INDEX
Reading edition
“A” names, tribal, 128
“A type” of Tuareg houses, 244-6, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 258, 260, 302, 316; ornamentation of, 246, 247, 248
“A’ada” (right of passage), 237
Abadarjan, Ridge of, 70, 71, 78
Abalkoran, the, 379
“Abandoned of God,” the, 274
Abarakan, 216, 217, 238, 241, 243, 299; position of, 425
Abattul, 213, 214, 388; Itesan defeated at, 391; mosque of, 213, 214, 291
Abattul, Mount, 156, 213
Abd el Jelil (Selma I), 372, 373
Abd el Qader, Sultan, 93, 99, 100, 108-9, 117, 379, 467
Abd el Rahman, 290
Abdallah, King of Bornu, 374
Abdallah, Abu, 405
Abdallah ibn Yasin, 405
Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim, 468
Abdominal strain of camel riding, 180, 194
Abdulkerim, 122, 436
Abellama, 60, 69, 70, 75; position of, 424
Aberkan, Kel, 437
“Abesagh” acacia, 226
Abeshan, Sultan, 103
Abirkom, Kel, 437
“Abisgi” bush, 82, 449; leaf as condiment, 160
Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in, 273, 274
“Aborak” tree, 226; articles made from wood of, 229
Abscess, native treatment of, 82
Absen (Air), 17, 28
Absenawa (people of Air), 17
Abu Abdallah, 405
Abu Bakr Dau, 409
Abu Muhammad, 176
Abyssinia, Semitic influence in, 342
Acacia, People of the, 307, 437
Acacia trees, 58, 67, 86, 211, 226, 447, 449; eaten by camels, 199; a defence from insects, 121; thorns of, 165, 166, 199
Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades, 409-10
Adamber, the, 437
Adar, Kel Geres move to, 390, 391
Adaudu, 242, 243
Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363
Addax antelopes, 446
Aderbissinat, 69-70; fort, 70; well, 75
Adermellen well, 451
Adesnu, spirits of, 279
“Adghar,” 18 n.[18], 254
Adghar n’Ifoghas, 18 n.[18], 209, 260, 399
Adil, Sultan, 409-10, 464
Adjeur, see Azger.
Adoral valley, 242
Adrar Ahnet, tribes of, 351
Adultery not common among Tuareg, 177
Adze, Tuareg, 229
Aerwan wan Tidrak, 156 n.[150]
Æthiopia; matriarchate in, 152 n.[144]; Romans in, 323
Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the, 437
Afasas, 241, 250, 436; valley, 210 n.[200], 243, 439
Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in, 248, 250, 251
Afasto, position of, 425
Afaza grass, 158, 160, 212
Afis, 315, 430; inscription on grave at, 260; position of, 425
Afis mountains, 308, 314, 315
Afis, Kel, 430
Africa, partition of, 20, 22, 25; problem of introduction of camel into, 206-8
Africa, North, see North Africa.
“Africa Minor,” 1
“Ag Ali” (son of Ali), 350 n.[338]
Ag Malwal, 408
Ag Mastan, 169, 353
Aga (salt), 125, 441
Agadem, 333-4, 450; road to, 32; well, 58
Agades, 19, 84, 298, 303, 405, 413, 426, 440; Air administered from, 115-16, 383; decline of, 411, 414; foundation of, 102, 364, 365, 409; population of, 113, 402; position of, 424, 425; prosperity of, former, 411; quarters of, 91; races and languages of, 117, 118; revolt of 1917 and, 84, 85, 86, 98, 189-90; sanitary system of, 91; site of, peculiar, 110, 112-16, 364; Songhai colonisation of, 410, 440; Songhai element in people of, 117; Sudanese in aspect, 87, 90
Amenokal of, see Amenokal; Añastafidet’s residence at, 92, 100, 145; Barth’s journey to, 23; battle at, 392; blacksmith-jewellers of, 229-30; earth from, daubed on women’s faces, 173; exchange rates at, 221, 414; French occupation of, 27, 52; French post at, 86, 91, 118, 218; gaol of, 107; Hole of Bayazid at, 281; Holy Men of, 290; House of Kaossen at, 92-3; houses of, 87, 90, 91, 92, 246; King of, see Amenokal; Kings of, list of, 463-5; leather-working at, 164, 165, 174, 227, 228; markets at, 91; merchants of, 410; minaret of, 87, 93-4, 302; measures of, 221; mithkal of, 221-2; Mosque, Great, of, 86, 87, 93-4, 257, 258; pots made near, 160, 161; prostitution in, 177; sandals made in, 164, 165; Sultan of, see Amenokal; tribal history kept at, 362; weights of, 221-2; wells at, 90; wireless station at, 188; women of, 118
Agades Chronicle, the, 53, 93 n.[81], 100 n.[86], 102, 103, 303, 362, 363, 369, 379, 387, 388, 396 n.[411], 414, 415; list of kings of Air compiled from, 463-5; on selection of first Amenokal, 397-8
Agades Cross, the, 44, 277, 283, 284
Agades, Kel, 117, 130, 440
Agades, River of, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6
Agades-Tabello road, 85-6
Agades-Taberghit road, 62
Agades-Tanut road, 69-70
Agades-Termit road made practicable, 451
Agajida, 290
Agalak mountains, 216, 299, 301
Agalak well, 300
Agalak, Kel, 436
Agalenge, 428
Agamgam, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321; pool, 219
Agaragar, 239, 264, 315
Agate, ornaments made of, 282, 283
Agdalar, the, 368
Agejir, 239, 240, 241, 429; houses in, 248, 252; mosque of, 255
Agellal, 26, 290, 299, 302, 418, 431, 437, 440; houses in, 248, 254; position of, 425
Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar, 380, 381, 432, 433; Ikazkazan, 437; Imaqoaran, 431; present, mixed, 440
Agerzan valley, 243
Agewas, 320
Aggata mountain, 33, 216, 299, 300; spirit drums of, 279, 300
Aggata well, 299, 300, 430; position of, 425
Aggata, Kel, 290, 429, 430, 440, 441
“Agha” (salt), 125, 441
Aghalwen, 412
“Aghelam,” 219
Aghelashem wells, 9
“Aghil” (measure of length), 222
Aghil, Kel, 441
Aghimmat, Kel, 429
Aghmat well, 66, 74
“Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit, 23
Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air, 318, 322, 324, 326; derivation and application of name, 364
“Agoalla,” 147
Agoalla Kel Tagei, 397
Agoalla Mafinet, 397
Agoalla T’Sidderak, 397
Agoras, the, of Assode, 301, 304, 308, 309
Agram (Fashi), 413
Agriculture: in Air, 131-4, 135; despised by noble Tuareg, 127, 134, 174, 360
Agumbulum, the, 369, 397
“Agwalla,” 147
Agwau, 262, 314, 315, 319, 430, 435; valley, 314
Agwau, Kel, 304, 314, 435
Ahaggar, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 18, 334, forms of the name, 128
Amenokal of, 169, 352-3; camels of, 196; De Foucauld in, 11-12, 13; Hawara occupy, 359; Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456; language of, 12, 387; mountains, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 332
Ahaggar, Kel, 17, 139; see Ahaggaren.
Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus), 308, 438
Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar), 109, 148, 209, 345, 350, 384 n.[402], 402; works on, 8-9, 20
Originally Auriga, 270, 348, 349, 352; Azger and, their origin and connection, 349-53; caravan roads controlled by, 353; dialect of, 270; French occupation resisted by, 10, 13, 328, 350, 352-3; polytheistic traces among, 275; as raiders, 182, 350, 354; tribal divisions of, 350-51
Ahamellen, Kel, 351, 352, 353, 355, 359, 370
Ahawagh, 347
“Ahel” and “Kel,” 129
Ahir (Air), 454
Ahitagel, 352
Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei, 197, 210, 211
Ahmadu ag Musa, 210
Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan, 99
Ahnet mountains, 17, 260, 351, 352, 354
Ahnet, Kel, 351, 354
Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek, 26-7, 127, 149, 154, 155, 161, 172, 180, 181, 182, 215, 266, 269, 270, 278, 298, 305, 419, 428, 438, 440; disputed headship of Auderas, 142-3; female descent exemplified in family of, 149, 150, 151; French assisted by, 26-7, 142, 290; on the Kel Owi, 149, 387, 389; on Queen Kahena, 170, 265; raiding reminiscences of, 191-3; his son, 150, 151, 165; his sword, 233; tribal history in possession of family of, 361-2; on the Veil, 289; his wife, 150, 161, 172, 284
Aiawan, the, 434
Ain Irhayen, position of, 424
Air, 5, 6, 18-19, 112, 115, 334; as a geographical term, 28; attempted identification with Agisymba Regio, 318, 322, 324, 325; origin of name of, 28; original inhabitants of, 138, 363-4, 365-6; not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks, 327
Air, accounts of, 18-19, 452-3, 456; agriculture in, 5, 131-4; Askia’s conquest of, 409-10, 411; astronomically determined points in, 422-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between, 384; Bornu and, war between, 406-7, 412; boundaries of, 28-33; camels of, 195, 196-7; caste system of, 136, 137-8, see Nobles and serfs; civilisation of, pre-Tuareg, 365; climate of, 28, 123; cotton of, 132; Damergu economically part of, 47; disease in, 178, 179-80; dialect of, 270, 347, 349; distribution of, 394; drainage system of, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; economics of, 133-4, 218-20; European penetration of, 8-14, 19-27; evacuation of, 1918, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; exploration of, 23-4, 24-5, 27; fair tribes of, 162; fauna and flora of, 27-8, 119, 120; French occupation and annexation of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 99, 114 n.[104], 361, 420; revolt against, see below revolt in, 1917; geology of, 27, 31, 33-5, 76, 78, 79, 183, 215, 216, 241-2; Goberawa in, 364, 365-6, 379, 403; graves and tombs of, 259-63; history of, 17, 360-416; Holy Men of, 290, 293; holy tribes of, 290-91, 306; houses and huts of, 89, 90, 244-55; infant mortality high in, 178; Lemta invasion of, 356, 358, 359; Libyan influence in, 403; lions in, 119, 120; live-stock of, 202, 204-5, 361; mosques of, 255-8; mountains of, 2, 4, 5, 16, 23, 27, 83-4, 156-7, 332, 334; negroid original inhabitants of, 363-4, 365-6; oases of, 32; population of, 402; raids from, 190-91; raids on, 113-14, 188, 189, 350; rains in, 79, 120-21, 123-4; revolt in, 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420; roads of, 32, 37, 38, 353-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in, 207, 213, 216, 260, 263-5, 269, 271, 276, 315, 318, 319, 321-2, 360; rocks of, 72, 76, 78, 126; Roman campaigns near, 322, 323, 324, 325-6; Sanhaja in, 364, 365, 368, 375, 405; scale of life in, former, 411; Senussiya in, 290; spirits of, 278-81; tribal names in, 128, 129; tribal warfare in, 101; Sultan of, see Amenokal.
Tuareg of, see Tuareg of Air; invasion of Air by, 359, 366-93, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes in, 401-16; Tuareg symbol for name of, 454
Air, Central, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126
Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in, 394
Air, North-eastern: houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304
Air, Northern, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of, 1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8, 394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan route from, 315
Air, Southern: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in, 394; see Tegama.
’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar, 412
Ajaraneen, the, 368
Ajiru, 24, 129 n.[117], 146, 243, 305, 436
Ajiru, Kel, 436
Akaraq, 71, 77, 79, 82, 183, 189, 418; valley, 77-8, 258, 263
Akasani, Sultan, 102
Akil, 408, 409
Akir (Air), 28
Akri, 47
Akritan hills, 47
Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos), 357, 445
Alali, Bir, 51, 52, 92
Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg, 376
Alaren (Allaghan), Kel, 432
Alarsas, 121
Albes, well of, 243
Alburdatan, the, 437
Alfalehle plant, 10
Alfalehle river, 30-31
Algeria, 41; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones, 328; French expedition from, 25, 26-7; French occupation of, 22; funerary monuments in, 261; rock drawings in, 318
Algeria, Southern, 332, 334; French operations in, 11; native Camel Corps in, 189
Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road, 353
Algiers, 418
“Alguechet,” 6 n.[5]
Alhassan, the, 434 n.
Ali, King of Bornu, 410
Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu, 413, 414
Ali ibn Tama el Ghati, 96, 154-5, 191, 192, 193, 280, 282
Ali Killun, 408
Aliso, El Haj, Sultan, 102, 463
“Alkarhat,” game of, 281
“Allagh” (spear), 234
Allaghan, Kel, 432
“Allelthrap” (ghosts), 281
Alliances, tribal, 147-8
Alluvial soil, Air, 31; plain of River of Agades, 79, 121
Almoravids, the, 405, 420
Almoubari, Sultan, 102 n.[91], 391
Alms-houses, 255
Almubari (El Mubaraki), 102 n.[91], 391
Alphabet, Tuareg, 266, 267-8
Alwali, 96, 209-10, 211
Alwalitan, the, 433
“Alwat” plant, 77, 210, 211
Amadu, 154, 180, 315, 418
Amahar (form of Imajegh), 457-8
Amakeetan (Immikitan), the, 368, 370, 429
“Amán” (peace), 237
Amarkos, Kel, 434
Amati, Sultan, 102, 463
Amazigh (form of Imajegh), 457
Amazigh, the, 458
Amazons, suggested explanation of story of, 152, 170, 288
Ameluli, 91
Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades), 54, 96, 97-100, 134, 144, 304, 387, 409; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first, 101, 102, 104-5, 396-7; list of his successors, 463-5
election of, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 391, 393, 432; family of, foreign appearance of, 117; family name of, 434 n.; female descent of, 151; first, possibly a Byzantine prince, 102, 104; legend of Imanen women sent to, 384; installation of, 99-100, 101-2, 383, 384, 391, 393, 396-7, 432; Itesan and election of, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; judicial functions of, 107, 110, 141, 390; Kel Geres and election of, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Kel Owi and election of, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; officials and courtiers of, 106-7; palace of, 97, 100; People of, 374, 384, see People of the King; position of, 101, 104-5, 107-8, 109-10, 116, 141, 144, 145, 146; precarious tenure of office, 99, 368, 392; revenue of, 110; second, Agades mosque presented to, 257, 258
Amenokal of Ahaggar, the, 169
Amenokal, Kel, see People of the King.
Amezegzil, the, 430
“Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”), 140 Amidera valley, 84
Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan, 413, 464
“Amitral” (measure of length), 222
Amjid, wells of, 10
Ammianus, 356
Amon, Egyptian deity, 295
Amosciarg (form of Imajegh), 460
Amóshagh (form of Imajegh), 459-60, 462
Amulet cases, leather, 228
Amulets, Tuareg, 282, 284
“Amunan,” 459
“Amzad” (mandoline), 272
Anai (S.W. of Murzuk), 318, 319, 320, 321, 324
Anai (Kawar), 318
Añastafidet, the, 96, 107, 144, 239, 290, 301, 302, 303, 374; origin of authority of, 384, 386; election of, 145; freed slaves of, 139; house of, 92, 100, 145, 301; position and duties of, 107, 145-6
Añastafidet, people of the, 374, 384, 386, 394, 429; numbers of, 402; tribes and subtribes of, 435-9, 440
Anfissak valley, 242; well, 242, 436
Anfissak, Kel, 243, 436
Angels, Tuareg belief in, 278
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1 n.[1]
Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria, 41
Anglo-German Convention, 1890, 25
Anigara, 433
Anigara, Kel, 380, 381, 433
Animals, domestic, Air, 202-6; rock drawings of, 264-5
Animistic view of nature, Tuareg, 295
Aniogara, Kel, 429, 433
Ankh, the Agades Cross and the, 285
Annur, chief of the Kel Owi, 23, 24, 108, 134, 135, 146, 304-5, 308, 312, 313, 435
Ansaman (T’in Shaman), 364-5
Ansatfen, family of, 368, 369
Ant-bear secured by Buchanan, 121
Antassar, Kel, 428
Antelopes, 446, 449, 450
Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with, 173
Anu Areran, position of, 424
Anu Maqaran, 215, 216, 238, 243, 299, 418, 434; rock drawing, 321-2
Anu n’Ageruf, position of, 425
Anu n’Banka, 62, 66, 74
Anu Samed valley, 311; houses in, 248
Anu Samed, Kel, 435
Anu Wisheran, 248, 418, 429
Anu Wisheran, Kel, 429
Aouror well, 74, 75
Aowjal, see Aujila, 368, 369
“Ara” (salt), 125, 127 n.[115]
Ara valley, 183, 184, 216, 240
Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by, 328-9; works by, 468
Arab country, meaning of term in Air, 385 n.[405]
Arab element among Imghad, 138, 139
Arab geographers and historians, 61, 468; see Bekri, Ibn Khaldun, etc.
Arab merchants, Agades, 96, 106; caravan raided by Ahodu, 192-3
Arab raiders, 12, 13, 14, 188
Arabia, 266; question of introduction of camels from, 207; invasions from, 371
Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on, 368, 369, 371
Arabic: Temajegh and, 271; used by Tuareg, 268, 269
Arabs: Air not invaded by, 324; head-cloths worn by, 286; Kaossen believed killed by, 98; North Africa conquered by, 293-4, 346, 356, 371, 375-6, 404; patriarchal system of, 339; raids by, 12, 13, 14, 188; robes of, 285 n.[253]; Southland invaded by, 325, 326, 376, 403, 444; Spain conquered by, 376
Tuareg (Muleththemin, q.v.) and, 14-15, 273, 274, 287, 294, 364; Arab influence on, 324-5; Arab opinion of, 454; connection with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet, 339, 342; Arab tribes assimilated by, 347 n.[329], 354; Arabs considered newcomers by, 170; Arabs called “white” by, 162; upper-class Arabs considered nobles by, 459
Arakieta, 238, 243
“Araruf,” 200
Araten valley, 78, 428
Archean rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35, 78
Architecture, Tuareg, 184, 241, 244-59; ascribed to the Itesan, 253, 377, 378
“Areg,” 274 n.[243]
Areitun, 431
Areitun, Kel, 431
“Argem” (funerary monuments), 260-62, 263
Arguin, 332 n.[301]
Arharkhar valley, 156 n.[152]
Aril, Kel, 441
Arki, King of Kanem, 372
Arm daggers, Tuareg, 234
Arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289
Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to, 55, 235-6, 328
Ar’rerf Ahnet, the, 351
Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments, 283
Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk, 45
Arsu, 304
Art, Tuareg, 246, 263-5
Arwa, Mount, 216, 300, 321
Arwa Mellen, 215, 299, 418
“Aryan,” the word, 339
Arzuges, the, 356, 358
Asaki, the, 291
Asawa, 347
Asben (Air), 17, 28, 313 n.[274], 363-4, 369, 403; derivation of, 363-4
Asben horses, 202
Asbenawa (people of Air), 17, 202, 313
Asbytæ, 364 n.[362]
Asclepias, use of juice of, 180
Asclepias, People of the, 307, 433
Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in, 152, 171; religious feasts, 274
Ashegur well, 32, 219, 315, 318, 320, 321, 414
Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), 339-40, 439
Asiu, 23, 30, 31, 354, 367, 455, 456
Askar, see Azger.
Askia, Ishak, 411
Askia Ismael, 291
Askia, Muhammad el Haj, 291, 409-10; conquests of, 116, 117, 409-10; pilgrimage of, 409, 411
Asnagho, peak, 300
Assa, 125
Assada valley, 34, 214-15, 218, 298, 418
Assadoragan, 309
Assarara, 247, 314, 315, 435
Assarara mountains, 314
Assarara, Kel, 134, 303, 304, 314, 430, 435
Assatartar, 308, 314, 436
Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden), 436
Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan), 430
Assawas swamp, 31, 78
Assingerma, 241 n.[217]
Assode, 145, 233, 299, 300-303, 314, 413, 454 n.[458]; first real capital of Air, 303; houses of, 248, 254, 302; mosque of, 255, 257, 301-2; position of, 425
Astacures, the, 356, 358
Astronomically determined points in Air, list of, 422-5
Atagoom, 185, 239; amulets worn by, 282; cases of possession in family of, 279-80
Atan, Kel, 433
Atara, the, 155
“Ataram” (west), varying sense of, 244, 247
Ataram, Kel, 129, 441
Atkaki, 239
Atlas languages, 270
Atlas mountains, 2; MZGh names in, 461, 462
Atrebisa, 412
Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan, 391, 464
Audaghost, Libyan kings of, 404, 405
Auderas, 26, 33, 155-7, 161, 214, 241, 253, 404 n.[418]; author’s stay at, 123, 127, 154-5, 157, 158-62, 171-2, 178, 275, 279-80, 418, 423, 424 n.[436]; basin of, 34, 131, 156, 213; cemetery at, 181; headship of, disputed, 142-3; houses of, 213, 248; Itesan “Kel names” derived from, 380, 381; Kel Ataram of, 129 n.[117]; lion killed near, 119-20; measures of, 221; plough seen at, 133; position of, 424, 425; possession, case of, at, 279-80; rainy season at, 123-4; village organisation in, 131, 142-3
Auderas, Kel, 440
Augela (Aujila), 336
Augila, people of, 282
Aujila, 318, 334, 336; story of compulsory migration from, 366, 368, 369; trade with Kawar, 369, 370
Aulimmiden, the, 18, 101, 109, 408, 441; the Abalkoran and, 379; Amenokal and, 144; El Baghdadi attacked by, 292; horses of, 202; Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to, 455; Ilemtin a form of the name, 355; Kel Geres defeated by, 391, 415; identical with the Lemta, 341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; matriarchal inheritance system disliked by, 152 n.[149]; origin of, 341, 377, 379; position of, explained, 357-8; raids on, 139, 190; Tademekka occupied by, 345, 348, 357, 387, 414
Aulus Gellius, 468
Auraghen, the, 347, 348, 352, 354, 355; noble in Azger, servile in Southland, 348; noble Kel Owi once belonged to, 387
Auraghiye dialect, 270, 347, 349, 387 Aureran well, 215, 299; position of, 425
Aures, people of, 294
Aures, Queen of the (Kahena), 170, 265, 294
Auriga, the, 270, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352; Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren, 353, 355, 387
Ausa, 415
Austria, “talhakim” made in, 282
Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the, 356, 357, 358
Autochthonous significance of MZGh root, 461
Awa, tomb of, 281
Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357
Axe, Tuareg, 229
“Azalai,” the, 219
Azamkoram mountains, 418
Azañieres mountains, 157, 308, 314 n.[276]
Azañieres, Kel, 145, 147, 148, 243, 303, 304, 435, 436, 437; legend of the mother of, 384
Azañierken, the, 430, 431
Azanzara valley, 84
Azar valley, 243
Azar, Kel, 433
Azaret, Kel, 437
Azawad, 61
Azawagh (Asawa), 347
Azawagh, the, 32, 49, 54, 61, 62-3, 80, 114, 115, 242, 309, 347 n.[333], 426; cold encountered in, 63, 167, 418; deserted sites in, 64; millet cultivation in, 74; Ifadeyen move into, 209, 399; population decreasing in, 64; Sanhaja in, 364; Tegama of, 54; valleys of, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76; wells of, 74-5; wind prevalent in, 63
Azawagh, Kel, 64, 65, 80; name disappears, 65
Azawak, 31
Azbin (Air), 17
Azel, 428
Azel, Kel, 427
Azelik valley, 71
Azenata, the, 437
Azger country, the, 9, 18, 335, 353, 355, 356; Aulimmiden return to, 387; Auraghen noble in, 348; Ifoghas of, 54
Azger Tassili, the, 260, 261
Azger Tuareg, 17, 148, 331, 335, 347, 402; Ahaggaren and, origin and connection of, 348, 349-53, 359, 402; Ausuriani identified with, 356, 358; camel brands of, 201-2; caravan roads controlled by, 353; courage of, 354; divination by women of, 281; European contact with, 8, 9; fort built to watch, 12; French penetration and, 12, 18, 350, 354; Imanen of, 348 n.[385], 432; Imanen kings of, 352, 353; inheritance, system of, 153; Kaossen sheltered by, 92; Kel Ahamellen break from, 352, 359; old Lemta stock represented by, 341, 348, 350, 355-9, 432; migrations of, 18, 350; purity of stock of, 18, 354; raids by, 350, 354; tribes of, noble and mixed caste, 354-5; warlikeness of, 353, 354; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air, 384
Azger-Auraghen, the, 348, 387
Azjer Tuareg, see Azger, 17
Azuraiden, 436
Azzal, 121, 122, 436
“B type” of Tuareg houses, 246-8, 249 n.[221], 250, 252, 254, 309, 310-11, 314, 315, 316
“Bab Ras el Hammada,” 323
Babies, Tuareg method of carrying, 179
Bacos valley, 216
Badge of office, Añastafidet’s, 145
Bagai, 328
Bagezan horses, 202
Bagezan mountains, 23, 33, 34, 84, 85, 123, 126, 127, 156, 183, 216, 238-40, 299, 319, 384, 385, 389; an unknown area, 238; houses of, 239, 240-41; limes found in, 160, 239; lions in, 120; name of, connected with Agisymba, 324; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi, 414
Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe, 381, 385, 432; Kel Owi group, 184, 385, 429, 435; present, composite, 239, 240, 438-9
Baghdadi, El, 213, 214, 215, 291, 292, 293
Baghzen, Kel, 129
Bagirmi, 26
Bahr Bela Ma, 3
Bairam, feast of, 274
Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363, 465
Bakiri, Sultan, 99; see Bekri.
Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders, 180, 194
Bangles, women’s, 283-4
“Barbars,” the term, 371, 372
Barca, 334; food taboos in, 295; the Hawara in, 345
Bardai, 327, 335, 336
Bardamah, the, 406; women of, 452
Bardetus mountain, 327
Barkasho, 169-70
Barth, Dr. Heinrich, 8, 9, 21, 22-3, 28, 31 n.[36], 36, 49, 118, 127 n.[115], 128, 132, 180 n.[172], 214, 243, 299, 362, 392; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa by, 14, 23, 106 n.[96], 277 n.[247], 410 n.[423], 412 n.[425], 452 n.[450], 455 n.[459], 460, 461, 468; expeditions of, 8, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23-4, 36, 59, 60, 61, 215; attempts on his life, 290, 304, 312
account of Air by, 18, 28; origin of name of, 28, 454; Tuareg invasion of, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386, 387, 391
on Abd el Qader, 108, 117; on site of Afasas, 241; his journey to Agades, 23, 70, 71, 78, 80 n.[75], 122; at Agades, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 117, 118; on date of foundation of Agades, 116; on the Amenokal and Añastafidet, 100, 105, 108, 145 n.[135], 146; Annur and, 304-5, 312, 313; on Assode, 301; at Auderas, 133, 156 n.[150]; in the Azawagh, 49, 63, 67, 70, 71, 78, 80 n.[75]; on Bardamah women, 406; on El Maghili, 291-2; on Elakkos, 444; on exchange rates, 222; on Gamram, 49, 334 n.[309]; on Ibn Batutah’s journey, 406, 454, 455; Kanem and Bornu chronicle collected by, 372-3; lion’s prints seen by, 120; on population of Murzuk, 113; on the MZGh root in North African names, 460-61, 462; as an ox-rider, 203; rock drawings discovered by, 265, 319; Roman remains discovered by, 322; on site of T’in Shaman, 364; at T’intellust, 308, 312-13; his quarters there still known as the House of the Christians, 312-13
on the Tuareg: etymology of word, 273-4; absence of national name, 459-60; Air invaded by, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386-7; date of invasion, 382-3, 386, 391, 404; the Aulimmiden, origin of, 341, 357-8, 377; the Auraghen (Oraghen), 347-8, 387; Azger tribes, 355; Damergu tribes, 53, 54; Elakkos tribes, 444; female descent system, 152-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding, 134-5, 142 n.[133]; the Kel Fadé, 399; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air, 382-3, 386, 387, 391; their earlier habitat, 387; their language, 270; the Kel Wati, 412; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding, 344-5, 359; tribal names, 129, 130; tribal organisation, 380 n.[396], 393, 426, 427; women, fatness of, 118, 172
Bary, Erwin von, 24-5, 146, 241, 321, 355 n.[344], 468; Air explored by, 24-5; boundary fixed by, 31; detained at Ajiru, 24, 243-4; on disease among Tuareg, 179, 180; on the Imajeghan, 139 n.[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi, 151; on lions in Air, 120; on rains in Air, 123 n.[114]; on social distinctions lost among Kel Owi, 144 n.[134]; prevented from entering Sudan, 24, 244; on tribal names, 129 n.[117]
Basalt boulders, 210, 215, 216, 217
Basalt flows, Air, 33, 34, 119, 126, 183, 216
Basin formations, 3, 32, 43
Basket, grain measures in, 221
Basset, 206
Bates, Oric: Eastern Libyans by, 6 n.[3], 145 n.[136], 166 n.[160], 176, 267 n.[236], 294 n.[259], 336 n.[314], 364 n.[362], 466, 467; references to, on: the Ausuriani, 356; cross symbol among Tuareg, 276, 278; cross-belts, Libyan, 194; eating of dogs, 295; female descent, 151; funerary monuments, 260, 262; Imghad and Imajeghan, 137; Lebu and word Libyan, 337; MZGh root of Libyan names, 457 n.[461], 461; the “penistasche,” 164 n.[158]; religious beliefs, 275; sun worship, 276, 278, 295
Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved, 11
Bayazid, the Hole of, 281
Beds, nomads’, 212
Beduaram, 21
“Bela,” 134
Belkho, paramount chief of Air, 24, 146, 191, 243, 244, 305-6, 436; defeat of the Isherifan by, 50, 75, 440
Bello, Emir of Sokoto, 362, 372; on “Barbar” invasion of Air, 371; on Goberawa Copts, 294, 363; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem, 369-70, 374; on Sultan of Agades, 99, 108
on Tuareg invasion of Air, 364, 368, 369-70; the original five tribes, 368, 369, 394, 397, 400, 432, 433; their modern representatives, 394-5, 397, 400
Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on, 293
Belly of the Desert, the, 30, 347 n.[333]
Belts, Libyan, 194, 265; Tuareg, 180, 194
Ben Guten, the, 131 n.[120], 437
Ben Hazera, 282 n.[252]
Ben Mubarak, Muhammad, 413
Benghazi, 110
Beni Abbes, 333, 344
Beni Dugu dynasty, 372, 375
Beni Ghalgha, 372-3
Beni Hume dynasty, 372, 373, 374, 378
Beni Itisan, 377
Beni Khattab, 347; conquest of Zuila by, 112
Benue, the, 30
Beranes Libyans, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346
Berber, linguistic sense of word, 339
Berber languages, 270, 271; camel names in, 206; MZGh root in, 458
“Berbers”: confused use of term, 371-2; applied to Libyans and Tuareg, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461; Jewish tribes of, 294
Berbers of North Africa, 16; arrival in N. Africa, 262; Arab invasion resisted by, 170; former Christianity of, suggested, 273; funerary monuments of, 261; Ibn Batutah on, 453; Ibn Khaldun’s History of, 295, 330, 338; matriarchal inheritance system of, 152-3; MZGh root, significance of, among, 458; origins of, 7; robes of, 285 n.[253]; sun worship by, 295; Tuareg and, 7, 16, 371, 372, 458, 461; element of, in Tuareg Imghad, 138
Berdeoa, country of the, 334, 335-6
Berdianen, the, 428
“Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri, 371, 373 n.[386]
Bettina plant, the, 10 n.[7]
Beughqot, 242, 390; valley, 71, 209, 210 n.[200], 218, 238, 243, 244, 390, 436
Beurmann, 9
Bianu, feast of, 274-5
Bibliographical material, list of, 466-8
Bight of Benin, 22, 30
Bila, Mount, 157, 214, 215, 216, 299, 418
Bilalen, 143
Bilasicat valley, 243
Bilet, 157
Bilma, 21, 305, 413; French fort at, 320; wireless station at, 188
salt caravan, 69, 85, 114, 115, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 443; Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; number of camels in, 218; French escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on, 218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450
salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for, 407, 415
war of, 407, 415
Bir Alali, 51, 52, 92
Bir Gharama, disaster to French at, 9-10, 236
Birds, taboo on, 294
Birjintoro, 46
Births, among Tuareg, 179, 181
Bishoprics, North African, 293
Bissuel: Les Touareg de l’Ouest, 10 n.[7], 351, 467
“Black” and “White” Tuareg, 139-40
Blacksmith, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230, 283-4
Blanket carried by some Tuareg, 166
Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease, 203
Blemmyes, the, 376
“Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease, 200-201, 203
“Blue,” negroes spoken of as, 162
Blue-eyed Tuareg, 161
Boghel valley, 122
Bomba, Gulf of, 260
Books, Tuareg, 269; lost during revolt, 360, 361-2; fragments of, discovered, 385
Booz, 320, 321
Borgu, 336
Borku, 336
Bornu, 26, 191, 192, 336, 369; on early maps, 336, 410
Beni Hume dynasty in, 372, 373, 374, 378; Bulala conquest of, 374; Christian influence in, 294; history of, chronicle of, 372-3, 374
Empire of, 37, 47, 374, 406, 410, 412; decline of, 407; war with Air, 407, 415, 443
Kanuri in, 335, 371, 403, 407
Tuareg arrival in, problem of, 375-6; their ascendancy in, 372-4, 375, 376, 403-4, 406; expulsion of, from, 335, 358, 372, 374, 375, 403-4; migration into Air from, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376-7, 403-4; Tuareg besiege, 413
Bornu Chronicle, 372-3, 374, 413
Bornuwi, 44
Bororoji Fulani, 57-8
Borrow pits, Sudanese, 90
Boucle du Niger, La, 30
Boulders, basalt, 34, 183, 210
Boule, M.: Fossil Man, 339 n.[322], 467
Boundaries of Air, 28-33
Bourgou, 336
Bouthel, Sergeant, 50-51
Bows and arrows used by Kanuri, 55; not used by Tuareg, 235, 236
Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of, 179; dress of, 177; upbringing of, 177-8
Bracelets, women’s, 283-4
Brahim, Sultan, 52, 99, 108
Brands, tribal, on camels, 201-2
Branes, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341
Brass, decorative work in, 310
Braun, 320
Bridle, camel, 193, 231
Bridle stand, 309
Brigands, 122
British described as White Nobles, 459
British part in exploration of Central Sahara, 20, 313; in penetration of West Africa and Sudan, 36-7
British tendency to belaud obscure races, 401
Broking centres for desert traffic, 110, 111
Buchanan, Captain Angus, 20, 68, 110, 120, 121, 155, 164, 238, 299; fauna of Air collected by, 27; Out of the World North of Nigeria, 27 n.[31], 70 n.[67], 468
Buda, 453
Buddei valley, 127 n.[115]
Buddei-Telwa drainage system, 183
“Bugadie,” 134
Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88-9; Tuareg, 89, 90, 248-50, 251-2
Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by, 374
Bulls, 203
Bullum Babá well, 446, 451
Bullum village group, 443, 446
Bundai hills, 308 n.[272]
Burials, Tuareg, 181-2
Burin, 9
Burr grass, 45, 58-9, 62, 164, 165, 226, 227; seeds ground and eaten, 158, 160, 211
Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Damergu, 58-9, 446; Elakkos, 446, 447, 451; the Southland, 42, 43
Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by, 45
Bushman drawings, 264
Bustard, 43, 265
Butter, Tuareg, 158
“Buzu,” 134, 135-6, 159
Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed, 102, 104
Byzantines: emigration from North Africa, 376 n.[390]; encounters with Tuareg, 327
“C type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251-2
Ca’da Mosto, 404 n.[417]
Cæsar, camels captured by, 206
Caillé, 19
Cairns, memorial, 292-3
Cairo, 20; Arab rottl in, 222
Cairo-Timbuctoo road, 318
Calabashes, rare in Air, 161; as grain measures, 221; as drums, 272
Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on, 293
Camel Corps, French, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198; camels stolen from, 188; rate of travel of, 193
Camel skeletons, palæolithic, 207
Camel-borne trade, decline of, 38
Camel-riding, abdominal strain of, 180, 194; position for, 232
Camels, 38, 95, 194-5, 354; their arrival in Africa, problem of, 206-8; breeds of, 195-7; delicacy of, 198; diseases of, 72, 199-201; equipment of, Tuareg, 193-4, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; fodder of, 62, 64, 199; herding of, 135-6, 141-2; a popular investment, 134; loading and unloading, 198, 223, 224-5; numbers of, 204-5, 361; prices of, 204; raids for, 188, 190, 191; rock drawings of, 265; saddles of, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; salt needed by, 125; with salt caravans, 218, 219, 220; sores of, 72, 199, 201; technique of travel with, 193, 198-9; Temajegh names for, 197; thirst of, 72, 198-9, 445-6; tribal marks on, 201-2; rarely trotted, 193
Canaan, 339
Caravan roads, 5, 6-7, 30, 32, 43-4, 48, 62, 114, 145, 219, 242, 264, 308-9, 315, 320, 325, 443, 450; abandoned owing to destruction of wells, 60-61; closed during war, 361; controlled by Azger and Ahaggaren, 353-4; controlled by Kel Owi, 390, see Kel Owi road; evacuation policy and, 361; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20; junction at Iferuan, 318; Roman garrisons on, 208; and sites of cities, 110, 111, 112, 114
Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and, 145; breakdown of, during war, 142, 146
Caravan wells, 74-5, 80; rights over, 75
Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake, 11; camels for, supplied by Arabs, 354; raids on, 50, 51, 52, 59, 80, 191-3, 218, 219, 450; salt, see under Bilma.
Cardinal points, Temajegh names for, 244
Carpentry, 228
Carthaginians, camels not used by, 206
Casamicciola, 242
Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes, 355
Caste system, Air, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; see Noble and servile tribes.
Cattle, Air, 133-4, 202, 203, 204, 205; horns of, anointed by Bororoji, 58
Cats, Air, 203
Cave paintings, European, 264
Cemeteries, Nubian, 260; Tuareg, 181, 216, 259-63; urn cemetery, Marandet, 121, 161, 263
Central Africa: Arab influence in, 325; Arab invasion of, 376; bush of, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Empires of, 47 (see Bornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of, 25-7; history of, in relation to that of Air, 358, 401, 403-16; huts of, 87, 89; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 401; trend of migration towards, 39, 342
Central Air, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126
Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by, 12-13, 93
Central Sahara, 2; bibliography of, 467; British part in exploration of, 20-24; caravan road, 318; drainage system of, 4, 28-34; allocated to French, 20, 22; guides of, 185, 186; mountain groups of, 2; rains in, 28; Roman penetration of, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326-7
Central Sudan, caravan route to, 7
Centre Peak, Termit, 448, 450
“Cercles,” 41
Chad, Lake, 3, 21, 23, 266; caravan road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369; diversion of water from, 30; French expeditions to, 25-6, 50-51; Lemta extend to, 345; track from Termit to, 450
Chad area: Arab invasion of, 444; early home of the Lemta, 376; Tuareg migration into Air from, 376-7, 378, 379, 396, 403, 432, 445
Chad road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369
Chanoine, Lieut., 26
Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air, 318-19, 320, 321-2, 324
Cheese, Tuareg, 157, 158
Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by, 68
Chickens, 206
“Chief of the Market Place,” 106
“Chief of the White People,” 106
Childbirth among Tuareg, 179
Children, Tuareg, 174, 177-9; belong to the mother, 148-9; education of, 268, 400; naming of, 181; suckled late, 178-9
Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by, 375
Christianity: question of its existence in Air, 256-7, 363; former Berber religion, 273, 274; among the Tegama, 53, 54; possibly former religion of Tuareg, 275-8, 293-4; traces of its influence among Tuareg, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4
Christians, House of the, 312-13
Chudeau, R., 27, 32, 257, 468; on Assode, 301 n.[266]; Le Sahara Soudanais, 27 n.[30], 31 n.[34], 34-5, 41 n.[45], 94 n.[82], 102 n.[89],[91], 205, 402 n.[416]
“Cidamus, the people of,” 336 n.[314]
Cillaba (Cilliba), 323
Cillala (Zuila), 112
Cinerite, Auderas basin, 34, 183
Circumcelliones, the, 12, 328
Circumcision, practised by Tuareg, 179
Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of, 110, 111, 112, 114
Cities of the Desert, 110-13, 114
Citroën Motor Expedition, 271 n.[239]
Clapperton, Captain H., 8, 20, 21; death of, 21; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa (Denham and Clapperton), 99 n.[85], 362, 363 n.[359], 368 n.[372], 371 n.[380], 374 n.[387], 413, 467
Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg, 376; bibliography of, 468
Clay amphoræ, grain stored in, 317
Climate, of Air, 28, 123; of the Sahara, 4-5
Cloth, native, 164, 166, 167, 194
Cochia, 404 n.[417]
Coins, Air, 221-2
Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh, 63, 167, 418; scantiness of Tuareg dress for, 166-7
Colocynth, use of juice of, 180
Colour, used on houses of Agades, 92; not used in Tuareg dress, 95, 96
Colouring of Tuareg, 161-2, 173, 367, 460
Concubinage in Air, 170, 171; the caste system and, 136; impossible for noble women, 160, 171
Congo, French expedition from, 25, 26
Congress of Berlin, 25
Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from, 101, 102, 104, 396-7; list of tribes sending the delegation, 397
Cooley, Negroland of the Arabs, 116 n.[106]
Copper mines, Tekadda, 452-3, 454
Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air, 294, 363
Corippus, 207, 295, 327 n.[294], 357, 445, 468
Cornelius Balbus, 322, 323
Cornish, V., 66 n.[63]
Cortier: D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara, 209 n.[198], 277 n.[247], 441, 467; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar, 398-9; Geographical Mission, maps of Air, 27, 71, 131 n.[120], 156 n.[152], 183, 210 n.[200], 214 n.[206], 215 n.[207], 218 n.[208], 238, 241, 311 n.[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454 n.[456], 466
Cosmetics used by Tuareg women, 173
Cotton cultivation, Air, 132, 227
Cottonest, Lieut., 10
Counting, Tuareg method of, 191
Courage of Tuareg, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354; of Tuareg women, 169-70
Cow-camels, 197, 201
Cowrie-shell currency discarded, 221
Cows, scarce in Air, 203
Crescentic type of sand dunes, 66-7, 68
Criminals, gaol for, Agades, 107
Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament, 235, 276-7, 278, 289, 293; the Agades Cross, 44, 277, 283, 284; cross-hilted swords, 233, 234, 276, 289; on pommel of saddle, 230, 276-7, 289; on shields, 235
Crows, camels attacked by, 199
Cruciform design, Tuareg use of, see Cross.
Crusaders, the, 233, 276
Cubes on women’s bracelets, 284
Currency, Air, 221-2
Currie, Sir J., 132 n.[121]
“Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia), 410
Curzon, Lord, 279
Cydamus, 323
Cyrenaica: camels introduced into, 207; the Lebu in, 337; raids into, in classical times, 356; steppes and desert of, 335
“D type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251
Dabaga, 122, 125
Daggers, Tuareg, 234
Dala, King of Bornu, 374
Damagarim, 42, 43, 44, 48, 150, 218, 320, 361, 443, 446; date of Tuareg occupation of, 415 n.[432]
Dambansa, 46
Dambida, 46
Damergu, 23, 32, 41, 43, 44-62, 209, 309; an appanage of Air, 47; Agades Cross in, 284; Barth in, 23; bush of, 45-6, 58-9, 446; cattle supplied from, 203; cultivation in, 47, 48, 132, 133, 217; drainage system of, 46; French entry into, and events leading to occupation of Air, 50-52; Fulani of, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; geology of, 46; granary of Air, 47; hills of, 46-7; measures of, 221; negroid inhabitants of, 415; oryx hide shields from, 235; oxen used in, 203; population of, 48, 64; raiders in, 50, 51, 188, 189; rains in, 124; revolt, 1917, in, 85; Sanhaja in, 364, 405; villages of, 48
Tuareg of, 47-8, 52-3, 303, 400, 446; evacuated from Air to, 360-61; their predominance in, 54-5; their migration into, 377, 396, 404, 415; Sendal possibly ancestors of, 396; Sultans of, 47-8; tribes and sub-tribes of, 18 n.[18], 400, 426, 427, 428, 433, 436, 437, 438, 439-40
Dan Gudde, King of Gober, 392
Dan Kaba, 55; position of, 424
Dancing, Tuareg, 44, 272
Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq, 50, 51
Dani, Muhammad, Sultan, 392
D’Anville, 336
Darfur, Tuareg in, 51
Date-palms: cultivation of, 131, 155, 216, 217, 239, 317; disputed ownership of, 298; scarcity of, 224
Dates, 160; date of ripening, 157; preserved, 160; trade in, 218, 220
Daud, King of Kanem, 407
Daura, 41; people of, 363
Daza, the, 336
Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg, 179
Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah, 453
Demmili, 47, 48
Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition, 8, 20, 21; Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa (Denham and Clapperton), 99 n.[85], 362, 363 n.[359], 368 n.[372], 371 n.[380], 374 n.[387], 413, 467
Depopulation of Air, results of, 361
Descent, Tuareg system of, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398
Desert between Air and Southland, 456
Desert, steppe and true, 2, 332, 333, 334
Desert vegetation, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124; Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449
Desert warfare: small numbers involved in, 11; tactics of, 236-7
Desiccation, of the Sahara, 4; of upper reaches of Niger, 30
Desplagnes: Le Plateau Central Nigérien, 261, 467
Devil, the, Tuareg belief in, 278
Dianous, Captain, 10
Dibbela well, 21
Dickson, 9
“Diffa” (reception), 272
Diodorus Siculus, 152, 468
Diom-Talras track, 451
Dirki, 413
Disease in Air, 178, 179-80
Diseases of camels, 199-201
Distance, no measure of, Air, 222
Distances covered by raiders, 188, 189-90
Divination, methods of, 281-2
Divorce among Tuareg, 176-7
Doctor, author as, 171-2, 178, 180, 186
Dogam village, 184
Dogam, Kel, 381, 432
Dogam, Mount, 33, 131, 156, 183, 213, 214, 215, 216, 432
Dogs: Air, 203, 205-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans, 295
Domestic animals, Air, 202-6
Donatist heresy, the, 328
Donkeys: Air, 202, 203-4; wild, 204
Doors of Tuareg houses, 245-6, 247, 277, 309
Drainage system of Air, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; of Sahara, 3-4, 9, 28-33
Draughts, game of, 281
Drawings, rock, 263-5, 269, 315, 318, 319; of camel, 265; of ox-drawn vehicles, 321-2; of shield with cruciform design, 276
Dress, Tuareg, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289; simplicity of, 164; of women, 172
Drought, former administrative measures against, 47, 48
Drugs, Tuareg, 180
Drum as badge of office, 145
Drums, spirit, legends of, 278, 279, 300
Drums, Tuareg, 272
Dryness of air in the Sahara, 4
Dual administration of empire of Melle, 407-8
Dubreuil, 271 n.[239]
Duga, Kel, 432
Dûm Palm, People of the, 307, 398 n.[413], 432, 435
Dûm palms, 87, 122, 125, 131, 156, 158, 226; rope made of fronds of, 224; sandals made of fronds of, 165; wood used in building, 88, 93, 245, 249
Duguwa dynasty, the, 372, 373, 375
Dunama I, 373
Dunama II, 374, 406
Dunes, sand, 4, 58, 62, 63-4, 66-7, 70, 442, 446, 447
Duveyrier, H., 8-9, 266, 271, 322; explorations and work of, 8-9; Les Touareg du Nord by, 9, 28-9, 54 n.[54], 169, 180, 282 n.[252], 467; on Ahaggaren and Azger, 350-52, 353, 354, 355 n.[346], 356; on Bir Gharama disaster, 10; on dogs of Air, 206; on food taboos, 206; on the “Garamantian way,” 203, 318-19, 320, 321, 324; on derivation of Imajegh, 457; on marriage system of Tuareg, 171; on origin of Oraghen, 347, 348; on religion of Tuareg, 274, 275; on shields of Tuareg, 234 n.[215]; on T’ifinagh alphabet, 266
Dzianara, the, 397
“E type” of Tuareg houses, 250
“Early Period” rock drawings, 264
Earthenware, Tuareg, 160-61
Eastern Air, Kel Owi in, 394
Eastern Desert, roads across, 320
Eastern origin of camel, theory of, 207, 208
Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of, 340
Eastern Sahara, 2-3; drainage system, 3
Ebesan, El Haj, 102-3
Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres, 390
Economics of Air, 133-4, 218-20
Education, Tuareg, 174, 177-8, 268, 400
Efaken, Mount, 156, 213
Efale, the guide, 125, 149, 187, 225, 320
Egeruen, position of, 424
Eghalgawen, 68, 69, 347, 412, 418, 451; position of, 424; valley, 76, 77 n.[72]; watering points, 76, 80, 114
Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif, 71, 77, 78; fossil trees in, 259 n.[226]
Eghbaren, the, 428
Egypt: Arab conquest of, 404; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea People, 337, 340; matriarchate in, 152 n.[145]; raids into, in classical times, 356; weights in, 222
Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air, 294, 363
Egyptian oases, the, 334, 337
Egyptian paintings, of Libyans, 194, 265; figures like Tuareg on, 462
Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in, 376, 462
El Golea, 9
El Suk, 394
El Suk, Kel, 355, 377
Elakkos, 42, 49, 51, 81, 357, 358, 442-8; as battle-ground, 396, 442-3; bush of, 49, 58, 446, 447, 451; Camel Patrol of, 450; grain of, 444, 445; name of, its origin, 357, 445; oryx hide shields of, 235, 444; plain of, 442; rains in, 445; wells of, 445-6, 447
Tuareg of, 51, 303, 307, 308, 370, 396, 400, 440; their migration into, 376, 377, 404, 415 n.[432]; their predominance in, 443, 444, 445
Elakwas (Elakkos), 357
Elar, Kel, 129, 437
Elattu, 96
Elazzas, hut foundations at, 262-3; valley, 216
Elijah, the cave of, 321 n.[280]
Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of, 278-81; amulets against, 282
Elmiki (Immikitan), the, 429
Elmina, Portuguese factory at, 409
Elnoulli, 241
“Em” names, tribal, 130
Emagadezi people, the, 107, 117, 130, 410, 440
Emallarhsen, the, 432
Emilía, 243
Emirates of Nigeria, 37, 38, 41; French administration of, 42; see Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.
Emululi, 239, 241
En Nitra, the, 350
“Enad” (smith), 155, 228-9, 230
Enclosures: funerary monuments, 260-62, 263; places of worship, 258-9, 292-3; round Tuareg houses, 250, 251, 262-3
“English Hill,” the, 313
English tendency to extol obscure races, 401
Ennedi, 92
Entrepôts of the desert, 110, 111
Envelopes, leather, 228
Equatorial Africa, 2, 21; Arab pressure in, 376; French, annexed, 26; operations against French in, 92; rainfall belt of, 4; Tuareg migration to, 375
Erarar, Kel, 436
Erarar n’Dendemu, 156, 214, 292, 293
Erdi, 335
Erosion in valleys of Air, 34; of sandstone formations, 77, 79, 81
“Ers” (eresan), 213
“Ers, Rodd’s,” 243
Esbet, 364 n.[362]
Escherha, the, 433
Etaras valley, 183, 243
Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of, 296
Ethnology of Air, 28
Eti, Kel, 412
Etteguen, the, 429
Eunuchs, negro, 179
European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara, 266
European penetration, of the Sudan, 36-7, 38, 41-2; of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27
European salt competing with Bilma product, 219
Europeans, Tuareg hostility to, 23, 24, 154; Holy Men and, 290
Evacuation of Air during revolt, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426
Exchange, rates of, 221, 222
Exorcism of spirits, 280
Exploration of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27
Eye troubles common in Air, 179
Eyes, Tuareg, colour of, 161
Ezelu valley, 429
Ezelu, Kel, 429
Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil, 187; women’s, daubed with earth or ochre, 173
Factions in Libyan villages, 338-9
Fadé, 23, 317, 319, 320, 321, 399, 400, 427
Fadé, Kel, 169, 318, 399, 400, 431
Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé, 23 n.[25]
Fagoshia, position of, 424
Fairness of skin among Tuareg, 161-2; a social distinction, 162, 173
Faji, Tuareg village, 39
Faken, Mount, 213
Falezlez, Wadi, 30-31
Fall, 51
Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families, 147; female descent, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398
Famine, the War of, 414
Faodet, 253, 254, 315-16; position of, 425
Faodet, Kel, 430, 431
Farak, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 62, 439; disasters at, 59; hill north of, 60; water supply at, 59
Fardi, Wadi, 3
Fareg, Wadi, 3
Fares, 304, 314, 316, 319
Fares, Kel, 149, 304, 428, 435
Fasher, El, 51
Fashi, 32, 68, 160, 191, 218, 219, 220, 315, 413, 414, 443, 450
Fashi road, 320
Fatimite era, the, 346
Fatness of Tuareg women, 118, 172, 406; a sign of affluence, 172
Fauna of Air, 27-8
Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada, 95-7
Feast of the Veil, 289
Feasts, religious, 274-5
Fedala, the, 437
Fedekel, Kel, 437
Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’, 165
Feitei, Kel, 433
Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398; of kings of Kanem, 373
Femmes douairières, Tuareg, 169
Ferwan, Kel, 102, 104, 119, 129, 150, 415, 441; described as heathen, 258, 386; Imghad of, 139, 398; numbers of, 427; origin of, 395, 396, 398-9, 427; among original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 427-8; women of, status of, 174
Festivals, Tuareg, 181, 274-5
Fevers, value of quinine against, 178
Fez, 343, 452, 453
Fezzan, the, 8, 9, 20, 112, 145, 334, 335; Ahaggaren and Azger migrate into, 350; Arab conquest of, 325, 376; Azger of, 350, 354; British geographical work in, 8, 20; cattle trade between Air and, 203; date palms of, 317; exploration of, 8, 9, 20, 248; French and British factions in, 22; anti-French and -British activities in, during war, 84, 92; Hawara of, 347, 379; houses of, 248, 254, 255; conquered by Kanem, 112, 374, 406; Kel Innek of, 400; Lemta Tuareg of, 376, 403, 445; oases of, 6; Okba’s invasion of, 376; Oraghen of, 347; racial mixture in, 16; raiders of, 12, 13, 187, 188, 350; road from Air to, 318-21; Roman occupation of, 322, 323, 324, 326, 403, 445; wheat exported from Air to, 133
Fezzan, Eastern, the, 112, 335; story of compulsory migration from, 366, 375
Fezzan, Southern, mountains of, 2, 3, 4
Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and, 32
Fezzanian branch of Tuareg, 254
Fida, Abul, 374 n.[389]
Fire-making, nomads’ method of, 212
Firing, camel diseases treated by, 201
Fish, taboo on, 294
Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed, 318-20
Flammand: Les Pierres Ecrites, 264 n.[232]
Flat arm-rings, 286
Flatters, Colonel, 26; French expedition under, 9-10, 236
Flies, a pest, during rains in Air, 120-21, 125, 126
Flora of Air, 27
Flour, millet, preparation of, 159-60
Flowers rare in Air, 226
Fonfoni, wells filled in at, 451
Food, Tuareg, 157-60, 174, 211, 212
Food taboos, totemic, 294-5
Footgear, Tuareg, 164-6
Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for, 106, 145
Foreign origin and servile status, 354
Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle, 407-8
Fort Laperrine, 12
Fort Motylinski, 12, 13
Fort Pradie, 51, 92
Fortified settlements, buildings of type of, 389
Fossil trees, specimens of, 81-2, 259
Foucauld, Charles de, 11-12, 13-14; on derivation and use of the word Imajegh, 457, 458, 459; Tuareg dictionary by, 12 n.[9], 269, 271, 454 n.[456], 467; on Tuareg religion, 275
Foureau, F., 36, 299, 467
Foureau-Lamy Expedition, 26-7, 36, 50, 51, 60, 86, 99, 114 n.[104], 143, 290, 316, 414 n.[429], 416; observations taken from, 422, 424-5
Franks, emigration from North Africa, 376 n.[390]
Freeman, H. Stanhope, 267, 467
French, the: African exploration and expansion by, 9-14, 25-7, 37; penetration of Tuareg country by, 9-14, 26-7, 350, 352; occupation and annexation of Air by, 26, 27, 50-52, 99, 114 n.[104]
books destroyed by action of, 361, 385; Camel Corps of, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198, 218, 219, 446, 450-51; colonial policy of, 42, 360-61, 416; evacuation policy of, 360-61, 385; forts of, 12, 13, 86, 91, 118, 218, 316, 317, 320; maps of Air by, 27, 65, 68, 71, 131 n.[120], 156 n.[152], 183, 210 n.[200], 214 n.[206], 215 n.[207], 218 n.[208], 238, 241, 311 n.[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454 n.[456], 466; mosque desecrated by, 385; Nigeria indirectly defended by, 85; sedentarism encouraged by, 131; seeds supplied by, 132; slavery abolished by, 134 n.[122]
Tuareg and, hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114 n.[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352; pacific counsels of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 n.[429]; the 1917 revolt against, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420
French works on Air and the Tuareg, 14, 466, 467, 468. See under names of authors mentioned on these pages.
Frobenius, 264 n.[232]
Fugda, 217, 250, 439
Fulani, the, of Damergu, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; Agades Cross among, 284; Hausa and, feud between, 42-3; houses of, 89; language of, 118, 155; musical instruments of, 44; a noble race, 56-7; in Punch and Judy show, 56; tradition of return to the East among, 58
Fulani, Bororoji, 57-8
Fulani, Rahazawa, 57
Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the, 37, 57, 363, 415
Funerals, Tuareg, 181-2
Funerary inscriptions, absence of, 260, 263
Funerary monuments, North African, 260-62
“Fura,” 157, 305
Furniture, 309; household, Tuareg, 229-30
Gabes, 337
Gadé, Mount, 77 n.[73], 79, 85
Gado, the, 100
Gagho (Gao), 345
Gall, 52
Game: Auderas, 184, 213; Elakkos, 446; Damergu, 43; Termit, 449, 450; T’in Wana, 81
Gamram, 47, 49-50, 52, 60, 334 n.[309], 412, 413, 438, 439; its amenities, 49; Belkho’s attack on, 75; extract from diary written at, 420-21
Gangara, 44, 46, 48, 57, 97; position of, 424
Ganziga, the, 331, 332, 334
Gao, 110, 318, 332, 369, 374 n.[389], 404, 405, 445; Agades as entrepôt for, 411; Aulimmiden capture, 414; centre of gold trade, 411; decline of, 411; history of, 407, 408, 409; Ibn Batutah in, 345, 452, 456; Moors occupy, 411
Gao, King of, tribute from Air to, 410
Gaogao, (Gao), 345, 452
Garama, 112, 306, 323, 326, 436; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20, 321, 324
Garamantes, the, 16, 318, 321, 322, 323, 326, 354, 356; ox-drawn chariots of, 203, 208, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; suggested descendants of, 335-6
Garari, 44
Garazu, Ikazkazan of, 436, 443-4
Gardens, cultivation of, Air, 131, 132; carried on by negro slaves, 135
Garet valley, 418, 429, 434
Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres), 380, 381, 434
Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek), 429
Garet n’Dutsi, Kel, 434
Gautier, E. F., 261-2, 468; La Conquête du Sahara, 10 n.[8], 467; Le Sahara, 5 n.[2], 27 n.[30], 31 n.[33]
Gawgawa, 345
Gazelle, 43, 81, 184, 204, 213, 446, 449, 450
Gedala, the, 343
Gedeyenan, the, 428
Geographical tribal names, 128, 129, 130
Geography, Tuareg knowledge of, 265-6
Geography of the Sahara, 2-5
Geres, Kel, 17, 53; Air invaded by, 256, 378, 380-82, 405-6; leave Air for Southland, 65, 143, 366, 390-91, 392, 415; and Amenokal’s installation, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Aulimmiden defeat, 391, 415; camels, white, of, 196; a Hawara people, 65, 82, 348 n.[335], 387; houses of, 251, 253, 254; Islam introduced by, 256, 258; Itesan and, connection between, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; Kel Owi defeat and displace, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 415; tribal record of, 362; tribes of, 65, 381, 422-3; wars of, 388, 390, 391-2, 415; women as heads of villages of, 169
Gergesenes, Libyans related to, 339
Gerigeri, 455
“Germa,” root of many place names, 306
German intrigues in North Africa during the War, 12-13, 93
Gezula, the, 343, 349
Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating, 271, 350 n.[338]
Ghadames, 7, 8, 9, 21, 110, 323, 335, 336 n.[314]; population of, 113; divination by women of, 281
Ghadamsi dialect, 267, 270
Ghamarama, 412
Ghana, kingdom of, 404, 405, 409
Gharama, Bir, 9-10, 236
Gharnathi, El, 330; see Leo Africanus.
Gharus, 438
Gharus, Kel, 139, 143, 150, 308, 438
Gharus n’Zurru, 69, 74
Ghat, 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 114, 145, 185, 335, 390; difficulty of transcribing the word, 271; caravan road to, 30, 318; caravan roads from, controlled by Azger, 354; cattle trade with, 203; development of, 111-12, 113; Holy Men of, 280; houses of, 248; Oraghen in, 347; population of, 113; race of, original, 155; raiders from, 12, 13; religion of, recent conversion to Islam, 257-8; Romans in, 322, 323, 326; spirits at, 280
Tuareg of, female succession among, 151-2; Lemta, 403
Ghati camels, 195-6; brands of, 201-2
Ghela, Kel, 351, 373
Gheshwa, Mount, 33; volcanic cone, 241, 242
Ghodala, El (Guddala), 413; ruling family of, 103
Ghosts, Tuareg belief in, 278-9, 281
Ghudet, 320, 321
“Ghussub” water, 19, 157, 305
Gibbon quoted, 328
Gidjigawa, 51
Giga, Kel, 80, 429
Ginea, Mount, 47, 51
Giraffes, 43, 264, 446
Girls, Tuareg, freedom of, 173, 174-5
Gissat hills, 214, 428
Glyphs, rock, see Rock drawings.
Goats, Air, 203, 204, 205
Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438
Goatskins, 223, 224; decorated, 227, 228; for water, 232
Gober, Kingdom of, 363, 367, 368, 403, 405; Air receives tribute from, 383; Air at war with, 392; chiefs of, Copts, 294; Kel Geres migrate to, 390, 391, 392; Songhai occupy, 409
Goberawa, the, 363, 403; in Air, 363, 364, 365, 368; driven from Air, 379, 381, 405; the Itesan and, 379
God, Tuareg words for, 278
Goethe, 91
“Gogdem,” 333-4
Gogo (Gao), 345, 374 n.[389]
Gold Coast, British penetration of, 36
Gold currency, disappearance of, 221
Gold trade in Sudan, 411, 414
Gorset, Mount, 211
Gourara, 332, 334
Gourds, 132; rare in Air, 161
Government of the Air Tuareg, 144-8; of the tribal units, 147-8
Grain: from Damergu exported, 47; dishes made from, 157-8; of Elakkos, 444; grinding of, 159-160; measures of, 220-21; former reserves of, 48
Grain pits, Assode, 302
Granary of Air, Damergu as, 47
Granite formations, Air, 78, 119, 125
“Grape design” on Tuareg pottery, 161
Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten, 158
Graves, Tuareg, 181, 259-63; peculiar form for a smith, 229
Great Bear, Tuareg name for, 226 n.[212]
Great Bend, the, 30
Great South Road, the, 80; see Kel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.
Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31
Grimaldi race, survivors of, 364 n.[362]
Guddala, El, 413, 464; ruling family of, 103
Guenziga, the, 349
Guides, 72, 81, 125, 149, 185-7, 225-6, 320, 447; see Efale, Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.
Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on, 409
Guinea corn, 47, 131, 133; cakes of, 157
Guinea-fowl, 43, 125, 126
Guinea-worm, 180
Gulbi n’Kaba, the, 33, 43, 44, 46, 71
Gulbi n’Maradi, the, 33
Guliski, 50, 60, 451; position of, 424; rainstorm at, 83
Guma, Muhammad, Sultan, 392, 465
“Gumrek,” 334 n.[309]
Gundai hills, 308, 309, 313
Gure, 42, 43, 44, 442
Gurfautan, the, 433
Gurzil (the sun-god), 295
Haardt, 271
“Hád” plant, 70
“Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the, 128
Hadeija, 21, 41
Haggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128, 454; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology of, 345, 346, 347, 353
“Hair,” see Air.
Hair of Tuareg, 161; of children, 177; untidiness in, an abomination, 117
Haj Road, the, 20, 318
Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456
Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of, 331
Halévy, J., on Libyan script, 267
Halo, solar, an evil omen, 296
Ham, 339
Hamed el Rufai, Sultan, 99
Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan, 103, 109, 392, 464, 465
Hammada el Homra, the, 322, 324
Hamid ibn Yesel, 337
Handful as unit of capacity, 220-21
Hannekar, 59, 60, 72, 74, 81, 418; track to Agades, 62
Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by, 266, 269, 271, 467; on MZGh root, 458-9
Harris Papyrus, the, 6
Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi, 330; see Leo Africanus
Hassanein Bey, 3, 336
Hatita camel mark, 202
Hats, Kano conical, 166
Haunted places, Air, 278-9
Hausa, the term, 16 n.[17]; called “black,” 162; commercial genius of the people, 38; feud with Fulani, 42-3; houses of, 89; not pure negroes, 363
Hausa language, 16, 17, 40-41, 118, 154
Hausaland, 218; conquered by Bornu, 412; Fulani ascendancy in, 56, 57, 415; Goberawa withdraw into, 379; Songhai occupation of, 409
“Hawar, people of,” 325
Hawara, the, 65, 270, 274, 325 n.[290], 341, 359, 385 n.[405]; ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes, 270, 345, 349, 359, 387; “Arabisation” of, 346-7; Auriga the same as, 341, 343, 346, 347, 349, 387; home of, 345; Ibn Khaldun on, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 353, 379; Kel Geres descended from, 65, 82, 348 n.[334], 387; division of Libyan family, 341, 343, 346, 347; Lemta people and, 345, 346, 348, 353; not all Tuareg, 346-7
Hawarid origin of the Lemta, 345-6, 353, 359
Hawk’s head as amulet, 282
Head-cloths, Arab use of, 286
Head-piece, camel’s, 276
Head-ropes, camel’s, 193, 224, 228
Head-stones on graves, 260
Headmen, village, 127-8, 131, 339
Heaven, Tuareg belief in, 278
Height of Tuareg, 163
Hell, Tuareg belief in, 278
Henna, use of, 173
Herding, live-stock, 135-6
Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg, 151
Hernia frequent among Tuareg, 180
Herodotus, 7, 176, 206, 208, 281, 282, 295, 324, 365, 369, 457, 468
Heskura, the, 343, 349
“Hill of the Christians,” the, 313
Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by, 376, 404
Himyarite tribes, 341; invasion of, 342
Himyer, 341, 371
Historical works, native, 360, 361-2
History, Tuareg knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2
Hobble ropes, 224
Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128
Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of, 281
Holy Books, niches in houses for, 247
Holy Men, 289, 290, 293, 316, 355, 357, 405; amulets manufactured by, 282; children named by, 181; divination by, 281; as exorcisers, 280; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by, 190
Holy tribes, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440
Hornemann, F. C., expedition of, 8, 19-20, 336; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 383, 386; on the Tegama, 53; on Tuareg ascendancy in Gober, 392; work by, 19 n.[22], 336, 467
Horses, Air, 202
Hospitality, Tuareg laws of, 210, 237
House of the Christians, 312-13
House-flies, country infested by, during rains, 120, 121, 125
Household duties, Tuareg, 174
Household slaves, 134, 136
Houses: Central African, 87, 89; Northern Nigerian, 87-8, 89; Sudanese, 87, 88, 90; Tuareg, various types of, 89, 90, 92, 181, 184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16; attributed to the Itesan, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; fortified type, 389
Huart, C.: Arabic Literature, 292 n.[256]
Human figure, rock drawings of, 265
Hume, King of Kanem, 372; see Beni Hume.
Huts, Tuareg, 184, 253, 254; stone circles round, 262-3; on raised plinths, 262-3
“I names,” tribal, 128, 130, 139, 303-4, 306, 352, 400, 430; lost, 395
Iabrubat (Iburuban), the, 434
Ialla (God), 278
Ibandeghan, the, 52
Ibanderan, the, 437
Iberdianen, the, 428
Iberkom, 316
Iberkom, Kel, 437
Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the, 379
Ibn Abd el Hakim, 325 n.[289]
Ibn Assafarani, 369
Ibn Batutah, 18, 19, 452, 468; account of Air by, 18, 19, 452-3, 456; Agades not mentioned by, 116; his journey, 114, 406, 452-6; on female descent, 103, 151; on the Mesufa, 175-6, 364, 405
Ibn Ghania, 343, 407
Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman, 151 n.[141], 293, 294 n.[258], 295, 325 n.[289], 330, 337-43, 371, 377, 468; classification of the Libyans by, 338-43; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, 349, 379; on the origin of the Tuareg, 343-4, 345, 346, 347, 348, 353, 379
Ibogelan, the, 351
Ibrahim, Sultan, 464
Ibrahim Dan Sugi, 99
Ibram, Chief of the Tegama, 53
Iburuban, the, 434
Ibuzahil, 102, 104
Ice in the Sahara, 4
Idakka, Kel, 438
Ideleyen, the, 428
Idemkiun, the, 441
Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo, 407
Idikel, position of, 424
I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg, 460
Ido well, 450
Idris, King of Bornu, 410
Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu, 412, 413, 414
Idrisi, El, 337, 369, 374 n.[389]
“Iet,” Tuareg letter, 276
Ifadalen, the, 397, 400, 438; Damergu, 440
Ifadeyen, the, 60, 65, 74, 80, 82, 191, 209, 395, 428, 431, 436; of Damergu, 440; literacy of, 268, 400; nomadism of, 400; origin of, 399-400; wells attributed to, 74
Ifagarwal, the, 437
“Ifarghan, village of,” 156 n.[150]
Iferuan, 26, 114, 115, 122, 129, 189, 218, 246, 290, 302, 308, 311, 315, 317, 418; French fort at, 316; houses at, 248; Kel Ferwan move from, 389; Kel Ferwan named after, 395, 427; position of, 424 n.[435], 425; rains in, 123, 124; roads meeting at, 318, 319; valley, 258
Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan), 437
Iferuan-Ghat track, 185
Ifli, Wadi, 452 n.[449]
Ifoghas, the, 52-3, 54, 254, 327, 394, 428, 441; of the Azger, 18 n.[18]; of Damergu, 18 n.[18], 80, 439; a holy tribe, 355, 357, 439; probably Lemta, 355-6, 357, 358
Ifoghas n’Adghar, 18, 52, 398-9
Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar), 18, 52, 398-9
Ifrikiya, 325, 341; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs, 170, 265; the Hawara in, 345
Ifrikos, 341, 371
Ifuraces, the, 327, 356, 357, 358, 439
“Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels, 196
Igademawen, the, 243, 306, 436
Igdalen, the, 162, 355, 380, 394, 395, 400, 441; of Damergu, 440; a holy tribe, 290; Imghad among, 394; their migration into Air, 373, 378, 380, 394, 395
Igedeyenan, the, 428
Igermaden, the, 146, 243, 303, 306, 436; chief of, see Belkho; massacre of, 191; tribes and sub-tribes of, 436
Igerzawen, the, 437
Ighaghar basin, 9, 10, 28
Ighaghrar valley, 156 n.[152], 214
Ighazar basin, the, 23, 26, 34, 241 n.[217], 264, 308, 315, 316, 395, 437; evacuated during revolt, 122; Kel Owi occupy, 308, 389, 427; measures used in, 221; palm trees of, 316, 317; villages of, 316, 318; wheat cultivation in, 133
Ighazar, Kel, 122, 436-7, 441
Ighazar n’Agades, 78
Ighelablaban, 239
Ighelaf wells, 451
Ighelaf, Kel, 60, 433
“Ighillan” (measure of length), 222
Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel, 433
Ighzan, 33
Igidi, desert of, 332, 333-4
Igidi, the, 358
Iguendianna, the, 428
Igululof, 309-11; houses in, 248
Igululof, Kel, 304, 435
Igururan, the, 304, 435
Ihadanaren, the, 128, 354
Ihagarnen, the, 162 n.[156]
“Ihaggar” (Ahaggar), 128
Ihaggaren, the, 162 n.[156]
Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe, 355
Ihrayen spring, 62, 70, 71
Ihrsan, the spirits of, 279
Ijanarnen, the, 395, 433
Ijaranen, the, 378, 394, 395, 400, 403, 433
Ikadeen, the, 351
Ikademawen (Igademawen), the, 436
Ikaradan, the, 117, 430, 441
Ikawkan, the, 428
Ikazkazan, the, 128, 145, 169, 290, 303, 307-8, 318, 437-8; in Damergu, 52, 303, 436, 440; in Elakkos, 303, 307, 308, 443-4; Imghad of, called heathen, 273; tribes and sub-tribes of, 52, 129, 307-8, 437-8, 441
Ikelan, the, 134, 135, 136, 155
Ikerremoïn, the, 351
Ilaguantan, the, 357, 358
Ilagwas (Elakkos), 445
Ilagwas, the, 370
Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with, 445
Ilemtin, the, 355-6, 358
Ilettan, 404
“Illeli,” 459
Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word, 457-62; a caste appellation, 458, 459, 460
Imajeghan (nobles, q.v.), 15, 170, 171, 354-5; Ahaggaren, 350-51, 352; Azger, 348, 354-5; dark colouring of, 162; diminishing numbers of, 150; marriage tribute payable to, 141; among Kel Owi, 144 n.[134]; relations of Imghad and, 137, 138, 139, 140-43
Imajeghan n’Arab, the, 459
Imam, the, Agades, 96, 97
Imanen, the, 354, 355, 400, 432; affinity with the Itesan, 384-5
Imanen Kings of Azger, 348, 352, 353
Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes, 384, 392
Imanghassaten, the, 354
Imaqoaran, the, 52, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 431
Imarsutan, the, 52, 304, 435; Kel Tagei of, 398, 435
Imaslagha, the, 134, 303, 304, 314; tribes and sub-tribes of, 134, 303-4, 435-6
Imasrodang, the, 129, 303, 306, 436; tribes and sub-tribes of, 129, 306, 436-7, 440, 441
“Imawal” (part of the Veil), 287, 288
Imazir (form of Imajegh), 457
Imettrilalen, the, 354
Imezegzil, the, 303, 384, 395, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 429, 430
Imghad (serfs), 15, 105, 128, 137-8, 142, 351; Barth’s error regarding, 461 n.[475]; categories of, 138-9; concubinage and, 138-9; dark colouring of, 162, 366; Imajeghan and, relations between, 137, 138, 139, 140-43; among Kel Owi, 144 n.[134]; lists showing tribes of, 427-31, 435-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as, 138, 365-6; nobles, conquered, as, 138, 394, 460; origins of, 137-8, 139, 365-6, 394, 460; prosperity of, 137, 142; racial types in, 137, 138; slaves rise to be, 135; status of, 105, 140-43, 150; veils, distinguishing, worn by some, 139-40
Imi n’Aghil, 247
Imi n’Ataram, 247
Imi n’Innek, 247
Imi n’Tasalgi, 247
Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the, 431
Immedideran, the, 307, 437; founders of Timbuctoo, 407
Immidir, Wadi, 31
Immikitan, the, 243, 303, 304, 371, 429, 443; of Assatartar, 436; of Elakkos, 370, 440, 443; name used for Tuareg, 396; one of original five tribes, 370, 378, 394, 395-6, 397, 400, 429, 443; tribes and sub-tribes of, 429-30
Imohagh (form of Imajegh), 457
Imohaq (form of Imajegh), 457
Imóshag (form of Imajegh), 457, 459
Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan), 438
Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan), 50, 52, 428; hostilities with French, 51, 52
Imuzuran, the, 428
In Abbagarit, position of, 425
In Allaram, position of, 425
In Asamed, 26, 30, 31, 33, 54, 59, 61, 62, 123; filled in, 60
In Azawa, 260, 317, 318, 354, 455, 456
In Bodinam, 240
In Gall, 114, 189, 317, 318, 402, 441, 456; position of, 424
In Gall, Kel, 441
In Gezzam, position of, 425
In Kakkan, position of, 425
In Salah, 30, 111
In Wadjud, 430
Inafagak valley, 61
Inardaf, the, 433
Independent tribes, Kel Owi, 438-9
Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of, 163, 164, 177; the Veil made of, 140, 287
Indigo plant, 132
Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun, 163
Industries, Tuareg, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310; in women’s hands, 174, 227
Inemba Kel Emoghi, the, 350
Inemba Kel Tahat, the, 351
Infant mortality high among Tuareg, 178
Infanticide, 175
Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3; of women’s property, 168
Inisilman (Holy Men), 54, 154, 290, 291; Azger tribes of, 355; see Holy Men and Holy tribes.
Innek, Kel, 129, 369; first Tuareg to enter Air, 254, 369, 370, 375, 397, 398, 400; sub-tribe of the Itesan, 370, 398, 432
Innek, Kel (unlocated), 441
Inscriptions: on arm rings, 286; on graves, 260; on rocks, 213, 260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360
Insect pests during rains in Air, 120-21, 125-6
Installation of Amenokal, 99-100, 103, 108, 109, 379, 383, 391, 393, 397, 432
Intadeini, 434
Intadeini, Kel, 434
Intayet, 430
Inter-breeding in camels, result of, 196-7
Intirza, Kel, 307
Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak), 433; (Kel Owi), 435, 436
Inwatza, 418
Inzerak, 214, 215
Ir n’Allem, 122, 365
Iralghawen (Eghalgawen), 347
Irawattan, the, 427
Irawellan (outdoor slaves), 134, 135, 155; numbers of, 402
Iraz, Sultan, 406 n.[422]
Irejanaten, the, 151
Ireshshumen, the, 351
Irkairawan, the, 434
Irmakaraza, the, 434
“Irolangh,” 134
Iron in well, alleged effect of, 453
Iron-working, Tuareg, 229
Irratemat (sandals), 165 n.[159]
Irrigation, Air, 131, 132, 133, 239
Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104
Isagelmas valley, 80, 82
Isakarkaran, the, 428
Ischia, lava flows on, 242
Ishaban, Kel, 355
Isherifan, the (of Gamram), 50, 52, 60, 439; a holy tribe, 290, 438; Belkho’s defeat of, 50, 75, 440
Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak), 433
Ishnegga, the guide, 72, 81
Islam: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2; matriarchate modified by, 152; new spirit in, 12, 13; Tuareg conversion to, and lax practice of, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5; women’s position under, 152, 168, 170, 174
Issala, wells of, 9
Istambul (Constantinople), 101, 266
Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements, 8
Itesan, the, 109, 214, 253, 394, 406; original invaders of Air, 244, 253, 254, 370, 373-4, 378, 379, 380, 381, 395, 400, 432; leave Air for Southland, 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; and the election of the Amenokal, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; the Goberawa and, 379; houses attributed to, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; “Kel” names among, origin of, 378, 380, 381, 398; connection between the Kel Geres and, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; migration westward of, 251, 252, 377, 389, 398, 413; among the Sanhaja, 377; tribes and sub-tribes of, 380-81, 398, 432-3; wells attributed to, 300, 377, 378
Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek), 429; (independent), 438
Itziarrame, the, 432
Iuraghen, the, 347
Iwarwaren, the, 162
Izagaran (Izagharan), the, 52, 397, 400, 440
Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg, 162 n.[156]
Izagheran, the, 52
Izar, Sultan, 406
Izarza, the, 430-31
Izarzaran, the, Damergu, 440
Izenan, the, 434
Izeyyakan, the, 303, 431, 435
“Izghan,” 117
Izirza, Kel, 429
Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104
Izumzumaten, the, 429
Jackals, 125
Jado oasis, 320, 321, 326, 334
Jaghbub, 3
Jajiduna, 47, 48; French fort at, 51
Jalo, 3
Janet, 12, 53, 185
Jauf, 347 n.[333]
Jawan, 325
Jean, Lieut. C., 27, 238, 387; Les Touareg du Sud-Est by, 14, 28, 50 n.[50], 94 n.[82], 101 n.[88], 102 n.[89],[91], 107 n.[98], 120 n.[110], 174 n.[169], 274 n.[245], 281 n.[251], 390 n.[407], 468; Agades occupied by, 52; on Assode, 301; astronomical observations made by, 422, 424, 425; on Bornu wars with Air, 413; on Egyptian influence in Air, 363 n.[360]; on French colonial policy, 416; on the houses of Bagezan, 240-41; live-stock census by, 204; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air, 380, 391; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 257 n.[225], 382, 386; on date of mosques of Air, 256, 257; on polygamy in Air, 170-71; on population of Air, 402; on tribal origins and organisation, 383-4, 387, 393, 395, 426, 427, 428-31, 435-6, 439-41, 443-41; tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by, 397; on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date, 256, 362, 371, 382, 386, 404; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos, 415 n.[432], 443, 444
Jedala (Jadala), the, 331, 343, 348, 349
Jekarkaren, the, 428
Jenne, 409, 411
“Jenun” (Jinn), 278 n.[249], 280
Jerboa considered unclean, 294
Jerma, 112, 306, 321, 323, 325, 436
Jewellers, Agades, 229
Jews, “Berber” tribes as, 294; massacre of, in Tuat, 291, 292
Jinns: amulets against, 282; Tuareg tales of, 278-81
Joalland, Lieut., 50
Jodar, Basha, 411
John, Byzantine general, 327
John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades, 102, 103, 104, 463
Jokto, the, 412-13
Juba, 206
Judaism in North Africa, 294
Justice, system of, Agades, 107, 110
Kadhi, the, Agades, 96, 107; house of, 92
Kaffardá valley, 63
Kahena, Queen, 170, 265, 294
Kahir (Air), 406, 454
Kahor (Air), 453, 454, 455
Kaimakam, 25
Kalama, 226
Kalenuzuk, the, 428
Kallilua, 46, 48
Kanem, 369; chronicle of, 372-3, 374; Bornu dynasty expelled from, 374, 375; Fezzan overrun from, 112, 374, 406; Kanuri seize power in, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Tuareg as rulers of, 371, 372-3, 374, 375; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from, 371-2, 374, 375; Tuareg invade Air from, 369-70, 372, 375
Kanem, Empire of, 374, 410
Kano, 38, 44, 106, 110, 291, 335, 413, 418, 419; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation of, 137; Bornu conquers, 412; cloth of, 164, 166; country round, 41; Fulani in, 57; houses of, 87, 90; industries of, 164, 166; Kel Owi attack on, 415; modern prosperity of, 418, 419; railway from Lagos to, 38; Senussi “zawia” at, 48; slave market in, 38; Songhai attack on, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 38, 39, 361, 411
Kano, Emirate of, 37
Kanuri, the, 16, 49, 117, 218, 441; Agades Cross among, 284; as “Barbars” or “Beriberi,” 371; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by, 335, 371-2, 374, 375, 403, 404; in Damergu, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56; Daura conquered by, 363; in Elakkos, 443, 446; Goberawa conquer, 363; hair dress of, 44; settlement and rise to power in Kanem, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Kawar conquered by, 335; language of, 16, 118, 373 n.[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by, 335, 358, 369-70, 372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; their name for Tuareg, 412 n.[426]
Kaossen, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 99, 185, 385, 420; the House of, Agades, 92
Karawa, 46
“Karengia” grass, 58-9, 62; see Burr grass.
Karnuka, 155
Karruwe (weight), 222
Kashwar n’Tawa, 68
Kaswa n’Rakumi, 91
Katanga, 91
Katchena, Kel, 40, 117
Katsina, 38, 110, 291, 413; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation of, 37; El Baghdadi preaches in, 291, 292; Fulani in, 57; Itesan attack, 391; slave market in, 38; Songhai occupation of, 409, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 39, 361, 411, 427
Katsina, Emir of, 39
Kaukau, 345
Kawa, 414-15
Kawar, 31, 32, 98, 218, 334, 335, 369; caravan road by, 7, 8, 37, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450; Kanuri conquer, 335, 406; Okba’s campaign in, 325, 326 n.[292]; pastureless, 219; raids on, 182, 188, 191, 350
Kawar road, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450
Kawkaw (Gao), 452
Kawkaw (Kuka), 445
Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes, 335-6
Kebbi, 413
“Kel” names, tribal, 128-30, 139, 303-4, 370; among the Itesan, derivation of, 378, 380, 381
Kel Aberkan, etc., see under Aberkan, Kel, etc.
Kel Owi road, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390. See also “Tarei tan Kel Owi.”
Kelama, 187
Kelghimmat, the, 429
Kerfeitei, the, 433
Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s, 406, 453, 454-5, 456
Keta valley, 61, 64
Ketama, the, 340, 341, 343, 349, 351
Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to, 101, 102, 104, 105
“Khans,” 255
Kharejite schism, the, 346
Khodi, 142-3, 185, 438
Khoms, 21
Kidal, 52
Kidigi, 60
Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg, 412 n.[426]
King, see Amenokal.
Kings of Agades, list of, 463-5
“Kipti” (Copts) in Air, 294, 363
“Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the, 168
Knives, Tuareg, 234, 236
“Kohl” (antimony), use of, 173
Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister), 106, 406
“Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the, 20
Korunka, 180 n.[172]
Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by, 452, 453, 468
Kufara (heathen), 273
Kufra, 3, 6, 98, 335, 336; a Senussi centre, 336
Kugha, 404 n.[417]
Kuka, 21, 332 n.[303], 345, 415, 445
Kukia, Libyan dynasty of, 404
Kunta, the, 355
“Kus-kus,” 133, 157-8
Kuttus, 42
Laghuat, 111
Lagos, 38, 419; railway to Kano from, 38
Laguatan, the, 357
Lake, Gamram, 49; rumoured, in Bagezan, 238
Lake Chad, see Chad, Lake, and Chad area.
Lamini, Sultan, 413
Lamy, Commandant, 26, 36; see Foureau-Lamy Expedition.
Land settled on chief women, 169
Language, Tuareg (see Temajegh), 15, 339; words associated with Christianity in, 277
Laperrine, 11, 12
Laperrine, Fort, 12
Laterite rock, disintegrating, 449, 450
Latif, Sheikh el, 192
Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air, 422-5
Lava flows, Air, 216, 241-2
Lazaret, Kel, 437
Leather and metal decoration, 277, 310
Leather pouches, amulets in, 282, 284
Leather-working industry, 174, 277-8; in women’s hands, 174; decorated luggage rests, 277; riding saddles, 230-31, 377
Lebetae, 337
Lebu, the, 337
Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah, 452-3, 468
Legends, Tuareg, 279, 280, 281
Lemta, the, 254, 331; Ahaggaren and, 345; Aulimmiden as part of, 341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; Azger Tuareg as, 331, 335, 341, 348, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 358, 432; area occupied by, 331, 334, 335, 341, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 370, 445; Barth’s error regarding, 344-5, 358; Bornu Tuareg as, 376; Hawarid origin of, 345, 346, 353; Ibn Khaldun on, 340, 343, 345, 346, 353; Ifoghas as, 355, 356, 357, 358; Ilemtin represent, 355, 358; Lemtuna and, confusion between, 344-5, 358; Leo Africanus on, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; as a Libyan people, 331, 334, 335, 340, 341, 343; migration of, south and west, 341, 345, 356, 357, 358-9, 376-7, 378, 379, 445; original stock of first and last migrants into Air, 254, 345, 349, 356, 359, 370, 403; Tuareg invasion of Air involved by migration of, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445
Lemtuna, the, 331, 343, 344, 349, 358, 404; confused with Lemta, 344-5, 358
Length, measure of Air, 222
Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,” 458
Leo Africanus, 6 n.[5], 110 n.[101], 330, 347 n.[333], 363 n.[361], 468; account of Agades by, 19, 410; account of Air by, 18, 19, 359; on the Amenokal, 97 n.[83], 99, 108, 110 n.[101]; Kel Owi not mentioned by, 383, 386; on the Lemta, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349; on areas and tribes of the Sahara, 330-35, 336-7, 343, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364
Leptis Magna, 207, 208
“Leuata,” the, 337
Leucæthiopians, the, 173 n.[168], 307
Levata, the, 337, 340, 357
Library, Assode, remains of, 302
Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7; see Libyans.
Libyan, origin of word, 337
Libyan desert, the, 3, 334, 335, 336, 337; story of compulsory migration from, 366; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of, 366, 376
Libyan dynasty, Kukia, 404
Libyan influence in Air and the Southland, 403, 405, 406
Libyan names, the MZGh root in, and its significance, 339, 356, 457-62
Libyans, the, 16, 164 n.[158], 262; areas and peoples of, 330-35, 336-7, 338-43, 356; belts worn by, 194, 265; term used for Berbers, 7, 371, 372 n.[382]; classification of, by Ibn Khaldun, 338-43; descent from Prophet claimed by, 339-40, 342; dogs ceremonially eaten by, 295; Eastern origin of, legendary, 340; facial characteristics of, 187; Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7; marriage customs of, 176; migration of, legendary, 366-7; nationalism among, 12-13; origin of, mixed, 340, 458, 462; sun worship among, 12-13; Tuareg relationship with, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462; women, status of, among, 151, 152
Libyans, Eastern, work on, see Bates.
Libyans, Meshwesh, 151, 337, 356, 457, 461, 462
Lime trees, 160, 239
Lion claws as amulets, 282
Lions still seen in Air, 119-20
Literature, Tuareg, 173, 263; historical works, 360, 361-2
Litham (the Veil), 329, 330
Live-stock industry, Air, 133-4, 190, 202-5; evacuation policy and, 361; herding carried on by slaves, 135-6
Lizards, taboo on, 294
Load ropes, 224
Loading and unloading camels, 198, 223, 224-5
Lollius, L., 207
Louata, the, 340, 357
Love affairs, Tuareg, 174-5, 176
Lugard, Sir F., 37, 42
Luggage rests, decorated, 230, 310
Lyon, G. F., work by, 21, 467
Lyon expedition, the, 8
Ma el Fares, 325-6
Macae, the, 457, 461, 462
MacGuire, Corporal, 21
Macii, the, 460
Madghis, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341
Mafaras, 326
Mafinet hills, 156; valley, 131 n.[120]
Mafinet, Kel, 381, 432; Agoalla of, 397
“Magadeza,” the, 106-7
Magazawa Hausa women, 44
Maghili, El, 291, 292, 293
Maghrabi camels, 196
Maghreb, the, 339
Maghzen (Bagezan), Kel, 381, 432
Magic square, rock drawing of, 321
Magnesia, battle of, 206
Maisumo valley, 69; well, 74, 76
“Makam el Sheikh ben Abd el Kerim,” 292
Maket n’Ikelan, 138; tradition of, 367-8, 373, 381, 383, 392, 414 n.[429]
Malabar Indians, laws of inheritance among, 151
Malam Chidam, 46
Malaria, 178, 179, 181, 186
Maliki sect, people of Air belong to, 291, 292
Mallamei, the, 439
Manding origin of leather industry, 227
Manen, Kel, 400, 432
Manga, 21
Mange in camels, 201
Manna, Leo Africanus on, 19
Mansa Magha, 408
Mansa (Kunkur) Musa, 407, 408
Mansur, El, 337
Manumission of slaves, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141
Manuscripts found at Assode, 302
Maouen (Mawen), Kel, 430
Maps, Tuareg comprehension of, 266
Maps of Air, 466-7; see Cortier.
Maradi, 42, 411
Marandet, 77, 119, 121; position of, 424; urn cemetery at, 121, 161, 263
Marcellinus, Ammianus, 207 n.[191]
Mari, Mount, 242, 308, 390
Mari well, 242
Mari Jatah I, 407
Mari Jatah, Vizier, 408
Maria Teresa dollars, 221, 222
Marinus of Tyre, 323 n.[283]
Markets, development of, along caravan roads, 110
Marmol, 116
Marriage, Tuareg system, 170-71, 174, 175, 196-7; festivals, 181; late in life, 173, 289; not arranged, 174; by purchase, 181; wife’s intimate male friends, 175-6
Marriage portions, 177; Imghad, part payable to Imajeghan, 141
Masalet, 69, 81, 114
Masa’udi, El, 337, 345, 371, 468
Maspero, G., 286, 468
Masquerey, E., dictionary and grammar of Temajegh by, 222 n.[211], 266, 271, 459, 467
“Masri” blades, 233
Masson, Captain, 10
“Master of the Interior of the Palace,” 106
Matali, chief of the Ifadeyen, 399
Maternus, Julius, in the Fezzan, 323, 326
Matriarchate, the, 151-3
Matriarchy among Tuareg, 103, 148-53, 170, 171; and monogamy, 171
Mats, 158, 174, 212, 227
Mauretania, 332, 377, 379, 404 n.[419]
Mawen, Kel, 430, 436
Maxitani, the, 457, 460
Maxyes, the, 356, 457
Mazaces, the, 457, 461
Mazi, the, 460
Mazia, 46, 48
Mazices, the, 356, 358, 457, 461
Mazigh, common ancestor of Libyans, 339, 341, 458
Mazigh, the, 458
Mazil, the, Arab tribe, 354
Measures and weights, Air, 220-22
Meat, little eaten by Tuareg, 158-9
“Mecca of the Slaves, The,” 367; see Maket n’Ikelan
Medicine, native, 82, 180, 201
Medina date palms, 317
Medinet el ’Amira, 452 n.[449]
Mediterranean, the: civilisation brought southwards from, 37, 393, 401; known to Tuareg, 266
Mela, 282
Melle, Empire of, 37, 47, 48, 407-8, 409; administration of foreign races by, 407-8; revolts in, 411; Songhai overthrow, 409
Melle, Vizier of, 408
Melons, 132
“Men with Eyes in their Stomachs,” possibly Tuareg, 376
Menzaffer valley, 59
“Merabtin,” the, 405
“Meratha” (Imghad), 140
Mermeru, 91
Mesche mountain, 327
Meshagra, the, Arab tribe, 354-5
Meshwesh, the, 337, 457, 461; probable ancestors of Tuareg, 356, 462; succession in female line among, 151
Mesi (God), 278
Mesufa, the, 151, 153, 344, 364, 405, 408; status of women of, 175-6
Meteorological record kept by author, 423
Migration from Red Sea, reference to, 342
Migrations, tribal, see under names of tribes.
Migrations, Tuareg: into Air, 52, 53, 113, 254, 256, 359, 364, 365-6, 366-93, 403, 404; date of, 256, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; caused by Kanuri, 335, 358, 369-70, 372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; Lemta movement and, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445; stages of, 52, 53, 254, 359, 366-93, 394, 403; into the Southland, 17, 38, 39, 51, 65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432
Mikitan, Osman, 52, 99, 108, 465
Milen, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 418; well of, 72-4, 75, 76
Milk, camel’s, 211; offering of, Bororoji custom, 58
Millet cultivation, 47, 64, 131, 133, 444, 445; dishes made from, 157; flour, preparation of, 159-60; stores for, in villages, 42
Millet mortar used as drum, 272
Mimosa, 226
Minaret, Agades, 86, 87, 93-4, 302; Assode, 301, 302
Mineral springs, 127, 241
Minéru, 239, 438
Minir, El, 239, 438
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Agades, 106, 116
Mintaka, El, 154, 155, 181, 280, 302
Minutilli, 336 n.[316]
Mirages, Northern Air, 300
Misgiddan (Tamisgidda), the, 439
Misurata, 21
“Mithkal,” 221-2
Mithridates, 206
Mixed caste, Azger tribes of, 355-6
Mizda-Murzuk road, 322, 323 n.[285]
Mokhammed, 96
Monarchy, democratic Tuareg system of, 107-8
Mongolian traits in Southland women, 44
Monkeys, 213, 239
Monogamy, 293; more frequent in Air than polygamy, 170, 171
Moorish tribes, raids by, 188
Moors conquer Western Sudan, 411
Moroccan road, the, 7
Morocco, 358; “Berbers” of, 458; Ibn Batutah in, 411; Negroland conquered by, 411; Okba’s expedition in, 326 n.[292]; Sanhaja trade with, 405; Tuareg invasion of, 411
Morocco, Southern, 332, 334
Mosgu (Kel Tamisgidda), the, 439
Mosi added to Songhai empire, 409
Mosi, King of, 408
Moslem attitude to women, 152, 168, 170, 174
Moslem faith: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2; new spirit in, 12, 13; polygamy permitted by, 170; a form of snobbishness induced by, 339-40, 342; Tuareg adoption of, 256, 257-8, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5. See also Islam.
Moslem graves, 259
Mosque, People of the, 439
Mosques, Tuareg, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2; Agades, 86, 87, 93-4; Assode, 301-2; records kept in, 360, 361; T’intaghoda, 257, 258, 316
Mosquitoes, Air, prevalent during rains, 120, 121
Motor road between Lake Chad and Niger, 42
Motylinski, Temajegh dictionary by, 12, 454 n.[456], 459
Motylinski, Fort, 12, 13
Mounds of stones as memorials, 292-3
Mountain groups of the Sahara, 2, 5
Mountain sheep of Air, 450
Mountains in the desert, beauty of, 448
“Msid Sidi el Baghdadi,” 292
Mubaraki, Muhammad, 102 n.[91], 391, 413, 464
Mud construction, 41, 43, 48, 249-50, 252; Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88, 89, 90
“Muda,” grain measure, 221
Muhammad (of Towar), 185
Muhammad, King of Bornu, 410
Muhammad, the Prophet, Moslem desire to claim descent from, 339-40, 342
Mulai Ahmed, Sultan of Morocco, 411
Mulai Hamed el Mansur, Sultan of Morocco, 411
Muleththemin, the (Arab name for Tuareg), 14-15, 274, 287, 294, 364; Ibn Khaldun on origin of, 340-49, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on the divisions of, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349
Munio, 412
Murmur, 21
Murzuk, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21, 191, 325, 353; capital of Fezzan, 323; the “Garamantian way” from, 318, 319 n.[278], 324; population of, 113; rains in, 124; road to Lake Chad by, 7, 8, 32, 320; Roman remains on road to, 322; as trade centre, 112, 113
Musa, camel-man, 169, 170
Musa, chief of the Imuzuraq, 51
Musa, Haj, 290
Musa, Mansa Kunkur, 407, 408
Musa ag Mastan, Amenokal of Ahaggar, 169, 352-3
Muscles of Tuareg not conspicuous, 163, 187
Music, Tuareg, 272
Musical instruments, Tuareg, 272
Mzab, 332, 334
MZGh root of North African names, 339, 356; its significance, 457-62
Nabaro, 436
Nabaro, Kel, 436
Nabarro, 218 n.[208]
Nachtigal: population of Murzuk, 113
Nakda, 452; copper mines of, 452-3; Sultan of, 453
Names, tribal: North African, MZGh root of, 339, 356, 457-62; Tuareg, 128-31
Naresht, son of Tifaut, 405
Nasamones, the, 282, 365, 369
Nationalism in North Africa, 12-13
“Natron” encrustations seen by Barth, 127 n.[115]
Natrun, Wadi, 3
Nature, animistic view of, among Tuareg, 295
Neck ornaments, 283
Necklaces, women’s, 283
Needlework, skill of Tuareg men in, 174
Negro music, influence of, 272
Negroes: eunuchs purchased, 179; matriarchate among, 152-3; as slaves, 135; Tuareg contempt for, 173
Negroid inhabitants of Air, pre-Tuareg, 363-4, 365-6, 403, 405; type of Air Imghad, 138
Negroland, 101, 371; historians of, 365; Ibn Batutah’s journey through, 406, 452; Roman expedition to, 326
Negroland, Western, 404; occupied by Songhai, 409
“Neutral vowel” in Tuareg tribal names, 128
New Year, feast of the, 275
News, communication of, in Africa, 266
N’Gurutawa, 21
Niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309
Niger, the, 3-4, 30, 332; diversion of Upper into Lower, theory of, 30; drainage basin of, 3-4; Romans said to have reached, 322; Tuareg communities on, 377, 384 n.[402]
“Niger,” Pliny’s, 28-9
Niger Empires, the, 37, 47, 407-12; see Melle and Songhai.
Niger, Territoires du, 41-2, 43, 416; raids in, 189
Niger-Tchad, Colonie du, 41 n.[46]
Nigeria, 17, 18, 24, 219, 335; author returns through, 418-19; Anglo-French boundary, 41; British penetration of, 20, 21, 36-7; French indirectly defend, 85; horses of, 202; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 393, 401; railway development in, 38; rains in, 123; totemism in, 294
Tuareg in, 38-41, 361; civilisation brought to, by, 393, 401; transport work in, by, 38, 298
Nigeria, Northern, 37; author’s journey begins and ends in, 417-18; British annexation of, 37; houses of, 87-8
Nigerian Emirates, the, 26, 37; British annexation of, 37; see Kano, Katsina, and Sokoto.
Nile, the, 266
Nile valley, Libyan invasions of, 340
Nilotic Sudan, the, 1 n.[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic influence in, 342
No, Quarter of, Ghat, 258
Nobility of origin, Tuareg adherence to, 137; records kept to establish, 360, 362
Noble and servile tribes (see Imghad and Imajeghan), 15; lists showing, 427-31, 435-40
Noble women, high standing of, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174
Nobles: British described as, 459; conquered, as Imghad, 138, 394, 460
Tuareg (Imajeghan), 137, 217; appearance of, 217; female descent of, 150-51; Holy Men treated as, 355; Imghad and, relationship between, 136, 137, 138, 140-43; northern, black veil worn by, 139; original pure race represented by, 137
Nomadic Tuareg, described by Ibn Batutah, 406
Nomadism and sedentarism, difficulties of co-ordinating, 131
Nomads, 16, 209, 212, 406; ability to dispense with water, 208, 209-10; Ifadeyen famous as, 400
North and west, confusion of terms, 244, 247
North Africa: the term, 1
Arab conquest of, 346, 375-6, 404, 462; Arab countries, traditional connection with, 340; Bishoprics of, 293; British part in exploration of, 20-21; camels, problem of introduction into, 206-8, 267; caravan roads (q.v.) of, 5, 6-7; caravan roads and sites of cities of, 110, 111, 112, 114; Central Empires, intrigues of, in, 12-13, 93; fossil camel skeletons found in, 267; French expansion in, 20, 22; funerary monuments in, 260-62; history of, its sources, 330; Islam, spread of, in, 256, 257-8, 325; migration from, compulsory, legend of, 366, 375, 380; migrations into, 39, 340, 341; negroid peoples once farther north in, 342; partition of, 20, 22; Persian invasion of, 375; population of, its superficial unity, 338; rock drawing in, 264; tribal names of, and MZGh root, 339, 356, 457-62; Tuareg in, in early times, 403
North-eastern Air; houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304
Northern Air, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of, 1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8, 394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan route from, 315
Nose-piece, camel’s, 231
Nose-ring, camel’s, 231
N’Ouajour, 430
Noweiri, El, 326 n.[292], 468
N’Sattafan, Kel, 434 n.
Nubian cemeteries, 260
Nugguru, Kel, 127, 139, 142, 185, 215, 435, 438, 440, 441
Oases, 2, 3; accidental discoveries of, 336; of Air, 32; Egyptian, 334, 337; origin of the word, 6; Saharan, 3, 5-6
Oborassan, 313, 314
Oborassan, Kel, 435
Ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173
Oghum, Rocks of, 68
Ogive niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309
Okba ibn Nafé, campaigns of, 325, 326 n.[292], 376
Okluf, 126, 127
“Old Well,” the, 418
Ollelua, 46
Omar, Sultan, 84, 96, 97-8, 100, 104, 109, 117, 195, 465; horses of, 202; refuses to attack French, 290
Optatus, 328
Oraghen, the, 347
Orfella, 110
Orientation: of Moslem graves, 259, 260; of Tuareg houses, 244, 246-7, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254
Ornament of the Nobles, the, 284
Ornamental work, Tuareg, 230-31, 277, 310
Ornaments, Tuareg, 282-6
Orosius, 356
Oryx, white, 444, 446
Oryx hide shields, 235, 444
Osman Mikitan, Sultan, 52, 99, 108, 465
Ostrich feathers, on camel’s nose-piece, 231
Ostriches, 43, 121, 264, 446
Othman dan Fodio, 363, 415
Oudney, Dr. W. (with Denham and Clapperton), 8, 20; death of, 21
Oung Oua (Ungwa), Kel, 433
Outdoor slaves, 134, 135-6, 155, 402
Outhouses, Tuareg, 250
Over-population of Mediterranean lands, and compulsory migration, story of, 366, 375, 380
Overweg (with Barth and Richardson), 18, 20, 21, 23-4; death of, 21
Owari, 239
Owi, Kel, 20, 23, 53, 54, 107, 134-5, 143, 144, 184, 217, 239; their arrival in Air, 382-93, 414, 415; cause of migration of, 386-7; date of arrival of, 135, 149, 257, 258, 366, 367, 382-3, 386, 387, 388, 391; and the Amenokal, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; the Añastafidet of, 92, 96, 100, 107, 139, 144-6, 148; arrogance of, 383; Assode the capital of, 301, 303; Auraghen and, 387; caravan road controlled by, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390; claims and pretensions of, unjustified, 384-5, 386, 392-3, 414 n.[429]; commercial ability of, 390; country of, 243, 244, 299, 394; in Damergu, 415; dialect of, 270, 387; disease among, 180; disparaged by other tribes, 135, 149, 295; attitude towards French of, 51, 52, 414 n.[429]; in Gober, tradition of arrival of, 367-8; houses of, 252, 253, 254; Ifadeyen and, 399; Immikitan and, 429; Itesan driven out by, 366, 373-4, 391, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres displaced by, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 415; measures of, 221; and mosque of T’intaghoda, 257; mothers of, legend of, 384-5, 386; origin of, 148, 380, 385-7; sun as mother of, 295; tribal organisation of, 303-8, 430, 435-9; women of, noble, 150
Ox, rock drawing of, 265
Ox and cart, drawing of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418
Ox-drawn chariots of the Garamantes, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; rock drawing suggestive of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418
Oxen: as pack animals, 203, 208; harnessed to carts, 203, 208, 215; see Ox-drawn chariots.
Pack-saddles, camel, 223-4
Paint, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173
Paleolithic camel skeletons discovered, 207
Palicanus, L. Lollius, 207
Palm frond mats, 227; rope, 224; sandals, 165
Palm groves, 316, 317
Palm trees not destroyed in warfare, 236
Palmer, H. R., 362, 373 n.[386], 463, 468
Paper currency disliked by Tuareg, 221
Partition of Africa, 20, 22, 25
Pasture wells, Azawagh, 74, 75, 80; rights over, 75
Patience, Tuareg, philosophic, 296, 420
Patination of rocks of Air, 35; of rock drawings, 321
Patriarchal government: Arab, 339; of Tuareg tribal units, 147
“Penistasche,” the, 164 n.[156]
People of the Acacia (Kel Tamat), 307, 437
People of the Añastafidet, 374, 394; in Damergu, 440; estimated numbers of, 402; tribes and sub-tribes of, 435-9
People of the Asclepias (Kel Intirzawen), 307, 433
People of the Deep Well (Kel Gharus), 308
People of the Dûm Palm (Kel Tagei), 307, 398 n.[413], 432, 435
People of the East (Kel Innek), 129, 369, 441
People of the Goats (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438
People of the King, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 304, 306, 366, 392, 393; represent earliest arrivals in Air, 373, 374, 377, 378-9; geographical area of, 394; Immikitan possibly original stock of, 396; interest attaching to, 393; Kel Owi and, 146, 148, 149, 303, 366, 380, 392; numbers of, estimated, 402; origin of, legendary, 384, 386; tribes, sub-tribes, and organisation of, 395, 398, 400, 427-31; in Damergu, 437-40