Book 4 — INDEX

Abascantus, secretary ab epistulis, career of, described in the Silvae, 110

Acta diurna, regular arrival of, in the provinces, 205;reader of, 95

Acte, mistress of Nero, cares for his burial, 115

Aelian of Praeneste, account of his work on Providence, 456;immense credulity, and hatred of rationalism, ib.;the pious cock of Tanagra, 457;last dream of Philemon, ib.

Africa, the development of its city life, organisation of Thamugadi, 202;of Lambesi, 208;amphitheatres in, 201;and bishoprics, ib.;little touched by Mithraism, 597

Agrippina, mother of Nero, memoirs by, used by Tacitus, 80;sits on the tribunal with Claudius, 81;shade propitiated by Nero, 491

Albinus, P. Caeionius, restores a temple at Thamugadi, 202

Alcantara, the bridge of, 220

Alexander of Abonoteichos, oracle on the Marcomannic war, 451, 476;physical and mental gifts of, 473 sq.;skilful charlatanry, 474 sq.;war with the Epicureans, 476;Lucian’s treatment of, 477;establishes new Mysteries, 476 sq.

Alexandria, roses from, for Nero’s dinners, 32;singing boys from, at Trimalchio’s dinner, 130 sq.;character of its populace, 374;Dion Chrysostom rebukes their passion for games, ib.;a great focus of religious feeling, 397;and eclecticism, 561

Animal-worship, excites ridicule, 571;philosophy justified it, ib., 395;little noticed in Apuleius, 572

Annaeus Serenus, Seneca’s De Tranquillitate addressed to, character of, 319

Antinous, death and apotheosis of, 450, 477, 478

Antium, temple of Fortuna Primigenia at, 456

Antoninus Pius, builds a temple to Juno Sospita of Lanuvium, 538;to Mithra at Ostia, 591;his country pleasures at Lorium, 537;flattered by the Arval Brothers, 542;Magna Mater on his coins, 549;taurobolium for, in 160, ib., 557

Apollonius of Tyana, involved in political conspiracy, 40;a great preacher, effect of his sermons, 347;early life, Pythagorean asceticism, Sun worship, and catholic ritualism, 399;reconciled myth with a purer faith, 400;visits all the oracles, 472;his ideas of a future state, 518 sqq.

Apotheosis, in the Antonine age, 386, 537;of Antinous, 477;of Peregrinus, 478;of M. Aurelius, ib.;of the Emperors, its history, 615 sqq.

Apuleius, sensual imagination and mysticism of, 389;weird scenes of miracle in Thessaly, 483;lofty conception of God, 389;description of the revels of the wandering priests of the Syrian goddess, 551 sqq.;of other scenes in Thessaly, 552;conception of Isis in the Metamorphoses, 563;mystic raptures, 570, 574, 576

Aquileia, a great seat of Mithraism, 593

Ardeliones, the, life of, described, 12, 174

Aristides, P. Aelius, picture of the Roman Empire in, 199;general security, 205;journey from Mysia to Rome, 206, 464;early history and travels, 457;long ill health and resort to temples of healing, 458 sqq.;his rhetorical training affected his religious attitude, 458 sq.;diseases of, lasting for thirteen years, 463;his ordeals and vitality, 465;visited by the gods, 466;recovers his rhetorical power, ib.;mingled vanity and piety of, 467

Aristotle, influence of, on Plutarch, 412;on Seneca, 314;on Maximus of Tyre, 421

Army, the, honesty and courage in, 49;castra stativa grow into towns, 207;Septimius Severus allows the soldier [pg 628]to live with his family, 208;how pensions provided for, 283;military colleges, their objects, 283;the worship of Mithra propagated by, 591;the legions which were most active, 595, 596

Arrius Antoninus, grandfather of Ant. Pius, Greek verses of, 166

Art, pretence of taste for, 131, 178;influence of, in religion discussed by Dion Chrysostom, 382;decay of, lamented by Petronius, 125

Artemidorus, work on Dreams by, 468;immense industry, collections, and faith in the science, ib.;contempt for impostors, 469;quasi scientific method, ib.;its absurdities, 470

Arvales Fratres, the College of, revived by Augustus, 534;early history, meetings and ritual of, 540 sq.;servility to the Emperors, 541

Asclepius, immense popularity of his worship, 459, 539;temples of, and their routine and organisation, 460;new oracle of, at Abonoteichos, 474

Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius, history of, 206

Astrology, influence of, in the early empire, a political danger, 45, 447;astrologers banished by Claudius, Vitellius and Vespasian, 45, 448;a Greek trade, 93;Augustus burns books of, 446;Tiberius believes in, 448;Otho, 45, 448;Titus, 449;and M. Aurelius, 450;Domitian, ib.;Hadrian, ib.;in Mithraism, 598, 602

Attis, legend of, 549;becomes a solar deity, 556

Augury, decay of, 445;abuse of, 532

Augustales, the, Trimalchio one of, 136;importance, organisation, social rank, and insignia in municipal towns, 216, 217;generosity of, as patrons of colleges, 275

Augustine, S., defends the Cynics of his time, 352;contempt for rites of Magna Mater, 547;on Varro’s theology, 417, 531 n.;on the cult of martyrs, 488;on Plato, 523

Augustus, his disguised power, 41;destroys 2000 books of divination, 446;his horoscope cast, 447;his religious restoration, and its motive, 533;attitude to foreign religions, 533;restores a temple of Magna Mater, 548;cautious acceptance of divine honours, 615

Aurelian, his temple of the Sun, 586;outbreak of the workmen of the Mint in his reign, 255;legend deo et domino nato on his coins, 618;effect of his Sun-worship on the development of imperial power, 619

Aurelius, M., slight interest of, in speculation, 339;his tutors of various schools, 343;as a boy recites the Salian litany, 385;his gospel of renunciation, 393 sq.;his conformity, 394;employs diviners, 450;relations of, with Galen, 506;views of, about immortality, 507;his Stoic ideal of life, 509;his sadness and its causes, 510;one of the Salii in his 8th year, 535;his religious conservatism, 537;images of, in every family in the West, 616

Balbilla, Greek verses by, 80

Birth, respect for, in Juvenal, 69;in D. Cassius, Suetonius, and Pliny, 70;manufacture of genealogies, in Vit. Apollonius of Tyana, and S. Jerome, ib.;Herodes Atticus traced his descent from the Aeacidae, 225;Tiberius on, 70

Bithynia, civic mismanagement in, 220;literary distinction of, 372

Boeotia, the oracles of, 471

Brescia, high moral tone of, 147

Caenis, concubine of Vespasian, influence and intrigues of, 52, 115

Caligula, wild schemes and profusion of, 32;his cruelty and insolence to Senators, 51;depraving example, 73;consults the oracle of Fortune at Antium, 472;apparitions at his burial, 490;claims of divinity, 615

Calpurnia, Pliny’s wife, character of, and his love for her, 188, 189;literary taste of, 80

Canabae legionis, at Lambesi, 208

Canusium, Album of, 210;Herodes Atticus gave an aqueduct to, 225

Captation, a regular profession, 72;result of plebeian poverty and aristocratic vice, 96;at Croton, in Petronius, 127;Regulus a captator, 156

Carnuntum, in Pannonia, a seat of Mithraism from 70 A.D., 591;its temples, 595;temple restored at, by the imperial house, in the fourth century, 619

Centumviral court, the, picture of, in Pliny’s Letters, 154 sqq.;he welcomes young aristocrats to, 187

Chaeremon, Alexandrian librarian, wrote a treatise on Isis, 568

Charity, and munificence, provision for poor children by Trajan and later Emperors, 192, 193;private benevolence exemplified by Pliny, 193;his benefactions, 193 sqq.;other examples in the inscriptions, 193, 224;the Stertinii, 224;Dion Chrysostom and [pg 629]his father, 225;Herodes Atticus, enormous benefactions of, ib.;munificence of the Emperors, Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian, 227, 228;private examples from inscriptions, 223, 229;ideals of the uses of wealth, 232;men ruin themselves by generosity, 245

Cicero, adorned by Pliny, 158;on augury, 445;on beneficence, 190;on superstition, 443;on legend, 495;on Delphi, 471;on immortality, 488

City life, splendour of, in the Antonine age, 4;weariness of life in the capital, 174;growth of, in Gaul, Spain, Dacia, and Asia, 200 sqq.

Claudian, connects Mithra with Bel, 588;contempt for Greeks, 90

Claudius, recruits the Senate from the provinces, 71, 72;Hellenism of, 89;his encouragement of trade, 264;his effort to revive the art of augury, 445;banishes the astrologers, 418;conservative in religion, 536;persecutes the Jewish and Druidic religions, 566

Claudius Etruscus, career of, and duties as minister, 109

Clea, a priestess of Osiris at Delphi, 424

Client, the, in Juvenal, 93, 94;change of the relation under the Empire, ib.;the relation in the colleges, 273

Clients, position in the time of Juvenal, 93 sq.;and Martial, 61

Clodius, P., uses the colleges, 254

Colleges, the, plebeian class in towns, 251;pride of free artisan class, 253;early history of Collegia, 254;danger from, 255;restrained by law, ib.;an irresistible movement, 256;wish for pious burial, 257;evidence on, from inscriptions, 258;funerary colleges authorised, 259;consequences of the concession, 260;College of Diana and Antinous, its organisation, fees, etc. 260 sqq.;College of Aesculapius and Hygia, its regulations, 262;colleges founded on religion, 263;industrial colleges, great fair at Cremona, 264;wandering traders, collegia peregrinorum, 265;colleges at Lyons, Ostia, Arles, etc. 265 sq.;objects of association, 266 sqq.;favoured by masters, 267;colleges moulded on the model of the city, names of offices, etc. 269;gradation of rank in, its object, 270;how the schola was provided, 271;associations gather round it, gifts made to it, 272;College of Silvanus at Philippi, ib.;patrons of, and their raison d’être, 273;colleges and their patrons of very different rank, 274;election of a patron, ib.;colleges founded to guard a tomb, 276;provisions for permanent observances, 277;college feasts and sportulae, 277 sq.;regulations for decorum in, fines, 279;the college a family, in which the slave is an equal, 281;were colleges eleemosynary institutions? 282;military colleges of Lambesi, their organisation and objects, 283 sqq.;extinction of a college, 285

Commodus, takes the tonsure of Isis and walks in an Isiac procession, 553;assumes the Mithraic title of Invictus, 618

Como, Pliny’s estates at, 145;his gifts to, 194;a suicide at, 184;honorarium of its curia, 209

Conversion, Seneca on, 34;result of the preaching of Apollonius, 347;conversion of Polemon, ib.;of D. Chrysostom, 368;in Plutarch, 413

Corellius Rufus, suicide of, 184

Cornelia, wife of Pompey, culture of, 80

Cotta, M. Aurelius, liberality of, to a freedman, 119

Country life, growing love of, 174;Roman country seats, their sites and architecture, 176;extent and grounds, 178;routine of life, 179;purchase and management of estates, 180;charm of the country in Roman literature, 197;yet contempt for it, 199;moral tone of, 2, 144, 147

Cremona, great fair at, 263;sack of, 264;colleges of youth at, 265;munificence of its citizens, 225

Curatores, heard of first in the reign of Trajan, 222;control of municipal finance by, 248

Curia, the, composition of, illustrated by the roll of Canusium, 210;numbers, and qualification of, 214;its fate, 248

Cynics, the, met a general demand for moral guidance, 340;description of, in Dion Chrysostom, 349;and in the literature of the age, 350 n.;the Cynic in Lucian’s Banquet, ib.;attractions of the life of, 351;gross charges against; S. Augustine’s testimony, 352;causes of prejudice against, ib.;death of Peregrinus as treated by Lucian, 355;affinity of, with Christian asceticism, 355, 361;evidently a great popular force, 358;a one-sided Stoicism, 359;Cynic ideal, 359 sq.;attitude to the Empire, 362 sq.;and to popular religion, 363;cultivated Cynics, 364 sqq.

Dacia, organisation and town life of, 201;worship of Magna Mater in, 549;of Isis, 568;settlement of, by Trajan, a [pg 630]seat of Mithraism, 594;of the worship of Isis and Magna Mater, 549, 568

Daemons, conception of, in Plutarch and Maximus of Tyre, 426;history of, in Greek literature from Hesiod, 427;use of the idea by Platonists, 425;Xenocrates first taught the existence of evil daemons, 431 sq.;employed by Plutarch to rehabilitate myth, 432;believed in by the Fathers, 433;a cause of oracular inspiration, 437;mortality of, 426;daemon of Socrates, 438;daemon a higher self, 439;daemonology an attempt to bridge the gulf between man and the Infinite Spirit, 603

Dea Dia, worship of, 540

Delation, history and causes of, 35;delators of every rank, ib.;attractions of, wealth gained by, 36;Regulus a delator, 37, 155;Silius Italicus, 164;under Domitian, 35

Delphi, temple of Osiris at, 424;Plutarch’s love of, 403, 435;decay of, in first century, 434;revival of, 435;why oracles were given in prose, 436;sources of its inspiration, 437;Nero’s violence to, 472;Hadrian tested, ib.

Demetrius, the Cynic, life of, 361;a cultivated ascetic, 362;knew Apollonius of Tyana, ib.;attitude to the Empire, beards Nero and Vespasian, ib.

