þene 93, 127, 169 is LWS. þæne: on without stress is a 9. u is u, kume 117, unne 164; before lengthening groups, bunden 123, murnen 44. y is u, agult 82, muchele 14 (7), sunne r. w. wiðinnen 92; before lengthening groups, guldene 45, 52, welsprung 72 r. w. þing, but chelle 45: king 57, kinestol 25 have the usual i. ā is o, holie 126, loðe 93, one 21, but a adv. 129, a art. 150; before two consonants, wost 145: nenne 131 represents nǣnne. ǣ₁ is divided between e (15), clenenesse 163, er 66, techen 48; before two consonants, euer 54, lefdi 2 (5), neuer 30 (3), and ea (10) in cleane 42 (3), todealen 95, deale 154, heale 6 (3), healen 124, leafdi 170: ilch 81 is OE. ylc. ǣ₂ is regularly e, uorbere 106, greden 155, misdeden 156, were 105, but a in hwar 106. ē is e, greten 152, swete 17, but eo in steoren 45, weopen 44 represents umlaut œ̄, and idreaued 58, 82, from drœ̄fan, descends in form from drǣfan. ī is i, arine 127, bliðe 116, hird 51, but u in hwule 12, 153, swuðe 14 (6), wummon 23, wummen 19. ō is o: ū, u: ȳ, u, kuðe 118 r. w. siðe, fulðe 94 r. w. dweoluhðe, luðere 123, luðernesse 107, schrude 139 r. w. wide, ischrud 51.

ea before r + cons. is e, der 158, erme 64, ert 158, 160, herm 36, ȝeruh 132, but ȝeirkest 49. ea before l + cons. is a, al 4 &c., uallen 111, ualuwen 39, schalt 149: the i-umlaut is seen in wille 46 (wiell). eo before r + cons. is eo, eorðe 159 r. w. wurðe, ueor 94, ȝeorne 80, 103, heorte 4 (5); to the wur group belong wurðie 7, wurðeð 21, wurð 122, wurschipe 13: beornen 104, wurðe 138, 160 are without umlaut. eo before l + cons. is u in suluen 64, 66, 100. The u- and å-umlaut of a is wanting in kare 120, iðauien 142; it may possibly account for e in were 71, comp. helwearum VP 29/4, Sodomwearena VH 7/62. eo, u-umlaut of e is eo, dweolðe 148, dweoluhðe 93, heouene 77 (3), heoueriche 24, 150. eo, å-umlaut of e is eo, ueole 9. eo, å-umlaut of i is o, hore 22, 42. ea after palatals is a, schal 45, and e, ȝef 100. ie after ġ is i, ȝiue 162, ȝif 102, 126, ȝiuest 34 (3), uorȝiuenesse 110, 132, but e in forȝelden 135. EWS. gief is ȝif 42, 84. eo after sć is u, schulen 41, 43; ie after sć, i, ischild 120. eom is am 112, 113, ham 98; heom, ham 56.

ēa is ea, deað 36, leasung 75, read 53, but e in ek 87, ec 159, edmodnesse 79, isched 88; its i-umlaut is e, aulem 94, alesed 15, ȝeme 163, ȝemeð 42, ȝeme 121, ihere 84, but dreameð 27, without umlaut. ēo is regularly eo, beon 113 &c., biseon 134, deoflene 15, leoue 2 (10), but looue 100, 170, apparently for lōue; the i-umlaut is e, onsene 27. ēo after g is eo, ȝeomer 40: gīet is ȝet 109.

a + g is aw, drawe 128, 141. æ + g is ei, dei 50, feier 137, mei 31, but daie 8, dai 166, fawe 142 (fagen). e + g is also ei, awei 94, pleie 62, reine 58 r. w. kwene. i + g final is i, holi 70, i 97, 106, moniuold 61, murie 27. i + ht is iht, wiht 31, 47. u + g is uw, muwen 65. ā + g gives ow, owen 13, owune 112; ā + h, ouh 7. ō + h is ouh, auouh 119, brouhte 86, inouh 62. ū + g is uw, buwe 3. ie, i-umlaut of ea, + ht is iht, miht 133, nihte 8. eo + ht is also iht, briht 19, uihte 60; the i-umlaut is seen in bisihð 81. ēa + g gives ei, beie 3, beien 18. ēo + ht is iht, liht 5, lihtliche 133, 135. ēa + h is seen in þauh 82, 105. ā + w, bloweð 37, soule 5, snou 38, but iseie (? gesǣge). ēo + w, kneon 3, kneouwunge 136, reoweð 101, þeoudome 98.

Swā is so 53. For e, u is written in owune 112; for o, e in heouene 77, sumer 39: e is added in clenenesse 163, heuede 108, heuedest 107, neuere 143, but neure 111; e is lost in hird 51; the suffix ing is ung in gretunge 135. on is weakened to a 9. u is added in dweoluhðe 93, muruhðe 61, seoruwe 60 (3), þuruh 122 (3); comp. ‘seluðe,’ AR 354/4.

Metathesis of r is seen in spert 140; rr is simplified in der 158; ll in wil 62; mm in ȝimstones 55. n is lost in i 50, o 96, 114 and medially in heoueriche 24, 150. bb is simplified in sib 60. f is generally preserved in combination with other consonants, deoflene 15, efter 76, lefdi 2; before u, ful 35, fulðe 94; finally, ȝif 126, lif 6; initially after a word ending in a voiceless sound, fawe 142, feier 137, fif 102, forboren 109, forȝelden 135. Otherwise it is u, v, uorst 38, aulem 94, auouh 119, iureden 38; exceptions are hefedest 143 and the contract hedde 144. t is added by inadvertence in þuruhtut 70; tt is simplified in biset 55: þ is omitted in wurschipe 13, wurchipe 130. After þet, þu becomes tu 72, 84, 91, but vort þu 64, þet þe 73, 74, bit þe 132, et ðe 90. ts is represented by c in milce 79 (3): bletsung is blescinge 162. ss is simplified in blisful 19. Initial sć is sch, gledschipe 14, schende 92, but wurðscipe 141, wurchipe 130; medially it is ssc, englissce 167, ssch, wassche 139. c [k] is k before e, i, u, ȝeirkest 49, sike 97, kinescrud 34, kunne 9, c before o, com 36, icoren 67, in other positions it is indiscriminately c or k, Cristes 1, krune 55, kneon 3, licame 163, kare 120, woc 40, ek 87, ec 159. č is ch, eche 35, techen 48, stenches 44; čč is cch, drecche 148, wrecche 130, but arechen 47: cw is kw, kwene 57, but once queadschipe 42: cg is gg, aleggen 133, seggen 158. Palatal g is written ȝ, ȝef 100, forȝelden 135, ȝimstones 55: the prefix ge- is preserved as i, ilong 96. The stop g is doubled in singges 8. For h, ch is written in ðurchut 142; h is added in ham 98, dweoluhðe 93, ȝeruh 132 (as at AR 394/12), lost in is 126, licame 163, arine 127 (ahrīnan), lefdi 2, ringes 34, but hw is kept in hwar 106.

