INDEX (continued 2)
Reading edition
People of the Mosque (Kel Tamisgidda), 439
People of the Rock (Tebu), 335
People of the Salt (Kel T’Isemt), 441
People of the Sand (suggested meaning of Tuareg), 274
People of the South (Kel Aghil), 441
People of the Spears (Kel Allaghan), 432
People of the Veil, see Tuareg.
People of the West (Kel Ataram), 129, 441
Peroz, Colonel, 50
Perry: Children of the Sun, 152 n.[146]
Persian invasion of North Africa, 375
Petroglyphs, see Rock drawings and Rock inscriptions.
Philistines, Libyans related to, 339
Phœnician script and Libyan, 267
Photographs of unveiled Tuareg not permitted, 288
Physical characteristics of Tuareg, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217; deformation not practised, 179
“Pi” dogs, 205
Piebald camels, 196
Pigeons, 125
Pigs, taboo on eating of, 294, 295
Pilgrim road, Timbuctoo-Cairo, 20, 114, 318
Pilgrimage, Muhammad Askia’s, 409, 411
Pitchers, 160-61
Plaque, men’s ornament, 285
Pleiades, Tuareg name for, 226 n.[212]
Pleistocene period, discovery of camel-skeletons of, 207
Pliny, 207, 324, 468; quoted, 322-3
Plough seen by Barth, 133
Plutarch, 206
Poetry, Tuareg appreciation of, 263, 265, 271, 272; women authors of, 169, 173, 271, 272
Poison, use of, by Tuareg, 10
Poisoned arrows used by bush folk, 45
Poisonous plants, deaths of camels due to, 200
Police, Agades, 106
Polygamy infrequent in Air, 170-71
Polytheism, traces of, among Ahaggaren, 275
Pomel, 264 n.[232]
Pommel of Tuareg saddle, ornamental cross on, 230, 276-7, 289
Pompey, 207
Pools, 213, 215, 442, 445, 449
Population: of Air, 402; variation of, in desert cities, 113
Portfolios, leather, 228
“Ports,” trans-desert traffic, 110, 111
Portuguese and Songhai rulers, 409, 410
Possession, case of, Auderas, 279-80
Pottery, Tuareg, 160-61, 317
Pouches, leather, 228
Pradie, Fort, 51, 92
Prayer enclosures, 292-3
Pre-Moslem, funerary remains, 260-63; place of worship, 258-9, 263
Precipitation of rain, North Africa, 123, 124
Prime Minister, Tuareg, also Minister for Foreign Affairs, 106; title of, 106, 406
Property, women’s ownership of, 168-9, 177, 293
Prophet, the, Moslem desire to claim descent from, 339-40, 342
Prophet’s Birthday, the, feast of, 275
Prosody, Tuareg, 271
Prostitution among Tuareg, 177
Proverbs, Tuareg, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421
Pseudo-Ashraf, the, 339-40
Pumpkins, 132; spirits in form of, 280
Punch and Judy show, Tuareg ascendancy symbolised in, 55-6
“Pura” water, 19, 157
Qadria sect, 302
Qibla, the, 95, 97, 255, 258, 259, 292
Querns, Tuareg, 159-60, 309
Quinine, value of, in fever cases, 178, 186, 187
Quran, the, 265, 280, 281, 296; in Tuareg language, 269; verse of, as amulet, 282
R and Gh sounds, confusion between, 271
Rabah, 26
Rabidin, 427
Racks in houses, 309
Rahazawa Fulani, 57
“Rahla” (riding saddle), 230-31
Raiding, 11, 12, 13-14, 113, 187-93, 350, 407, 444; Ahodu’s reminiscences of, 191-3; the Amenokal and, 109-10; Camel Corps organised to suppress, 11, 51, 188, 189, 218, 219; cessation of, 187, 193; in Damergu, 50, 51, 59; fear of, still prevalent, 311, 315; legend of raiders swallowed up, 281; regarded as a sport, 187, 193, 328, 443; technique of, 11, 187-93, 236, 237; weather conditions supposed to foretell, 295-6; wells filled in to prevent, 59, 60, 451; by women, 169-70
Railway development, its effect on camel-borne trade, 38
Rainbow, superstition regarding, 296
Rainfall in the Sahara, 4, 28; ancient, 28; geological effects of, 79; during storms, 83
Rain-water pools, Azawagh, 62, 67-8
Rains, the: in Air, 121, 123-4, 220; in Elakkos, 445; discomforts of travel during, 120-21, 123, 124, 125; raids begun after, 188
Ramadhan, Tuareg observance of, 274
Rapsa (Ghat), 322, 323, 326
Rats eaten by Tuareg, 294
Rattray: Ashanti, 152 n.[146]
Rebu, the, 337
“Red,” Tuareg spoken of as, 162, 173, 367, 460
Red agate “talhakim,” 282
Red mud, cities and houses constructed of, 41, 43, 48, 88, 90, 452 n.[452]
Red ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173
Red Rock Desert, pass over, 323
Red rocks, Air, 35
Red Sea, migrations of tribes from, into North Africa, 340, 341, 342
“Reg,” 274 n.[243]
Reindeer Age, cave paintings of, 264
Rela, Kel, 351 n.[339]
Religion of Tuareg, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, 275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5
Rennell, Major, 383, 386; commentary on Hornemann by, 336, 383, 386, 467; map by, 336; works by, 336, 383, 386, 467
Revenue, the Amenokal’s, 110
Revolt against French in Air, 1917, 39, 69, 70, 84-5, 98, 309, 394, 420, 421; Agades besieged during, 70, 85, 86, 98; camel requisitions a cause of, 205; evacuation of Air during, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; Kaossen’s leadership of, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 185, 385, 420; Nigeria indirectly defended during, 85; opening tragedy of, 84; social effects of, 127-8, 338-9; Tegama’s part in, 98-9; T’ekhmedin’s part in, 98-9; wells filled in during, 59, 60, 451
Rhymes, Tuareg, 271
Rhyndacus, 206
Riaina, the, 434 n.
