MAPS. (continued 2)

Padua, Manifesto of, 102.

Pahlen, Peter, Count von der, Russian general (♰1826), 221.

Palestine, conquered by Bonaparte (1799), 208.

Palm, John Philip, German bookseller (♰1806), 293.

Palmella, Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, Count, afterwards Duke, of, Portuguese statesman (1786–1850), 338.

Pampeluna besieged and taken by Wellington (1813), 315, 316.

Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot (1726–1807), 27, 145.

Papacy, the, its temporal power in the 18th century, 24.

Paris, takes part in the Revolution, 56;

riot of 12 July (1789), 57;

the taking of the Bastille, 57, 58;

the King brought to (6 Oct. 1789), 62;

keeps the King prisoner in the Tuileries, 99;

massacre of 17 July (1791), 101;

invades the Tuileries (20 June 1792), 112;

takes the Tuileries (10 Aug. 1792), 113;

massacres in (Sept. 1792), 115;

people of, refuse to support Robespierre, 147;

fights against the Convention, 13 Vendémiaire, 164, 165;

welcomes the Empire, 238;

battle of (1814), 239;

occupied by the allies, 239;

provisional treaty of, 331, 332;

return of Louis XVIII. to, 333;

first treaty of, 333, 334;

return of Napoleon to (1815), 351;

reoccupied by the allies, 353;

second treaty of, 353, 354.

Parker, Sir Hyde, English admiral (1739–1807), 222.

Parma, city of, capital of a French department, 283.

—— Duke of. See Cambacérès.

—— and Piacenza, Duchess of. See Marie Louise.

—— ——, Duke of. See Ferdinand, Louis.

—— ——, duchies of, well governed in the 18th century, 25;

conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;

exchanged for kingdom of Etruria (1801), 220;

annexed by Napoleon (1810), 283;

granted to Marie Louise by the Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814), 332;

by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Parthenopean Republic, founded (1798), 200;

overthrown (1799), 203.

Passau, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1801), 227.

Paul, Emperor, of Russia (1754–1801), his accession (1796), 185;

inclines to war with France, 198;

declares war against France (1798), 202;

receives Louis XVIII., 204;

withdraws his troops from the Continent, 206;

becomes Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, 207;

quarrels with Austria and England, 207;

makes peace with France, 207;

admiration for Bonaparte, 216, 217;

schemes for an invasion of India, 220, 221;

forms Neutral League of the North, 221, 222;

assassinated, 222.

Pavia, the university of, 26.

Peace, Prince of the. See Godoy.

Peltier, Jean Gabriel, French journalist (1765–1825), 133.

Peninsular War: campaign of 1808, 265, 266;

of 1809, 275, 276;

of 1810, 296;

of 1811, 296, 297;

of 1812, 306, 307;

of 1813, 315.

Père Duchesne, 142.

Pérignon, Dominique Catherine, Comte, French general (1754–1818), 183, App. iv.

Pesth, 90, 91.

Pétiet, Claude, French administrator (1749–1805), 182, 190.

Pétion, Jérome, French politician (1753–94), 78, 86.

Pfaffenhofen, treaty of (1796), 180.

Philosophers, the eighteenth century, 4, 9, 17, 38.

Piacenza, Duchy of. See Parma.

—— Duke of. See Le Brun.

Pichegru, Charles, French general (1761–1804), 140, 144, 149, 167, 172, 188, 191, 234, 235.

Piedmont, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, 26;

left to Victor Amadeus (1797), 192;

occupied by the French under Joubert (1798), 200;

occupied by the Austrians (1799), 206;

conquered by Bonaparte (1800), 218;

annexed to France (1801), 220, 230, 255.

Pigot, Sir Henry, English general (1752–1840), 195.

Pilnitz, Conference between the Emperor Leopold and King Frederick William at (1791), 102;

the Declaration of, 103;

its effect on France, 106.

Pisa, the university of, 24, 200.

Pitt, William, English statesman (1759–1806), 28, 45, 78, 86, 97, 120, 125, 126, 166, 167, 169, 184, 189, 190, 225, 243, 245, 264.

Pius VI., Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope (1717–99), 24, 66, 76, 175, 177, 200, 203, 217.

—— VII., Gregorio Barnabé Luigi Chiaramonti, Pope (1742–1834), 217, 220, 229, 230, 238, 277, 278, 347.

Plain, deputies of the Centre in the Convention called the, 117, 129, 156.

Pleswitz, armistice of (3 June 1813), 309.

Plettenberg, the Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Münster in 1789, 39.

Pléville de Peley, Georges René, French admiral (1726–1805), 190, 196.

Podolia, province of, taken by Russia at the second partition of Poland (1793), 122.

Poland, its extinction impending in 1789, 14;

Catherine’s policy in the first partition of, 18;

Prussia’s share of, and aims on, 30;

treaty of Warsaw with Prussia, 85;

refuses to surrender Thorn and Dantzic (1790), 87;

attempts at reform, 103, 104;

the Constitution of 1791, 104, 105;

invaded by the Russians (1792), 121;

attacked by the Prussians (1793), 122;

second partition of (1793), 122;

causes of the failure of the attempt at constitutional reform, 123;

insurrection in (1794), 151;

victory of the Russians, 151, 152;

final partition and extinction of Polish independence (1795), 152;

comparison between French and Polish revolutions, 152, 153;

looked favourably on by the Directory, 206;

Napoleon’s campaign in 1807, 248, 249;

Napoleon’s Polish policy, 261;

creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 261;

serfdom abolished in, 289;

the Emperor Alexander’s ideas on (1814), 339;

final rearrangement of (1815), 342.

Police, Ministry of General, established in France (1796), 182;

abolished under the Consulate, but restored under the Empire, 241.

Polignac, Armand Jules Marie Heraclius, Comte, afterwards Duc de, French politician (1771–1847), 235.

Polish Legion formed for the service of France (1797), 206.

Pombal, Sebastian José de Carvalho-Mello, Marquis of, Portuguese statesman (1699–1782), 22.

Pomerania, Prussian, its backward state in 1789, 29.

—— Swedish, possession of, gave the King of Sweden a voice in the Diet of the Empire, 34;

occupied by the French under Brune (1808), 250, 254, 279;

exchanged for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), 320;

given to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19.

Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Polish patriot, French general (1762–1813), 121, 122, App. iv.

—— Stanislas, King of Poland (1732–98), 104, 122, 151, 152.

Ponte Corvo, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, 24;

Bernadotte made Prince of (1806), 277.

Pontine marshes drained by Pope Pius VI., 24.

Popes. See Pius VI., Pius VII.

Porentruy, district of, merged in the department of the Haut-Rhin, 230.

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, French statesman (1745–1807), 214, 215.

Portugal, its condition in 1789, 14, 21, 22;

declares war against the French Republic (1793), 120;

treaty of San Ildefonso (1796), 183;

England comes to the help of, 184;

attacked by Spain, and forced to cede Olivenza by the treaty of Badajoz (1801), 223;

Napoleon’s schemes against, 252;

to be divided by treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), 252, 253;

conquered by the French, 253;

rises in insurrection against the French, 265;

English army sent to, 265;

freed from the French by the Convention of Cintra, 266;

invaded by the French under Masséna (1810), 296;

their repulse (1811), 297;

deserted by Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.

Portuguese Legion, formed by Junot, for the service of France, 253.

Posen, province of, taken by Prussia in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;

given back to Prussia (1815), 342.

Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovitch, Prince, Russian statesman (1736–1791), 43, 44, 45, 96.

Potocki, Stanislas Felix, Polish statesman (1745–1805), 121.

Potsdam, treaty of (3 Nov. 1805), 247.

Pozzo di Borgo, Charles Andrew, Count, Russian diplomatist (1764–1842), 301, 337.

Praga, suburb of Warsaw, stormed by Suvórov (4 Nov. 1794), 152.

Prague, congress of (1813), 311.

Prairial, the insurrection of 1st, in Paris (1795), 155, 156.

Prefectures, Bonaparte’s establishment of, in France, 230.

Preliminaries of Leoben signed (17 April 1797), 186.

Pressburg, treaty of (26 Dec. 1805), 245.

Prieur [of the Côte-d’Or], Claude Antoine, French statesman (1763–1832), 133, 134.

—— [of the Marne], Pierre Louis, French statesman (1760–1827), 133.

Prince-Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, 39, 40.

Profession de Foi du Vicaire Savoyard, Rousseau’s, 10.

Proposals of Frankfort (1813), 316, 317.

Provera, John Nicholas, Baron, Austrian general (1747–1801), 176.

Prussia, administrative decay in, 5;

serfdom in, 5;

a member of the Triple Alliance, 13;

condition in 1789, 28–30;

policy of, 30, 31;

intervention in Holland (1787), 32;

influence in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, 34;

position of, in 1789, 84;

anti-Austrian policy, 84–86;

alliance with Austria against France (1792), 109;

its share in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;

in the third partition of Poland (1795), 152;

more anti-Austrian than anti-French, 152;

makes treaty of Basle with the French Republic (1795), 156, 157;

becomes protector of North Germany, by the conclusion of the line of demarcation, 170, 171;

its great increase in importance by the secularisations of 1803, 227;

neutrality violated by the French (1805), 244;

advantages obtained by its policy of neutrality, 246;

desires to fight France, 246, 247;

crushed at Jena, and occupied by the French, 247;

deprived of its Rhenish Westphalian and Polish provinces (1807), 250;

reorganisation of, under Stein and Scharnhorst, 289–291;

becomes the recognised leader of the revived German national spirit, 292;

Stein’s reforms completed by Hardenberg, 303;

foundation of the University of Berlin, 303, 304;

obliged to allow Napoleon to traverse it, and to send him a contingent (1812), 304;

rises against the French, 308, 309;

receives part of Saxony (1815), 341;

and part of Prussian Poland, 342;

obtains large Rhenish province, 344;

gets Swedish Pomerania, 347;

as a result of the period becomes the preponderant German power, 359.

See Frederick William II., Frederick William III.

Public Safety, Committee of. See Committee.

Pyramids, battle of the (21 July 1798), 195.

Pyrenees, campaigns in the, 133, 140, 144, 150, 151, 315, 316.

Quatre Bras, battle of (16 June 1815), 352.

Quedlinburg, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

Quiberon Bay, defeat of the French émigrés at (June 1794), 154.

Quinette, Nicolas Marie, Baron, French administrator (1762–1821), 210.

Raab, battle of (14 June 1809), 273.

Rabaut de Saint-Étienne, Jean Paul, French politician (1743–93), 52.

Raclawice, battle of (4 April 1794), 151.

Radet, Étienne, Baron, French general (1762–1825), 278.

Ragusa, Duke of. See Marmont.

Ramel, Jean Pierre, French general (1768–1815), 356.

—— de Nogaret, Jacques, French politician (1760–1819), 182.

Rapinat, Jacques, French administrator (1750–1818), 199, 209.

Rasomovski, Andrew, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian diplomatist (1751–1836), 323, 337.

Rastadt, Congress at, 186, 192, 202.

Ratisbon, bishopric of, granted to the Elector of Mayence (1803), 225;

to the King of Bavaria (1805), 260.

—— a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, where the Imperial Diet met, 35, 225, 257.

Reason, the Worship of, in Paris, 141;

attacked by Danton and Robespierre, 142.

Receivers-general of taxes, their establishment under the Consulate, 215.

Reden, Baron, Dutch diplomatist (♰1799), 87.

Regency, Portuguese, formed (1808), 266.

Reggio, duchy of, belonged to the Duke of Modena in 1789, 25;

merged in the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192.

—— Duke of. See Oudinot.

Regnier, Claude Ambroise, Duke of Massa, French statesman (1736–1814), 216, 239, 240, 241.

Reichenbach, conference, Congress and convention of (June 1790), 87, 88;

treaty of (17 June 1813), 310.

Reichskammergericht. See Tribunal, Imperial.

Reichstag. See Diet, Imperial.

Reign of Terror in France. See Terror.

Reinhard, Charles Frédéric, Comte, French diplomatist (1761–1837), 210.

Renier, Paolo (♰1789), Doge of Venice in 1789, 27.

Repnin, Nicholas Vassilievitch, Prince, Russian general (1734–1801), 44, 96.

Retreats, famous military: Moreau’s, from Bavaria (1796), 178;

Moore’s, from Salamanca (1808–09), 269, 270;

Napoleon’s, from Moscow (1812), 306.

Reubell, Jean François, French statesman (1747–1807), 150, 156, 165, 169, 179, 181, 191, 209.

Réunion, island of (Isle of Bourbon), restored to France (1815), 348.

Reuss, the principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Reuss, Prince Anton von (1738–96), 87.

Réveillon, Jean (1796), sack of his house at Paris (June 1789), 56.

Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis Marie de la, French statesman (1753–1824), 165, 171, 181, 182, 209.

Revolution, the reasons why it began in France, 7, 8.

See France.

Revolutionary Propaganda, decreed by the Convention (18 Nov. 1792), 118;

its effect on the character of the war, 125;

the decree repealed (16 May 1793), 133;

idea adopted by the Hébertists, 141;

formally abandoned by the Thermidorian Committee of Public Safety, 148, 159.

—— Tribunal. See Tribunal.

Révolutions de Paris, important journal edited by Loustalot, 61.

Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, Comte, French general (1771–1814), 256, 296.

Rhine, the, declared the natural boundary of France, 157;

crossed by Moreau (1796), 178;

by Moreau (1797), 186;

by Blücher (1813), 318.

—— Confederation of the, formed by Napoleon (1806), 245;

its members, 260, 261;

replaced by the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342, 343.

Ricci, Scipio de, Bishop of Pistoia, Italian statesman (1741–1810), 24, 83.

Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie du Plessis, Duc de, French statesman (1766–1822), 357.

Ried, treaty of (8 Oct. 1813), 313, 314.

Riga, besieged by the French under Macdonald (1812), 307.

Rivers, stipulations on the navigation of, 349.

Rivière, Charles François de Riffardeau, Marquis, afterwards Duc de, French émigré (1763–1827), 235.

Rivoli, battle of (14 Jan. 1797), 176.

—— Duke of. See Masséna.

Roberjot, Claude, French politician (1753–99), 202.

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore de, French statesman (1758–1794), opposes intervention of France on behalf of Spain (1790), 78;

moves motion preventing election of deputies of the Constituent to the Legislative Assembly, 105;

opposes war with Austria, 105;

a leader in the Convention, 117;

attacked by Louvet, 117;

views on the King’s trial, 119;

his struggle with the Girondins, 129;

member of the Committee of Public Safety, 133;

his position and character, 134, 135;

attacks the Hébertists, 142;

establishes the Worship of the Supreme Being, 146;

overthrown in Thermidor (1794), 146, 147;

guillotined, 147.

Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de, French general (1725–1807), 107.

Rödt, Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Constance in 1789, 39.

Roggenbach, Baron Joseph Sigismund of, Prince-Bishop of Basle in 1789 (♰1794), 39.

Roland de la Platière, Jean Marie, French administrator (1734–93), 110, 112, 114.

—— Manon Jeanne, Madame (1754–93), her salon, 116.

Roliça, battle of (17 Aug. 1808), 265.

Romagna, the, part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192.

Roman Empire, the Holy. See Empire.

Roman Republic, the, established (1798), 200;

overthrown (1799), 203.

Rome, administration of the Popes at, 24;

occupied by French troops (1798), 200;

evacuated by them, 203;

annexed by Napoleon (1810), 255;

declared the second city of the Empire, 277, 278;

capital of a French department, 283;

restored to the Pope (1815), 347.

Rosas, taken by the French (3 Feb. 1795), 150, 151.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Genevese philosopher (1712–78), 9, 10, 41, 146.

Roussillon, 130, 140.

Ruffo, Alvaro, Commander, afterwards Prince, Neapolitan diplomatist (♰1825), 338, 346.

Rügen, island of, belonged to Sweden in 1789, 32.

See Pomerania, Swedish.

Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, Bavarian statesman (1753–1814), 37.

Russia, condition and growth of, under Catherine, 18, 19;

invaded by the Swedes (1788–90), 45, 95;

obtains increase of territory by the treaty of Jassy (1792), 96;

her share in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;

in the third partition (1795), 152;

accession of Paul, 185, 198;

her intervention in the war with France and its results, 206, 207;

disapproves of war with England, 221;

murder of Paul (1801), 221;

trade of, 234;

joins the coalition against Napoleon (1805), 242, 243;

defeated at Eylau, 248;

and Friedland, 249;

results, 249;

cessions made to, by the treaty of Tilsit, 249, 250, 261;

grumbles at the Continental Blockade, 261, 300;

attitude towards Austria (1809), 272;

annexes Finland, 278, 299, 302;

its cessions from the Turks in 1812, 281;

incited by England to war with France, 301;

invaded by Napoleon (1812), 305, 306;

drives out the French, 306;

its share in the overthrow of Napoleon, 334;

its annexations from Poland (1815), 341, 342;

a result of the period its taking a prominent place in European polity, 359, 360.

See Alexander, Catherine, Paul.

Russian Armament, the (1788), 45.

Rymnik, battle of the (12 Aug. 1789), 45.

Sacilio, battle of (16 April 1809), 273.

Safety, Public, Committee of. See Committee.

Saint-Aignan, Paul Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, Marquis de, French diplomatist (1782–1831), 316.

Saint-André, André Jeanbon, called, French administrator (1749–1813), 133.

Saint Bernard, the Great, 218.

Saint Bernard, the Little, 151.

Saint-Claude, abbey of, in the Jura, 6.

Saint-Cloud, the Councils removed to from Paris, 210;

Bonaparte’s coup d’état of 18 Brumaire (1799) at, 211.

Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion de. See Gouvion.

Saint-Gall, the canton of, created by Bonaparte (1803), 228;

recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Saint-Gothard, Suvórov’s passage of the (1799), 204.

Saint Helena, Napoleon deported to (1815), 355.

Saint-Helens, Alleyne Fitzherbert, Lord. See Fitzherbert.

Saint-Just, Louis Léon Antoine Florelle de, French politician (1767–94), 133, 135, 138, 140, 142, 147.

Saint Lucia, island of, ceded to France (1783), 19;

restored to England by the first treaty of Paris (1814), 333;

by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.

Saint-Marsan, Filippo Antonio Maria Asinari, Marquis de, Italian diplomatist (1761–1828), 338.

Saint Ouen, Declaration of (2 May 1814), 332, 333.

Saint Petersburg, threatened by the Swedes (1790), 95.

Saint Priest, Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de, French émigré, Russian general (1776–1814), 328.

Saint-Vincent, battle of (14 Feb. 1797), 183.

Saint-Vincent, Sir John Jervis, Earl. See Jervis.

Salamanca, Moore’s advance to (1808), 269;

battle of (22 July 1812), 306.

Saliceti, Christophe, French politician (1757–1809), 256.

Salkief, circle of, in Poland, ceded to Russia (1807), 261.

Salm, petty German principalities (1789), 34;

territories in Germany annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.

—— Salm, Constantine Alexander, Prince of (1762–1828), 79.

Salomon, Gabriel René, French politician (♰1792), 60.

Salzburg, the Archbishop of, alternate president of the College of Princes in 1789, 34.

Salzburg, archbishopric of, made into an electorate for the Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany (1803), 225, 229;

ceded to Bavaria (1809), 257, 274;

restored to Austria (1815), 344.

San Domingo, Bonaparte’s attempt to reconquer (1802), 232.

—— Ildefonso, treaty of (19 Aug. 1796), 183.

—— Sebastian, threatened by the French (1794), 144;

taken by the French (1795), 157;

stormed by Wellington (1813), 315, 316.

Saorgio, battle of (29 April 1794), 144.

Saragossa, siege of (1809), 275.

Sardinia, kingdom of, condition in 1789, 26, 27;

attacked by the French (1792), 117;

subsidised by England, 126;

restored to Victor Emmanuel I., with the addition of Genoa, 346;

got back Savoy (1815), 354.

See Charles Emmanuel III., Victor Amadeus IV., Victor Emmanuel I., also Nice, Piedmont, Savoy.

Savigny, Frederick Charles von, German jurist (1779–1861), 304.

Savona, Pope Pius VII. imprisoned at, 278.

Savoy, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, 26;

conquered by the French (1792), 117;

annexed to France, 118;

ceded by the King of Sardinia (1797), 174;

made into the department of Mont-Blanc, 230;

left to France (1814), 333;

restored to the King of Sardinia (1815), 354.

Saxe-Coburg, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

—— —— Saalfeld, Prince Francis Josias of. See Coburg, Prince of.

—— Gotha, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

—— Hildburghausen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

—— Meiningen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Saxe-Teschen, Duke Albert of, Austrian general (1738–1822), 113.

Saxe-Weimar, duchy of, 38;

made a Grand Duchy and a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

See Charles Augustus.

Saxony, electorate of, its condition in 1789, 38;

receives Lower Lusatia, and made a kingdom (1806), 259;

a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;

invaded by Schill (1809), 293;

occupied by Napoleon (1813), 309;

proposition to merge it in Prussia rejected (1814), 339, 340;

part of, ceded to Prussia (1815), 341;

a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

See Frederick Augustus.

Schaffhausen, Thurgau, separated from the canton of, by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

Scharnhorst, Gerard David von, Prussian general (1755–1813), reorganised the Prussian army, 290, 291, 308;

mortally wounded at Lützen, 309.

Scheldt, navigation of the, declared free by the National Convention, 118.

Schérer, Barthélemy Louis Joseph, French general (1747–1804), 173, 190, 202, 203.

Schill, Friedrich, Prussian officer (1773–1809), 293.

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, German poet (1759–1805), 9, 38.

Schimmelpenninck, Roger John, Count, Dutch statesman (1761–1825), 254.

Schleiermacher, Ernst Friedrich, German philosopher (1779–1834), 304.

Schlieffen, Friedrich von, Prussian general (♰1791), 63, 65, 94, 95.