Accidence: Strong declension of masc. and neut. nouns. In the s. n. sune 57 represents sunu, gome 62 has lost final n. Gen. -es, deaðes 120, kunnes 92, but heoueriche 150 is not inflected: dat. -e, daie 8, deaðe 90, reine 58, siðe 101, wille 46; no exceptions. In the a. schrifte 152 has added e. The pl. n. a. of masculines ends in -es, engles 27, beies 34, but were 21: neuters are þing 71, kneon 3. Genitives are kunne 9, meidene 21, þinge 76; weak forms are deoflene 15, englene 16 (4); there are no datives. The fem. nouns of the strong declension have -e in the s. n. a., kwene 57, ore 73, sorinesse 36, bene 84, except sib 60, help 116 (often m. in OE.). Gen. -e, helle 44, 104, soule 5: dat. -e, blisse 16 (5), fulðe 94, honde 15, mihte 7. Pl. dat. are honden 32, misdeden 156, wunden 102; a. heorte 18, wunden 124. Nouns of the weak declension have -e in all cases of the singular, except lefdi 2 (6): plurals are n. blostmen 37, d. wrecchen 63, uote 155. The minor declensions are represented by mon s. n. 74, wummon 23, men pl. n. 13, ureondmen 166, wepmen pl. a. 20, wummen 19; nihte s. d. 8, 59, niht s. a. 50; moder s. n. 1, 67; ureondes pl. a. 33.

Adjectives which in OE. end in a vowel have -e throughout, eche 35, 39, 62, 120, swete 17. Of the weak declension are s. n. leoue 2 (5), looue 100, 170, d. erme 64, fule 94, heie 66, 165, holie 126, leoue 125, a. englissce 167, leoue 26, 76, loðe 93. Strong inflections are s. d. m. guldene 45, s. d. f. hwite 51, s. a. m. fulle 65, s. a. f. fulle 110, gode 121: iliche 23, 68 is gelīca. The plurals of all adjectives end in -e, holie 71, hwite 37, luðere 123, reade 37; exceptions are gled 54, sead 30, hwit, read 53; gold-ring 34 is an OE. combination. mycel is s. n. muchel 79, s. d. muchele m. 14, f. 89, 140, neut. 49. āgen gives owune 112. ān occurs once as a 150; āna is one s. d. m. 125, f. 21: nān is s. n. no 23 (9), non 24, 39 (pronominal), 47 (before heorte), 40, s. g. neut. none 92, a. m. nenne 131. Adjectives used as nouns are god s. a. neut. 49, muchel 151: superlatives are best 129, leouest 76.

The personal pronouns are ich, i 97, 106, me, we, us, þu, tu 72 (4), after þet, þe. The pronoun of the third person is s. n. hit neut. 63, a. 11; pl. n. heo 30 &c., d. ham 29, a. 15. Reflexives are mi suluen 100, ðe suluen 64, 66: possessives, s. n. mi 6 &c., min 6, 96, 158 (pronominal), g. mire f. 5, mine 5, 157, mines neut. 2, d. mine m. 117, mire f. 75, mine 7, 107, mine neut. 126, a. mine m. 152, f. 135, mi neut. 133, min 4; pl. mine n. 166, d. 156, a. 3: s. n. þi 25 (3), þin 24 (7) before vowel or h, 157 (predicative), d. ðine m. 26 (4), ðire f. 149 (5), þine 18 (8), þin 27, ðine neut. 89, a. þine m. 116, f. 31 (3), þi neut. 30; pl. þine d. 32, 155, a. 33: is 126: ure 18, 86: hore 22, 42. The definite article is s. n. þe 53 &c., g. þes 100 (pronominal), d. ðe m. 90, þere f. 85, 88, a. þene m. 93, 127, 169; pl. g. þer 24 (for þere). The compound demonstrative is s. n. þes m. 78, d. þisse neut. 64, 119, a. ðesne m. 167, 170. The relative is þet 23 &c., once þe 41; ðet 12, during which; interrogative is hwat 106; indefinites are me 45; ilch s. d. m. 81; sume s. d. m. 101; ueole pl. g. 9; s. n. al 5, g. alle neut. 93, d. m. 42, f. 7, a. al m. 100, neut. 48 &c.; pl. n. alle 13 (6), g. alre 76, a. alle 19.

The infinitives of the second weak conjugation end in -ien, iðauien 142, karien 43, luuien 17, except ualuwen 39; others, 32 in number, end in -en, but without n are deale 154, singge 8, þonkie 12, wurðie 7, iseo 165: to biseonne 137, to iseonne 30 are dat. infinitives. Presents are s. 1. beie 3, hopie 110, liuie 12, offrie 4, þonkie 11, wene 111, wurðie 146; 2. ȝiuest 34, ȝeirkest 49; 3. hateð 145, likeð 29, wurðeð 144, contracted bisihð 81, bit 80, 132, let 56, spert 140, wurð 68, 122; pl. 3. bloweð 37, wurðeð 21: subjunctive s. 1. habbe 116, 156, iðeo 121, 130; 2. bringe 169, ȝiue 162, kume 117, kuðe 118, makie 91, schrude, wassche 139, werie, wite 147; 3. arine 127, derie 148, drawe 128, drecche 148, habbe 82, ihere 84, schende 92, to-drawe pl. 1. kumen 66: imperative s. 2. auouh 119, aulem 94, ȝeme 163, haue 159, ȝif 102, 126, ischild 120, iþench 100, nim 121, þole 127. Past of Strong Verbs: I a. s. 1. ȝef 100; 2. iseie 105: I b. 3. com 36; subj. s. 2. uorbere 106: I c. s. 3. funde 170 (weak form): IV. s. 1. uorsoc 99; 2. stode 90. Participles past: I b. forboren 109, iboren 23, 68, ibroken 151, ikumen 112, inumen 107: I c. bunden 123, iholpen 9, isungen 167: III. icoren 67, uorloren 74, 108: V. isched 88. Past of Weak Verbs: s. 1. heuede 108, wreðede 101; 2. heuedest 107, 143: subjunctive s. 3. brouhte 86, hedde 144. Participles present: liuiinde 40 adj.; past: agult 82, alesed 15, biset 55, ibrouht 10, 98, idreaued 58, 82, ischrud 51, isend 16. Minor Groups: wot 1 pr. s. 103, wost 2 pr. s. 145; ouh 1 pr. s. 7, owen 1 pr. pl. 18, owe we 17, owen pr. pl. 13; kunne 1 pr. s. subj. 134; der 1 pr. s. 158; schal 1 pr. s. 104, schalt 2 pr. s. 149, schal pr. s. 45, 95, schulen pr. pl. 41, 43; miht 2 pr. s. 133, mei pr. s. 31, 74, muwen 1 pr. pl. 65; mote 1 pr. s. subj. 165; beon inf. 74, 113, to beonne dat. inf. 29, 138, am 1 pr. s. 112, 113, ham 98, ert 2 pr. s. 5, 158, 160, is pr. s. 25, nis 23 (4), beoð pr. pl. 52, beo 1 pr. s. subj. 23, 116, pr. s. subj. 122, 129, 138, pr. pl. subj. 166, was 1 pt. s. 106, pt. s. 88, nes 68, were 2 pt. s. subj. 105; wulle 1 pr. s. 12 (3), wule 113, wult 2 pr. s. 121, 133, 142, wule pr. s. 142; don inf. 13, do 152, dest 2 pr. s. 149, doð pr. pl. 41, 56, dude 1 pt. s. 106.