Richardson, J.: Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara by, 151-2, 467; death of, 21; expeditions of, 8, 18, 20, 21, 23-4, 248, 461; on houses of Ghat, 248
Ridge of Abadarjan, 70, 71, 78
“Rigm” (funerary monument), 260 n.[227], 261-2, 263
Ring of stones marking graves, 259
Rings, agate, as neck ornaments, 283
Rings, arm, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289
Rio de Oro, raiding in, 187, 188
Ritchie, death of, 21
River of Agades, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6
River beds of Central Sahara, 28-31
Rivoli, 91
Roads, caravan, see Caravan roads; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20, 321, 324
Robe, T’ekhmedin’s, the fate of, 195
Robes, Tuareg, 163-4, 166-7, 195
Rock, People of the, 335
Rock drawings, 213, 216, 260, 263, 264, 318; of animals and birds, 264-5; of camels, 207, 265; of human figures, 265, 319; of men with animal heads, 319; modern, 264, 265; of ox and cart, 265, 319, 321-2, 418; of shield with cruciform design, 276
Rock inscriptions, 213, 260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360; funerary, 260, 263; profusion of, 263, 268
Rohlfs, F. G., expeditions of, 3, 19; Kufra by, 6 n.[4], 336
Roman remains discovered by Barth, 322
Romans, the: caravan roads garrisoned by, 208; penetration of the Sahara by, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; Tuareg swords probably derived from, 234
Romanus, 207
Roofs of Tuareg houses, 249, 250, 256
Rope-making, native, 224; in leather, 228
Rothschild, Lord, his museum at Tring, 27-8
Rottl (Arab weight), 222
Royal Geographical Society, author’s computations in charge of, 423
Rufai el Ghati, 192
Sabha Jail, 332 n.[301]
Sacrifices of sheep, 95, 97, 274, 275
Sadaouet (Sidawet), Kel, 431
Saddle-sores on camels, 199, 201
Saddle-stone querns, 159-60, 309
Saddles, camel; Tebu, 277; Tuareg, 193, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7, 289; with cross on pommel, 230, 276-7, 289
Sahara, the, 1-6; not once a sea-bed, 78 author’s companions cross, 418; British influence in, 21-2; climate of, 4; European affairs well known in, 266; French occupation of, 25, 350; funerary monuments of, 260-62; Leo Africanus’ description of, 331-5; mountain groups of, 2; name of, 1; oases of, 2, 3, 5-6; population of, 113; races of, 2, 8; railway across, advocated, 38; rainfall in, 4, 124; rivers of, 3, 4; Roman penetration of, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; surface of, 2-6; “talhakim” prized in, 282; temperatures in, 4; transport methods in, early, 207-8; warfare in, small numbers involved, 11
Sahara, Central, 2, 4, 8; British geographical work in, 20-21, 22-4
Sahara, Eastern, 2-3
Sahara, Western, 3-4
Saharan Alps, the, 35
Saharan and Equatorial zones, transitional area between, 41
Sahel Zone, the, 41
Sakafat, 437
Sale, 274 n.[245]
Saleh, El Haj, 96, 290, 430
Salla Laja (Laya), the Feast of the Sheep, 95-7, 274
Salla Shawal, 274
Sallust, 206, 468
Salt: impregnation of soil with, 125; price of, 218
Salt caravans, 69, 84, 85, 114, 115, 133, 145, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 335, 443, 452 n.[450]; Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; French escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on, 188, 218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450
Salt mines: Bilma, q.v.; captured by Moors, 411; Taodenit, 30, 411, 452 n.[450]; Tegaza, 411, 452 n.[450]
Salt, People of the, 441
Salt-pits, 125
Salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20, 414; struggles between Air and Bornu for, 415
Saltpetre, uses of, 211
Sampfotchi hill, 418
Sand: effect on feet, 165; wind-borne, polishing of rocks by, 35, 79; wells silted up by, 66, 72, 74
Sand, People of the, 274
Sand-dune formations, 4, 58; characteristic form in Azawagh, 63-4, 70; crescentic type, 66-7; in Elakkos, 442, 446, 447; mobile, 66, 67; valleys formed between, 62
Sand-grouse, 81
Sandstone formations: Elakkos, 442; effects of erosion, 77, 79, 81
Sand viper, 227
Sandals, Tuareg, 164-6
Sanhaja, the, 274, 331, 332, 340, 343-4, 346, 348, 349, 401; in Air at arrival of Tuareg, 364, 365, 368, 375, 405; Empire of, 343-4, 403, 404-5, 407; Itesan among, 377; Mesufa and Lemtuna
sections of, 151 n.[141], 344, 349, 358, 364, 405; of North-west Morocco, 364
Santambul (Constantinople), 101
Sariki n’Kaswa, 106
Sariki n’Turawa, the, 96, 106
Sattaf, 187
Say, 50
Scorpion, 227
Script, Tuareg, see T’ifinagh.
Seats, wooden, for women, 309
Sedentaries: factions among, 338; numbers of, 402
Sedentarism, encouraged by French, 131; nomadism and, difficulties of co-ordinating, 131, 143
Seeds, very valuable in Air, 132, 133; used for food, 158, 160
Sef, King of Kanem, 372
Seliufet village, 23, 122, 248, 316
Seliufet, Kel, 129, 437
Selma I, King of Kanem, 372
Selma II, first black king of Bornu, 373, 374
Semitic influence in Africa, 342
Semitic languages, relationship of Temajegh to, 270
Sendal, the, 394, 396, 400; one of original five tribes in Air, 368, 378; their modern representatives, 395, 396, 400
Senegal, caravan route to, 7
Senegal River, 343
Senegalese troops, French, 84, 98, 118, 316; Camel Corps of, 189
Senhaji, Muhammad Nasr el, 408
Senussiya, the: their part in the revolt in Air, 12, 13, 51, 84, 93, 98; caravan route opened by, 7; in Equatorial Africa, operations against French, 92; Kufra the centre of, 336; Tuareg relations with, 48-9, 290
Septimius Flaccus, 323, 326
Serfs, see Imghad.
Sergi, G., 458, 460, 467
Sert, 325
Servile tribes, see Imghad.