Schönbrunn, treaty of (15 Feb. 1806), 247.

Schönfeld, Wilhelm Christoph von, Prussian general (♰1797), 65, 93.

Schulenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von, Prussian statesman (1730–1802), 126.

—— —— Albert, Count von, Saxon diplomatist (1772–1853), 338.

Schulz, pastor of Gielsdorf, the case of, 10.

Schwartzberg, two principalities of, recognised as states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Schwartzenberg, Prince Charles Philip von, Austrian general (1771–1820), 294, 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320, 328, 329, 350, 353.

Schweitz, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

Séance Royale, held by Louis XVI. (23 June 1789), 54.

Sebastiani, François Horace Bastien, Comte, French general (1772–1851), 275, 280.

Secularisation of the ecclesiastical states of the Empire proposed by France, 170;

agreed to at Lunéville (1801), 220;

its tendency, 226;

carried out (1803), and its effects, 226, 227.

Security, General, Committee of. See Committee.

Selim III., Sultan of the Ottoman Turks (1761–1808), 44, 88, 89, 96, 280, 281.

Senate of France, established by the Constitution of the Year VIII., its functions, 214;

given power to dissolve the Tribunate and Legislative Body (1803), 232;

offers the title of Emperor to Napoleon (1804), 236;

its position under the Empire, 240, 284;

appoints a Provisional Government (1814), 330;

declares Napoleon dethroned, 331.

Serfdom in Europe in the 18th century, 5, 6;

abolished in Hungary by Joseph II., 16;

the Russian peasant partly protected from, by his village organisation, 19;

prevalent in Prussia, 29, 30;

abolished in Denmark (1788), 32;

abolished in Baden (1783), 37;

its existence a cause of the failure of the Poles to maintain their independence, 152;

disappeared from Central Europe under the influence of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 288, 289;

abolished in Prussia by Stein, 290;

its general abolition a permanent result of the period, 361.

Sérurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, French general (1742–1819), App. iv.

Servan, Joseph, French general (1741–1808), 114.

Servia, conquered by the Austrians under Loudon (1789), 45; independence recognised by the Turks (1812), 281.

Shumla, 281.

Sicily, not much affected by Tanucci’s reforms, 23;

held by the English for Ferdinand IV., 256, 264.

Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount. See Addington.

Sieges: Acre (1799), 208;

Alessandria (1799), 203, 204;

Alexandria (1801), 224;

Almeida (1811), 296;

Antwerp (1814), 321;

Badajoz (1812), 306;

Bayonne (1814), 316, 321;

Bender (1789), 45;

Burgos(1812), 307;

Cadiz (1810–12), 296, 297;

Cairo (1801), 224;

Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), 306;

Condé (1793), 130;

Dantzic (1806–7), 248, 249;

Dantzic (1813–14), 319;

Dunkirk (1793), 130, 140;

Gaeta (1807), 256;

Genoa (1799–1800), 205, 206, 218;

Giurgevo (1790), 88;

Hamburg (1813–14), 319, 320;

Ismail (1789–90), 45, 96;

Landau (1793), 140;

Le Quesnoy (1793), 130;

Lille (1792), 114, 118;

Lyons (1793), 131, 140;

Magdeburg (1813–14), 319;

Mantua (1796–97), 175, 176;

Mantua (1799), 203;

Maubeuge (1793), 140;

Mayence (1793), 130;

Mayence (1795), 172;

Mayence (1797), 193;

Ochakov (1788), 43, 44;

Orsova (1789–90), 45, 88;

Pampeluna (1813), 316;

Riga (1812), 307;

San Sebastian (1813), 315, 316;

Saragossa (1809), 275;

Stettin (1813–14), 319;

Tarragona (1812), 307;

Toulon (1793), 140;

Valenciennes (1793), 130;

Warsaw (1794), 151, 152.

Siena, 24, 283.

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Comte, French statesman (1748–1836), 53, 54, 60, 150, 156, 159, 165, 166, 182, 197, 209, 219, 211, 213, 357.

Silesia, the Prussian Army of, formed under Blücher (1813), 309;

defeated the French at the Katzbach, 319;

crosses the Rhine, 318;

cut to pieces by Napoleon, 319.

Silistria, taken by Kutuzov (1811), 281.

Siméon, Joseph Jerome, Comte, French administrator (1749–1842), 259.

Sistova, congress of (1790–91), 88;

treaty of (4 Aug. 1791), 89.

Slave trade, the Negro, condemned by the Congress of Vienna at the demand of Castlereagh (1815), 348, 349.

Smith, Sir William Sidney, English admiral (1764–1840), 145, 208.

Smolensk, 305, 306.

Socialism opposed even by the Hébertists, 141.

Soleure, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

Soltikov, Ivan, Count, Russian general (1736–1805), 43.

Somo Sierra, Napoleon forces the pass of the (1808), 269.

Sotin de la Coindière, Pierre, French administrator (1764–1810), Minister of Police (1797), 190.

Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalmatia, French general (1769–1851), 269, 270, 275, 296, 297, 315, 316, 321, 332, App. iv.

Sovereignty of the people, the doctrine of, 2.

Spain, allied to France by the Pacte de Famille, 14;

its condition in 1789, 20, 21;

the reforms of Aranda, 21;

demands the help of France against England in the Nootka Sound affair (1790), 78;

declares war against France (1793), 119;

subsidised by England, 126;

invades France, 130;

defeated by the French (1794), 140;

invaded by the French (1795), 144;

weary of the war with France, 154;

makes peace with France at Basle (1795), 157;

makes alliance with France at San Ildefonso, and attacks England, 183;

fleet defeated off Cape St. Vincent (1797), 183;

Bonaparte’s communications with, 223;

attacks Portugal, and gets Olivenza by the treaty of Badajoz (1801), 223;

cedes Louisiana to France, 232;

agrees at Fontainebleau for the partition of Portugal, 252, 253;

course of politics in, 266, 267;

Napoleon makes Joseph Bonaparte king of (1808), 267;

the Spanish people rise against the French, 267, 268;

Napoleon in Spain, 268–70;

the guerilla war against the French, 297;

evacuated by the French (1813), 315;

lost Trinidad, but kept Olivenza at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 348;

reactionary policy of Ferdinand VII. in (1815), 358.

See Charles IV., Ferdinand VII., Joseph, Peninsular War.

Spanish Armament, the (1790), 78.

Spielmann, Anton, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist (♰1738–1813), Austrian representative at Reichenbach (1790), 87.

Spires, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34;

and one of the Princes holding largest fiefs in Alsace, 79.

—— bishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine merged in Baden (1803), 227.

—— city of, taken by Custine (1792), 118.

Splügen pass, forced by Macdonald (1800), 219.

Stäblo, Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34.

Stackelberg, Gustavus, Count von, Russian diplomatist (♰1825), 337.

Stadion, John Philip Charles Joseph, Count, Austrian statesman (1763–1824), tried to rouse Germany against Napoleon, 270, 271;

succeeded by Metternich (1809), 275;

inspired by Gentz, 292;

Austrian plenipotentiary at Châtillon (1814), 323.

Staps, Friedrich (1792–1809), schemed to assassinate Napoleon, 293.

State, doctrine of the, 4, 292.

States of the Church. See Papal States.

States-General of France, summoned (1788), 43;

a financial expedient, 49, 50;

the elections to, 50, 51;

struggle between the Orders, 52, 53;

declares itself the National Assembly, 53.