Noteworthy are the adverb þereuore 63, 83, an early example of the meaning, that being so, and the prepositions anunder 32, OE. anunder (Morsbachs Studien, l. 171), ine 104 (4), onuppe 25 (comp. ‘anuppon’ 77/46).

Vocabulary: Scandinavian are laste 69, lasten 123, lune 126, wonteð 73, possibly trust 125. French are cherite 161, ciclatune 51, krune 52, ikruned 52, lai 167, paradise 10, 49, 108, seruise 50, seinte 17, seynte 1, trone 22. Latin are cherubine 25, lilie 53, munuch 169, rose 53, seraphine 26, all OE. borrowings, except the last. The inflectional -e of cherubine, seraphine appears to be quite isolated.

Dialect: The Orison in its present form agrees substantially with the copy of the Ancren Riwle in the same manuscript; both are in the dialect of the scribe, that of the Middle South. But the Midland i for y, ȳ is attested by the spoilt rhymes þing : welsprung 71; wiþinnen : sunne 91; kuðe : siðe 118; schrude : wide 139, which also point to an original filðe : dwilðe 94 (the forms dweoleð, dweoluhðe, dweolðe are found only in this manuscript), and chille : wille 45. There is nothing else in the rhymes to help to a nearer localization of the author: it can only be said that his dialect was Midland.

Metre: This is in dispute. Schipper sees in it a mixture of septenaries, alexandrines, and alliterative verse. He regards l. 28, pléieð and swéieð and síngeð bitwéonen as the only indubitable example of the last, but first half-lines have two accents only in, to þé ich búwe 2; and þónkie wúlle 12; ne wéopen ne múrnen 44, 72, 77, and second half-lines in, þi uéir to iséonne 30; mid gúldene chélle 45; mid énglene wílle 46, 52, 70. The alexandrine is a French verse of six stresses equally divided into two half-verses by a caesura; the ending of each half-line may be masculine or feminine; each half-line may also take a prelude. The scheme of the verse is accordingly (x)x́xx́xx́ (x) || (x)x́xx́xx́(x). Such is held to be the rhythm of nís no | wúmmon i|bóren || þét ðe | béo i|líche 23; þíne | blísse ne | méi || nó wiht | únder|stónden 31, where the stress on ‘þet’ and ‘no’ is forced. It is found necessary to employ all the licences of English prosody in scanning this foreign metre, which moreover in its native form is never mixed with other metres, and rhymes, not in couplets, but only in ‘laisses’ or fours. Scanned as septenaries are, biuór|en ðín|e léo|ue súne || wiðín|nen sér|aphíne 26; þú ham | ȝíuest | kíne | scrúd || beíes | and góld|ringes 34. But a line like vor heo neúer ne beoð séad . þi ueír to iséonne 30 may be scanned as an alliterative long line as marked, or as a septenary, vór heo | néuer | né beoð | séad || þi uéir | tó i|séonne, or as an alexandrine, vor heo neú|erne béoð | séad || þi uéir | tó i|séonne. On the other hand, Kaluza refuses to admit such an admixture of metres: he regards the poem as written throughout in septenaries. So the first line is to be scanned, Crístes | mílde | mód|èr || séynte | Már|íè. The unstressed syllable in a foot is often wanting; sometimes all the syllables of a word are stressed, as in the first half of l. 55, Mid bríht|e ȝím | stòn|ès. It is very artificial and unconvincing.

The matter is complicated by the fact that the Orison is only a copy, probably a copy of a copy, perhaps one of a succession of copies. A scribe dealing with an older text was generally little concerned about the form and much about the matter and the transcription of its language into his own dialect and idiom. That the text of the Orison has suffered from this preoccupation is evident from the rhymes; it is fairly certain that the author wrote lefdie 2, 11, 17, 170, sorinisse 36, mildheortnisse 78, 149, 164, edmodnisse 79, luðernisse 107, rene 58, leste 69, leasinge 75, gretinge 85, þas 100, seggen 134, and it may be inferred that alterations, including substitution of words, have been made within the verse. But even taking this into account, it is very doubtful whether the poet meant to write syllabic verse at all. Rather his metre exhibits the alliterative long line in the last stage of its dissolution, in which systematic rhyme has largely displaced the older and once essential elements of the verse. If rhythms occur, which can with some violence be forced into the moulds of purely syllabic verse, they are not of the author’s express purpose; precisely the same phenomenon is seen in Layamon (464/5). Moreover the alliterative element is considerable; the poet starts with two perfect lines, and ll. 60, 94, 101, 115, 153, 157, 171 have each three alliterating words; l. 3 is up to the Layamonic norm, and there are twenty-seven others equally good. But the development of the verse towards rhyme is complete and no longer, as in Layamon, occasional and for the most part imperfect (464/16).

Introduction: The author speaks of himself as a monk and of his composition as an English lay, as though it were an original production. He shows acquaintance with the earlier English literature, his manner is English, and the French element in his vocabulary is remarkably small. The highly conventional character of his language makes it difficult to speak with any confidence of his reading, but he would find much of it in his service books, and he was probably acquainted with Adgar’s Mary Legends and the long series of Orationes ad Sanctam Mariam Virginem with the Psalterium S. Virginis of S. Anselm (ed. Gerberon, pp. 276-87, 303-8), the enthusiastic promoter of the cult of the Virgin Mary in England. For the same reason it is impossible to give much weight to the series of parallels from the writings of S. Edmund of Pontigny (Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1234-40), by which Marufke has sought to prove his authorship of the Orison.

In ureisun of the title, both pretonic and tonic u are characteristic of early Anglo-French: ei is historic spelling, and at this time alternates in AF. with phonetic e.

1. Comp. 134/67; ‘O mater alma Christi charissima,’ York Brev. ii. 182; ‘virgo singularis: inter omnes mitis,’ id. ii. 477; ‘La duce mere al Salueur,’ Adgar 131/39.

2. mi leoue lefdi: comp. ll. 11, 17, 63, 115, 170; ‘ma douce dame,’ Wright, Lyric Poetry, 55/1.

3. buwe . . . beie: see 143/84.

6. Comp. 134/96, 136/153; ‘te spem meam singularem, te salutem computo,’ Guibert of Nogent, De Laude S. Mariae, 6; ‘Vita, dulcedo et spes nostra, salve!’ l. 2 of Salve Regina; ‘Ki est salu, ueire esperance | A tuz Crestiens, sanz dutance,’ Adgar 107/845; ‘Þu art hele and lif and liht,’ OEM 160/11. mid iwisse: see 32/40.

8. bi daie &c.: comp. 133/50.

9. aueole kunne wise, lit. in fashion of many kinds, i.e. in very many ways: comp. 62/30, 114/64, 151/20; ‘a vele kunne wise,’ OEM 39/53, 44/241; ‘Aþre cunne wise,’ id. 38/33; L 1717. OE. fela, much, many, is an indeclinable noun followed by a genitive case, and this construction is occasionally found in EME., as at 27/300, 34/70 (76/19 is ambiguous), but generally in ME. fele, many, is pl. adj. or pronoun of all cases, as nom. 15/83, 16/115, 18/2; gen. 85/105; acc. 30/9. For the expression with wise, comp. ‘on ælches cunnes wise,’ L 8072; ‘on aiȝes cunnes wisen,’ id. 25778; ‘an almes monnes wisen,’ id. 19641: the genitive is, of course, equivalent to an adjective, as in ‘a seolcuðe wisen,’ id. 27835; ‘on moni are wisen,’ id. 555.