Sfax, 337
Sheath knives, Tuareg, 234
Sheep, Air, 202, 204, 205, 450; sacrifices of, 95, 97, 274, 275
“Sheikh el Arab,” 106
Shellagh, the, 458
“Sherrifa,” title of royal family of Air, 105
Shields, Tuareg, 234-5, 276, 444
Shillugh language, 270
Shingit, 408
Shott country, the, 9
Sidawet, 299, 431, 440; houses in, 254; position of, 425
Sidawet, Kel, 431, 440
Sidi, the guide, 68, 234 n.[214], 266, 270, 298, 307, 309, 315, 418; description of Belkho by, 305, 306; on the House of the Christians, 311-12; leaves the author in Kano, 419-20
Sidi Hamada, shrine of, 94-5; Feast of the Sheep at, 95-7
Sierra Leone, British penetration of, 36, 37
Siggedim, 334 n.[308]
Sijilmasa, 110, 405, 452, 453
Silius Italicus, 152 n.[144], 468
Silk not in great demand among Tuareg, 164
Silurian rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35
Silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31
Silver bracelets, 283-4
Silver coins melted down, 229
Silver currency, 221
“Sinko” (five-franc piece), 221
Siwa, 3, 318, 337
Siwi dialect, 270
Skin, colour of, in Tuareg, 161-2, 173
Slave King of the Tuareg of Air, the, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104-5, 108, 367, 369
Slave markets, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, 38
Slave trade, African, 38; British attempts to abolish, 20, 21, 22; former Tuareg, 135
Slavery legally abolished in Air, 134 n.[122]
Slaves, 103-4, 178; position of, 15 n.[13], 103-4, 105, 134, 178; raised to status of Imghad, 135; slave mothers and status of children, 150; stolen in raids, 190; veil not worn by, 15 n.[13], 140
“Slaves, the Mecca of the,” 367
Sliding doors in Tuareg houses, 245-6
Smiths, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230; jewellery made by, 283-4
Smoking, not a Tuareg practice, 211
Snobbishness, Moslem form of, 339-40, 342
Snuff, taken by Tuareg, 211; used as remedy for camel disease, 200
“Sô people,” the, 407
Soap-stone, ornaments of, 282, 283
Social distinctions, Tuareg, present breakdown in, 142
Social effects of revolt of, 1917, 127-8, 338-9
“Sofo” tower, Agades, 94
Sokakna, the, Arab tribe, 354
Sokna, 9, 347
Sokoto, 21, 33, 38, 47, 48, 101, 106, 110, 415; British annexation of, 37; Fulani Empire of, 37, 57, 363, 415; Itesan settle near, 109 n.[100], 366, 373-4, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres settle near, 17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392, 415: route to, alternative, 114; slave market in, 38; stone buildings in, 89 n.[78]; Tegama expedition against, 53
Sokoto, Emir of, influence of, 109 n.[100] See also Bello.
Sokoto-Agades track, 85
Soleim Arabs invade Central Africa, 376
Solom Solom, 122, 365
Songhai Empire, the, 37, 47, 48, 117, 227, 291, 408, 409, 410, 411; Agades colonised by, 117, 410, 440; gold trade of, 411, 414; Moors overthrow, 411, 412; Portuguese and, 409, 410
Songhai language, 117, 118
Sorbo Hausa, 50
Sores, camels’, 199, 201
Sottofé, Muhammad, Sultan, 369, 464
South, People of the, 441
Southern Air: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in, 394
Southern Algeria, native Camel Corps in, 189
Southland, the, 17, 36-79; Air and, political relations of, 105, 116; Barth’s expeditions in, 23-4, 36, 49, 59, 60-61; bush of, 42, 43, 44, 45, 58, 444, 446; houses and huts of, 184, 249, 250; Itesan migration to, 109 n.[100], 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres migration to, 17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392, 415; music of, 17; Morocco and, trade between, 405; Tuareg of, 17-18; Tuareg ascendancy in, 54-6; Tuareg migrations to, 17, 38-9, 51, 65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432
Southward trend of migration in N. Africa, 39
Soyuti, El, 291, 292
Spain, Arab conquest of, 346, 376, 405
Spear grass, 226
Spears, People of the, 432
Spears, Tuareg, 233-4, 236
Spirits, Tuareg belief in, and tales of, 278-81, 300, 306; amulets against, 282
Spoons, Tuareg, 229, 276
Spouts on roofs of Sudanese houses, 89, 90
Stambul, delegation from Air to, 101, 102, 104, 396-7
Stambul, Sultan of, story of migration ordered by, 366-7, 380
Stars, Tuareg names for, 226 n.[212]
Steppe, the Great, 334, 335
Steppe desert, 114, 115, 332, 333, 334, 447; and true desert, 2, 332, 333, 334
Sticks for holding bridles and ropes, 277
Stone, not used in building in Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 89; used by Tuareg, 89
Stone arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6
Stone flags, “Garamantian way” said to be paved with, 319
Stone houses, 155, 184, 213, 239, 250, 418
Stone ornaments, small, 283
Stone “talhakim,” mystery of origin of, 282-3
Stones: circles of, round huts, 262-3; coloured, to indicate tracks, 293; graves marked by, 259-60; hammered, not chiselled, 260, 264; mounds of, as memorials, 292-3
Strabo, 207 n.[193], 468
Stuhlmann, F., 468; on MZGh root in “Berber” names, 458, 460
Sub-tribes: “Kel names” of, 128-9; lists of, 427-41
Succession and inheritance, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3, 168
Suckling of children, protracted, 178-9
Sudan, the, 1 n.[1], 37; Air and, political relations with, 105, 116; Barth’s expedition in, 23, 37; British share in opening up, 20; European penetration of, 20, 36-9; Fulani rise to power in, 415; funerary monuments in, 261; horse saddles of, 231; houses of, 87, 88, 90; Ibn Batutah in, 452, 456; Islam in, 291; Lemta area extends to, 345, 357, 358, 370, 445; Mediterranean civilisation in, 37; salt trade with, 414; Sanhaja power in, 405; syphilis thought to originate in, 179; taboos originating in, 294; “talhakim” prized in, 282; Tuareg driven from, 358; Tuareg evacuated to, 360-61; wheeled vehicles in, 322
Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, 1 n.[1]
Sudan, Nilotic, 1 n.[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic influence in, 342
Sudan, Western: French expedition from, 25; added to empire of Melle, 407; Moorish conquest of, 411
Sudan Empires, the, 37; history of, 405, 406, 407-15; see Melle and Songhai.
Sudanese buildings, 249
Sudanese historian on migrations from Red Sea, 342
Sudanese pottery, 161, 317; clay amphoræ, 317
Suk, El, country, Tuareg migration to, 394
Suk, Kel el, 355, 377, 394
Suleiman, Mansa, 408
Suliman, El Haj, library of, 302
Sultan of Agades, see Amenokal.
Sun, halo round, an evil omen, 296
Sun worship, Libyan, 276, 278, 295; trace of, among Tuareg, 295
Sunni Ali, 291, 409
Sunni Muhammad Dau, 409
Sunsets, magnificent, Air, 123, 181; superstition regarding, 296
Superstitions of Tuareg, 275, 293; concerning weather, 295-6
Susubaki, 412
“Switzerland of the Sahara,” the, 317
Sword dance, Tuareg, 272
Swords, Tuareg, cross-hilted, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289
Symbolism in Tuareg rock drawings, 264, 265
Synesius, 356
Syphilis, 179-80
Syria, Ibn Khaldun on inhabitants of, 339
Syrtis, Great, 325, 337, 365; people of, 457
Syrtis, Little, 337
Tabello, 86, 209, 210, 243, 244, 298, 320; houses at, 241, 244-8, 249, 250, 251, 252; Itesan settlements at, abandoned, 244, 389; salt caravan assembles at, 85, 218, 219, 243
Taberghit valley, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 74
Tablet ornaments, 283
Tabonie, 323
Taboos, food, totemic, 294-5
Tabudium, 323
Taburgula, 362
Tabzagur, position of, 424
Tadadawa, Kel, 381, 434
Tadek valley, 395, 396, 428
Tadek, Kel, 26, 80, 143, 149, 150, 170, 185, 239, 298, 318, 428-9; antiquity of, 149, 366, 428; represent original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 400; expelled by Kel Owi, 389; mother of, legend of, 384; tribes and sub-tribes of, 428-9, 430, 440
Tadele, Kel, 427
Tademari, 47, 48, 51
Tademekka, 169, 254, 441; Aulimmiden occupy, 345, 348, 358, 387, 414
Tademekka, city of, 405, 408; foundation of, 399
Tademekkat, the, 355, 356, 357, 377; driven out by Aulimmiden, 345, 348, 358, 387, 414
Tadenak, Kel, 430
Tadent, 101
Tadesa, 239
Tadsa, Tuareg defeat near, 412
Tafadek, 428; position of, 424
Tafarzas, the, 434
Tafasas, Kel, 439
Tafassasset, the, 30, 31
Tafassasset-T’immersoi basin, 71
Taferaut, Kel, 438
Tafidet, Child of, 144; see Añastafidet.
Tafidet range, 157, 306, 308, 313, 436; valley, 32 n.[37]
Tafidet, Kel, 134, 148, 307, 370, 436, 437, 443-4; “agoalla” of, 147; and appointment of Añastafidet, 145, 306; place in Kel Owi Confederation, 134, 306, 443-4; mother of, legend of, 384; origin of, 148, 303, 306
Tafilelt area, Morocco, capital of, 452 n.[449]
Tagay (Tagei), Kel, 432
Tagedufat, 80, 120; valley, 32-3, 63-4, 66, 67-8, 71, 74, 76; well, 74
Tagei, Kel (Ikazkazan), 210, 307, 438; (Imaslagha), 435; (Itesan), 397, 398, 432
Tagermat, Kel, 436
“Taghalam,” the, 219, 220
Taghazit, 23, 33
Taghist plateau, 156, 292
Taghmeurt range, 157, 308, 435, 436
Taghmeurt, Kel, 435, 436
Taghmeurt n’Afara, 313, 315, 318, 319
Tagidda n’Adrar, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424
Tagidda n’Tagei, 454, 455, 456
Tagidda n’T’isemt, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424
Tagiddas, the: and Ibn Batutah’s “Tekadda,” 454-6; people of, 441
“Tagilmus” (the Veil), 15 n.[15], 140, 287-90
Tagilmus, Kel, 15, 460
Taginna, the, 434 n.
Tagirit, 397
Tagmart (Taghmeurt), Kel, 435
Tagunar, Kel, 430, 431
Tagunet, 431
Tagurast, 91
Tahanazeta, 102
Tahua, 42, 188, 394
Taiagaia, Kel, 433
Taitoq, the, 17, 350, 351, 354; dialect of, 266-7
Takadda (Nakda), 452
Takarkari, the, 406
“Takatkat,” 164
Takazanzat (Takazuzat), rock of, 240
Takermus, Kel, 429
“Takirbai,” 164
Takrizat, 437
Takrizat, Kel, 209, 290, 437; a holy tribe, 290, 291
“Takuba” (sword), 233
Talak plain, 31, 114, 131, 209, 214, 308, 351, 394, 438, 441; tomb of Awa in, 281
Talak, Kel, 441
Talat Mellen, 308
“Talha” acacia, 226
“Talhakim,” the (ornament), 282-3, 284
“Talimt,” 226 n.[212]
Talras, 68, 450
Tamadalt Tan Ataram, position of, 425
Tamanet, 242, 243
Tamanghasset, 12
“Tamat” acacia, 226, 227
Tamat, Kel, 52, 60, 307, 428, 437, 438
Tamatut well, 60; destroyed, 60, 451
Tamel, Kel, 434
Tamenzaret, wells of, 215, 418
Tamet Tedderet, position of, 425
Tamgak, 311, 389, 428, 437; mother of Kel Owi settles in, 386; “Wild Men” of, 306-7, 437
Tamgak mountains, 157, 311, 314 n.[275], 315, 316, 317, 321, 396
Tamgak, Kel, 306, 394, 400, 437; one of the original five tribes, 368, 378, 379; modern representatives of, 395, 396, 400, 437
Tamizgidda, Kel, 53, 439
Tamkak, the, 368; see Tamgak, Kel.
Tanamari, 51
“Tanghot” (spirit), 281
Tanut (in Damergu), 47, 48, 52, 69, 81, 119 n.[107], 418, 451; position of, 424
Tanut (near Marandet), 119, 121
Tanut Unghaidan, 122
Tanutmolet, 316, 430; houses in, 248
Tanutmolet, Kel, 430-31
Tanzar, the, 434
Taodenit, 219; salt deposits of, 30, 411, 452 n.[450]
“Tara,” camel disease, 201
Tara Bere, 91
Taranet, Kel, 439
Tarantulas, 227
Tarat Mellet, the, 394
“Tarei tan Kel Owi,” 61, 308, 314
Tarenkat, 433
Targa, the, 19, 445; Ibn Khaldun on, 343; Leo Africanus describes Air and Ahaggar as inhabited by, 19, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337-8, 359; and the name “Tuareg,” 273, 338, 348-9, 461
Tariq, 376
“Tariqa,” Senussi, 290
“Tarki” (Tarqi) and the word “Tuareg,” 257, 274, 460, 461
Tarrajerat, 80
Taruaji, 418
Taruaji mountains, 78, 84, 86, 126, 127, 156, 183
“Tasalgi” (north), 244, 247
Tasawa, 305, 411
Tasawat, 244; mosque of, 255-6
Tasessat, 239
Tashel (Taschell, Tashil), the, 433
Tashkeur (Teshkar) well, 446 n.[446]
Tasr, wells of, 446-7
Tassili, Azger, 260, 261
Tatenei, Kel, 381
Tateus well, 66, 74
Tattus, Kel, 438
Tautek, 405
Tawarek, the, 118, 257, 273, 460; Arab etymology of, 257; see Tuareg.
Tazizilet, 69, 71, 219
Tebehic, 80, 82; position of, 424; spirits of, 279
Tebernit valley, 243; water holes, 242
Tebu, the, 16, 109, 218, 318, 358, 403, 413, 443, 446; Berdeoa, people of, identified with, 335-6; Bornu dynasty of, 372, 374; boundary between Tuareg and, 358, 443; camel saddles of, 277; camels of, 196; Dunama II’s war with, 374; Ikaradan, Temajegh name for, 117, 335, 430, 441; Itesan driven out by, 389, 413; language of, 118, 155; origin of, 335-6; raids by, 59, 69, 188, 190, 296, 320, 327, 350, 389, 444, 450; throwing irons used by, 235; treachery of, 98, 236; Tuareg driven from south by, 358; Tuareg feud with, 98, 190, 442, 443; women of, wives of kings of Kanem, 373, 374
Technique of raids, 11, 189-93, 236, 237
Tecoum, the, 441
Teda, the, 335, 373 n.[387]
Teda Inisilman, 155
Tedamansii, the, 336
Tedekel, Kel, 437
“Tedi” or “teddi” (measure of length), 222
Tedmukkeren (Tetmokarak), the, 433
“Tefakint,” 221
Tefgun, mosque of, 27, 149, 317, 428
Tefgun, Kel, 428
T’efira, 127 n.[115]
Tefis, 248, 431; mosque of, 256, 258, 418
Tefis, Kel, 431
Tegama (Southern Air), 23, 32, 53, 64, 65, 188, 209, 303; Barth in, 23, 53, 118; camels of, 196, 197, 210; servile tribes of, 127, 128, 394; villages of, 127-8
Tegama valley, 58
Tegama, Kel, 53-4, 64-5, 118, 127, 128, 394, 433, 443; defeated by Kel Geres, 391; women of, 118
Tegama, Sultan, 98-9, 109, 465
Tegbeshi, 184
“Tegehe” (descendants), 350 n.[336]
Tegehe Mellen, the, 350
Tegehe n’Aggali, the, 350, 352
Tegehe n’Efis, 351
Tegehe n’es Sidi, the, 350, 351
Tegehe n’Essakal, 351, 352
Tegemi (Tégémui), 68
Teget (Tagei), Kel, 435
Teghazar valley, 84, 86, 241
Teghzeren, Kel, 433
Tegibbut, the, 434
Tegidda valley, 215, 299
Teginjir, 33; plain, 241, 242; position of, 425; spring, 241
Tegir, 430
Tegir, Kel, 430
Teguer, Kel, 430
Tehammam, the, 427
Tehenu, the, 337, 462 n.[481]
Tehert, 337
Tekadda, 406, 408
Ibn Batutah’s, 452-3, 454, 455, 456; copper mines of, 452-3, 454; identification of, attempted, 454, 455; Sultan of, 151, 152, 406, 454, 455
“Tekerkeri, the,” 406
T’ekhmedin, the guide, 185-7, 195, 225, 239
Tekursat valley, the, 60, 61
Telamse, Kel, 432
Telezu valley, 239, 240, 243
Telia, position of, 425
Telizzarhen, 265; rock drawings of, 319
Tellia valley, 243
Teloas-Tabello, position of, 424
Telwa river, 122-3, 127; valley, 84, 115, 122-3, 125, 414, 441
Temagheri, the, 372, 373
Temahu, the, 376, 462
Temajegh, 12, 15, 118, 154, 266, 269, 270-71, 462; camel names in, 197; Christianity, words associated with, in, 277-8; dictionaries of, 12, 467; etymology of, 15 n.[14], 373, 462; “Kel” names in, 129; Latin, traces of, in, 75 n.[70], 278; origin of, 267-8, 270; Quran translated into, 269; written, see T’ifinagh.
Tembellaga, 58
Temed, 321, 428
“Temeder” (part of the Veil), 287
Temperatures in the Sahara, 4, 298
Tents, Tuareg, 89, 212
“Terga,” 273, 461; see Targa.
Tergulawen, 50, 61, 62, 67, 69, 114, 242, 390; road, 70; well, 59, 60, 74, 80
Terjeman, quarter of Agades, 91, 118
Terminal points of trans-desert traffic, 110, 111
Termit, 32, 46, 58, 67, 68, 81, 218, 320, 448-50; author’s march to, 46, 81, 444, 446-51; drainage of, 450; mountains of, 448, 449-50; position of, 424; rocks of, oddly shaped, 450; wells of, 443, 447, 448-9, 451
Territories du Niger, 41-2, 43, 189, 416
Tesabba valley, 210
Teshkar, 446, 447, 451; position of, 424
Teskokrit, 69, 72
Tessawa, 42, 43, 46, 47; position of, 424
Tessuma valley, 243
Tetmokarak, the, 65, 381, 433
Teworshekaken valleys, 61
Tezirzak, 428
Tezogiri valley, 78
Tgibbu (Tegibbut), the, 434
Thorns in vegetation of Air, 199, 226
Throwing-iron, used by Tebu, 235
Thuben, 323
Thugga inscription, 267
Thukdha (Nakda), 452
Thunderbolt, an evil omen, 296
Thunderstorms, violent, 82-3, 451
Tiakkar, the, 434
T’iaman, 143
Tibawi (Tebu), 335
Tibesti, 7, 92, 98, 218, 334, 335, 403, 444; identified with Agisymba Regio, 325, 326, 327; camels of, 195; camels commandeered for expeditions to, 205; drainage system of, 3; mountains of, 2, 4, 32; raiding in, 187, 193, 276, 444; rainfall of, 4; rock drawing in, 276; unknown area of, 32; Turkish penetration of, 327
Tidikelt, 111
Tidrak hills, 156, 181
Tifaut, 405
T’ifinagh (Tuareg script), 15-16, 263, 264, 266-9, 271, 276, 289; name of Air in, 454; alphabet of, 266-7; Arabic letters in, 271; Ifadeyen familiarity with, 268, 400; inscriptions in, 81, 264, 268, 269, 286; origin of, 267-8; Quran in, 269; taught by women, 173-4, 268
T’igefen, 450
Tiggedi cliff, 65, 70, 71, 76-7, 454 n.[456]; defeat of Kel Tegama at, 391
“Tiggeur” acacia, 226
T’ighummar valley, 215
Tikammar cheese, 157, 158
Tildhin, the, 412
Tilemsan, 291
Tilho, Colonel, 30; Anglo-French frontier delimitation by, 41; maps of, 33 n.[38], 41, 466; observations made by, 422, 424
T’ilimsawin hills, 156
T’ilimsawin, Kel, 432
T’ilisdak valley, 127, 435
Tilkatine, the, 434 n.