See Constituent Assembly.

Stein, Henry Frederick Charles, Freiherr von, Prussian statesman (1757–1831), a Knight of the Empire, 40;

his reforms in Prussia, 290;

dismissed by Napoleon’s orders, 291;

pressed Alexander to war with Napoleon, 301;

his work completed by Hardenberg, 303;

at the Russian headquarters (1812), 304;

summoned the Estates of Prussia at Königsberg, 308;

his idea of rousing a German national spirit abandoned by the allied monarchs (1813), 310;

present at the Congress of Vienna, 337.

Stéphanie Tascher de la Pagerie (1789–1860), married to the Hereditary Grand Duke of Baden (1806), 258.

Stettin, French garrison left in (1813), 308;

besieged (1813–14), 319.

Stewart, Hon. Sir Charles, afterwards Lord, English general and diplomatist (1778–1854), 301, 323, 337.

—— Robert, Viscount Castlereagh. See Castlereagh.

Stockach, battle of (25 March 1799), 202.

Stralsund, taken by the French (1807), 250.

Strasbourg, Archbishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34;

one of chief Princes of the Empire in Alsace, 79.

—— archbishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine ceded to Baden (1803), 227.

Stuart, Hon. Sir Charles, English general (1753–1801), 184, 195.

—— Sir John, English general (1762–1810), 256.

Stuttgart, 37, 38, 178.

Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albufera, French general (1770–1826), 275, 297, 307, 315, App. iv.

Sudermania, Duke of. See Charles XIII., King of Sweden.

Supreme Being, Worship of the, established by Robespierre (1794), 146.

Suspects, Law of the, 137.

Suvórov, Alexander Vassilivitch, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian general (1729–1800), gallantry at the siege of Ochákov (1788), 44;

defeats the Turks at Foksany and the Rymnik (1789), 45;

stormed Ismail, and served at Matchin (1790–91), 96;

defeated the Poles at Zielence and Dubienka (1792), 121, 122;

defeated Kosciuszko at Maciejowice, and took Warsaw (1794), 152;

defeats the French at Cassano and the Trebbia, and conquers Northern Italy (1799), 203;

defeats Joubert at Novi, and crosses the Alps, 204;

repulsed by the French, 205;

accuses the Austrians of causing his failure, 207.

Svenska Sound, battle of (9 July 1790), 95.

Swabia, part ceded to Bavaria, 245;

part to Würtemburg, 258.

Sweden, its condition in 1789, 32, 33;

at war with Russia and Denmark, 45, 46;

makes peace with the Danes (1789), 46;

the coup d’état of Gustavus III. (1789), 46;

peace with Russia, 95, 96;

death of Gustavus III., 110;

neutral in the war against France, 120, 124, 171;

loses Pomerania and Finland, 250, 254;

revolution in, and dethronement of Gustavus IV. (1809), 278, 279;

Bernadotte elected Prince Royal (1810), 279;

exchanges Pomerania for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), 320;

cession of Norway confirmed by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

See Bernadotte, Charles XIII., Gustavus III., Gustavus IV.

Switzerland, its condition in 1789, 41;

its neutrality in the war against France, 120, 125, 171;

headquarters of French diplomacy, 156;

and of the émigrés diplomacy, 166, 167;

revolution of 1798, 198, 199;

invaded by the French and the Helvetian Republic formed, 199;

Masséna’s campaign in (1799), 204, 205;

reorganised by Bonaparte as the Confederation of Switzerland (1803), 228, 229;

neutrality of, violated by the allies (1814), 318;

independence and neutrality guaranteed by the treaty of Paris (1814), 334;

reorganised, and given a fresh constitution by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344, 345.

Syria, Bonaparte’s campaign in (1799), 208.

Tagliamento, Bonaparte forces the passage of the (16 March 1797), 185, 186.

Talavera, battle of (27 July 1809), 275.

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Bishop of Autun, afterwards Prince of Benevento, French statesman (1754–1838), consecrates the Constitutional bishops in France (1790), 70;

appointed Foreign Minister (1797), and advocated the coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 190;

resigned (1799), 210;

advised Bonaparte to the coup d’état of 18 Brumaire, 210;

Foreign Minister under the Consulate, 216;

Grand Chamberlain of the Empire, 239;

Foreign Minister under the Empire, 241;

created Prince of Benevento, 277;

his policy after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, 329, 330;

President of the Provisional Government of France, 330;

gets the Bourbons accepted, 331;

negotiates the first treaty of Paris, 333;

French plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 338;

his masterly attitude, 338, 339;

signs treaty with Austria and England against Russia and Prussia (3 Jan. 1815), 340;

dismissed by Louis XVIII. (1815), 357.

Tallien, Jean Lambert, French politician (1769–1820), 166.

Talma, François Joseph, French actor (1763–1826), 262.

Tanucci, Bernardo, Marquis, Italian statesman (1698–1783), 4, 23.

Taranto, Duke of. See Macdonald.

Targovitsa, Confederation of, asks Catherine’s aid to overthrow the Polish Constitution of 1791, 121.

Tarragona, English failure before (1812), 307.

Tauroggen, convention of (1812), 308.

Temeswar, the Banat of, invaded by the Turks (1788), 43.

Tennis Court, Oath of the (20 June 1789), 54.

Terror, the Reign of, weapons of, forged, 128;

Robespierre deemed the author of, 135, 147;

the system of, 135–138;

the deputies on mission, 136, 137;

revolutionary tribunal, 137, 138;

the Terror in the provinces, 138, 139;

excused by France because of the success of the Committee of Public Safety against the foreign foes, 141;

Danton believed it too stringent, 143;

rose to its height (June-July 1794), 145, 146;

system abandoned, 148.

—— the White, in France (1815), 356, 357.

Tetterborn, Baron von, Russian general (♰1836), 308.

Teutonic Order, the, suppressed by Hardenberg in Prussia, 303.

Texel, Dutch fleet in the, captured by French hussars (1795), 149;

blockaded by the English fleet, 184, 193;

defeated in the battle of Camperdown (1797), 194;

captured by the English (1799), 205.

Theo-philanthropy, new religion started in France, 181, 182.

Thermidor, overthrow of Robespierre on the 9th, 147.

Thermidorians, rule of the, 148, 149, 154–157;

their foreign policy, 156, 157.

Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford. See Rumford.

Thorn, promised to Prussia by the Poles (1790), 85;

but not surrendered (1791), 87;

obtained by Prussia at the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;

restored to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 342.

Thouret, Jacques Guillaume, French politician (1746–94), 100.

Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron, Austrian statesman (1734–1818), becomes Austrian Foreign Minister, 126;

his policy, 153, 154;

in favour of continuing the war with France, 169;

delayed the treaty of Campo-Formio as long as he could, 192;

retired from office, 220.

Thurgau, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), 228;

recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Thuriot de la Rozière, Jacques Alexis, French politician (1758–1829), 133.

Thurn and Taxis, Prince of, as Imperial Commissary, summoned the Diet of the Empire (1792), 108.

Ticino, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), 228;

recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Tiers État, Order of the, in the States-General, its struggle with the privileged Orders, 51, 53;

declares itself the National Assembly, 53.

Tillot, Guillaume Léon du, Marquis of Felino, Italian statesman (1711–1774), 25.

Tilsit, the meeting of Napoleon and Alexander at, 249, 250;

the treaty of (7 July 1807), 250.

Tirlemont, 48, 64.