Demonax, attitude to popular religion, 363;origin, education, and philosophic tone of, 364;fashion of his life and teaching, 365;epigrams and sarcasms, 365 sq.;his personal magnetism, and reverence for him after his death, 366

Dendrophori, dedications by, to Magna Mater, 549;in the inscriptions, 551;at Lyons, 557

Dion Chrysostom, view of the Cynics, 349;early history, exile, conversion, and preaching of, 367 sq.;orations of, 368;simple philosophy, and view of the time, 369, 370;warning to Tarsus, 370;sermon at Olbia, 371 sq.;picture of city life in Asia Minor, its vices and jealousies, 372 sqq.;gospel of social charity, 373;scorn for the Alexandrian character, 374;his prose idyll on virtuous rural life in Euboea, 375 sq.;view of prostitution and slavery, 376;ideal of monarchy, parable of the Two Peaks, 377 sqq.;oration at Olympia, 379 sq.;suggested by Olympian Zeus of Pheidias, 380;Dion’s discussion on natural theology and anthropomorphism, 381;makes Pheidias defend representation of the Infinite in human form, 382;his Zeus a moral ideal and spiritual power, 383

Domitian, delators under, 35;his belief in astrology, 45;secret of his reign, 52;value of the authorities on, 52 n.;good traits in his character, 53;his encouragement of literature and political merit, ib.;his Hellenism, 89;a moral reformer, 54, 74;causes of his unpopularity, 54;contradictions in his character, 55;replenishes the treasury by confiscation, 56;his terror at the end, 56, 57, 450;his funereal banquet, 57;founds a quinquennial competition in literature, 171;his superstition, 450;a conservative in religion, 536;celebrated the Quinquatria of Minerva, 538;his victories, 542;escaped from the capital in the vestments of Isis in 69 A.D., 567;built a temple to Isis, ib.;first called Dominus et Deus, 615

Dreams, in temples of healing, 460;dream-oracles, 461;prescriptions in, 463, 464;treatise of Artemidorus on, 467 sqq.;his faith in, 468;his absurdities, 470;Pliny on, 452, 490

Education, Vespasian endows, 148;influence of Quintilian on, 149;Pliny helps to endow a school at Como, 193;culture in Asia Minor, 372;among freedmen, 131, 134

Empire, the, its temptations, 31;the influence of the Emperor’s example illustrated, 31;how waste led to cruelty and confiscation, 33;the secret of the imperial terror, various theories, 37;the ideal of the Empire, 39, 43;constant danger from pretenders, 40, 41, 44;the fiction of Augustus, the Emperor’s real power, 41;checks upon it, 42;its tolerance of municipal liberty, 203

Entellus, gardens of, 112

Epicharis, freedwoman, refuses to betray the Pisonian conspirators, 47

Epictetus, his ideal of the Cynic philosopher, 359;men the soldiers of God, 393;gospel of renunciation in, ib. n. 5;on augury and divination, 455;early history of, 503;attitude to belief in immortality, 504;reference to female Platonists, 80;preaching of gratitude and resignation, 393

Epicurus, Seneca quotes, and defends to Lucilius, 306;Aelian anathematises, 456;Epicureans at Abonoteichos oppose Alexander, 476;orders banquets to his shade, 456;influence of, in last age of Republic, 530

Epidaurus, temple of Asclepius at, 462, 539;social life of the patients, 463

Equites, in provincial towns, 215;freedmen raised to the rank of, 113;Juvenal’s [pg 631]contempt for, 70;general low estimate of, 113;displace freedmen as imperial secretaries, 107;employment by Vitellius, Domitian, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, ib.

Espionage, under the Empire, 34;under Domitian, 56

Euboea, D. Chrysostom’s description of rural life in, 375

Euhemerus, translated by Ennius, 530;Plutarch on, 425

Euphrates, Pliny’s sketch of, 151;suicide of, 356

Evil, Plutarch’s theory of, 430

Extravagance, of Nero, 20, 32;of Domitian, 55, 56;of Vitellius, 32;of Caligula, 32;under the Republic, 67

Fannia, widow of Helvidius Priscus, Pliny’s admiration for, 152

Finance, profusion of Caligula, 32;straits of Domitian, 56;economy of Vespasian, 32, 148;Nero’s waste and plunder, 20 sq.;Nerva’s retrenchment, 32;waste of Vitellius, 32;finance of provincial towns, 220, 248

Fortuna Augusti, 618

Freedmen, the, their rise a great movement, 100;prejudice against, 101 sqq.;why it was natural, 103;contempt of literary men for vulgar wealth, 104;yet the rise of the freedmen a promising movement, 105;rise of, in the imperial household, 106;become great ministers, 107;replaced gradually by Equites, 107;early freedmen ministers worthy of their place, 108;career of Claudius Etruscus and Abascantus, 109 sqq.;of Narcissus and Pallas, 110, 111;how their wealth was gained, 112, 129;their politic splendour, 112;romantic career of a freedman, 113;yet freedmen despised and ostracised, ib.;sometimes made great marriages, 114;doubtful position of women of this class, 114;yet some had great influence, 115;Panthea, mistress of L. Verus, picture of, by Lucian, ib.;lower freedmen in the imperial service, 116;transition from slavery to freedom, how freedmen rose, 118-120;grossness and ostentation of their wealthy class, 129 sqq.

Freedom and Necessity, Plutarch’s views of, 412;Seneca’s, 311

Gaius, on the law of Colleges, 254

Galen, early history and training of, 505;eclecticism of, ib.;views of immortality, ib.;relations with M. Aurelius, 506

Genii, invented for every corporation and scene in Roman life, 386;tales of, in Britain and on the Indian Ocean, 420, 426;wide-spread cult of, 479 sq.

Gladiators, municipal shows of, in Petronius, 134;Trajan provides 10,000 on his Dacian triumph, 234;protests against, by Seneca and Demonax, 235;schools of, 236, 241;shows began in Campania, ib.;school of, at Pompeii, 237;notices in the inscriptions, 238;enthusiasm for, ib.;shows in remote places, 239;after battle of Bedriacum, 240;less popular in Greece, except at Corinth, 241;various cost of, 241;classes who furnished gladiators, attractions of the profession, 242 sq.;organisation of a school; a college of gladiators, 243

God, new conceptions of, 5;in Seneca, 305;God of the Stoics, varying conceptions of, 307;demand for a moral God, 389;Stoicism fades into Platonism, 391;the Stoic god has no claim to worship, ib.;vague higher conceptions of, 396, 603;a transcendent Deity, 397;Plutarch’s highest idea of, 418;man’s relation to, according to Maximus of Tyre, 421;relation of, to daemons, 425 sqq.

Hadrian, letter of, to Servianus, 397;tests the omniscience of Delphi, 435;dabbled in astrology, and other dark arts, 450, 503;his love of travel, 503;his faint belief in immortality, 503;a sceptic, 536;the Canopus of, at his villa at Tibur, 567;conspiracy against, 41;character of, 503

Hellenism, various aspects of, reaction against, from the times of the elder Cato, 88;Hellenism of early Emperors, 88, 89;Roman prejudice against Greeks, 90;why Greeks succeeded under the Empire, 91;Greek grammatici, 91;Greeks as doctors, 92;Greek parasites, 93;love of Greek in Pliny’s days, 166 sq.

Helvidius Priscus, violence of, 40;flouts Vespasian, ib.

Herculaneum, temple of Magna Mater at, 548;frescoes of, illustrating the worship of Isis, 578

Herodes Atticus, gifts of, to many communities, 225 sqq.;friend of Demonax and Plutarch, 364, 403;on the uses of wealth, 232;claimed descent from the Aeacidae, 225

Herodotus, identifies Greek and Egyptian deities, 561;on Mithra, 589

Hesiod, on daemons, 427

Holconii, the, of Pompeii, public honours and benefactions of, 223

Horace, love of the country, and memories of Mount Vultur in, 196, 198;journey to Brundisium, 206;on beneficence, 190

Hortensius, Q., luxury of, 71;poverty of his descendants, ib.

Icelus, raised to rank by Galba, 107;journey of, to Spain, 206

Immortality, ideas of, depend on ideas of God, 484;“We know not what we shall be,” 485;faith in the Manes, 486;evidence of epitaphs on, 487 sqq.;Lemures, 488 sq.;the Mundus, 489;mingled elements in Virgil’s Inferno, 491 sqq.;Roman longing for posthumous sympathy, 488;Orphic and Pythagorean influences on Virgil, 494;evidence of inscriptions on belief in, 496 sqq.;Epicurean negation of, 498 sq.;philosophic opinion on, 449 sqq.;Lucretius and Julius Caesar on, 500, 501;attitude of Epictetus, 504;Galen’s ideas of, 505 sq.;M. Aurelius on, 507 sqq.;Seneca on, 514 sq.;Apollonius of Tyana on, 518 sq.;Plutarch on, 521 sqq.;Platonic imagery of the future world, and its influence on Plutarch, 523 sq.;belief in, fostered by Isiac worship, 575, 583;and by Mithraism, 609

Inns, poor and disreputable, 207

Isis, prescriptions of, in dreams, 461;transformation of her worship by the Ptolemies, 560;at the Peiraeus, ib.;influence of Greek settlers in Egypt, and of Greek mysticism, 561, 563 sq.;lofty conception of, in Apuleius, 563;date of her introduction in Italy, ib.;power over women, 565;repeated persecution of her worshippers, first century, B.C., 565;in the reign of Tiberius, 566;favoured by Otho and the Flavians, 567;Domitian builds a temple to, in 92 A.D., classes who propagated the worship of, 567 sq.;spread through all Western Europe, 568 sq.;secret of her fascination, 569;highest conception of, 572;a real spiritual power, 574;gives the hope of immortality, 575;impressive ritual of, 576;daily offices, 577 sq.;her rites in frescoes of Herculaneum, 578;great festivals of, the procession to the shore described, 578 sq.;her priesthood, including women, 580, 582;sacred guilds, Isiaci, Pastophori, etc., 581;syncretism of her worship, ib.;her priesthood a separate caste, their presbyteries, and ascetic life, 582

Jerome, S., account of the grades of initiation in Mithraism by, 611;genealogies in, 70

Jews, growing influence of, in the first century A.D.;especially under the Flavian dynasty, 83;spread of Jewish observances, 84;foster superstition, 84

Julian, his hatred of Oenomaus of Gadara, 364

Jumentarii, at the gates of towns, 206

Juvenal, his views of society compared with Tacitus, 58;social rank and early training of, 59;experience as a client, ib.;bitterness of, 60;dates of his Satires, 60;he and Martial have a common stock of subjects, 60, 61;plebeian pride, and old Roman prejudice, combined with the moral feeling of a later age, 63;attitude to religion, 64;extravagant pessimism, his ideal in the past, 65;great movements of society described by, and sometimes misunderstood, 69;decay of the noble class described by, 69;contempt for new men, 70;signs of aristocratic poverty, 72;his ideal of senatorial dignity, 74;treatment of women in the Sixth Satire, its faults, 76;condemns mere eccentricities and even laudable tastes, 77;distrusts growing culture of women, 79, 80;fighting a lost battle, 81;scorn for women’s devotion to eastern cults, 82;pessimism about women had some justification, 84 sqq.;his judgments must be taken with some reserve, 87;indignation at the invasion of the Greeks, 88;humiliation of the client, 93;general poverty, 95;the cry of the poor, and Roman contempt for industry and trade, 98;Juvenal compared with Pliny, as a painter of society, 141

Lambaesis, the camp at, how it grew into a municipium, 208;military colleges at, 283;temple of Isis at, 568;worship of Mithra at, 595

Lanuvium, college at, 260

Lemuria, the, described, 489

Libraries, restocked with MSS. by Domitian, 53;Trimalchio’s Greek and Latin libraries, 131;rapid production of books, 156

Literature, in the Antonine age, 3;in Pliny’s days, 157;literary amateurs abound, ib.;Pliny’s poetry, 159;love of Cicero, 158;the plague of readings, 160, 172;decadence of, 163, 173;Silius Italicus, 164 sq.;composition in Greek, 166;Titinius Capito, a historian, 167;devotion to poetry, and its causes, influence of the Augustan tradition, [pg 633]169;fashion of the archaic style, 170;Domitian founds a literary competition, its influence, 171;literary men generally born in provincial places, 196;Demonax rebukes literary archaism, 367

Livy, on decay of augury, 445;on the Bacchanalian scandal, 563;on the apocryphal books of Numa, 564

Lucan, on the worship of Isis, 568;betrays his mother, his death, 471;style of, referred to in the Satiricon of Petronius, 123

Lucian, his war against the Cynics, 337;yet sometimes approaches their view of life, 337 sq.;the Charon of, 338;the Hermotimus of, witnesses to a moral movement, 341 sqq.;the Cynic in his Banquet, and Fugitives, 350;his treatment of the character of Peregrinus, 354 sqq.;visit to Olympia at the time of the Cynic’s suicide, 355;how he regarded it, and watched the growth of a myth, 357 sq.;description of the new oracle of Abonoteichos, 474 sqq.;ridicule of superstition in the Philopseudes, 490;reference to Mithra, 590

Lucretius, on immortality, 500, 501;on Magna Mater, 547

Luxury, Juvenal’s view of, 65;Roman luxury in Republican times, 67;luxury a relative term, 68;luxury of the Roman villa, chiefly in marbles, 177;the luxury of travelling, progresses of Nero, 206

Maecenas, counsels of, to Augustus in Dion Cassius, 446, 533;Trimalchio, a freedman of, 128 n.

Magna Mater, brought from Pessinus, 204 B.C., 548;no Roman priest of, for 100 years, ib.;growing popularity of, at Rome, in Spain and Dacia, 549;legend of, ib.;her festival in spring, 550;her priests in the inscriptions, 550 sq.;her sacred colleges, 551;her disreputable followers in Apuleius, ib. sqq.;her worship transmuted, 554;the taurobolium and its history, 556;alliance of, with Mithra, and Attis, 556 sq.;women admitted to sacred rank, 557;identified with Maia, Demeter, Bona Dea, etc., 559

Majesty, the law of, under the Empire, 33

Malaga, inscriptions of, 209

Manetho, treatise of, on myths, 561;assists the first Ptolemy in recasting Isiac worship, ib.

Marcian, on Colleges, 255

Martial, deals with the same social subjects as Juvenal, 61;his graphic picture of the age, 61, 62;better side of, love of country life, picture of the farm of Faustinus, love of Bilbilis, 62;on Regulus, 156;on literary amateurs, 157;on Silius Italicus, 158;relations of, with Pliny, 158;regret for the capital, 198

Maximus of Tyre, character of his Discourses, 349;conciliation of anthropomorphism with a higher vision of God by, 395;ethical theory of, 421;daemonology of, 429;fortified by tales of apparitions, 491;influenced by Aristotle, 421

Medicine, profession of, filled by Greeks, 92;great physicians, Antonius Musa, the Stertinii, etc., ib.;sneers against, ib.;public physicians in municipal towns, 219;income and munificence of the Stertinii, 224;science of, in the second century, superstitious elements, 459;how blended with real skill, 462;skilled physicians in temples of Asclepius, 465

Medixtuticus, title of, still preserved in Oscan towns, 203

Minucius Felix, quoted, 545;on the festivals of Isis, 578 n.;on daemons, 433

Miracles, Origen and Celsus on, 481;universal belief in, 482;miracles in temples of Serapis, 573;Vespasian consents to work, ib.

Mithra, growing power of, 386;the taurobolium a part of his worship, 556;alliance of, with Magna Mater and Attis, ib., 589 sq.;in the Vedas and Avestas, 586;in the Zoroastrian system, 587;the God of kings, ib.;influence of Babylon on the worship of, 587;influence of syncretism in Asia Minor on, 588;the taurobolium probably borrowed, ib.;origin of the Tauroctonus group, date of the introduction of thecult into Europe, 590;Plutarch’s statement in the Life of Pompey, ib.;worship of, in the Flavian age, ib.;syncretism of, 592;worship of, propagated by soldiers, civil servants, etc., ib.;stages of its diffusion through Italy, 593;and north of the Alps, 594;progress of the worship along the Danube, 594 sqq.;legions which propagated it in Pannonia, 595;remains of, in Upper Germany, 596;in England, 597;in Gaul, ib.;its many attractions, ib.;Persian symbolism, 598;Babylonian elements in, astrology, 598, 602, sq.;relative influence of Iran and Babylon, different views of, 599;influence of Platonism and Pythagoreanism on, 600;doctrine of the soul’s descent, ib.;cosmic theory, doctrine of emanation, and deification of elemental powers, 601 sqq.;Mithra as mediator in two senses, 604 sq.;the Dadophori, ib., 606;the legend recovered from monuments, 605;the petra genetrix, ib.;symbolism of the slaughtered bull, 606;agape of Mithra and Sun, 607;various interpretations of the legend, 607;Mithraism a religion of combat, 608;its consolations, ib.;its eschatology, 609;effect of the taurobolium, ib.;ritual and sacraments of, 610;daily offices, and festivals of, 611;seven grades of the initiated, 611;ordeals of, 612;guilds of, 612;rites regarded as a diabolic parody of the Church, 613;description of the chapels of, ib. sq.;how Mithraism escaped persecution, 614;how it fostered theocratic ideas at Rome, 617 sqq.;a great imperial cult, 619;last days of, ib.;worship of, a great effort of syncretism, 620;moral and mystic strength of, 621;relations to Christianity, 622;similarities between them, 623;weaknesses of Mithraism, 624;inseparably involved with Nature-worship, 626

Monarchy, Seneca’s conception of, 16;hereditary succession and adoption, 27;ideal of, in Dion Chrysostom, 377, sqq.;apotheosis of, in third century, 615 sqq.;attitude of Tacitus to, 21

Morals, divorced from politics and speculation, 290 sq.;became a religion in Seneca, 305;relation of precept and dogma, ib.;freedom and necessity, 311;the fall of man, 312;Plutarch’s theory of, 410 sqq.

Municipal life, picture of, in Petronius, 133 sqq.;rapid organisation of, in Spain, Gaul, Dacia, etc., immense growth of towns, 200;Baden in 69 A.D., 201;Thamugadi in Numidia, 202;policy of government towards provincial towns, 203;drift towards uniformity of civic organisation, influence of the capital, 204;how towns were formed, 207;development from castra stativa, 207, sq.;soldiers allowed to live with their families in the third century, 208;municipal town aristocratic in constitution, 209, 231;Album Canusii, 210;the honestiores, ib.;popular election the rule in the first century, 211;magistracies, 212;their burdens, signs of decay, 212;powers of the duumvirs, 213;the Curia, its numbers, qualification, and privileges, 214, 215;local Equites, 215;Augustales, their importance, organisation, insignia, etc., 216, 217;municipal finance, 218;public charges, food, education, medical attendance, 219;public works, 220;finances, and maladministration of Bithynian towns in Trajan’s reign, 220, 221;municipal life of Pompeii, 222, sqq.;generous gifts to towns, 223, 225;examples from the inscriptions, 226 sqq.;public feasts on a great scale, 229;gifts of money according to social rank, 230;tone of town life, 231;pleasures of, 233;gladiatorial shows, 236 sqq.;how the community rewarded benefactors, 244 sq.;municipal meanness, 245;decaying local patriotism, 246;Plutarch on, 247;growing centralisation and interference, 248;shadows of the end, 249

Musonius, his ideal of chastity, 77;condemns the Sophists, 344;exile of, under Nero; character of his teaching; preaches to the soldiery in 69 A.D., 348

Nature, love of, in Virgil, 197;in Pliny, 174;in Martial, ib., 62, 198

Nero, hereditary taint of, 17;not without some good qualities, 17;could inspire affection, 18;his devotion to art, and its evil results, 19;a cupitor incredibilium, 20;his waste leads to cruel oppression, 20, 21;examples of wild profusion, 32;his superstition, 45, 536;compelled by the mob to recall Octavia, 49;popular indignation at his appearance on the stage, 74;the “Noctes Neronis,” 75;his phil-Hellenism, 89;silences Delphi, 434;belief in astrology, 448;propitiates his mother’s shade, 491;flattery of, by the Arval Brothers, 542;worshipped by Tiridates, 617;violence to Delphi, 472

Nerva, retrenchments of, 32;first provided for poor children, 192

Nicomedia, D. Chrysostom on its public vices, 373

Numa, apocryphal books of, 564

Octavia, divorced on false charge, and recalled by Nero at the bidding of the mob, 49

Oenomaus of Gadara, rejection of myth and oracles by, 363;theory of oracles, 364;Julian’s denunciation of, ib.

Olbia, D. Chrysostom’s visit to, 371 sq.

Oracles, decay of, 434;revival of, 386;theory of their inspiration, 437 sqq.;and of their cessation, 437, 471;that of Abonoteichos defers to the older, 472;many oracles not silenced till the reign of Constantine, 473;how an oracle was worked, 474;oracles in Boeotia, 471

Orphic mysticism, the, 427; influence of, on Virgil, 494;on Mithraism, 600;on belief in immortality, 516

Osterburken, remains of Mithra worship at, 596

Ostia, colleges at, 215;cult of Mithra at, 591;temple of Magna Mater at, ib.

Otho, extravagance of, 32;his belief in astrology, 45, 448;devotion of soldiers to, 50;his end, 449;flattered by the Arval Brotherhood, 541;the first Emperor who took part in Isiac worship, 566

Ovid, his ideal of womanhood, 77, 142;shocked by the influence of the theatre on women, 86;attitude to religion, 532

Pallas, power and insolence of, receives the adulation of the Senate, his wealth, and his end, 111

Panaetius and the Scipionic circle, 293; modification of Stoicism by, 408;abandons belief in immortality, 500;rejects divination, 530;little sympathy with popular religion, 531

Panthea, mistress of L. Verus, charms of, described by Lucian, 115

Paphlagonia, superstition of, 474

Pastophori of Isis, the, recognised by Sulla, 565;scribe of, 570

Peregrinus, early history of, connection with the Christians, and self-immolation, 354;Lucian’s attacks on his character, 354;assumes that the motive of Peregrinus was notoriety, 356;Peregrinus influenced by eastern mysticism, 355;character of, in Aulus Gellius, 358

Pessimism, of Seneca, 10, 11, 14, 303, 313;of Tacitus, 30, 46;Juvenal, 65;M. Aurelius, 304, 335;of the Greek poets, 416

Petronius, shared in the “Noctes Neronis,” 75;various opinions as to the date and object of his Satiricon, 120;motive of the work, 122;the Petronius of Tacitus, his character and his end; the Satiricon only a fragment, 124;not without a higher moral tone, 125;originality of Petronius, 126;the scene and the characters, 127

Philosophy, power of, in government, 6;Stoic opposition in the first century, 39, 151 sqq.;was it ever a dangerous force? 40;new ideals of humanity, 63;elevating influence of, 190;change in the conception of, in the first century, 289;practical interest in predominant, causes of the change, 339, 290 sq.;eclecticism and scepticism in, ib., 408, 412;necessity for moral reform, 292;private direction of souls, 293;directors in great houses, 294;the philosopher a generis humani paedagogus, 299;modifications of Stoicism in Seneca, 314 sqq., 306;“nulla virtus sine philosophia,” 341;eclecticism, 343;the Cynic opposition, 362 sq.;eclecticism of Dion Chrysostom, 368 sq.;need of a philosophic théodicée, 384;effort of, to rehabilitate myth, 432

Pheidias, the Olympian Zeus of, 380;his defence of anthropomorphism in D. Chrysostom, 382

Pisa, disturbance at elections in, 212

Piso, the conspiracy of, 47 sq.

Platonism, few adherents of, in the first century, 408;affected Panaetius, ib.;and Seneca, 308;and Plutarch, 409;its daemonology, 430;encouraged belief in immortality, 501;visionary power of the great Master, 523;influence on Mithraism, 600

Plebeian life, picture of, in Petronius, 132 sqq.;in the inscriptions, 252 sq., 271

Pliny, the elder, on Roman luxury, 67, 68;care of his nephew, 145;life, character, and prodigious industry of, 146;scorn for popular religion, 535;superstition of, 451;rejection of immortality, 502;on town life in Spain and Gaul, 201 sq.;description of baths of Posides, 112;on the Stertinii, 224

Pliny, the younger, ideal of the principate in the Panegyric, 43;compared with Juvenal as a painter of society, 141;idealised his circle, 142, 185;his blameless aristocrats, 144;early life of, influence of Quintilian on, 149;student friends, 150;admiration of the Stoic circle, 151;military service, and entrance on forensic work, 153 sq.;the Centumviral court, 154 sq.;sketch of Regulus, 155 sqq.;passion for fame, 157;literary amateurs, 157;befriends Martial, 158;admiration for Cicero, and for Greece, 158;his loose verses, 159;ideas of oratory, 160;value of his Letters, 161, 163;imitated in fourth century, ib.;their principle of arrangement, and date, 162;his devotion to literature, 164;admiration for Tacitus, ib.;his judgment of Silius Italicus, ib.;theory of life, 165;literary coteries, Greek verse writing, 166;writers of history, 167;literary competitions, 171;the plague of recitations; Pliny gives readings himself, and punctually attends them: his estimate of their value, 173;weariness of the capital and love of the country, 174;not a sportsman, 175;pictures of Roman country seats, 175;routine of country life, 179;management of [pg 636]rural estates, 180;Pliny’s kindness to slaves and dependents, 181;view of suicide, 183;Corellius Rufus, 184;Pliny’s belief in the solidarity of rank, and the duty of mutual support, 186;his superstition, 452, 490;delight in helping young men of the upper class, 187;love for Calpurnia, and ideal of girlhood, 188, 189;last glimpse of Pliny and Calpurnia, 189;he represents the finest moral tone of the age, 190;his many benefactions and their amount, 193, 224

Plutarch, on the duties of municipal life, 247;early history of, 401;friends of, at Rome, 402;love of Chaeronea, and Delphi, 403;visits to other parts of Greece, 403;table talk of, 404;his historic power, 406;ethical motive in, predominant, 405;admiration for Plato, 409;eclecticism, ib.;attacks Stoic psychology, 410;adopts some Aristotelian principles, 412;yet has many Stoic elements, 414;his treatment of Fate and free-will, 412;ideal of moral teaching, 413;conception of theology, 417;idea of God, 418;of matter and evil, 419;treatment of myth and religious symbol, 423;daemonology, 430 sqq.;used to rehabilitate myth, 432;interest in Delphi, 435 sqq.;theory of inspiration, 439;on the future state, 496 sq.;on comfort in the Mysteries, 516;Consolation to his wife on the death of their daughter, 520 sq.;arguments for immortality, 521 sqq.;visions of the future world, 523 sqq.;reference to Mithra as a mediator, 590;on the first appearance of Mithraism in Europe, 590;tales of ghosts at Chaeronea, 490

Politta, wife of Rubellius Plautus, courage and devotion of, 49

Polybius, freedman minister of Claudius, life of, described by Seneca, 108

Polybius, the historian, his attitude to Roman religion, 531

Pompeii, situation and various industries of, 223;family of the Holconii, Eumachia, their gifts to the town, 223;amphitheatre and temple of Isis at, 224, 563;election placards at, 211;tombs of Alexandrian traders at, 567;colleges of “late sleepers” and “late drinkers” at, 265

Pontifex Maximus, the, 534; office held by the Emperors, its power, 535

Poppaea, her sympathy with Judaism, 83

Post, the public, organisation of, 206;Pliny’s use of, for Calpurnia, 189

Poverty, contempt for, 104;common in Juvenal’s time, 94;D. Chrysostom on, 375

Prayer, an effort of adoration, 394;a colloquy with God, 420

Preachers, the philosophic, Apollonius, 347;Musonius, 348;Maximus of Tyre, 349;Dion Chrysostom, 370 sqq.

Prudentius, description of the taurobolium by, 558

Public works, mismanagement of, in Bithynia, 220 sq.;curator of, ib.;undertaken by private persons, evidence of inscriptions on, 225 sq.

Pythagoreanism, not extinct in the first century B.C., 398;daemonology of, 428;influence of, on Virgil, 493 sq.;on Seneca, 515;connection with the Mysteries, 516;spiritual influence of, 517;influence on the mythology of Egypt, 562;and on Mithraism, 600

Quintilian, career of, as a teacher, and high moral influence, 149;treats immortality as an open question, 502

Readings, the plague of, in Juvenal, 59, 95;in Pliny, 160, 173;in Martial, 61

Regulus, M. Aquilius, career of, as delator, 37;as pleader, his wealth, and eccentricities, 155, 156

Religion, old Roman, decay of, from the second Punic War, 529;its causes, 530;attitude to, of Varro, Panaetius, Polybius, 531;Augustan restoration of, 533;conservative influence of the chief pontificate, 535;early emperors continue the Augustan policy, 536;reverence for the oldest Latin deities in the inscriptions, 538;Jupiter, 543;Hercules, Silvanus, and the Nymphs, 539;revival of the Arval Brotherhood, 540 sqq.;feeling of the educated to, 544;real strength of, 545;last champions of, in the fourth century, 546;its formalism compared with the eastern worships, 554

Scepticism, from the second Punic War, 530;the scepticism of the elder Pliny, Seneca, Juvenal, etc., 535

Seleucus, an astrologer of Otho, 448

Senate, the, prestige and ancient claims of, 38;hated and feared by bad princes, 38, 39;respect for, under good Emperors, 39;theoretical position of, under the Empire, 41, 42;Pliny’s Panegyric throws light on, 44;moral degradation of, shown in 69 A.D., 50;poverty of many great houses, 51, 71;insults heaped on, by Emperors, 51;reduction of its numbers by massacre [pg 637]etc., 71;great families pensioned by Emperors, 71;Senators compelled to act and fight as gladiators, 73, 74;scorn of, for freedmen, 113;frivolity of, in Pliny’s time, 185;senatorial life in the country, 174 sqq.

Seneca, his experience of the tyranny, 7, 8;sad close of his life, 9;knowledge of character, how acquired, 9;conception of the state of nature, and pessimism of, 10, 11, 14, 304, 313;ghastly picture of high society, 11;of slavery, 12, 329;his terrors, 13;attitude to philosophic revolutionaries, 15;conception of imperial power, 16;ideal of female character and capacity, 188;anticipates the movement of the Antonine age, 190;as a spiritual director, 294;his undoubted power, 295;his experience prepared him for the work, 296 sqq.;his court-life and wealth, ib.;contrasts in, 297;calumnies against, 298;conception of the great office of philosophy, 299;attitude to liberal studies, 300;treatment of Physics, the moral effects and lessons of the study, 301 sqq.;intense earnestness of, 304;defends and quotes Epicurus, 306;yet often a Stoic dogmatist, ib.;conception of God, 307, 390;influenced by Platonism, 308;his psychology, 308 sq.;necessity and conversion, 311;the fall of man, 312;Aristotelian elements in, 314 sq.;humility of, 316;his disciples of the upper class, 317;on philosophic retreat, 318;his precepts for moral growth, 320 sqq.;death a mere bugbear, 322;attitude to myth, ib.;on public duty, 325;on the social instinct, kindness, forgiveness, etc., 327;his ideal of womanhood, 329;Seneca and Thomas à Kempis, 331;his view of immortality approaches the Christian, 5, 13 sqq.;Pythagorean influences on, 515

Sentinum, college of Mithra at, 593

Serapis, his temple of healing at Canopus, 461;his origin, various theories of, 561 sq.;linked with Jupiter in the inscriptions, 562;lofty conception of, in Aristides, 572, 574;miracles in his temples, 573;a guide and judge of souls, 575;his boundless sway, 583

Sidonius Apollinaris, imitation of Pliny’s Letters in, 162 sq.;refers to Sulpicia, 80;to Petronius, 121

Silius Italicus, Pliny’s estimate of, 164;career and tastes of, 165;a connoisseur, 177;suicide of, 184

Slavery, moral and political effects of, according to Seneca, 12;courage of Octavia’s slave girls, 48;transition from slavery to freedom, 116 sq.;kindly feeling, 117, 257;manumission, how obtained, 118;growing peculium of trusted slaves, 118;tie between patron and freedman, 119;duties and generosity of patrons, ib.;rise of the freedmen, ib.;Pliny’s kindness to slaves, 181;harsh masters and their perils, 182;slave class dwindling, 252;slaves in the colleges, 281

Society, circuli, 13;gossip, 33;extravagant luxury, 66;respect for birth and manufacture of genealogies, 69, 70;poverty and mendicancy of great houses, 71, 72;wider interests among women 78;culture of Roman women from Cornelia to Serena, wife of Stilicho, 80;dangerous temptations of women’s life, 85 sq.;general poverty under the Empire, 94 sq.;mean trades more lucrative than cultivated professions, 95;society materialised, ib.;contempt for poverty, 97;grossness of freedmen, 132 sqq.;a sounder class in the worst days, 143;wholesome force of Roman tradition, and country life, 144;old-fashioned retreats of virtue, 147;love of country life, 174;suicide, 183;wedded life of Calpurnia and Pliny, 188 sq.;new moral ideals in Seneca, Juvenal, and Pliny, 190;duties of wealth, 191;public spirit of the age, 193;rage for amusement, 234 sqq.;municipal gratitude and meanness, 245;need of association in clubs, etc., 256 sqq.;immense force of the movement, 266 sqq.;ennui and self-abandonment of upper class, 304, 319 sq.;need for popular evangelism, how the Cynics supplied it, 335, 360

Socrates, theories of his daemon, 438

Sophists, the, influence of, 4;frivolous subjects and showy style of, condemned by philosophers, 344;Plutarch’s opinion of, 413

Sotion, trains Seneca in Pythagorean asceticism, 296

Spain, growth of towns in, 200;journey of Icelus in, to reach Galba, 206;little affected by Mithraism, 597;worship of Isis in, 567

Spectacles, the, Senators descend into the arena, 73;women present at, mingling with men at the Circus, 86;obscenities of the theatre, ib.;number of days in the year given to, 234;scene in Flavian Amphitheatre, 235

Spurinna, Vestricius, a verse writer, 166;his orderly life a type, 175

Statius, his sketches of the great imperial freedmen, 109 sqq.;of the villas of [pg 638]Manlius Vopiscus, and Pollius Felix, 176;reference to Mithra in the Thebaid, 589 sq.

Stoicism, the God of, 307;gospel of, in Seneca, 309 sq.;freedom and necessity, 311;weakness of its moral theory, 313;instantaneous conversion, ib.;no intermediate states of character, ib.;modifications of, 314;relation to Cynicism, 323, 359;competing tendencies in, 324;the two cities, Zeno on civic duty, 325;the brotherhood of man, 328;the religion of Stoicism breaks down, 391, 512;later Stoic mysticism, 392;influence of Panaetius, 408, 530;its theory of human nature assailed by Plutarch, 410 sq.;older Stoic belief in a limited immortality, 500;ideal of life in M. Aurelius, 509;Stoic attitude to augury, etc., 530

Strabo, on oracles and augury, 471;on the temple of Serapis at Canopus, 461

Suetonius, career of, 168;Pliny’s friendship for, ib.;a dilatory author, 168;superstition of, 452, 535;secretary of Hadrian, 169

Suffetes, title of, preserved in Africa under the Empire, 203

Suicide, Pliny’s view of, 183;suicide of Euphrates, 356;Stoic view of, 356;suicide of Peregrinus, 357;of Silius Italicus, 184;of Corellius Rufus, 184;Hadrian’s wish for, 356;a suicide on Lake Como, 184

Sulla, recognises the Isiac cult in 80 B.C., 565

Sulpicia, verses of, mentioned by Martial and Sidonius, 80

Sun worship, the highest form of nature-worship, 585 sq.;Aurelian’s temple, 586;Mithra identified with the Sun at Babylon, 587;influence of, in fostering theocratic ideas in the Empire, 617 sq.