Tilutan, 404
Timbuctoo, 7, 23, 30, 110, 344, 354, 405; earliest accounts of, 19; camels of, 196; foundation of, 407; Melle conquest and loss of, 407, 408; mithkal of, 222; Moorish garrison in, 411; “People of the West” in, 441; salt caravan from, 188, 219, 452 n.[451]; Songhai conquest of, 409; Tuareg of, 18; Tuareg conquest and loss of, 408, 409
Timbuctoo-Cairo pilgrim road, 114, 318
Timbulaga, 70
T’imia, 33, 186, 204, 216-17, 241, 290, 299, 308, 311, 385, 439; houses in, 248, 250; hut circles at, 262; Kel Owi invasion of, 389; massif of, 33, 216, 242; measures used in, 221; mosque of, 385; rock drawing at, 194 n.[178]; women of, 173
T’imia, Kel, 298, 439; mixed, 440
T’imilen mountains, 299
T’imilen valley, 243, 299
T’immersoi, 31, 32, 33, 78
“Timmi” (oath of friendship), 237
T’imuru peak, 300
T’in Awak mountain, 300
T’in Dawin, 78; position of, 424
T’in Shaman, 116, 364-5, 367; French post at, 86, 99, 365; position of, 424
T’in Taboraq, 82, 84, 85; position of, 424
T’in Tarabin valley, 9, 30
T’in Wafara, 437
T’in Wana, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 213; fossil trees at, 81-2, 259 n.[226]; pool of, 81; position of, 424; rock inscriptions at, 81
T’in Wansa, 309; houses in, 248
T’in Yerutan, 404
T’inalkum, Kel, 355, 383 n.[400]
T’inien, 214; position of, 424
T’inien mountains, 125, 156
T’intabisgi, 427, 428
Tintagete, Kel, 435
T’intaghoda, 26, 122, 308, 316, 390, 436, 437; Barth’s expedition attacked at, 23, 290, 312; capital of Northern Air, 316; houses of, 248, 316; mosque of, 257, 258, 316
T’intaghoda, Kel, 129, 312, 437; a holy tribe, 291, 306, 437
T’intellust, 308, 309, 311, 319, 320, 321, 436; Barth’s headquarters at, 23, 122, 308, 312-13
T’intellust, Kel, 435
Tinteyyat, 435
Tinylcum, the, 383
Tinylkum, Barth’s, 355
Tirekka, 405
“Tirik” (riding saddle), 230-31
T’iriken peak, 299-300
Tirza, 180 n.[172]
Tisak n’Talle, 91
T’Isemt, Kel, 441
Tishorén (Tuareg), 460
Tiski, the Children of, 342-3, 349
Tissot, C. J.: Géographie comparée, 207 n.[190]
Tit, Ahaggar Tuareg defeated at, 10, 11, 328
T’iugas and her six daughters, story of, 384
T’iwilmas, 314, 316
T’iyut valley, 23, 31 n.[36], 367
Tizraet, the pool of, 418
Tobacco chewed by Tuareg, 211
Tobacco snuff as remedy for camel disease, 200
Todra, Mount, 84, 123, 127, 131, 156, 181, 183, 184, 213, 214, 215, 216, 239
Toga, North African robes said to be descended from, 285
Toiyamama, the, 434
Tokede valley, 239, 240, 243
Toledo swords owned by Tuareg, 233
Tomb of Awa, 281
Tombs (see Graves), Air, 259-63; possibly made in floor of hut, 263
Tools, Tuareg, 229
Toreha, 180 n.[172]
Toshit N’Yussuf, 438
Totemism, survival of, among Tuareg, 294-5, 394 n.[408]
Tournées d’apprivoisement, 11
Towar, 183, 184-5, 186, 195, 238, 239, 240, 243, 283, 440; houses in, 248, 252
Towar river, 183
Towar, Kel, 184, 439; mixed, 184, 440
Tower of Agades, 94; see Minaret.
Tracks, marked by coloured stones, 293
Trade roads, 5, 23, 37, 38; map of, 5; railway’s effect on, 38; see Caravan roads.
Traghen, 112
Transliteration, difficulties of, 271, 350 n.[338]
Transport enterprises, Kel Owi monopoly of, 390
Trans-Saharan caravan roads, 308-9, 318
Trans-Saharan railway, suggestion of, 38
Travelling bags, leather, Tuareg, 228
Treachery, Tuareg averse to, 236, 237
Treaty between Tuareg and original inhabitants of Air, tradition of, 367-8
Trees, fossil, 81-2, 259 n.[226]
Triangular ornaments (“talhakim”), 282-3
Tribal allegiance derived through mother, 149-51
Tribal alliances, 147-8
Tribal chiefs: and the Amenokal, 108, 144; authority of, passing to village headmen, 127-8, 131; functions of, 110, 147; measures kept by, 220; selection of, 108
Tribal classification, importance attached by Tuareg to, 143-5
Tribal councils, women in, 168, 169
Tribal feuds set aside in trade centres, 111
Tribal groupings, 147-8
Tribal histories, 360, 361-2
Tribal marks on camels, 201-2
Tribal names, Tuareg, 128-31
Tribal organisation of Tuareg of Air, 393, 400, 426-41
Tribal warfare, 390, 391, 392, 402-3; before appointment of common ruler, 101
Tribes, colour differences in, 161, 162; holy, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440; of mixed caste, 355; noble and servile, see Imajeghan, Imghad, and Noble and servile tribes.
Tripoli, 110; caravan road, 23, 48, 61, 242; Col. Hamer Warrington Consul at, 21; embassy from Bornu to, 410
Tripolitania, 41, 187, 208, 358, 457; former British paramountcy in, 20, 21, 22; anti-French and -British activities in, 84; Hawara in, 345; Islam, spread of, in, 257; Italian occupation of, Tuareg and, 8; rock drawings in, 318; Southern, Roman occupation of, 323
Trotting on camels thought unwise, 193
Trousers, Tuareg, 164, 289
Tsabba valley, 210
T’Sidderak hills, 214
T’Sidderak, Agoalla of, 397
T’Sidderak, Kel, 381, 432
Tuaghet pool, 427
Tuareg of Ahaggar, see Ahaggaren.
Tuareg of Air: not a tribe but a people, 14, 461; racial purity of, 16, 137, 161, 162, 163
their arrival in Air, 359, 366-93, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes, 401-16; future of, 420, 421
accounts of, 8-9, 10, 14, 18-20, 24, 25, 28
adultery not common among, 177
agriculture despised by, 127, 134, 174, 360
amulets worn by, 282, 284
ancestry of, 7-8, 254, 345-6, 353, 359, 366, 367, 368, 369, 385-7, 403, 462; Bello on, 368, 369, 371; Ibn Khaldun on, 343-4, 345, 346, 347, 348, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349
animism of, 295
architecture of, 184, 241, 244-59, 377, 378
art of, 246, 263-5
belts worn by, 180, 194, 236, 237
Berbers and, 7, 16, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461
“Black” and “White,” 139-40
blue-eyed, 16
calm manner of, 420
caravan trade of, 7, 38, 48, 50, 142, 145, 146; see Salt caravans.
caste system of, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; see Imajeghan and Imghad.
cattle trade of, 133-4, 190, 202-5
characteristics lost by, 40-41
children of, 148-9, 174, 177-9, 181, 268, 400
chivalry of, 168, 236-7
Christianity, former, of, 275-8, 284-5, 289, 293-4
circumcision practised by, 179
civilisation of, present, decline from earlier, 7, 255, 265, 268, 378
civilising rôle of, 37, 393, 401
cleanliness of, 163, 273, 274
colouring of, 161-2, 173, 367, 460
courage of, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354
dancing of, 44, 272
disease among, 178, 179-80
divorce among, 176-7
dress of, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289
education among, 174, 177-8, 268, 400
Europeans and, 8, 23, 24, 154, 290
evacuation of, by French, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426
family system of, 103-4, 147, 148-53, 373, 398
female descent among, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398
festivals of, 181, 274-5
food of, 157-60, 174, 211, 212
French and: hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114 n.[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352; pacific attitude of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 n.[429]; revolt against, in 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420
furniture of, 229-30
geographical knowledge of, 265-6
government of, 144-8
graves and tombs of, 181, 229, 259-63
greetings used between, 419
historical knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2
honour, sense of, among, 296
hospitality of, 210, 237
houses of, various types, 89, 90, 92, 181, 184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16, 377-8, 381, 389, 393
huts of, 184, 253, 254, 262-3
industries of, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310
judicial system of, 107, 110
Kings of, see Amenokal; list of, 463-5
language of, 15; see Temajegh.
Libyans and, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462
literature of, 173, 263, 269, 360, 361-2
live stock of, 133-4, 190, 202, 203, 204-5
love affairs among, 174-5, 176
marriage system of, 170-71, 173, 174, 175-7, 181, 289
matriarchal system among, 103-4, 148-53, 170, 171
medicine among, 82, 180-81, 201
migrations of, see Migrations.
ministers and officials of, 106-7
monarchy, democratic, of, 107-8, 145
monogamy usual among, 170, 171
mosques of, 86, 87, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2, 360, 361
music of, 272
name of, 14, 15, 118, 257, 273-4, 412 n.[426], 454, 459-60, 461; derivation of, 348-9
noble and servile, 15, 103-4, 110, 128, 137, 140-43, 217; see Imajeghan and Imghad.
nomadism of, 16, 208, 209, 212, 400, 406
numbers of, 402
origin of, see above under ancestry of.
ornaments of, 282-6
patience of, 296, 420
physical type of, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217
poetry of, 169, 173, 263, 265, 271, 272
population of, 402
pottery of, 160-61, 317
prostitution among, 177
proverbs of, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421
raiding by, 51, 59, 187, 188, 189, 190-94
“red” colouring of, 162, 173, 367, 460
religion of, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, 275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5
revolt of, 1917, see above under French.
script of, 15-16; see T’ifinagh.
shields of, 234-5, 276, 444
slave trading, former, by, 135
slaves of, 15 n.[13], 103-4, 105, 134, 135, 140, 150, 178
snuff taken by, 211, 220
Sultan of, see Amenokal.
superstitions of, 275, 278-81, 293, 295-6
taboos among, 294-5
tobacco chewed by, 211
tools of, 229
totemism among, 294-5, 394 n.[408]
trade of, 38, 48, 50, 133, 414
tribal names of, 128-31
tribes and sub-tribes of, 143-5, 393, 400, 426-41
unselfishness of, 95, 177, 178
vanity of, 95
Veil worn by, 14-15, 139-40, 163, 284-90, 328-9
warfare, methods of, 236-7; tribal, 101, 390, 391, 392, 402-3
weapons of, 233-6, 276; allegiance to armes blanches, 55, 235-6, 328; arm daggers, 234; knives, 234, 236; spears, 233-4, 236; swords, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289
weights and measures of, 220-22
women of, see Women, Tuareg.
Tuareg, Azger, Damergu, Elakkos, Fezzan, etc., see under those heads.
Tuat, 9, 260, 291, 292, 332, 334; earliest account of, 19; Ibn Batutah’s journey to, 453, 455, 456; Jews massacred in, 291
Tuat road, 318, 353, 453
Tuat-Tidikelt area, 111
Tuberculosis case at Auderas, 180
Tubuzzat, Kel, 437
“Tufakoret” (solar halo), 296
Tuggurt, 9, 111
Tukda (Nakda), 452
Tumayu, 372
Tummo, 320
Tumuli, funerary, 260-61
Tunfafia, 180 n.[172]
Tunisia, 325, 341, 457; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones in, 328; spread of Islam in, 257
Tunsi, El, 192
Turayet, 51, 418; graves in, 263; valley, 84, 183
Turdja, 180 n.[172]
Turha, 180 n.[172]
Turks: their part in the 1917 revolt, 93, 98; penetration of Tibesti by, 327
Ufa Atikin, position of, 425
Ufugum, Kel, 434
Ula, 191
Ulcer, nasal, caused by sand, 180
Ulli, Kel, 52, 129, 307, 437, 438, 441; Damergu, 440
’Umbellu, the ’alim, 217, 270, 290, 385, 389
Umuzut, Kel, 428; Damergu, 440
Unankara valley, 308, 390
Uncle, maternal, descent traced through, 151
Ungwa, Kel, 433
Unnar, Kel, 381, 432, 433
Uraren, position of, 425
Urn burial, 161, 263; pre-Tuareg example of, 121
Urufan, 44; position of, 424
Ushr, 180 n.[172]
Utzila, the, 343
Uye, Kel, 432
Valleys, of Air, 34-5, 83-4; of Azawagh, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76
Vassalage and Imghadage compared, 38, 140, 141
Vegetables, cultivation of, 131-2, 133
Vegetation, desert, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124; Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449
Veil, People of the, see Tuareg.