Titles abolished in France by the Constituent Assembly, 60.

Tloczow, circle of, ceded to Russia (1807), 26.

Tobac, battle of (1789), 45.

Tobago, ceded by England to France (1783), 19;

ceded to England by the treaty of Paris (1814), 333;

cession recognised by the Congress of Vienna, 348.

Tolentino, treaty of (19 Feb. 1797), 177;

battle of (3 May 1815), 346.

Toleration, Napoleon insists on religious, in Europe, 289.

Töplitz, treaty of (9 Sept. 1813), 313.

Torgau ceded by Saxony to Prussia (1815), 341.

Torres Vedras, Masséna repulsed from the lines of (1810), 296.

Tortona, fortress of, built by Victor Amadeus III., 27.

Toulon, 139, 140.

Toulouse, battle of (10 April 1814), 332.

Trafalgar, battle of (21 Oct. 1805), 244, 245.

Trautmannsdorf, Count Albert von, Austrian statesman (1749–1817), 47, 64.

Treaties: Amiens (1802), 225;

Badajoz (1801), 223;

Bartenstein (1807), 248;

Basle (1795), 156, 157;

Bucharest (1812), 281;

Campo-Formio (1797), 192, 193;

Chaumont (1814), 327, 328;

Fontainebleau (1807), 252, 253;

Ghent (1814), 341;

Jassy (1792), 96;

Kalisch (1813), 308;

Kiel (1814), 320;

Lunéville (1801), 219, 220;

Paris, Provisional (1814), 331, 332;

Paris, First (1814), 333, 334;

Paris, Second (1815), 353, 354;

Pfaffenhofen (1796), 180;

Potsdam (1805), 247;

Pressburg (1805), 245;

Reichenbach (1813), 310;

Ried (1813), 313, 314;

San Ildefonso (1796), 183;

Schönbrunn (1806), 247;

of 3 Jan. 1815, secret, 341;

of 1756, 11, 12, 19;

Sistova (1791), 89;

Tilsit (1807), 250;

Tolentino (1797), 177;

Töplitz (1813), 313;

Verela (1790), 95–96;

Versailles (1783), 13, 19, 28;

Vienna (1809), 274;

Vienna (1815), 350;

Warsaw (1790), 85.

Trebbia, battle of the (17–19 June 1799), 203.

Treilhard, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French statesman (1742–1810), 148, 166, 195, 209.

Trent, Macdonald joined by Brune at (1800), 219.

—— bishopric of, granted to Austria (1803), 226.

Trèves, the Archbishop of, an Elector in 1789, 34;

one of the chief Princes of the Empire, with fiefs in Alsace, 79;

electorate abolished (1803), 225.

—— city of, taken by the French (1795), 150;

capital of a French department, 230.

—— electorate of, well governed in 1789, 40;

conquered by the French under Moreaux (1795), 150;

ceded to France, 193, 225;

given to Prussia (1815), 344.

Treviso, Duke of. See Mortier.

Tribunal, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichskammergericht), 35.

—— the Revolutionary, of Paris, established (March 1793), 128;

its powers and effect, 137;

its system of work, 138;

its powers increased (June 1794), 146, 147;

condemns Carrier, 149.

Tribunate, formed by the Constitution of the Year VIII., its functions, 214;

reduced to fifty members (1805), 240;

suppressed (1808), 284.

Trieste ceded to Napoleon (1809), 274.

Trinidad, island of, taken by the English (1797), 264;

ceded to England by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.

Triple Alliance, the, of England, Holland, and Prussia, formed 1788, 13, 32.

Tronchet, François Denis, French jurist (1726–1806), 215.

Truguet, Laurent Jean François, Comte, French admiral (1752–1839), 166, 190.

Tudela, battle of (23 Nov. 1808), 269.

Tuileries, Palace at Paris, 62, 99, 100, 112, 113, 129, 155, 164, 165.

Turin, observatory at, built by Victor Amadeus III., 26;

threatened by Bonaparte (1796), 174;

occupied by Suvórov (1799), 203.

Turkey, travelling to decay, 14;

Joseph declares war against, 17;

campaign of 1788 against the Russians and Austrians, 43, 44;

accession of Sultan Selim (1789), 44;

campaign of 1789, 45;

Prussia negotiates with, 45, 85;

campaign of 1790 against the Austrians, 88;

treaty of Sistova (1791), 89;

campaign of 1790–91 against the Russians, 96;

treaty of Jassy (1792), 96;

looked with favour on the French Revolution, 171;

defeated by Bonaparte in Syria and Egypt (1799), 208;

French army in Illyria to threaten, 256;

its general policy (1796–1807), 280;

revolution in, and accession of Mahmoud (1807–08), 280, 281;

war with Russia (1809–12), 281;

treaty of Bucharest (1812), 281.

See Abdul Hamid, Mahmoud, Mustapha, Selim.

Turreau, Louis Marie, Baron, French general (1756–1816), 141.

Tuscany, its prosperity under the Grand Duke Leopold, 24, 25;

declares war against France (1793), 120;

makes peace with France, 157, 171;

occupied by the French (1799), 200;

evacuated by them, 203;

restored to the Grand Duke Ferdinand (1800), 206;

made into the kingdom of Etruria (1801), 220;

annexed to Napoleon’s Empire (1808), 255;

Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of, 283;

restored to Ferdinand (1815), 347.

See Ferdinand II., Leopold.

Two Sicilies, kingdom of the. See Naples.

Tyrol, the opposition to Joseph’s reforms in, 15;

Joseph suspends his edicts, 66;

pacified by Leopold (1790), 84;

invaded by Bonaparte (1797), 186;

by Macdonald (1800), 219;

ceded to Bavaria (1805), 245;

Hofer’s insurrection in (1809), 273, 274;

restored to Austria by Bavaria (1815), 344.

Ulm, 35, 243, 244.

United States of America, 145, 159, 160, 242, 341.

Universities: Berlin, 303, 304;

Bonn, 40;

Cracow, 105;

Göttingen, 39;

Jena, 38;

Mannheim, 37;

Milan, 26;

Parma, 25;

Pavia, 26;

Pisa, 24;

Siena, 24.

University of France founded by Napoleon, its constitution, 288.

Unterwalden, canton of Switzerland maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

Unzmarkt, battle of (22 March 1797), 186.

Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 41, 228.

Vadier, Marc Guillaume Alexis, French politician (1736–1828), 149, 155.

Valais, the, declared an independent Republic (1803), 228;

annexed by Napoleon (1810), 283;

made a canton of Switzerland by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 345.

Valence, Pope Pius VI. dies at (1798), 203.

Valencia, taken by Moncey (1809), 275.

Valenciennes, taken by the English and Austrians (1793), 130.

Valmy, battle of (20 Sept. 1792), 115.

—— Duke of. See Kellermann.

Valsarno, battle of (26 Oct. 1813), 315.

Vancouver Island, the affair of Nootka Sound (1790), 77, 78;

the Spaniards claim, 79.

Vandamme, Dominique René, Comte, French general (1770–1830), 309, 312, 313.

Van der Mersch, John Andrew, Belgian general (1734–92), 48, 64, 93.

Van der Noot, Henry Charles Nicholas, Belgian statesman (1735–1827), 48, 64, 65, 92, 93, 94.

Vandernootists or Statists, Belgian political party, 47, 48, 92, 93.

Van der Spiegel, John, Baron, Dutch statesman, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 65, 93.