11. hit: see 115/120.

13. Comp. ‘Ceste Dame deit hoem loer | E mult seruir e honurer, | Ki rent as soens si bon luier, | Ke cors e alme lur uelt saluer,’ Adgar 225/65.

15. of: see 52/394.

19. Comp. ‘Marie, ki fu si bele, | Vnke si bele ne uit pucele,’ Adgar, 22/75; ‘gaude gloriosa: super omnes speciosa,’ York Brev. ii. 493.

21. were Björkman (Archiv cxxii. 398) takes as a scribe’s mistake for wered; comp. ‘He gesceop tyn engla werod,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 10/12. But comparing 134/71, it is more probable that it represents OE. wara, waru, as in Lundenwaru, in an extended sense of, host, company: possibly influenced in form by OWScand. -veri, -verjar.

22. blostme: comp. ‘Leuedi, flour of alle þing,’ OEM 195/28.

23. Comp. 134/68; ‘nis non maiden under sunne | þe mei beo þin eueni[n]g,’ OEH ii. 256/43: ‘Sancta maria, non est tibi similis orta in mundo in mulieribus,’ York Brev. ii. 491.

25. Comp. 124/243; ‘Exaltata est sancta dei genetrix: Super choros angelorum ad celestia regna,’ York Brev. ii. 477; ‘atque in regni solio sublimata post Christum gloriosa resedit,’ id. ii. 492; ‘Tibi thronus regius ab angelis collocatur in aula aeterni regis,’ Sermon of Fulbert of Chartres, in S. Augustini Opera V², 246.

26. wid innen, surrounded by.

28. sweieð, make melody. bitweonen: see 148/6.

29. Comp. ‘Kar li angele funt nuit e ior | Son plaisir, par grant amur,’ Adgar 165/287.

30. See 124/239. sead . . . to iseonne: see 76/17. For ueir as a noun, beauty, comp. 139/27; ‘þe mone ⁊ þe sunne wundrieð of faire · swo fair is ure louerd ihesu crist,’ OEH ii. 19/29.

32. Comp. ‘Tuit est en sa main atachie | Li ciels e li munz ensement,’ Adgar 165/282.

33. riche: see 19/34.

34. Suggested by such places as, ‘Tulitque annulum de manu sua, et dedit eum in manu eius: vestivitque eum stola byssina, et collo torquem auream circumposuit,’ Gen. xli. 42; Esther vi. 8. beies, crowns; comp. 133/55 note, or less probably, collars, armlets; comp. 202/194.

35. Comp. 50/360.

36-40, 59-62. These passages describing the joys of Paradise have many analogues in the earlier literature. Kölbing, ES i. 169, thought they were borrowed directly from the OE. Phoenix: he compares with l. 38, ‘Ne mæg þær ren ne snaw, | ne forstes fnæst . . . | wihte gewyrdan,’ Ph. 14, 15, 19; with l. 37, ‘is þæt æþele lond | blostmum geblowen,’ Ph. 20; with l. 39, ‘Wintres ⁊ sumeres wudu bið gelice | bledum gehongen,’ Ph. 37, 38; with l. 36, ‘Nis þær on þam londe laðgeniðla | . . . ne se enga deað,’ Ph. 50, 52, and he might have added, ‘ne feallað þær on foldan fealwe blostman,’ Ph. 74. For similar descriptions comp. Grau, G. (Morsbachs Studien, xxxi), p. 130; Pseudo-Cyprian, De Resurrectione Mortuorum, ed. Hartel, iii. 316/193-268; De Die Iudicii (attributed to Bede), 128-47; Christ, 1650-65; BH 65/16-22, but the parallels between the text and the Phoenix are remarkable.

36. þer ðe, where: comp. ‘ȝet doð þer þe heo beoð,’ OEH i. 9/9.

37. hwite ⁊ reade: lilies and roses; symbols of virgins and martyrs: comp. Be Domes Dæge, 18/286-9.

39. ualuwen: see 29/6.

43. swinken, be distressed: comp. 134/97, and see 40/194 note.

44. stinken, smell, perceive: comp. ‘wrieð hore fulðe so ꝥ heo hit ne muwen stinken,’ AR 86/17.

45. steoren &c., cense with golden censer: probably suggested by Rev. viii. 3. chelle: OE. cylle, vessel; only here in ME.

46. mid englene wille, ‘with angels’ joy,’ Specimens; comparing OWScand. vili. But this use of ME. wille for state of felicity is at least rare, and besides something more concrete is needed to balance ‘mid guldene chelle’; wille represents OE. wiell, wiella, fountain, with allusion to the ‘fluvium aquae vitae’ of Rev. xxii. 1, and to such places as ‘Haurietis aquas in gaudio de fontibus salvatoris,’ Isa. xii. 3; ‘torrente voluptatis tuae potabis eos,’ Ps. xxxv. 9. The sense then would be, and pour out for them eternal life by means of the water of Paradise. The writer uses englene vaguely for, of Heaven; comp. ll. 16, 70.

47-50. An application of 1 Cor. ii. 9 already in Adgar, ‘Certes, nul ne poet escrire, | De cuer penser, de buche dire | Les biens de la Dame uaillante, | Ki de tuz biens est puissante, | Ke as soens fait chascun ior, | Vers cels, ke el’ ad puint d’amur,’ 224/7. See 46/285, 119/85. With l. 50 comp. ‘Nostre Dame serui nuit e ior, | El soen seruise out grant amur,’ Adgar 117/27.

51. ciclatune, originally a fine silken stuff of Persian origin, usually red. Almeria, in Spain, was the seat of a flourishing manufacture of this stuff in the twelfth century. Comp. 140/37.

53. Comp. ‘eall heora neb-wlite wæron swilce rose and lilie,’ Ælf., Lives i. 536/780.

55. Comp. ‘þær se beorhta beag brogden wundrum | eorcnanstanum eadigra gehwam | hlifað ofer heafde,’ Phoenix 602.

58. Comp. ‘Þær ne hægl ne hrim hreosað to foldan | ne windig wolcen, ne þær wæter fealleþ | lyfte gebysgad,’ Phoenix 60.

60. uihte, variance: ‘gewindagas,’ days of strife, Phoenix 612. Comp. also, ‘sib butan niþe,’ Christ 1660; 70/158 note.

61. teone ⁊ treie: see 24/208.

62. For Gleobeames, harps, gleodreames is suggested in Specimens, with a reference to Beowulf, 3021, ‘gamen ⁊ gleo-dream,’ sport and social joys. inouh goes with gome. liues wil, joy of life.

63. long hit þuncheð: comp. ‘ne biþ him wynne hyht, | þæt hy þis læne lif long gewunien,’ Phoenix 480.

64. For vort, see 72/179 note.

67. Swete: comp. ‘Bidde we ure lauedi | swetest alre þinge,’ OEM 166/81. icoren: comp. ‘Mildest quene ant best icorn,’ E. E. Lyrics, ed. Chambers and Sidgwick, 90/41; ‘Of þe he makede his moder · vor he þe hedde ycore,’ OEM 38/22, 88/37. The expression comes from the service books, ‘praeelecta ut sol,’ York Missal ii. 20; ‘Ista est speciosa electa a domino,’ York Brev. ii. 540.

69. Comp. ‘moder unwemmed ⁊ maiden clene | swich in world non oþer nis,’ OEH ii. 255/3; ‘Virgene en l’emfantement, | Deuant e apres ensement,’ Adgar 225/53.

70. reste, abode.

71. were: see 132/21.

72. liues welsprung: apparently suggested by ‘quoniam apud te est fons vitae,’ Psalm xxxv. 10. In the York Breviary she is called ‘puteus aquarum viventium,’ ii. 480.

74. Comp. ‘Ki fu refuse u cumfus, | Ki unkes out fiance en uus?’ Adgar 107/825.

75. A word has dropped out after soule. In Specimens, leome is supplied, in Zupitza-Schipper, liht, as in l. 5.

79-81. Comp. ‘Duze Dame tresimple e coie, | Plein de misericorde e de uertu, | E de grant grace, mere Jhesu; | Mult tost mustrez uostre duzur | A checun dolent pecheur. | Mult se poent en uus fier, | Ki uus uolent merci crier,’ Adgar 26/243, 38/17, 65/64.

80. of helpe . . . missen, fail to obtain help: comp. ‘Þu hauest ymyst of fayrhede,’ ON 581, 825; ‘Hi wenden to wisse | of here lif to misse,’ KH 121 note.

81. to: see 124/249. milce ⁊ ore: comp. 135/102; ON 1083, 1404.

82. agult, offended; a transitive use; the word is usually followed by to, wið, toward, of the person; comp. ‘ne ne warien hwon me agulteð to ou,’ AR 186/2.

84. ȝif þi wille is: a common tag: comp. 77/60; ‘ȝef hit were þin wille,’ L, MS. O 20815; ‘ȝef þi deore wil is,’ SJ 37/9; ‘mi swete leuedi, her mi bene | ⁊ reu of me, ȝif þi wille is,’ OEH ii. 255/7.

85. gretunge: the first of the five joys of the Virgin; see OEM 87/1-8, as l. 87 refers to the greatest of her sorrows: comp. ‘Bidde we seinte Marie | for hire milde mode. | For þe teres þat heo wep | for hire sone blode,’ OEM 190/93.

93. loðe: comp. 46/283. kunnes: see 81/80. dweoluhðe: also at 136/148 in a similar context, for delusions, deceptions practised by the devil: see AR 224/12, and comp. ‘et ideo prae ceteris | volo te precari, | ne sinas me daemonis | dolo defraudari,’ Mone, Lat. Hymnen ii. 108/85.

94. fule fulðe: comp. 29/33.

95. to dealen: comp. Rom. vii. 39.

96. ilong, dependent: comp. 135/114; ‘Þæt wæs swiþost on ðæm gelong þæt Hasterbal swa late fleah,’ Orosius 198/26: ‘is seo bot gelong | eal æt þe anum,’ Christ 153: ‘On hire is al mi lif ilong,’ OEM 158/1; ‘ꝥ is long on felefelde iuele lastes,’ OEH ii. 71/31: in mod. English, along of. See also ‘bilong,’ 200/112.

97. wel ilome: see 32/47.

98. þeoudome, bondage: comp. ‘ic em in þine loue bende,’ OEH ii. 256/35.

101. sume siðe, at one time, in former days: comp. ‘giet sume siþe,’ Christ 318, yet one day.

102. fif wunden: comp. ‘Þat we moten to him cume · for his wundes fyue,’ OEM 57/696; ‘He make vs clene and bryhte | for his wundes fyue,’ id. 87/23; Minot i. 91.

103. þet is explained by the noun-clause, l. 104. wel ȝeorne and ‘ful ȝeorne,’ l. 145, appear to mean, very accurately, very well. Mätzner quotes in support, ‘Me awaiteð ou, þet wute ȝe ful ȝeorne, wiðuten,’ AR 174/15, which might be punctuated otherwise.

105. stille, silent: comp. 36/112.

106. þauh, and yet.

107. wreche inumen, taken vengeance: different is the sentiment in ‘Sunful ich am an wrecche. | Awrec þe nu on me leuedi. | Er deþ me honne fecche. | Do nim þe wreche ich am redi,’ OEM 162/42.

109. ȝet, further, longer.

111. uallen &c.: comp. 80/47.

112. hwon, since, seeing that. hine, household servant: comp. ‘Eyez merci, quar en mon vivant | Serroi vostre lige serjaunt,’ Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright, 56/13; ‘E sa duce mere e chere | Pitusement fist sa preiere, | K’il eussent de sun serf merci,’ Adgar 5/44; ‘Vne nuit, par auisiun, | Vint la Dame a cel son barun,’ id. 56/7; ‘swete leuedi of me þu reowe; ⁊ haue merci of þin knicht,’ OEH ii. 255/15; ‘ic crie þe merci, ic am þi mon,’ id. 256/23.

115. longeð: impersonal construction, with acc. of person: comp. ‘Loð is me þis eorðliche lif . ⁊ me longeð to criste,’ OEH ii. 149/29.

117. Comp. ‘Bi-sih to me lauedi briȝt. | Hwenne ich schal wende heonne,’ OEM 160/18; Anglia i. 391/45; and elsewhere.

120. kare, anxiety about; practically, fear: comp. 121/150.

123. þuruh, tightly. bunden: see 81/67.

125. Comp. ‘Dame! En uus sule ai ma fiance,’ Adgar 101/649; ‘Apres Deu ne ai autre refui,’ id. 106/818.

126. lune, rest, occurs only here in ME.; for the word in modern dialects see EDD s.v. lown, quiet, shelter, which is Northern and North Midland: the solitary instance recorded for Hampshire is probably a stray. Dan. luun; OWScand. logn: see Björkman, 250.

127. þet he me arine: a clause instead of an infinitive; comp. 126/325; analogous is 151/21.

129. so &c., so that whatever happens may ever be the best for me: comp. ‘And he þat haueþ þis rym iwryten . beo hwat he beo | God in þisse lyue . hyne lete wel iþeo,’ OEM 57/697.

132. to bote ȝeruh, ready to make amends: comp. ‘sunbote,’ 80/58; ‘deadbote,’ 119/75.

134. biseon to me: see 124/249.

136. swinc . . . sor: comp. 40/194.

140. spert: comp. 89/44.

141. to drawe: tear in pieces, destroy: comp. ‘ichot þe cherl is def, þe del hym to drawe,’ Böddeker, AE. Dicht. 177/34. Morris explains ‘entice me (to sin),’ referring to the glossary to Hampole, Prick of Conscience, where the word so explained is ‘drawe.’

142. wule: supply, to-drawen me.

144. Nor that any man that honoureth thee should have gladness: he resumes no mon ꝥ þe wurðeð; comp. 77/39, 138/12: similar are, ‘Þe wreche peoddare more noise he makeð to ȝeien his sope,’ AR 66/17: ‘ꝥ þe muð ne mei uor scheome þe liht eie spekeð hit,’ id. 60/6.

147. wite &c.: see 118/50.

148. dweolðe: see 134/93.

149. dest: supply witen ⁊ werien.

150. schalt can hardly mean, ‘shalt give,’ as Morris translates: some word such as delen has dropped out after me: comp. ‘to pore men dalt his dale,’ Sir Amadas 43. aueir dol, a fair, handsome, portion.

151. Comp. ‘De cest e d’el uus frai dreit, | Selunc ceo que uus sui forfait,’ Adgar 163/221.

153. lif . . . heale: comp. 132/6.

156. vort: see 72/179 note.

157, 8. Adgar has similar uses of lovers’ language: ‘Ne ia, Dame, uus ne larrai; | Kar espuse prise uus ai. | Ja ne larrai uostre amistie, | Ne uostre amur,’ Adgar 163/213, 162/178-85.

160. al so, even as; not ‘as much as,’ Morris.

163. The line lost after this may have been something like, and ek mine soule vor þine eadmodnesse.

164, 5. Comp. ‘Pur amur de la Dame chere, | Ki nus duinst la seinte Deu grace, | E Deu nus duinst ueer sa face,’ Adgar 40/98.

166. ureondmen, friends: a rare word, which occurs again in OEH ii. 183/23; CM 20242.

170. bi, concerning.

Metre: ... nó wiht | únder|stónden 31 wiht|únder

and góld|ringes 34 text unchanged: error for “rínges”?

But a line like vor heo neúer ne beoð séad . þi ueír to iséonne 30 text unchanged: errors for “néuer” and “uéir”?

or as an alexandrine, vor heo neú|er ne béoð text unchanged: error for “néuer”?

6. ... Adgar 107/845; ‘Þu art 107/845; | ‘Þu

9. ... i.e. in very many ways “i” in “i.e.” invisible

XIX. SAINT JULIANA

Manuscripts: i. Bodleian 34, Oxford (B). ii. Royal 17 A 27, British Museum (R): for descriptions see p. 492. In this life R is abbreviated, as Einenkel shows; the joints are often visible.

Edition: Cockayne, O., Þe Liflade of St. Juliana (parallel texts with translations). E. E. T. S., O. S. 51.

Literature: Backhaus, O., Über die Quelle der mittelenglischen Legende von der heiligen Juliane und ihr Verhältnis zu Cynewulfs Juliana, Halle, 1899; Einenkel, E., see p. 493; Stodte, H., see p. 493; Stratmann, F. H., ES iv. 94 (emendations).

Phonology: This has been sufficiently described at pp. 493-9: a few forms call for comment. (1) in R. a: þeauien 102 has å-umlaut. æ: awakenin 55 (āwacenian), pal 36, hauene 135, if descended from hæfen, have a for æ; ea appears in breas 118, feader 3. e: heolen 43, speoken 59, toteoren 63, weolen 54, seotel 114 have å- or u-umlaut of e; sutelin 98 descends from swutol with u-umlaut of i and loss of w as in suster; hatterliche 91 is elsewhere in SJ heatterliche, probably representing u-umlaut of *hator; comp. hatol, hetol; unweommet 28, 120, 133 shows rounding of e to [ö] between labials; bitild 36, OE. beteldan, comp. ‘tilden’ 82/110, ‘bitillen,’ L 27852, perhaps owes i for e to tilian; sulliche 48 comes from syllic. i: neomen 45 has å-umlaut of i. y: unduhti 18 represents dyhtig. ā: lechnunge 23 follows lǣcnian, the OE. noun is lācnung. ǣ₁ is e in lefdi 7, erndunge 8, unmeð 17, wreððen 78, wreððede 46, and a in wraðði 42 instead of the normal ea; the adverb eisweis 68 (also in SM 13/26, MS. R, but eanies weis, MS. B) corresponds to ǣniges weges. ǣ₂ is exceptionally ea in forreadeð 96, reade 55; leoten 63 is imitative of words with umlaut like beoren, eoten (Bonner Beiträge, xv. 128). ea before r + cons. is a in harmen 107; the i-umlaut is e in merrið 104, sumchere 21 (cierr): the i-umlaut of ea before l + cons. is absent in afal 137, which is in form āfeallan, fall, in meaning āfiellan, fell; for healden 118 see 359/7. eo before r + cons. is a in darc 122, perhaps the earliest instance of this spelling; the i-umlaut is seen in iȝirnd 34, firsin 86 (but see Bülbring, § 187 anm. on Anglian firr). For ȝeouen see 359/34; geond is ȝont 35. ēa is e in les 75, but lease 135, e in ȝet 93 descends from gēt beside the normal gēat; the adverb gēara is ȝare 83. The i-umlaut of ēo is seen in derure 90; strupen 91 descends from *strȳpan; hei[e]nde 17, as if from *hegan; the Anglian form is hēan. a + g: for dreihen 122, see 360/13. æ + g: in fehere 104 (fægerra) the spirant is retained; comp. ‘feȝerest,’ L 29485, but feire 53. e + g final: tintreg is tintreow 98. sy 54, with y written for i, represents sige; ‘syge’ in L 17409. ȳ + g: druifot 137, with ui for long u. ea + h: waxen 55, iseh 22. eo + h: mix 96 (Anglian). ēo + g: lihinde 7.

duheðe 18 represents duguð: e is added in fuheles 63, liðeri 92: m is lost in limel 67 (lim mǣlum), f in leowinde 95 (lēofwende); t occurs often for final d, after mit for mid or miþ, þin becomes tin 52. For the stop c, ch appears to be written in senchtest 137. The loss of g in list 43 is OE. (līst for ligst). h is added in selhðe 54; nest 129 is Anglian nēst, WS. nīehst: es 100 has lost initial h, so im in ichim 85.

(2) in B. Many of those noticed in R occur in B also; other forms in B only are, chearre 166 (cierran), see 359/4: neolechin 43 represents a by-form nēolǣcan, while nehlechen R 31 comes from the normal nēahlǣcan: lattow 170 is OE. lāttēow. ch in wlech 151 (wlæc) is due to the influence of wlæce (Björkman, 148).

Accidence: (1) of R. were 79 has added e in the nom. cun s. d. 11 is exceptionally without inflection, comp. cunne 19. fetles 97 is a contracted plural; OE. fǣtels, pl. fǣtelsas, occasionally fǣtels. aldrene 14, dahene 117 are weak pl. gen. The dual pronoun occurs in inc pl. d. 107. urne 119 is pt. s. subj. from irnan. The contracted þrof 59, the prepositions ine 16, bimong 132, for which see 398/97, are characteristic of the group.

(2) Of B. burhene 72, folkene 57 are possibly weak pl. genitives, like aldrene, dahene above, but they are more probably adjectives formed on the analogy of words in -en, like cristen, from nouns. For leoflukest 82, see 125/270.

Vocabulary: Scandinavian are bistaðet bisteaðet, crokes, derf, feolahes, lahe, lufte, liðin, menske; probably ihondsald, lustnin, truste; possibly ȝeien, hauene, keiser: in R only, baðen, derfliche; possibly trukeneð: in B only, feolahscipe, ilated, menskin, witere. French are ciclatun, furneise, leuns liuns, maumez mawmez, misspelt mawmex 144/97, purpre, rente, seinte: in R only, cumseð (commencer), serui, tur (MS. reading 140/36), uie: in B only, cendals, eoli.

Dialect: See p. 503.

Introduction: For style and authorship see pp. 504-6. The author states, 139/7, that he translated from a Latin source. The Life of S. Juliana, printed in Acta Sanctorum under Feb. 16th, is pronounced by Backhaus not to be the immediate source of SJ, because when compared with it the English shows considerable omissions, additions, and divergences. Yet SJ stands in about the same relationship to that Latin text as SK does to what is generally regarded as its original and as Sawles Warde does to the treatise of Hugh of S. Victor (p. 493). The author of these pieces is no mere translator, but an adapter who weaves other matter into his free imitation of his originals. He was apparently unacquainted with Cynewulf’s Juliana. Grau (Morsbachs Studien, xxxi. 157) shows that the earlier writer also introduces ideas into his poem which had been used by him in other works.

S. Juliana never attained in England to the popularity of her associates, S. Katherine and S. Margaret, but there is another life in rhymed septenaries printed as an appendix to Cockayne’s edition of SJ from MS. Ashmole, no. 43 (c. 1310), and a third in the Scottish Legendary, ascribed by the editor to Barbour, the source of which is the Aurea Legenda; it is printed in Barbour’s Legendensammlung, ed. Horstmann, ii. 190.

The references are to B, unless R is prefixed.

3. feader . . . of frumscheft: OE. ‘fæder frumsceafta,’ Christ, 472.

5. glideð, proceeds: comp. ‘þe hali gast · ꝥ glit of inc baðen,’ SM 21/33; ‘⁊ te hali gast, hare beire luue, | þe lihteð of ham baðe,’ SK 1772. unagin: found here only; it appears to mean, without beginning: OE. unāgunnen with that meaning occurs in ‘on unagunnenre Godcundnysse and on ongunnenre menniscnysse,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 292/16: perhaps the ME. form has been influenced by angin, beginning. euch godes ful, full of every good: contrast ‘euches cunnes gode,’ 141/58.

6. lideð ⁊ lusteð: comp. ‘Lusteð me . . . ⁊ liðeð ane hwile,’ SJ 73/14; ‘God make alle soon blithe, | Who so wil lystne and lithe,’ K. Alisaunder 5750.

8. wið þon þat, in order that.

R 7. lif hali, holy of lif: comp. ‘to summe oðre lif-holie monne,’ AR 346/4; OEH ii. 51/10, 133/10.

9. lihnide is probably a miswriting of lihinde as in R, lying, deceptive: ME. lihen, OE. lēogan, but it is possibly a pp. of ME. lihnen, OE. līgnian, to deny. eche: supply lif.

11. of munne, commemorate: usually transitive in this sense as, ‘þis meiden þe we munnid wes marherete ihaten,’ SM 2/13, but comp. ‘His deope wounden bledeth fast, | Of hem we ohte munne,’ Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright, 112/22.

12. i Nichomedese burh: ‘in civitate Nicomedia’: the adjectival termination is Anglo-French -eis as in Hispaneis, L. Hispanensis: the scribe has ‘Nichomedesse,’ 77/9: ‘iþe Nomecuðe burh Nicomede inempnet,’ 79/9. In Sammlung AE. Legenden, ed. Horstmann, 51/628, Ianuesse means Genoa; Arimminence 20/784, Rimini; Iponence, 79/1046, Hippo.

13. heascede, insulted: comp. OE. hyscan.

R 12. of—deaðe, more than any other heathen he drew cruelly to death those that were Christians: ham represents the real object, ‘þeo ꝥ cristene weren’: see 136/144: the Latin has, ‘qui et ipse erat persecutor Christianorum.’

15. as þeo ꝥ, as being one to whom: for as, see 128/1; for ꝥ = to whom, 46/292. ilenet: the ME. texts often confuse lǣnen and lēven, to permit.

17. schupte: see 2/2. wealdeð: comp. 34/84; ‘weldinde ⁊ wissinde | alle worldliche þing,’ SK 933, 1780; L 5279.

R 16. redegunge (= redeȝunge) appears to be pres. part. of ME. rǣdien, to discourse (119/81); for ȝ, comp. ‘heriȝinge,’ OEH i. 5/1. But it is possibly a miswriting of ‘redunge’ as in B, which corresponds to L. lectio.

19. Maximien: see 128/1 note.

20. heriende ⁊ heiende: a favourite phrase with this writer: comp. 149/180; SJ 41/5, 55/10; SK 459, 1041.

R 18. unduhti duheðe, ill-spent splendour; because used for the glorification of idols: probably the original reading. In Specimens translated ‘unworthy body of retainers.’

23. riche of rente, with a large income. ȝunge mon of ȝeres: see 129/23.

24. wel, on good terms: comp. 138/21.

25. iunne, bestowed; generally said of conferring a favour, but ‘þe þe ufel unnen,’ L 28117, means, who inflicted harm on thee.

27. utnumne feire, exceptional beauty: see 133/30; but R 22 means exceptionally beautiful and charming: comp. 123/209; ‘se unimete feier,’ 124/239.

28. in wið in: see 130/57.

30. lechnunge, healing, medicine: a rare word, found in the Ureisun of God Almihti, OEH i. 202/16.

31. wið ute longe steuene, ‘without a long tale,’ Brock. But it seems preferable to connect the noun with OE. stefn, time, giving the sense, without long delay, much the same as ‘efter lutle stounde’: the repetition is quite in the manner of the writer; comp. ‘doð hire biliue to deað buten abade,’ SJ 73/3; ‘Anan þrefter sone com a seli wummon,’ id. 77/9.

R 25. For omission of the subject ha, see 6/18. hire unwilles, to her sorrow, an adverbial genitive: unwil is the opposite of ‘wil,’ joy, pleasure, 133/62. A similar adv. phrase is hire unwil in 141/36; comp. ‘min unwil hit is; to don al ꝥ ti wil is,’ SM 13/3. For the construction see 10/167, and 165/263.

37. truked = trukeð from trukien is the usual form; see 72/183: the derivative trukeneð R 26 appears to be quite isolated.

38. daheðes is apparently genitive of *daheð, daȝeð, noun derivative of ME. daȝien, to dawn, used adverbially, at dawn. In R 27 euch deis dei means at daylight (dawn) of each day: it is apparently without parallel. The Latin has ‘per singulos dies.’

39. reowfule reames: see 130/55. wissede, would direct: pt. subjunctive.

R 30. summes weis, some while, as at 124/236, corresponding to summe hwile in B.

42. lihten se lahe, descend so far: comp. 176/20, 199/79, 206/306; ‘loke þenne her bi hwa se of hire maidenhad lihteð in to wedlac; bi hu moni degrez ha falleð duneward,’ HM 23/24; ‘liht to ure lare,’ SK 1011.

44. hehest i Rome: comp. 128/2. heh reue: ‘praefectus.’

46. lette: supply as subject, Keiser.

R 35. ⁊ te riche riden in, and to ride in his domain: an addition necessitated by the mistake in ‘tur.’ tuhen: the subject heo is to be supplied.

47. ouertild, canopied.

48. purpres ⁊ pelles, purple cloths and rich stuffs: a frequent combination for gorgeous clothing: comp. ‘ischrud ⁊ iprud ba wið pel ⁊ wið purpre,’ SK 1449; here used of a canopy. ciclatuns: see 133/51. cendals: sendal is a thin silken stuff, mostly red.

49. As þe ꝥ: comp. 128/1.

50. rihten ⁊ to readen: comp. 121/141; 147/158.

54. iswechte is explained in Specimens as pp. wearied, descending from OE. geswenct, geswenced, pp. of geswencan: the disappearance of n would be difficult to account for; it might be due to the analogy of þencan: in any case the word is for iswecht + te, thyself. wreaðe &c.: see 34/86.

56. leauen þe lahen: comp. ‘ant leaue alle þe lahen ꝥ tu list inne,’ SJ 24/3.

57. folkene froure: comp. OE. frōfor-gāst; ‘folkes froure’ (of the B. V. M.), OEH ii. 255/2; ‘Vroure ⁊ hele folkes fader heouenliche drichte,’ id. 258/5; ‘þe hali gast moncunne froure,’ SM 18/18; ‘folkes feader,’ 149/173, 19/33; ‘froure moncunnes,’ L 9075. folkene as gen. pl. appears to be quite isolated; the usual ME. form is folce, OE. folca.

58. igret, magnified: OE. grēatian: ‘greaten’ is in AR 128/1.

59. windi of, turned away from, done with: comp. ‘windi (wundi R) of wisdom,’ devoid of wisdom, SK 376. Comp. MHG. wendic, wendec.

R 47. droh him, put him off, like L. trahere: apparently without parallel in this meaning.

61. Efter ꝥ, notwithstanding the fact that. In R, it means practically, when.

63. him: see 13/34 note.

64. to wraðer heale, to perverse fortune: see 130/58, and comp. 145/109; L 29556; ‘to ufele hele wes ic iboren,’ OEH i. 33/24; ‘Godere hele þu hit scalt iseon,’ id. 57/44; ‘to goderheale þin he hit þoleð,’ HM 29/10.

67. For ‘fon on,’ to handle a matter, to proceed, comp. 143/85, 97; 157/135; ‘⁊ he bigon to fon on | þisses weis towart hire,’ SK 1863. If the punctuation of the MS. goes for anything, the second on is an otiose repetition of the first, and the meaning is, proceeded gently at first to try if &c., as at l. 85. Such repetitions are not uncommon in this group: comp. 126/317; ‘Hef up forði, mid treowe bileaue ⁊ mid herdie, up þine þreo uingres,’ AR 290/29; ‘sitteð al stille, ꝥ hwon he parted urom ou, ꝥ he ne cunne ower god,’ id. 64/20. But in Specimens on to lokin are connected, proceeded at first ‘fairly (= kindly) to look upon her.’

69. sy . . . selhðe: comp. 147/157; SJ 24/13; ‘isi ant iselhðe,’ SM 23/13. sy: OE. sige, victory; in this phrase it must mean something like, prosperity. weolen &c.: comp. 121/161.

70. awakenen: see 54/24.

R 55. inoh, fully, quite: see 62/41.

71. refschipe: ‘praefectura’: at 128/4, the imperial dignity.

72. liggeð: see 128/10.

73. luuien ⁊ leuen: a stock phrase of this group: comp. 142/66, 145/104; ‘ileueð ⁊ luuieð,’ AR 410/11; also 180/135, 194/590.

R 57. as þeo þat: see 128/1.

75. ich—is: comp. 90/73.

76. for, before: I call to witness Apollo; comp. 145/101: somewhat different is ‘for mi lif,’ 145/106, upon my life, staking my life on the fulfilment of my promise.

78. haldest her on, perseverest in this determination; comp. ‘hald hardiliche | on ꝥ tu hauest bigunnen,’ SK 677; ‘ȝif me hit halt eure forþ in on,’ ON 356.

79. toluken &c.: comp. ‘⁊ leoten toluken þi flesch | þe fuheles of þe lufte,’ SK 2092; ‘þer ase wilde deor limmel to luken ham,’ SJ 79/5; 34/83.

81. aȝein þe, in reply to thee, answering thy oath by Apollo and Diana: the stop after aȝein is to be disregarded. ich swerie &c., I call Christ to witness: the acc. after swerien is perhaps without a parallel, but it gives a sense somewhat different from that which would be gained by the insertion of bi or to.

83. i leitinde leie, in flashing flame: comp. ‘for al þe cwarterne, of his cume | leitede o leie,’ SK 671; ‘⁊ i þe reade leie, | ⁊ i þe leitinde fur,’ id. 1360; ‘⁊ leitinde al on leie,’ id. 1651. The full stop after leie and the following capital obscure the structure of the sentence—though I be burnt alive, I will not &c.

84. þe, dat.: comp. ‘buhð him ase he bit,’ AR 288/24; ‘all we sal him bu,’ CM 16712; ‘þe lauerdes leofmon ꝥ (= to whom) alle kinges buheð,’ HM 5/24. her onont, as regards this matter. Þreate &c.: see 34/86. buhe ne beien: comp. 132/3; SJ 27/10, 43/9; ‘buhsume ⁊ beisume,’ SK 1787.

86. leoftede is translated in Specimens, ‘flattered,’ and derived from OE. lyfettan, which is hardly possible: leotede luueliche, made affectionate gestures, behaved affectionately, would give a known combination: comp. ‘wið luueliche lates,’ SM 14/4; ‘ȝif þu makest ei semblaunt, oðer eni luue lates touward unðeauwes,’ AR 90/17; ‘mid leofliche læten,’ L 19396; 110/273, but the weak forms of læten are not elsewhere found before the fifteenth century.

88. wið þerean ꝥ is explained in Specimens as for wið ꝥ þerean, the last word being taken with wenden as, in respect of that matter; but that seems very improbable, though the order of words is often strange enough in this piece. Stratmann suggested that þerean is a mistake for þen, which does not account for the corrupt form. Possibly the scribe had before him, wið þē (= þen) ane ꝥ, on the sole condition that: see 72/192 note. wið ꝥ in R 70 means, on condition that.

89. do, join.

91. To soðe: see 90/73.

92. Vnwurð, despicable: see 26/258.

R 75. ꝥ . . . to, to whom: see 1/3.

95. him: dat. with lihen; acc. with leauen: comp. for the former, 29/2, 191/474; ‘Iff iosephus ne legeð me,’ GE 1281: the combination is uncommon. weole &c.: see 121/161.

96. wa . . . wontreaðe: comp. ‘wurðe him wurst of wa ⁊ of wontreaðe,’ SJ 27/12; ‘hauest ifunden weane þrin ⁊ wondraðe riue,’ HM 9/4; AR 156/4. See also 58/76.

R 77. wa . . . wunne: the repetition of the latter word is probably a scribe’s mistake for weane: comp. ‘ah al þe weane | ⁊ te wa wente,’ SK 1166, 2104.

R 79. Me: a word characteristic of the Katherine-group and frequent in AR, where it has been misunderstood by Morton: it wavers between conjunction and interjection, ‘well! but,’ and often introduces a question which offers an objection, or applies what has been said, like, ‘well then’: comp. AR 310/17; SK 325, 589; SM 6/19, 7/22. Its origin is obscure; if another guess may be hazarded, it is perhaps Anglo-French mes (F. mais, L. magis), which was used in contemporary French in much the same way.

98. ꝥ . . . to, to whom.

99. se forð, so far: comp. ‘ert ibrouht so uorð ouer,’ AR 294/7; ‘to uorð,’ too far, id. 294/14: see also 64/85. letest lutel of: see 44/260.