Veil, the, 14-15, 41, 284, 286-90, 328; appearance of Tuareg without, 187; colour of, 117, 139-40; how put on, 287-8; Southerners adopt practice of wearing, 41; theories concerning, 288-90; not worn by women and slaves, 15, 140, 288
Venereal disease, 179-80
Vespasian, 322
Vesuvius, 242
Vicissitudes of Tuareg in Air, 401-16
Village organisations, effect of 1917 revolt on, 127-8, 338-9
Villagers, nomads’ lot envied by, 212
Villages, Central and North African type, 42, 43, 48, 87-90, 91; Damergu, 48; Elakkos, 442, 443, 446; Tuareg, no factions in, 338
Viper, Sand, 227
Vizir, the, Agades, 106, 116
Vogel, Dr., 21
Volcanic origin of Saharan mountains, 2; phenomena in geology of Air, 33, 79, 81, 183, 215, 216
Volcano, Gheshwa, 241-2
Von Bary, Erwin, see Bary.
Voulet, Captain, French expedition under, 25-6, 51
Wad Righ, 9
Wadai, 7, 334
Wadan, 325, 332 n.[301]
Wadi el Shati, 354
Wadigi valley, 431
Wadigi, Kel, 431, 432, 437
Wahat, El, 6
“Wakili,” the Sultan’s, 106
Walad Delim, the, 344, 345 n.[328], 358
Walata, 153, 175, 332, 404 n.[419], 405
War of Famine, the, 414
Warfare, desert: raids distinct from, 190; small numbers involved in, 11; Tuareg methods of, 236-7
Wargla, 9, 110, 335
Warrington, Colonel Hamer, 21
Warrington, Henry, 21
Water, native powers of abstinence from, 189, 208, 209, 210
“Water of the Horse,” 325-6
Water-skins, 232
Watering points: for salt caravans, 219; technique of raids and, 11, 188, 189; see Wells.
Wati, Kel, 412-13
Wau el Harir, 336
Wau el Kebir, 6
Wau el Namus, 6
Wau el Seghir, 6
Wawat People of the West, 6
Weather superstitions, Tuareg, 295-6
Weathering, uneven in action, 321
Webster, G. W., 362 n.[356]
Weights and measures, Air, 220-22
Welimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357
Well, iron in, Ibn Batutah on, 453
Well, People of the Deep, 308
Wells, 7, 74-6, 80, 300; filled in during revolt, 59, 60, 451; not poisoned in warfare, 236; silted up, 66, 72, 74
of Azawagh, 74-6, 80; of Elakkos, 445-6, 447; irrigation, 132-3; attributed to the Itesan, 377, 378, 393; of Northern Air, 300; origin and guardianship of, 74-5, 377, 378, 393
West, People of the, 129, 441
West and north, confusion of terms for, 244, 247
Western Negroland: Sanhaja dominant in, 404-5; occupied by Songhai, 409
Western Sahara, 3-4; caravan route to, 7; Sanhaja rulers of, 404, 405
Western Sudan, French expedition from, 25
Wheat: cultivation of, 131, 133; “kus-kus” made of, 157-8; considered a luxury, 160
Wheeled transport, ancient use of, in Air, discussed, 318-19, 320, 321-2, 324
“White” and “Black” Tuareg, 139-40
White camels, 196
“White Nobles,” Tuareg term for British, 459
“White People,” the (Arab traders), 106, 404
“White People,” the (Kel Ahamellan), 352
Wild donkeys, 204
“Wild Men of Air,” the, 306-7
Wireless stations: Agades, 86; raiders handicapped by, 188
“Witnesses, The,” 260
Wives of Tuareg: male friends allowed to, 175-6; monogamy usual in Air, 170, 171; purchase of, 177
Wolof language, 118
Women: Bardamah, 406, 452; Bororoji, 57; Hausa and Kanuri, 44; Kel Owi, 180; Tegama, 54
Tuareg: general status of, 167-71, 272, 293; claimed as tribal ancestresses or leaders, 398; in childbirth, 179; courage of, 169-70; descent traced through, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398; divination by, 281-2; dress of, 167, 172; eat with men, 174; education given by, 173-4, 268, 400; faces of, painted, 173; fatness of, 118, 172, 406; forwardness of, 54, 118; household duties of, 174; industries in hands of, 174, 227; male friends of, 175-6; marriage system, 170-71, 174, 175-6, 181, 196-7; noble, high standing of, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174; old, handsomeness of, 173; ornaments of, 283; as poets, 169, 173, 271, 272; property owned by, 168-9, 177, 293; in public life, 168, 169; salons held by, 272; spirits supposed to attack, 279-81; veil not worn by, 15, 288; young, 172, 173, 174-5
World, roundness of, known to Tuareg, 266
Wounds, Tuareg treatment of, 201
Yellow ochre used as cosmetic, 173
Yemen, the, 341; early invasion from, 371
Yes, Quarter of, Ghat, 258
Yiti, Kel, 412
Youngest member of party made cook, 159
Youths, Tuareg, dress of, 289
Yunis, Sultan, 102, 103, 104, 463
Yusif (ben el Haj Ahmed ibn el Haj Abeshan), Sultan, 102 n.[91], 103, 413, 464
Za Alayamin (el Yemani), Libyan dynasty of, 404
Za Yasebi, 408
Zakarkaran, the, 428
Zamfarawa, the, 391
Zanhaga, desert of, 332
Zanziga, the, 332, 333, 334, 343, 348
Zaria, type of houses of, 87
Zawzawa, 46, 145
Zegawa, the 343
Zegedan, Kel, 435
Zelim massif. 33; pool of, 317, 427
Zella, 374 n.[389]
Zenega, the, 331
Zerumini, the, 433
Zibduwa, 412
Zilalet, 299, 431, 440; position of, 425
Zilalet, Kel, 384, 431, 440
Zinder, 42, 43-4, 49, 50, 51, 85, 189, 418; French garrison at, 85; Senussi “zawia” at, 49
Zinder-Chad, territory of, 50
Zinder-Fashi-Kawar road, 32
Zipta mountain, 327
Zuila (Cillala), 112, 323, 347
Zu’lhajja, 274
Zungu, 46
Zurbatan, the, 434
Zurika, position of, 425
Map showing MR. FRANCIS RODD’S ROUTES in AÏR AND ADJACENT PARTS of FRENCH WEST AFRICA Published by permission of the Royal Geographical Society.