Varennes, the flight of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette from Paris (June 1791), stopped at, 100.

Vauchamps, battle of (14 Feb. 1814), 319.

Vaud, Pays de, revolts against Berne (1798), 199;

made an independent canton of Switzerland by Bonaparte (1803), 228;

recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Venaissin, the county of the, 76, 333, 354.

Vendée, La, the insurrection in, 128, 130, 131, 141, 143, 180, 181, 215.

Vendémiaire, the insurrection of 13th (5 Oct. 1795), in Paris, 164, 165.

Venice, condition of the Republic in 1789, 27;

remained neutral in the war against the French Republic, 124;

promised to Austria in exchange for Lombardy at Leoben, 186;

occupied by Bonaparte (1797), 191, 192;

ceded the Ionian Islands to France, 192;

ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;

conclave met at (1799), 206;

occupied by Brune (1800), 219;

ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), 220;

ceded to the kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), 245, 255;

granted to Austria by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Verdun, taken by the Prussians (1792), 114, 115.

Verela, treaty of (14 Aug. 1790), 95, 96.

Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, French politician (1753–93), 106, 114, 116, 129.

Verona, belonged to Venice in 1789, 27;

punished by Bonaparte for the murder of French soldiers (1796), 191;

Schérer attacked at, 202.

Versailles, the States-General meets at (May 1789), 51;

invaded by the women of Paris (5 Oct. 1789), 62.

—— the treaty of (1783), 13, 19, 28.

Veto, the question of the, in the Constituent Assembly, 61.

Vicenza, Duke of. See Caulaincourt.

Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia (1726–96), 26, 27, 63, 117, 126, 173, 174.

—— Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia (1759–1824), 346, 354.

—— Victor Claude Perrin, called, French general (1764–1841), 269, 275, 276, 297, App. iv.

Vienna, the inscription on the Emperor Joseph’s statue at, 66;

Bernadotte insulted at (1798), 198;

the French approach (1801), 219;

occupied by Napoleon (1805), 244;

and (1809), 273;

treaty of (1809), 274;

and (1815), 350.

—— the Congress of, 336, 350, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349.

Vieux Cordelier, the, 142, 143.

Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre de, French admiral (1763–1806), 242, 244, 245.

Vimeiro, battle of (21 Aug. 1808), 265, 266.

Vins, Charles, Baron de, Austrian general (♰1794), 88.

Virtue, Reign of, Robespierre’s belief in a, 146.

Visconti, Ennius Quirinus, Italian antiquary (1751–1818), 24.

Vittoria, taken by the French (1795), 151;

battle of (21 June 1813), 315.

Volhynia, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of Poland (1793), 122.

Volta, Alessandro, Italian man of science (1745–1827), 26.

Voltaire, François Marie, Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778), 6, 9.

Vonck, Francis, Belgian politician (1752–1797), 48, 93.

Vonckists, Belgian political party, 48, 65, 92, 93.

Vyborg, the Swedish fleet blockaded in the Gulf of (1790), 95.

Wagram, battle of (6 July 1809), 274.

Walcheren, the English expedition to (1809), 276.

Waldeck, principality of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

—— Prince Christian Augustus of, Austrian general (1744–98), 184.

Wallachia, invaded by the Austrians (1789), 45;

conquered by the Russians (1810), 281.

Warsaw, treaty made at, between the Poles and Prussia (29 March 1790), 85;

occupied by Kosciuszko (1794), 151;

besieged by the Prussians, 151;

taken by the Russians, 152;

ceded to Prussia (1795), 152;

Napoleon enters (1807), 248;

given to Russia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 342.

Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, founded by Napoleon (1807), 259, 261;

Western Galicia ceded to, by Austria (1809), 274;

dissolved (1815), 342.

Waterloo, battle of (18 June 1815), 353.

Watteville, Nicholas Rodolphe de, Swiss statesman (1760–1832), 228.

Wattignies, battle of (16 Oct. 1793), 140.

Weimar, headquarters of the German literary movement, 38.

See Saxe-Weimar.

Wellesley, Hon. Sir Arthur, Duke of Wellington. See Wellington.

—— Richard, Marquis, English statesman (1760–1842), 295.

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, English general (1769–1852), defeated the Danish army at Kioge (1807), 252;

sent to Portugal (1808), 265;

defeats the French at Roliça and Vimeiro, 265, 266;

recalled, 266;

again sent to Portugal (1809), 275;

takes Oporto, 275;

defeats the French at Talavera, 275, 276;

forms the Anglo-Portuguese army, 296;

campaign of 1810, 1811, 296, 297;

campaign of 1812 and victory of Salamanca, 306;

wins battle of Vittoria (1813), 315;

invades France, and wins battles of the Nivelle and the Nive (1813), 316;

wins battle of Orthez (1814), 321;

his attitude towards the Duc d’Angoulême, 326, 327;

defeats Soult at Toulouse, 332;

succeeds Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1815), 341, 349;

signs the treaty of Vienna, 350;

takes command of the allied armies in Belgium, 352;

defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, 353.

Werden, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

Wessenberg-Ampfingen, Johann Philip, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist (1773–1858), 337.

West India Islands, the French, taken by the English, 154;

restored at the Peace of Amiens (1802), 232;

recaptured (1809), 264;

restored except Saint Lucia and Tobago (1815), 348.

Westphalia, kingdom of, formed by Napoleon (1807), 250;

its limits, 258;

administration, 258, 259;

member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260.

Wetzlar, seat of the Imperial Tribunal of the Empire, 35;

taken by Hoche (1796), 186;

merged in the electorate of Mayence (1803), 225.

White Terror in France in 1815, 356, 357.

Wickham, William, English diplomatist (1768–1845), 166, 167, 182.

Widdin, the Pasha of, defeated at Foksany (1789), 45.

Wieland, Christoph Martin, German poet (1733–1813), 38.

William V., Prince of Orange, and Stadtholder of the United Netherlands (1748–1806), 31, 32, 149, 179, 227.

—— VI., Prince of Orange, and I. King of the Netherlands (1772–1843), 314, 320, 321, 344.

—— Prince Royal, afterwards King, of Würtemburg (1781–1864), 337.

—— IX., Landgrave, afterwards Elector and Grand Duke of Hesse-Cassel (1743–1821), 6, 38, 157, 225, 227, 250, 258, 337;

made a Grand Duke and member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

—— Prince, of Prussia, afterwards German Emperor (1797–1888), 337.

Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, English general (1777–1849), 301.

Wintzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, Russian general (1770–1818), 319, 320, 328, 338.

Wissembourg, lines of, stormed by the Austrians (1793), 139.

Wittenberg, ceded to Prussia by Saxony (1815), 341.

Wittgenstein, Louis Adolphus Peter, Prince of Sayn-, Russian general (1769–1843), 309.

Wolf, Frederick Augustus, German scholar (1759–1824), 304.

Wolkonski, Nicholas, Prince Repnin-, Russian general (1778–1845), 337.

Worms, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34;

one of the chief princes in Alsace, 79.

—— city of, headquarters of Condé’s army of French émigrés, 106;

taken by Custine, 118.

Worship of Reason at Paris (1793), 142.

—— of the Supreme Being, 146.

Wrede, Charles Philip, Prince von, Bavarian general (1767–1838), 338.

Würmser, Dagobert Sigismund, Count, Austrian general (1724–97), 40, 130, 139, 140, 175, 176.