Superstition, tales of, at Trimalchio’s table, 131, 136;of Regulus, 156;of Suetonius and Pliny, 168;various conceptions of, 443;Plutarch on, 443 sq.;astrology, 446 sqq.;superstition of the Emperors, 447 sqq.;of the great writers of the age, 451 sqq.;its connection with medicine in the temples, 459;dream oracles, 461;Aristides has visits from the gods, 466;superstition of Rutilianus and the Roman nobles in the reign of M. Aurelius, 475;rampant in Paphlagonia, 476 sq.;cult of Genii, 479;universal belief in miracles, 482;apparitions in the Philopseudes of Lucian, 490;encouraged by Mithraism, 602

Symmachus, religious conservatism of, 546;Letters of, 161

Syncretism, in Aristides, 388;in Apuleius, ib.;in Plutarch, 424;of the oriental worships, 558;in the worship of Isis, 581;and of Serapis, 583;Mithraism the greatest effort of, 585, 592;at Babylon, 587;in Asia Minor, 588

Tacitus, his attitude to the tyranny of the early Caesars, 21;early history and experience of, 22;various views of, 23;the key to his tone as a historian, 24;a moralist, rather than a politician, 25, 26;views of the future, 26, 27;belief in birth and traditions, 28;early training, and ideal of family life, 28, 29;admiration for Agricola, 29;his experience had affected his ideas of human nature and of the Divine government, 30;gloomy view of the time, 46;wavering attitude to superstition, 453, 535;faint hope of immortality, 502;account of Serapis, 562

Tarsus, D. Chrysostom on its vices, 370

Taurobolium, the, enthralling power of, 547;first glimpse of, 549;offered for Ant. Pius in 160, ib.;suspected by the Fathers, 555;history of, 556;Anaitis and Artemis Tauropolus, ib.;question whether it became part of the worship of Mithra, ib., 609;its ceremonial and cost, 557 sq.;its meaning and effects, 609

Tertullian, his tale of a priest of Cybele, 549;on the taurobolium, 555;holds up priests of Isis as an example, 582;his view of the sacraments of Mithra, 613

Theagenes, pupil of Peregrinus, 354;lectures in Rome, ib.

Theatre, the, a great corruptor, 86

Thespesius of Soli, his vision of the unseen world, 524

Thrasea, his character, compared with Paetus and Helvidius Priscus, 152

Thrasyllus, an astrologer of Tiberius, 448

Tiberius, conservatism of, in religion, 536;little sympathy with Hellenism, 88;cost of his gladiators, 241;belief in astrology, 448;tried the lottery at Padua, 472;persecutes the eastern cults, 566;treatment of descendants of Hortensius, 71;his mot on birth, 70

Timarchus, his visit to the other world, 526 sq.

Titinius Capito, writes a history of the victims of the Terror, 167

Titus, his love of the East and superstition, 449;visit to shrine of the Paphian Venus, 472

Trade, great fair at Cremona, 264;[pg 639]wandering traders, their colleges, ib.;immense development of, 253, 265;Juvenal’s contempt for, 98;encouragement of, by Claudius, 264

Trajan, provision of, for poor children, 192;his friendship with Dion Chrysostom, 369 sq.;vows of the Arval Brotherhood for, 542;Pliny’s Panegyric on, 43

Travel, became general, 205;example of Hadrian, ib.;easy and luxurious, ib.;facilities of posting, 206;speed of, by land and sea, 206;passion for change of scene, 330 sqq.;travels of Aristides, 464;of Dion Chrysostom, 368

Trimalchio, the, of Petronius, sketches his own career, 129;his estates, ib.;description of, ib.;surprises of his dinner, 130;his libraries and his ignorance, 131;treatment of his wife, 137;gives an order for his monument, 136

Trophonius, the oracle of, 461

Ummidia Quadratilla, character in Pliny’s Letters, 185;builds a temple and amphitheatre for Casinum, 224

Varro, theology of, 417, 531 sq.;on Magna Mater, 547;Saturae Menippeae of, 126

Veleia, tablet of, 192

Verginius, Rufus, guardian of Pliny, 145

Vespasian, accession of, a moral revolution, 1;his economies, 32, 227;tolerance of the Stoic opposition by, 40;treatment of astrologers, 45;defamed by men of the Neronian circle, 52;Hellenism of, 89;love of old associations, 148;his immense task; combined economy and liberality, 148;banishes the astrologers, yet believes in them, 449;consults the oracle on Mount Carmel, 472;conservative in religion, 536;restores the shrine of Magna Mater at Herculaneum, 548;consents to work miracles at Alexandria, 573

Vestinus, Atticus, suicide of, under Nero, 48

Vestinus, Julius, chief pontiff of Egypt, a secretary of Hadrian, 568

Virgil, immense popularity of, his verses in the Graffiti of Pompeii, 170;pictures of rural scenery by, 197;Sortes Virgilianae consulted by Hadrian, 450;Inferno of, its discordant conceptions, 491 sqq.;recitation of the Aeneid at Trimalchio’s table, 131

Vitellius, cruelty and ghastly end of, 240;superstition of, 449;profusion of, 32;treatment of his freedman, Asiaticus, 206;employs Equites as imperial secretaries, 107;his horoscope, 449

Women, high ideal of, in the first century, 77;growth of wider interests in, 78;superstition among, ib.;emancipation of, began long before the Empire, 79;vices of, in the time of the elder Cato, ib.;Roman ideal of, lasted to the end, ib.;cultivated women from Cornelia to Serena, 80;growing influence of, in public life, 81;“Mothers of the camp, patronae,” Curia mulierum at Lanuvium, 81;attractions of eastern cults for, 82;Roman girls carefully guarded till marriage, when their perils began, 84;temptations of Roman matrons, ib.;dangers of the Circus, theatre, and gladiatorial shows, 86;manners in the freedwomen class, 135;good women of Pliny’s circle, 145;others of doubtful character, 185;Calpurnia, wife of Pliny; their ideal married life, 188 sq.;beautiful character of a girl, 189;ideal of, in Seneca, 329;light women keep fasts of Isis, 553, 565, 570;female worshippers of Magna Mater, 557

Xenocrates, on bad daemons, 431, 433

Xenophanes, on legend, 544

Zoticus, freedman of Elagabalus, sources of his wealth, 112

THE END

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