Würtemburg, duchy of, condition in 1789, 37, 38;

invaded by Moreau (1796), 180;

made an electorate (1803), 225;

receives extension of territory, 227;

invaded by Napoleon (1805), 244;

made a kingdom (1806), 245;

receives Austrian Swabia, 258;

state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;

of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

See Charles Eugène, Frederick, Frederick Eugène.

Würtzburg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 35.

Würtzburg, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227;

exchanged for Salzburg (1809), and made a Grand Duchy, 260;

a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260.

—— city of, taken by Jourdan (1796), 177.

York, Frederick, Duke of, English general (1763–1827), 39, 127, 130, 140, 205.

—— von Wartenburg, John David Louis, Count, Prussian general (1759–1830), 308.

Zettin, taken by the Austrians (1790), 88.

Zielence, battle of (18 June 1792), 122.

Zubov, Prince Plato, Russian statesman (1767–1822), 221.

Zug, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

Zurich, battle of (26 Sept. 1799), 204.

—— canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228;

made one of the presiding cantons of the Helvetian Diet (1815), 345.

Zweibrücken. See Deux-Ponts.

FOOTNOTES:

Crown 8vo. One Volume. With Maps and Plans. 7s. 6d.

May also be had in Two Periods:—

Period I.—To Elizabeth, 1603. 4s. Period II.—To Victoria, 1895. 4s.

An Advanced History of England. For use in Colleges and Upper Forms of Schools. By Cyril Ransome, M.A., Professor of Modern History and English Literature, Yorkshire College, Victoria University.

‘It will supply a want long felt in the educational world.... As to the plan of Mr. Ransome’s history, we think he has certainly carried out his aim of bringing out the prominence of leading events, by full treatment and condensing as much as possible the minor points.... The characters of leading personages are sketched with great fairness.’—Daily Chronicle.

‘The narrative is admirably arranged.... Professor Ransome commands an easy graphic style, which keeps the attention without running into verbiage. The book is well indexed, and some illustrations increase its usefulness.’—Yorkshire Post.

‘This is a trustworthy and serviceable manual, which will quite hold its own with the similar book published by Mr. Oman a few months ago.’—Glasgow Herald.

‘It is extremely practical and well arranged. The narrative flows easily, and the details are not too closely packed together.’—Guardian.

Small Fcap. 8vo. With Maps and Plans. 1s. 6d. net.

An Elementary History of England. For the use of the Lower Forms of Schools. By Professor Cyril Ransome, M.A.

Crown 8vo. With Coloured Maps. 6s.

Oubts of Roman History. By H. F. Pelham, M.A., F.S.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.

Small Fcap. 8vo. With Maps and Plans. 3s.

A Short History of Greece. By W. S. Robinson, M.A., Assistant Master at Wellington College.

‘The story is simply, agreeably, and correctly told.... It is copiously supplied with maps and plans, and may suitably be used as a class-book in schools where only a moderate time can be allowed for the study of Greece.’—Glasgow Herald.

‘An interesting oubt of a great subject, and makes a serviceable work on which a young student could begin the study of Greek History.’—Scotsman.

Small Fcap. 8vo. With Maps. 1s. 6d.

A History of Scotland. For Junior Classes. By Lionel W. Lyde, M.A., Headmaster of the English Department in Glasgow Academy.

Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

The French Wars of Religion. Their Political Aspects. By Edward Armstrong, M.A., Fellow, Lecturer, and Senior Bursar of Queen’s College, Oxford.

Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

The Making of the England of Elizabeth. By Allen B. Hinds, B.A., Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford.

LONDON: RIVINGTON, PERCIVAL, & CO.

Crown 8vo. With Maps. 7s. 6d.

The Dark Ages, 476–918

By C. W. C. OMAN, M. A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

Forming Volume I. of Periods of European History.

‘Notwithstanding its modest scale, this volume (Period I.) will be valued by all historical students as supplying a real want in our historical literature, and supplying it well.... He paints on a small scale, it is true, but his touch is sure and his insight keen. For the accuracy of his facts his historical reputation is a sufficient guarantee.’—Times.

‘Though on a comparatively small scale, Mr. Oman’s sketch is complete and vivid. His insight and acumen in appreciating the bearing of events and in estimating the influence of personal character are particularly striking, whilst his pleasing and picturesque style makes the perusal of his work as enjoyable from the literary as it is instructive from the historical point of view.’—Glasgow Herald.

‘A high place must be assigned to the work of Mr. Oman.’—Oxford Magazine.

‘The publishers of these volumes of European History have taken in hand a task that is to be highly commended, since, we believe, there does not exist in English any series dealing continuously with such a subject, from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West down to our own century.... No better exponent of this era (Period I.), so full of difficulties and complications, could have been chosen.’—Journal of Education.

Crown 8vo. With Coloured Maps. 6s.

The Ascendancy of France, 1598–1715

By H. O. WAKEMAN, M.A., All Souls College, Oxford.

Forming Volume V. of Periods of European History.

‘Mr. Wakeman’s summary has an orderly sequence, and his narrative has clearness and coherence that must be accounted, in the circumstances, quite admirable.’—Saturday Review.

‘We are well pleased to accord to this volume (Period V.) the warm welcome which we have already given to the seventh and first volumes of this valuable series.’—Educational Times.

‘This work, which deals with Period V. in the series of books on Periods of European History, fully maintains the reputation of that admirable series, wherein a connected view of modern European history is attempted to be given.’—Daily Chronicle.

‘In giving us the fifth of the Periods of European History, Mr. Wakeman has produced an excellent sketch, both clear and concise.’—Oxford Magazine.

‘To the two volumes of this well-planned series which Mr. Oman and Mr. Stephens have respectively published, there now comes a third instalment, written by Mr. H. O. Wakeman, which is well worthy to stand side by side with its predecessors.... Mr. Wakeman’s book is a sound, able, and useful one, which will alike give help to the student, and attract the cultivated general reader.’—Manchester Guardian.

In Eight Volumes. Crown 8vo. With Maps and Plans.

PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY

General Editor—ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford.

The object of this series is to present in separate Volumes a comprehensive and trustworthy account of the general development of European History, and to deal fully and carefully with the more prominent events in each century.

The Volumes embody the results of the latest investigations, and contain references to and notes upon original and other sources of information.

It is believed that no such attempt to place the History of Europe in a comprehensive, detailed, and readable form before the English Public has yet been made, and it is hoped that the Series will form a valuable continuous History of Mediæval and Modern Europe.

Period I.—The Dark Ages. a.d. 476–918. By C. W. C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. 7s. 6d. [Already published.

Period II.—The Empire and the Papacy. a.d. 918–1272. By T. F. Tout, M.A., Professor of History at Victoria University, Manchester.

Period III.—The End of the Middle Ages. a.d. 1272–1494. By R. Lodge, M.A., Professor of History at the University of Glasgow.

Period IV.—Europe in the 16th Century. a.d. 1494–1598. By A. H. Johnson, M.A., Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity, and University Colleges, Oxford.

Period V.—The Ascendancy of France. a.d. 1598–1715. By H. O. Wakeman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, and Tutor of Keble College, Oxford. 6s. [Already published.

Period VI.—The Balance of Power. a.d. 1715–1789. By A. Hassall, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. [In the press.

Period VII.—Revolutionary Europe. a.d. 1789–1815. By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford. 6s. [Already published.

Period VIII.—Modern Europe. a.d. 1815–1878. By G. W. Prothero, Litt. D., Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh.