OLD TESTAMENT SITES

(Including all the Names to Sites in the Bible and Apocrypha.)

In the column ‘Modern Identification,’ those marked with a single ? are doubtful; those with double ?? are very doubtful; those marked with a star are due to the Survey. Abbreviations—‘R.V.’ is Revised Version; ‘A.V.’ is Authorized (Old) Version; ‘Mem.,’ with the letters, refers to the Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine; ‘Sh.’ is Sheet or Plan of the Large Map, with the number where the name is found; ‘B. R.,’ Robinson’s Biblical Researches.

Bible and Apocrypha Name. Refer­ences. Modern Identifi­cation. No. of Sheet on ⅜-in. Map. Remarks, References, and No. of Sheet on Large Map.

ABANA, River (R.V. ABANAH or AMANAH) 2 Kings v. 12 Nahr Abanias, a branch of the Nahr Barada 3 and 4 One of the rivers of Damascus. Now called the Barada, rising in the Anti-Lebanon, near Zebdany, flowing through Suk Wady, Barada, receiving the waters of the copious spring of ʾAin Fijeh, and continuing its course through Damascus on to the great marsh on the plain called Bahret el Kibliyeh.

ABARIM, Mountains of Num. xxvii. 12; xxxiii. 47, 48; Deut. xxxii. 49 The range of Neba (Nebo) 15 Mountains beyond Jordan, the range of Nebo.

ABDON Josh. xxi. 30; 1 Chron. vi. 74 Kh. ʾAbdeh 6 A city of Ashar, 10 miles north of ʾAkka. (Mem. I. 170; Sh. III.)

ABEL, The Great Stone of 1 Sam. vi. 18 Deîr ʾAbân (?) near Beth-shemesh — Signifying ‘The great stone of the meadow’ (R.V.).—M. Clermont-Ganneau.

ABEL BETH-MAACHAH, (R.V. ABEL BETH-MAACAH) 2 Sam. xx. 14, 15, 18; 1 Kings xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29 Abl 6 Now a village, 6½ miles west of Banias, in Naphtali; also called Abel-maim. (Mem. I. 85 & 107; Sh. II.)

ABEL-CERAMIM, (R.V. ABEL-CHERAMIM) Judg. xi. 33 Not identified — A place east of Jordan, beyond ‘Aroer.’

ABEL-MAIM 2 Chron. xvi. 4 Abl — Apparently identical with Abel Beth-maachah. (Compare with 1 Kings xv. 20.)

ABEL-MEHOLAH Judges vii. 22; 1 Sam. xviii. 19; 2 Sam. xxi. 8; 1 Kings iv. 12; xix. 16 ʾAin Helweh* 10 Jerome places it 10 miles south of Scythopolis, or at the present ‘ʾAin Helweh,’ 9½ miles south of Beth-shean. (Mem. II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

ABEL-MIZRAIM Gen. l. 11 Not identified — The threshing-floor of Atad. ‘Beyond Jordan.’ Placed by Jerome at Beth Hoglah, on the west bank.

ABEL-SHITTIM Num. xxxiii. 49 Kefrein, at northern margin of Ghôr es Seîsebân 14 Known in the days of Josephus as Abila; 60 stadia from the river. The town and palms have disappeared; but an extensive acacia-grove and some ruins still remain on the plain now called Seîsebân. (Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 148.)

ABEZ, (R.V. EBEZ) Josh. xix. 20 Kh. el Beida (?)* 6 A town of Issachar, named between Kishion and Remeth. Possibly the ruin el Beida = ‘white,’ at north limit of the plain of Esdraelon. (Mem. I. 309; Sh. V.)—Conder.

ABRONAH (Ebronah) Num. xxxiii. 34, 35 Not identified —

ACCAD Gen. x. 10 Nisibis (??) — One of the cities in the land of Shinar. Nisibis, a city on the Khabour river at the north-east part of Mesopotamia, and midway between Orfa and Nineveh, is generally believed to occupy the ancient site.

ACCARON 1 Macc. x. 89 — See Ekron.

ACCHO, (R.V. ACCO) Judg. i. 31 ʾAkka 6 St. Jean d’Acre. The Ptolemais of the 1st Book of Maccabees. A seaport town. (Mem. I. 145, 153, 160; Sh. III.)

ACHOR, Valley of Josh. vii. 24, 26; xv. 7; Is. lxv. 10; Hos. ii. 15 Wâdy Kelt 14 Now Wâdy Kelt, the deep ravine south of Jericho. (Mem. III. 167; Sh. XVIII.)

ACHSHAPH Josh. xi. 1; xii. 20; xix. 25 Kefr Yasîf (?)* 6 The present village, ‘Kefr Yasîf,’ 6 miles north-east of ‘Accho.’—Conder. Named between Beten and Alammelech, a city in Asher. Kh. Iksâf (Sh. II., p. 119), and Haifa (Sh. V.), have also been proposed. (Mem. I. 169; Sh. III.)

ACHZIB (1) Josh. xv. 44; Micah i. 14 ʾAin Kezbeh (?)* 14 A city of Judah, named with ‘Keilah’ and ‘Mareshah.’—Conder. See Chezib.

ACHZIB (2) Josh. xix. 29; Judg. i. 31; v. 17 ez Zîb — The Ecdippa of Josephus. The present town, ‘Ez Zîb,’ 8½ miles north of ‘Akka’ in ‘Asher.’ (Mem. I. 155; Sh. III.)

ADADAH Josh. xv. 22 ʾAdʾadah 14 One of the cities in the south of Judah, named with ‘Dimonah’ and ‘Kedesh.’ Probably the present ruin Adâdah in the desert east of Beersheba.

ADAM Josh. iii. 16 ed Dâmieh (?) 10 ‘A city on the Jordan, beside Zarthan.’ The name is probably preserved in that of Tell Dâmieh, near the ford of ed Dâmieh. (Mem. II. 387; Sh. XV.)

ADAMAH Josh. xix. 36 ed Dâmieh* 6 One of the fenced cities of Naphtali. Now the ruin ‘ed Dâmieh,’ 5 miles west of Tiberias. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

ADAMI, (R.V. ADAM-NEKEB) Josh. xix. 33 Kh. Admah* 10 A place named as being on the border of Naphtali. The present ruin ‘Admah,’ 5 miles south-west of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem. II. 89; Sh. IX.)—Conder.

ADAR, or HAZAR ADDAR (R.V. ADDAR) Josh. xv. 3; 1 Macc. vii. 40–45 Not identified — A place on the south boundary of Palestine. ‘Jebel Maderah,’ in the desert, is proposed for this site. (Quarterly Statement, p. 61, 1881.)

ADASA Kh. ʾAdaseh 14 According to Josephus (12 Ant. x. 5; 5 Wars xi. 5) was 30 stadia from Beth-horon. Now the present ruin ʾAdaseh, 8 miles south of Jufna. (Mem. III. 106; Sh. XVII.)

ADDAN, or ADDON Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61 Not identified — One of the places from which some of the Captivity returned to Judea, who could not show their pedigree.

ADIDA 1 Macc. xii. 38; xiii. 13 Hadîtheh 10 A town on an eminence (13 Ant. vi. 4) in the Shephelah. The present village Hadîtheh, close to Lydda on east. See Hadid. (Mem. II. 297; Sh. XIV.)

ADITHAIM Josh. xv. 36 Hadîtheh — A town in the territory of Judah. Somewhere in the Shephelah. Named between Gederah (Jedîreh) and Gederothaim, thought to be another name for Hadid, which see.

ADMAH Gen. x. 19; xiv. 2–8; Deut. xxix. 23; Hosea xi. 8 Not identified — One of the cities of the plain mentioned with ‘Zeboim.’ Possibly ‘Adam’ (Sheet X.), or ‘el Adeimeh’ (Sheet XIV.), in the region of the Ciccar. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 241, and Primer of Bible Geography, p. 38.)

ADORAIM 2 Chron. xi. 9 Dûra 14 A fortified city, built by Rehoboam—the ‘Adora’ of Josephus. Now the village of ‘Dura,’ 5 miles west of Hebron. (Mem. III. 301–304; Sh. XXI.)

ADORA (Adoraim) 1 Macc. xiii. 20 Dûra 14 The Dûra of Josephus = Adoraim.

ADULLAM Gen. xxxviii. 1, 12–20; Josh. xii. 15; xv. 35; 2 Chron. xi. 7; Neh. xi. 30; Micah i. 15; 2 Macc. xii. 38 ʾAîd el Mîyeh, or Kh. ʾAîd el Ma 14 A city of Judah in the low country. Eusebius places it 10 miles east of Eleuther­opolis (Beit Jibrin.) ‘Kh. ʾAid el Mâ’ is about 8 miles to the north-east. A discovery of M. Clermont-Ganneau, now generally recognised. (Mem. III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

ADULLAM, Cave of 1 Sam. xxii. 1; 2 Sam. xxiii. 13; 1 Chron. xi. 15 The cave near the ruins of ʾAîd el Mîyeh 14 David’s hiding place. The cave near the ruins of ʾAîd el Mâ.

ADUMMIM, ‘Going up to,’ or ‘of’ Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17 Tʾalat ed Dumm* 14 On the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. (Mem. III. 172; Sh. XVIII.)—Mr. C. F. T. Drake.

AHAVA, River of (A Place or a River) Ezra viii. 15, 21, 31 Hit (?) — Not identified with any certainty, but supposed to be the modern ‘Hit’ on the Euphrates, due east of Damascus. The Theras of Esd. viii. 41–61.

AHLAB Judg. i. 31 el Jish (?) 6 A city of Asher, from which the Canaanites were not driven out. Supposed to be the Giscala of Josephus and the Talmudic Gush Halab. The modern village, ‘el Jish,’ is thought to represent the ancient site; but ‘el Jish’ is in Naphtali, some 6 miles from the territory of Asher. (Mem. I. 225; Sh. IV.)

AI, HAI, or AIATH (Isaiah x. 28) Aija, same as Ai (Neh. xi. 31) Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3; Josh. vii. 2–5; viii. 1–29; ix. 3; x. 1, 2; xii. 9; Ezra ii. 28; Neh. vii. 32; Jer. xlix. 3 et Tell, or Kh. Haiyan* 14 Called by Josephus ʾAina; was ‘close to’ Bethel. The claims to this royal city lie between ‘et Tel,’ a mound 1⅜ miles to the E.S.E. of Bethel, and ‘Kh. Haiyan,’ near Deir Diwan, 2⅛ miles S.E. of Bethel. The former advocated by Col. Sir Charles Wilson and others, the latter by Capt. Conder (Mem. II. 372; III. 30; Sh. XVII.)

AIJALON or AJALON Josh. xix. 42; xxi. 24; Judg. i. 35; 1 Sam. xiv. 31; 1 Chron. vi. 69; viii. 13; 2 Chron. xi. 10; xxviii. 18 Yâlô 14 The present village Yâlô, a little to the north of the Jaffa road, about 13 miles from Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 19; Sh. XVII.)

AIJALON, Valley of Josh. x. 12 Merj Ibn ʾAmîr 14 The valley in which Aijalon is situated.

AIJALON Judg. xii. 12 Kh. Jallûn (??) — A town of Zebulun, the burial-place of Elon, one of the Judges of Israel.

AIN (1) Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; xxi. 16; 1 Chron. iv. 32 Not identified 13 One of the southern cities of Judah towards the coast of Edom, mentioned with Rimmon (Josh. xv. 32), afterwards allotted to Simeon (Josh. xix. 7). Possibly Ain and Rimmon were one place = En-rimmon, which see.

AIN (2) Num. xxxiv. 11 ʾAin el ʾAsy (?) — Supposed to be ʾAin el ʾAsy, the main source of the Orontes, near Riblah.

AKRABBIM, Ascent of Num. xxxiv. 4; Judges i. 36 Not identified — Perhaps the range of cliffs at the south end of the Dead Sea, or Nakib ibn Mar. See Maaleh Acrabbim.

ALAMMELECH Josh. xix. 26 Not identified — Between Achshaph and Amad in Asher. Supposed by some that Wâdy el Melek (Sheet V.) is a relic of this name.

ALEMA 1 Macc. v. 26 Kefr el Ma (?)* 7 Only once mentioned. Described as a city ‘strong and great in Gilead.’ ʾAlma, some 8 miles south of Edrei.—Merrill. Kefr el Ma, a village east of the Sea of Galilee.—Schumacher.

ALEMETH, (R.V. ALLEMETH) 1 Chron. vi. 60; viii. 36; ix. 42 ʾAlmît 14 The present ruined village ʾAlmît, 3½ miles north-east of Jerusalem. See Bahurim. (Mem. III. 35; Sh. XVII.)

ALEXANDRIA 3 Macc. ii. 30; iii. 1, 21; Acts xviii. 24; vi. 9 Alexandria —

ALLON Josh. xix. 33 — The ‘Revised Version’ renders this name ‘The Oak,’ others ‘Plain.’

ALLON-BACHUTH (R.V. ALLON-BACUTH) Gen. xxxv. 8 10 ‘Beneath Bethel,’ where Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah was buried.

ALMON Josh. xxi. 18 ʾAlmît 14 Same as Alemeth (ʾAlmît) in Benjamin. (Mem. III. 35; Sh. XVIII.)

ALMON DIBLATHAIM Num. xxxiii. 46, 47 Kh. Deleiyât (??)* — See Beth-diblathaim. One of the camping-stations of the Israelites, between Dibon-gad and the mountains of Abarim. In Moab. (Conder’s Heth and Moab, page 269.)

ALOTH (R.V. BEALOTH) 1 Kings iv. 16 Not identified 6 (?) A town or district. Perhaps ʾAlia, east of Achzib. (Mem. I. 170; Sh. III.)—Conder.

ALUSH Num. xxxiii. 13 Not identified — One of the camping-stations of the Israelites next to Rephidim.

AMAD Josh. xix. 26 Kh. el ʾAmûd (?)* 6 A town in Asher, mentioned between Alammelech and Misheal. Probably el ʾAmûd, north of Akka.—Conder. There is also a ruined town called Umm el ʾAmûd, between Bethlehem and Abez, south of Wâdy el Melek, which some identify with Amad. (Mem. I. 170; Sh. III.)

AMAM Josh. xv. 26 Not identified — A city in the south of Judah, mentioned with ‘Shema’ and ‘Moladah.’

AMANA Cant. iv. 8 Not identified — Apparently a mountain in or near Lebanon. It is commonly assumed that this is the mountain in which the river Abana has its source. (Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible.)

AMATHIS 1 Macc. xii. 25 Hamath — ‘The land of Amathis.’ Believed to be the district of Hamath in the north of Palestine.

AMMAH, THE HILL OF 2 Sam. ii. 24 Not identified — ‘That lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.’

ANAB Josh. xi. 21; xv. 50 ʾAnâb 13 The ruin ‘ʾAnâb,’ 2½ miles west of ‘Debir.’ (Mem. III. 392, 393; Sh. XXIV.)

ANAHARATH Josh. xix. 19 en Nʾaûrah 10 The village, ‘en Nʾaûrah,’ 5½ miles north-east of Jezreel, in Issachar. (Mem. II. 85; Sh. IX.)—De Saulcy.

ANANIAH Neh. xi. 32 Beit Hannîna 14 Named between ‘Nob’ and ‘Hazor.’ The present village Beit Hannîna near Gibeon. (Mem. III. 8; Sh. XVII.)

ANATHOTH Josh. xxi. 18; 1 Kings ii. 26; 1 Chron. vi. 60; Ezra ii. 23; Neh. vii. 27; xi. 32; Isa. x. 30; Jer. i. 1; xi. 21, 23; xxix. 27; xxxii. 7, 9; 2 Sam. xxiii. 27; 1 Esdr. v. 18 ʾAnâta 14 The village ʾAnâta of Benjamin, 3 miles north-east of Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 7; Sh. XVII.)

ANEM 1 Chron. vi. 73 ʾAnîn (?)* 10 Probably the village ‘ʾÂnîn,’ west of the plain of Esdraelon. A city of Issachar. (Mem. II. 44 and 50; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

ANER 1 Chron. vi. 70 Ellar (??)* 10 Possibly ‘Ellar,’ in the hills south-west of the plain of Esdraelon. A city of Manasseh. (Mem. II. 154; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

ANIM Josh xv. 50 Ghuwein 14 Now a ruin called ‘Ghuwein,’—south of Hebron, and near ‘Eshtemoa.’ (Mem. III. 408; Sh. XXV.)

ANTI-LIBANUS Judith i. 7 Anti-Lebanon — The range of mountains west of Damascus.

ANTIOCH 1 Macc. iii. 37; iv. 35; xi. 13; 2 Macc. iv. 33; viii. 35; xiii. 23; v. 21; xi. 36 Antakîa — The modern Antakîa on the Orontes. North-east of ‘Daphne.’

APHEK (1) Josh. xii. 18 Not identified — Somewhere in Judah.

APHEK (2) Josh. xix. 30 Not identified—probably same as Aphek (3) — Somewhere in Asher. In Judg. i. 31 it is rendered Aphik.

APHEK (3) Josh. xiii. 4 Afka (?) — Probably ‘Afka’ on the north-west slope of Lebanon—perhaps the same as (2).

APHEK (4) 1 Sam. iv. 1 Not identified 14 Possibly the present ruin of ‘Belled el Foka’ = Upper town, near Gath. (Mem. III. 109; Sh. XVII.)

APHEK (5) 1 Sam. xxix. 1 Fukûʾa (??)* 10 Possibly the modern village ‘Fukûʾa’ on ‘Gilboa,’ in Issachar. (Mem. II. 84; Sh. IX.)—Conder.

APHEK (6) 1 Kings xx. 26, 30; 2 Kings xiii. 17 Fîk 7 A walled city in the Mishor, east of the Jordan; believed to be the village ‘Fîk,’ east of the Sea of Galilee, on the highway to Damascus.

APHEKAH Josh. xv. 53 Not identified—perhaps same as Aphek (1) — In the mountains of Judah, (?) the same place as that of Josh. xii. 18.

APHEREMA 1 Macc. xi. 34 Ephraim — Probably the same as Ephraim (Ophrah Taiyibeh), which see.

APHIK Judg. i. 31 Same as Aphek (2) —

APHRAH (R.V. BETH-APHRAH) Micah i. 10 Not identified — Probably in the low country of Judah. Supposed by some to be Ophrah.

AR OF MOAB Num. xxi. 28; Deut. ii. 9, 18, 29; Isa. xv. 1 Rabba 14 The ruin ‘Rabba,’ north of ‘Kerak,’ known in the time of Jerome as ‘Areopolis’ and Rabbath-Moab.

ARAB Josh. xv. 52 Kh. er Rabîyeh* 14 The present ruin, er Rabîyeh, in the mountains of Judah, south of Hebron. (Mem. III. 311–360; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

ARABAH Josh. xviii. 18 The Ghôr and the ʾArabah — The great Jordan Valley.

ARABATTINE 1 Macc. v. 3 Acrabbim — In Idumea. Akrabbim (ascent of), which see.

ARABIA 1 Kings x. 15; 2 Chron. ix. 14; Is. xxi. 13; Jer. xxv. 24; Ezek. xxvii. 21; Judith ii. 25; 1 Macc. xi. 16; 2 Macc. xii. 11; 2 Esd. xv. 29; Gal. i. 17; iv. 25 —

ARAD Num. xxi. 1; xxxiii. 40; Josh. xii. 14; Judg. i. 16 Tell ʾArâd 14 Named with ‘Hormah’ and ‘Libnah.’ The large ruin Tell ʾArâd, east of Beersheba. (Mem. II. 403, 415; Sh. XXV.)

ARADUS 1 Macc. xv. 23 Island Er Ruad — Same as Arvad.

ARAM (Syria) Gen. x. 22, 23; xxii. 21; Num. xxiii. 7; 1 Chr. i. 17; ii. 23 — The country from the Sea of Galilee to Euphrates and north part of Mesopotamia. Aram means ‘highlands.’

ARAM-DAMMESEK (Syria of Damascus) 2 Sam. viii. 5, 6; 1 Chr. xviii. 5, 6 — The country round Damascus.

ARAM-BETH-REHOB 2 Sam. x. 6 — District bordering on the Euphrates.

ARAM-MAACHAH 1 Chron. xix. 6 — District south of Aram Zobah and west of Aram Beth-rehob.

ARAM-NAHARAIM Gen. xxiv. 10; Deut. xxiii. 4; Judg. iii. 8; 1 Chron. xix. 6; Ps. lx., Title — Mesopotamia.

ARAM-ZOBAH 2 Sam. x. 6–8; Ps. lx., Title — Eastward of CoeleSyria, extending north-east and east to the Euphrates.

ARARAT Gen. viii. 4; 2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38; Jer. li. 27 — See Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

ARARATH, ARARAH, The Mountains of Tobit i. 21 Same as Ararat —

ARBATTIS 1 Macc. v. 23 Not identified — A district of Palestine. Probably either that north of the Sea of Galilee, called ‘Ard el Batîhah,’ or ‘Acrabatene,’ between Jericho and Neapolis.

ARBA Josh. xv. 13; xxi. 11 El Khalîl (Hebron) — See Hebron.

ARBAH Gen. xxxv. 27 Do. do. —

ARBELA 1 Macc. ix. 2 Kh. Irbid 6 The present ruin ‘Irbid,’ west of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem. I. 365, 366; Sh. VI.)

ARBONAI, River Judith ii. 24 Not identified —

ARCHI Josh. xvi. 2; 2 Sam. xv. 32; xvi. 16; xvii. 5, 14; 1 Chron. xxvii. 33 ʾAin ʾArîk* 14 The present village ʾAin ʾArîk. (Mem. III. 7; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ARDATH 2 Esd. ix. 26 Not identified — ‘The field called Ardath.’

ARGOB Deut. iii. 4, 13, 14; 1 Kings iv. 13 el Lejjah 8 A district of country in Bashan, in later times Trachonitis, now called el Lejjah. Dr. Porter says: ‘It is wholly composed of black basalt, which appears to have issued from innumerable pores in the earth in a liquid state, and to have flowed out on every side. Before cooling its surface was violently agitated, and it was afterwards shattered and rent by internal convulsions. The cuplike cavities from which the liquid mass was extruded are still seen, and likewise the wavy surface a thick liquid assumes which cools while flowing. The rock is filled with little pits and air-bubbles: it is hard as flint, and emits a sharp metallic sound when struck. This ungainly and forbidding region is thickly studded with deserted cities and villages, in all of which the dwellings are solidly built’ (p. 238).

ARIEL Isa. xxix. 1, 2, 7 Jerusalem (?) — The city where David encamped. (R.V.)

ARIOCH, Plain of Judith i. 6 Not identified — In the Euphrates country.

ARMENIA (R.V. ARARAT) 2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38

ARNON, River (R.V. ARNON, Valley of) Num. xxi. 13–28; xxii. 36; Deut. ii. 24, 36; iii. 8, 12, 16; iv. 48; Josh. xii. 1, 2; xiii. 9, 16; Judg. xi. 13, 26; 2 Kings x. 33; Isa. xvi. 2; Jer. xlviii. 20 Wâdy Môjib 15 Wâdy Môjib, eastern side of Dead Sea.

AROER (1) Deut. ii. 36; iii. 12; iv. 48; Josh. xii. 2; xiii. 9, 16; Judg. xi. 26, 33; 2 Sam. xxiv. 5; 2 Kings x. 33; 1 Chron. v. 8; Jer. xlviii. 19 ʾArʾaîr 15 The ruin ʾArʾaîr, on the north bank of Wâdy Môjib.

AROER (2) Num. xxxii. 34; Josh. xiii. 25 Not identified — A town ‘built’ by, and belonging to, Gad. (?) the same as (1).

AROER (3) 1 Sam. xxx. 28 ʾArʾarah 21 The ruin ʾArʾarah, 12 miles east of Beersheba.

AROER (4) Isa. xvii. 2 Not identified —

ARPAD, or ARPHAD 2 Kings xviii. 34; xix. 13; Isa. x. 9; xxxvi. 19; xxxvii. 13; Jer. xlix. 23 Tell Erfâd — 13 miles north of Aleppo.

ARSARETH 2 Esdr. xiii. 45 Not identified — A district beyond the Euphrates.

ARUBOTH (R.V. ARRUB­BOTH) 1 Kings iv. 10; 8 Ant. 2, 3 Not identified — One of the provinces of Solomon, which included Sochoh.

ARUMAH Judg. ix. 41 El ʾOrmeh (?) 10 Possibly el ʾOrmeh, 6 miles south-east of Shechem. (Mem. II. 387; Sh. XV.)

ARVAD Ezek. xxvii. 8–11 Er Ruad Island — See Aradus.

ASCALON Judith ii. 28; 1 Macc. x. 86; xi. 60; xii. 33 ʾAskalân — Ashkelon, which see.

ASER Tobit i. 2 Not identified — Probably a corruption of Hazor.

ASHAN Josh. xv. 42; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32; vi. 59 Not identified 13 Possibly the old ruin of ‘ʾAseileh,’ which is 3½ miles from the now accepted site of ‘Rimmon.’ (Mem. III. 393; Sh. XXIV.)—Conder.

ASHDOD, or AZOTUS Josh. xi. 22; xv. 46, 47; 1 Sam. v. 1–7; vi. 17; 2 Chr. xxvi. 6; Neh. xiii. 23, 24; Isa. xx. 1; Jer. xxv. 20; Am. i. 8; iii. 9; Zep. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 6 Esdûd 13 The large village ‘Esdud,’ in the plain of Philistia. (Mem. II. 409; Sh. XVI.)

ASHDOTH PISGAH (PISGAH, Slopes of, R.V.) Deut. iii. 17; iv. 49; Josh. x. 40; xii. 3; xiii. 20 ʾAyûn Mûsa, or The Slopes of Neba 15 In the old version is rendered ‘The springs of Pisgah,’ and has generally been identified with ‘ʾAyûn Mûsa,’ the famous springs under Mount Nebo. The Revised Version gives ‘the slopes of Pisgah.’ (Heth and Moab, p. 131.)

ASHER, Tribe of Josh. xix. 24–31; Josephus v. Ant. 1, 22 —

ASHER Josh. xvii. 7 Not identified — Named with Michmethah as being on the borders of Manasseh. According to Reland it is a double name Asherham-Michmethah. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 264, and Mem. II. 169; Sh. XI.)

ASHKELON, ASKELON Judg. i. 18; xiv. 19; 1 Sam. vi. 17; 2 Sam. i. 20; Jer. xxv. 20; xlvii. 5, 7; Am. i. 8; Zeph. ii. 4, 7; Zech. ix. 5 ʾAskalân 13 The present ruined city ʾAskalân, on the coast of Philistia. (Mem. III. 237; Sh. XIX.)

ASHKENAZ Jer. li. 27 One of the ‘Kingdoms of Ararat.’

ASHNAH (1) Josh. xv. 33 Kefr Hasan (?)* 14 ‘A city of Judah.’ The ruined town ‘ʾAslin,’ between ‘Zorah’ and Eshtaol, has been proposed for this site.

ASHNAH (2) Josh. xv. 43 Not identified — ‘A city of Judah.’ Idhnah, 5 miles south-east of Beit Jibrin, has been suggested.

ASHTAROTH Deut. i. 4; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 4; xiii. 12, 31; 1 Chron. vi. 71 Tell ʾAshtarah (?) 7 ‘A city in Bashan.’ Very probably Tell ʾAshtarah in Jaulan. (Across the Jordan, p. 209.)

ASHTEROTH KARNAIM Gen. xiv. 5; 1 Macc. v. 26, 43, 44; 2 Macc. xii. 21, 26 Tell ʾAshtarah (?) 7 The Samaritan version of the Pentateuch renders ‘Ashteroth Karnaim,’ by the name ‘Sunamein,’ a town on the Haj road, 28 miles south of Damascus. Tell ʾAshtarah farther north is also possible.

ASIA 2 Esdr. xv. 46; xvi. 1; 1 Macc. viii. 6; xi. 13; xii. 39; xiii. 32; 2 Macc. iii. 3; x. 24 Asia Minor — Asia is here used in its earlier sense, for Asia Minor or the country north of the Tarsus mountains.

ASPHAR, The Pool of 1 Macc. ix. 33; Ant. xiii. 1, 2 Not identified — In the wilderness of Tekoa.

ASSYRIA Very frequently mentioned —

ATAD, Threshing floor of Gen. l. 10, 11 Not identified ‘Beyond Jordan.’

ATARGATIS, Temple of 2 Macc. xii. 26 At Ashteroth Karnaim —

ATAROTH (1) Num. xxxii. 3, 34 Kh. ʾAttarûs (?) 15 In the land of Jazer and Gilead, built by Gad. Possibly the ruins of ʾAttarus, north of the river Arnon.

ATAROTH (2) Josh. xvi. 7 Not identified 10 Perhaps ‘Tell et Trûny,’ at the foot of the hills in the Jordan Valley. (Mem. II. 403; Sh. XV.; also p. 393, under the name Kh. Kaswah.)—Conder.

ATAROTH (3) Josh. xvi. 2 Same as Ataroth Adar —

ATAROTH ADAR Josh. xvi. 2, 5; xviii. 13; 1 Chron. ii. 54 Kh. ed Dârieh* 14 Now the ruined Dârieh, west of Bethoron. (Mem. III. 35; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ATHACH 1 Sam. xxx. 30 Not identified —

ATHENS 2 Macc. vi. 1; ix. 15 —

ATROTH-BETH-JOAB R.V., 1 Chron. ii. 54

ATROTH-SHOPHAN Num. xxxii. 35 Not identified — A city of Gad. Named between ‘Aroer and Jaazer.’

AVA, or IVAH (R.V. AVVA and IVVAH) 2 Kings xvii. 24; xviii. 34 Not identified — Supposed to be the same place as Ahava, which see.

AVEN, The Plain of (R.V. Valley of) Amos i. 5 Not identified —

AVEN, High Places of Hos. x. 8 Bethaven 10 & 14 Beitîn.

AVEN Ezek. xxx. 17 On; Heliopolis — The sacred city of Heliopolis or On, in Egypt.

AVIM (R.V. AVVIM) Joshua xviii. 23; Deut. ii. 23 Not identified — A town of Benjamin.

AVITH Gen. xxxvi. 35; 1 Chron. i. 46 Not identified — A city of Hadad Ben-Bedad, one of the Kings of Edom.

AZAL (R.V. AZEL) Zech. xiv. 5 Not identified — The limit to which the valley or ravine of the Mount of Olives shall reach.

AZEKAH Josh. x. 10, 11; xv. 35; 1 Sam. xvii. 1; 2 Chron. xi. 9; Neh. xi. 30; Jer. xxxiv. 7 Tell Zakarîya 14 Both Tell Zakarîya and Deir el ʾAshek have been proposed, the former in the ‘Valley of Elah,’ and the latter in the ‘Valley of Sorek.’ (Mem. II. 420 and 441; Sh. XVI.)—Conder.

AZEM, or EZEM (R.V. EZEM) Josh. xv. 29; xix. 3; 1 Chron. iv. 29 Not identified — In the south of Judah, allotted to Simeon.

AZMAVETH 1 Chron. xii. 3; Ezra ii. 24; Neh. xii. 29 Hizmeh 14 The village Hizmeh, 4 miles north-east of Jerusalem = Beth-azmaveth. (Mem. III. 9; Sh. XVII.)

AZMON Num. xxxiv. 4, 5; Josh. xv. 4 Not identified — Named as being between Hazar-addar and the River or Brook of Egypt (Wâdy el Arîsh), in the extreme south of Judah; thought to refer to the same place as Heshmon. (?)

AZNOTH-TABOR Josh. xix. 34 Summit (?) of Mount Tabor 6 A place on the boundary of Naphtali. (Sh. VI.)

AZOTUS Judith ii. 28; 1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 68; x. 77, 84; xi. 4; xiv. 34; xvi. 10 — Ashdod, which see.

AZOTUS, Mount 1 Macc. ix. 15 The hill above Bîr ez Zeit 10 The hill of ‘Bir ez Zeit,’ 4 miles north of Bethel.

AZZAH (R.V. GAZA) Deut. ii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 24; Jer. xxv. 20 Gaza — Identical with Gaza, which see. (In 1 Chr. vii. 28, the Revised Version reads Azzah, in the margin Ayyah.)

BAAL 1 Chron. iv. 33 Same as Baalath Beer — See Baalath Beer.

BAALAH Josh. xv. 9, 10; 2 Sam. vi. 2; 1 Chron. xiii. 6 Same as Kirjath Jearim — Another name for Kirjath-jearim or Kirjath-baal. (In 2 Sam. vi. 2, the Revised Version reads Baale Judah.)

BAALAH, BALAH or BILHAH Josh. xv. 29; xix. 3; 1 Chr. iv. 29 Not identified — A town in the south of Judah. (Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)

BAALAH, Mount Josh. xv. 11 Not identified — Named between ‘Ekron’ and ‘Jabneel.’ Probably one of the tops on the ridge running north of ‘el Mughâr’ (Makkedah).

BAALATH Josh. xix. 44; 1 Kings ix. 18; 2 Chron. viii. 6 Belʾaîn* 10 Perhaps the village Belʾaîn, and identical with the town in Kings ix. 18, Ant. viii. 6, 1. (Mem. II. 296; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

BAALATH BEER Josh. xix. 8; 1 Sam. xxx. 27 Not identified — In the south part of Judah. Also called Ramah or Ramath of the South.

BAAL-GAD Josh. xi. 17; xii. 7; xiii. 5 Bâniâs (?) 7 ‘In the valley of Lebanon, under Mount Hermon.’ (Bâniâs, Schwarz & Robinson.) (Mem. I. 109; Sh. II.)

BAAL-HAMON Cant. viii. 11 Not identified — Perhaps Amana (Conder). See Balamo.

BAAL-HAZOR 2 Sam. xiii. 23 Tell ʾAsûr 10 The present mountain, Tell ʾAsûr, near Ephraim (Taiyibeh). (Mem. II. 298; Sh. XIV.)

BAAL-HERMON, Mount Judg. iii. 3; 1 Chron. v. 23 Mount Hermon; Jebel esh Sheikh 3 Also called Mount Hermon, Deut. iii. 8; ‘Sirion,’ and ‘Shenir,’ Deut. iii. 9; Mount Zion, Deut. iv. 48. Now called Jebel esh Sheikh.

BAAL-MEON Num. xxxii. 38; 1 Chron. v. 8; Ezek. xxv. 9 Tell Mʾaîn 15 See Beth-baal-meon. A town of Reuben.

BAAL-PERAZIM 2 Sam. v. 20; 1 Chron. xiv. 11 Not identified — One of the scenes of David’s victories in the neighbourhood of the Valley of Rephaim.

BAAL-SHALISHA 2 Kings iv. 42 Kefr Thilth* (?) 10 Kh. Sirîsia is 14 miles north-east of Lydda. This place is identified in the Onomasticon with Baal Shalisha. The village Kh. Kefr. Thilth is 4 miles further on. (Mem. II. 299; Sh. XIV.) See Conder’s Bible Handbook, p. 404.

BAAL-TAMAR Judg. xx. 33 ʾAttâra (?) 14 Jewish tradition identifies the site with the large ruin ʾAttâra, near Gibeah of Benjamin.

BAAL-ZEPHON Ex. xiv. 2, 9; Num. xxxiii. 7 Not identified — A place in Egypt near which the Israelites crossed the Red Sea.

BABEL, Tower of Gen. x. 10; xi. 4, 5, 9 Birs Nimrûd —

BABYLON Very frequently mentioned — On the Euphrates. Usually connected with Birs Nimrûd.

BACA, Valley of Ps. lxxxiv. 6 Not identified — Signifying Valley of Weeping, or Balsam trees. (R.V.)

BAHURIM 2 Sam. iii. 16; xvi. 5; xvii. 18; xix. 16; 1 Kings ii. 8 Kh. ʾAlmît (??) 14 The Targum of Jonathan reads Almon (ʾAlmît). Identical with Alemeth and Almon, which see.

BAJITH (R.V. BAYITH) Isaiah xv. 2 Not identified — In Moab.

BALAH Josh. xix. 3 — See Baalah.

BALAMO Judith viii. 3 See Baal-hamon and Bileam — Near Dothaim (?). A corruption of Baal Hamon or Bileam.

BAMOTH-BAAL Num. xxi. 19; xxii. 41; Josh. xiii. 17 el Maslûbîyeh (?)* 15 ‘The high places of Baal,’ between Nebo and Beth Peor. (Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 85; Heth and Moab, pp. 144–147.)

BAMOTH, in the Valley (R.V. to the Valley) Num. xxi. 20 ‘High places’ or ‘altars’ 15 This would perhaps refer to the dolmens in Wâdy Jedeid, immediately north of ‘el Maslûbîyeh.’ (See Heth and Moab, p. 144.)

BASCAMA 1 Macc. xiii. 23 Not identified — A place in Gilead. The scene of Jonathan the Hasmonean’s death.

BASHAN Num. xxi. 33; xxxii. 33; Deut. i. 4; iii. 1, 14; iv. 43; xxix. 7; xxxii. 14; xxxiii. 22; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 4; xiii. 11, 12, 30; xvii. 1, 5; xx. 8; xxi. 6, 27; xxii. 7; 1 Kings iv. 13–19; 2 Kings x. 33; 1 Chron. v. 11, 16, 23; vi. 62; Neh. ix. 22; Ps. xxii. 12; lxviii. 15, 22; cxxxv. 11; cxxxvi. 20; Isa. ii. 13; xxxiii. 9; Jer. xxii. 20; l. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 6; xxxix. 18; Am. iv. 1; Micah vii. 14; Nah. i. 4; Zech. xi. 2 6, 7, 11, 12 A district on the east of Galilee, extending from the borders of Gilead on the south to Mount Hermon on the north, and from the Jordan Valley on the west, to Bozrah on the east. The later Aramaic name, Batanea, applied to the south part of the district. It perhaps survives in the modern district name, el Butein, south-east of Galilee and in Ard el Bathania, further east. (See Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 315.)

BASHAN-HAVOTH-JAIR (R.V. HAVVOTH-JAIR) Deut. iii. 14 Same as Argob —

BATH-RABBIM Cant. vii. 4 Not identified — One of the gates of Heshbon. See Heth and Moab, p. 125.

BATH ZACHARIAS 1 Macc. vi. 32, 33; xii. Ant. 9, 4; 1 Wars i. 5 Kh. Beit Skâria 14 The present ruined village of Beit Skâria, south-west of Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 35; Sh. XVII.)

BEALOTH Josh. xv. 24 Not identified — Somewhere in the extreme south of Judah.

BEBAI Judith xv. 4 Not identified — A place only mentioned in Judith.

BECTILETH, The Plain of Judith ii. 21 Not identified — Mentioned as lying between Nineveh and Cilicia.

BEER (1) Num. xxi. 16, 18 Not identified — One of the stations of the Israelites, between ‘Ar’ and ‘Mattaneh.’

BEER (2) Judg. ix. 21 Not identified — Perhaps Beeroth of Benjamin.—Conder.

BEER-ELIM Isa. xv. 8 Not identified — On the border of Moab.

BEER-LAHAI-ROI Gen. xvi. 14; xxiv. 62; xxv. 11 ʾAin Muweileh (?) 20 Between ‘Kedesh’ and Bered, in the south of Judah. The well ‘ʾAin Muweileh,’ 12 miles to the west of ‘ʾAin Kadîs,’ is supposed by Rowlands to be the ancient one.

BEEROTH Deut. x. 6 Not identified — One of the camping-stations of the Israelites. ‘Beerothe Bene-Jaakan’ = the wells of the children of Jaakan.

BEEROTH Josh. ix. 17; xviii. 25; 2 Sam. iv. 2, 3, 5, 9; xxiii. 37; Ezra ii. 25; Neh. vii. 29; 1 Chron. xi. 39 Bîreh 14 ‘A city of Benjamin.’ The present village ‘Bîreh,’ a day’s journey from Jerusalem, on the main road to Shechem and the north. (Mem. III. 88; Sh. XVII.)

BEER-SHEBA Gen. xxi. 14–31; 33; xxii. 19; xxvi. 23, 33; xxviii. 10; xlvi. 1, 5; Josh. xv. 28; xix. 2; Jud. xx. 1; 1 Sam. iii. 20; viii. 2; 2 Sam. iii. 10; xvii. 11; xxiv. 2, 7, 15; 1 Kings iv. 25; xix. 3; 2 Kings xii. 1; xxiii. 8; 1 Chron. iv. 28; xxi. 2; 2 Chron. xix. 4; xxiv. 1; xxx. 5; Neh. xi. 27, 30; Am. v. 5; viii. 14 Bîr es Sebʾa 13 The present ruin ‘Bîr es Sebʾa,’ with three wells. (Mem. III. 394; Sh. XXIV.)

BEESH-TERAH Josh. xxi. 27 Same as Ashtaroth — In the Hauran, another name for Ashtaroth, which see. Considered by Gesenius as a contracted form of Beth-Ashtaroth.

BELA Gen. xiv. 2, 8 Same as Zoar — The original name for Zoar, which see.

BELMAIM or BELMEN Judith iv. 4; vii. 3 ʾAin Belâmeh (?)* 6 See Bileam. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 289.) Proposed by C. F. T. Drake.

BENEBERAK Josh. xix. 45 Ibn Ibrâk 9 The present village Ibn Ibrâk. (Mem. II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

BENJAMIN High Gate, or Gate of Jer. xx. 2; xxxvii. 13; xxxviii. 7; Zech. xiv. 10 — Somewhere in the north wall of Jerusalem.

BENJAMIN, Tribe of Josh. xviii., and Josephus v. Ant. i. 22 —

BEON or BAAL-MEON Num. xxxii. 3, 38 — See Beth-baal-meon.

BERACHAH, Valley of (R.V. BERACAH) 2 Chron. xx. 26 Wâdy ʾArrûb, (Breikût) 14 ‘The valley called Wâdy ʾArrûb, above which is the ruin Breikût, a relic of the name.’ (Mem. III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

BEREA (1) 2 Macc. xiii. 4 Aleppo — The modern Aleppo.

BEREA (2) 1 Macc. ix. 4; xii. Ant. 11, 1 Bîreh 14 = Beeroth, which see. (Beroth, 1 Esdr. v. 19.) (Mem. III. 88; Sh. XVII.)

BERED Gen. xvi. 14 Khalasah (?) 20 Between ‘Kadesh’ and ‘Bered’ lay the well ‘Lahai Roi.’ The Targum of pseudo-Jonathan reads ‘Khalutza’ = Khalasah, a heap of ruins, 13 miles south of Beersheba.

BEROTH 1 Esdr. v. 19 Bîreh — Probably the same as Berea = Beeroth, which see.

BEROTHAH Ezek. xlvii. 16 Not identified — The Rev. G. H. Tomkins, in Quarterly Statement for April, 1885, p. 108, suggests the vicinity of the rock-hewn inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar in ‘Wâdy Brissa,’ north-west of Baalbek, and between Damascus and Hamath, as the site of the ancient Berothah. Others suggest Beirût.

BEROTHAI 2 Sam. viii. 8 Not identified — Perhaps the same as Berothah.

BESOR, The Brook 1 Sam. xxx. 9, 10, 21 Not identified — Somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETAH 2 Sam. viii. 8 Not identified — Same as Tibhath, which see.

BETANE Judith i. 9 Not identified — Possibly Kh. Beit ʾAinûn. (Sh. XXI.) (See ‘Beth-anoth.’)

BETEN Josh. xix. 25 el Bʾaneh 6 ‘One of the cities on the border of the tribe of Asher.’ Eusebius places ‘Bebeten’ 8 Roman miles east of Ptolemais. This indicates the village ‘el Bʾaneh,’ which is 12 miles east. (Mem. I. 153; Sh. III.)

BETH-ACHATH or EKED 2 Kings x. 12 Beit Kâd* 10 ‘The Shearing House’ or ‘House of Gathering,’ (R.V.) The small village, ‘Beit Kâd,’ 3 miles east of Jenîn. (Mem. II. 83; Sh. IX.)

BETH-ANATH Josh. xix. 38; Judg. i. 33 ʾAinîtha 6 ‘One of the fenced cities of Naphtali.’ The village, ‘ʾAinîtha,’ 6 miles west of ‘Kedesh.’ (Mem. I. 200; Sh. IV.)

BETH-ANOTH Josh. xv. 59 Kh. Beit ʾAinûn 14 ‘One of the cities in the mountains of Judah.’ The ruin, ‘Beit ʾAinûn,’ 1½ miles south-east of Halhul. (Mem. III. 351; Sh. XXI.)

BETH-ARABAH Josh. xv. 6, 61; xviii. 22 Not identified — One of the six cities of Judah in the Arabah; but in chap. xviii. 21, allotted to Benjamin.

BETH-ARAM (R.V. BETH-HARAM) Josh. xiii. 27 Tell Râmeh 14 One of the towns of Gad, on the east of Jordan. See Beth-haran.

BETH-ARBEL Hosea x. 14 Not identified — Probably Irbid in the Ajlûn, east of Jordan.

BETH-AVEN Josh. vii. 2; 1 Sam. xiii. 5; xiv. 23; Hos. iv. 15; v. 8; x. 5 Not identified — A place east of Bethel, belonging to Benjamin.

BETH-AVEN, Wilderness of Josh. xviii. 12 The wilderness to the east of Bethel 10 and 14 To the east of Bethel and Ai, in Benjamin.

BETH-AZMAVETH Neh. vii. 28 Hizmeh 14 The village Hizmeh, 4 miles north of Jerusalem. Also called ‘Azmaveth’ and Bethsamos, which see. (Mem. III. 9; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-BAAL-MEON Josh. xiii. 17 Tell Mʾaîn 15 Also called Baal-meon, Beth-meon, and Beon, belonging to Reuben. Now Tell Mʾaîn and ruins.

BETH-BARAH Judg. vii. 24 Not identified — Perhaps near the ford in the Jordan, called ‘Mkt Abarah,’ north of Beth-shean. (Mem. II.; Sh. IX.)

BETH-BASI 1 Macc. ix. 62, 64 Not identified — In the wilderness, east of Jerusalem. Identified by Josephus (xiii. Ant. i. 5) with Beth Aglah (Beth Hoglah).

BETH-BIREI (R.V. BETH-BIRI) 1 Chron. iv. 31 Not identified — A town of Simeon, in the extreme south. (Mem. III. 261.)

BETH-CAR 1 Sam. vii. 11; vi. Ant. 2, 2 Not identified — Possibly ‘ʾAin Kârim,’ west of Mizpeh, the site of the stone ‘Eben-ezer,’ between ‘Mizpeh’ and ‘Shen.’

BETH-DAGON (1) Josh. xv. 41 Dajûn (?) 9 Dajûn, between Lydda and Yebnah. Originally apportioned to Judah, afterwards in Dan. Suggested by M. Clermont-Ganneau. This ruin is south of the village Beit Dejan, which preserves the name. (Mem. II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

BETH-DAGON (2) Josh. xix. 27 Tell Dʾaûk (?) 6 Probably Tell or Kh. Dʾaûk near the boundary of Asher, south of Acre. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 268; Mem. I. 309; Sh. V.)

BETH-DAGON (3) 1 Macc. x. 83 Temple of Dagon in Azotus —

BETH-DIBLATHAIM Jer. xlviii. 22 See Almon Diblathaim — A town of Moab. See Almon Diblathaim. Signifying house of the two discs. ‘Possibly the name Deleiyât may be a corruption of Diblah, as the situation seems appropriate, south of Tell Mʾaîn.’ (Heth and Moab.)

BETHEL Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3; xxviii. 19; xxxi. 13; xxxv. 1–16; Josh. vii. 2; viii. 9, 12, 17; xii. 9, 16; xvi. 2; xviii. 13, 22; Judg. i. 22; iv. 5; xxi. 2, 19; 1 Sam. vii. 16; x. 3; xxx. 27; 1 Kings xii. 29, 32, 33; xiii. 1, 4, 10, 11, 32; 2 Kings ii. 2, 23; x. 29; xvii. 28; xxiii. 4, 15, 17, 19; 1 Chron. vii. 28; 2 Chron. xiii. 19; Ezra ii. 28; Neh. vii. 32; xi. 31; Jer. xlviii. 13; Hos. x. 15; xii. 4; Am. iii. 14; iv. 4; v. 5, 6; vii. 10, 13; 1 Macc. ix. 50 Beitin 10 The present village Beitin, 9½ miles north of Jerusalem. (Mem. II. 305; Sh. XIV.)

BETHEL, Mount Josh. xvi. 1; 1 Sam. xiii. 2 The hill country around Bethel 10 The hill country around Bethel (R.V.).

BETH-EMEK Josh. xix. 27 ʾAmka (?) 6 Possibly the present village ‘Amka,’ 7 miles north-east of Accho, on or near the border of Asher. (Mem. I. 145; Sh. III.)

BETHER, Mountains of Cant. ii. 17 Not identified 14 Possibly Bethel. Possibly Bittîr, south-west of Jerusalem.

BETH-EZEL Mich. i. 11 Not identified — Probably in the plain of Philistia. ? Azal, in Zech. xiv. 5.

BETH-GADER 1 Chron. ii. 51 See Geder —

BETH-GAMUL Jer. xlviii. 23 Kh. Jemail (?)* 15 In Moab. Perhaps Jemail, east of Dibon. (Conder. See Heth and Moab list.)

BETH-HACCEREM (R.V. BETH-HACCHEREM) Neh. iii. 14; Jer. vi. 1 Not identified — Possibly the Frank mountain; but the name, ‘Beth Haccerem,’ ‘House of the Vineyards,’ has not been recovered. A more recent suggestion would place the house of vineyards at ‘ʾAin Karîm,’ the ‘spring of vineyards.’ (Conder, Quarterly Statement, p. 271, 1881).

BETH-HARAN Num. xxxii. 36 Tell Râmeh 14 One of the fortified towns of Gad. The ruins, or Tell, called Rameh, near Kefrein, east of Jericho, identical with Beth-aram, which see.

BETH-HOGLAH Josh. xv. 6; xviii. 19, 21 ʾAin Hajlah 14 A town of Benjamin. The ruin of ‘ʾAin Hajlah,’ south-east of Jericho. Beth-basi of Macc. ix. 62. (Mem. III. 173; Sh. XVIII.)

BETH-HORON, The Upper Josh. x. 10, 11; xvi. 5; xxi. 22; 1 Sam. xiii. 18; 1 Chron. vii. 68; 2 Chron. viii. 5; xxv. 13; 1 Macc. iii. 24 Beit ʾUr el Foka 14 On the tribal boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. The present village, ‘Beit Ur el Foka.’ (Mem. III. 86; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-HORON, The Nether Josh. xvi. 3; xviii. 13, 14; 1 Kings ix. 17; 1 Chron. vi. 24; 2 Chron. viii. 5; Macc. iii. 16; vii. 39; ix. 50; Ecclus. xlvi. 6 Beit ʾUr el Tahta 14 On the tribal boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. The present village ‘Beit Ur el Tahta.’

BETHORON Judith iv. 4 Beth-horon.

BETH-JESIMOTH, or JESHIMOTH Num. xxxiii. 49; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 20; Ezek. xxv. 9 ʾAin Suweimeh 14 A small mound with ruins and spring near the north-east corner of the Dead Sea.

BETH-LEBAOTH Josh. xix. 6 Not identified — A town in the lot of Simeon, somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETHLEHEM of Judah Gen. xxxv. 19; xlviii. 7; Judg. xii. 8–10; xvii. 7, 9; xix. 12, 18; Ruth i. 1, 2, 19, 22; ii. 4; iv. 11; 1 Sam. xvi. 4; xvii. 12, 15; xx. 6, 28; 2 Sam. ii. 32; xxiii. 14, 15, 16, 24; 1 Chron. ii. 51, 54; iv. 4; xi. 16, 26; 2 Chron. xi. 6; Ezra ii. 21; Neh. vii. 26; Jer. xli. 17; Micah v. 2 Beit Lahm 14 The present town Beit Lahm, 5 miles south of Jerusalem. One of the fenced cities of Rehoboam, and originally called ‘Ephrath’ or ‘Ephratah.’ (Mem. III. 28, 83; Sh. XVII.)

BETHLEHEM of Zebulon Josh. xix. 15; Judg. xii. 8, 10 Beit Lahm 6 The small village Beit Lahm, 7 miles north-west of Nazareth. (Mem. I. 301; Sh. V.)

BETHLOMON 1 Esd. v. 17 Beit Lahm Bethlehem of Judah.

BETH-MAACAH 2 Sam. xx. 14, 15 See Aram-maachah —

BETH-MARCABOTH Josh. xix. 5; 1 Chron. iv. 31 Not identified — A town of Simeon, somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETH-MEON Jer. xlviii. 23 Tell Mʾaîn — Same as Beth-baal-meon, which see.

BETH-MERHAK 2 Sam. xv. 17 (R.V.) Not identified — ‘The Far House.’ A place near Jerusalem.

BETH-NIMRAH Num. xxxii. 36; Josh. xiii. 27 Tell Nimrîn 14 The ruins of Tell Nimrîn, on the edge of the plain of Shittim, 10 miles to the north of the Salt Sea. ‘A fenced city of Gad.’

BETH-PALET or PHALET (R.V. BETH-PELET) Josh. xv. 27; Neh. xi. 26 Not identified — In the south of Judah.

BETH-PAZZEZ Josh. xix. 21 Not identified — Mentioned with En-gannim and En-haddah of Issachar.

BETH-PEOR Deut. iii. 29; iv. 46; xxxiv. 6; Josh. xiii. 20 Mareighât (?)* 14 (Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 14, and Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 88.) See Peor (Num. xxii. 28), which is perhaps Minyeh, at west end of same ridge.

BETH-REHOB (1) Judg. xviii. 28 Hunîn (?) — Somewhere near the town of Laish or Dan. Possibly Hunîn, a fortress commanding the plain of Hûleh, in which the city of Dan (Tell el Kâdy) lay. (Robinson.)

BETH-REHOB (2) 2 Sam. x. 6 Not identified — An Aramean state south of Zobah and near the Euphrates.

BETHSAMOS 1 Esdr. v. 18 Hizmeh — Same as Beth Azmaveth and Azmaveth, which see.

BETH-SAN 1 Macc. v. 52; xii. 40, 41 — See Beth-shean.

BETH-SHEAN or BETH-SHAN Josh. xvii. 11, 16; Judg. i. 27; 1 Sam. xxxi. 10, 12; 2 Sam. xxi. 12; 1 Kings iv. 12; 1 Chron. vii. 29 Beisân 10 Represented by the modern town ‘Beisân’ and the extensive ruins surrounding it. (Mem. I. 101–107; Sh. IX.)

BETH-SHEMESH (1) Josh. xv. 10; xxi. 16; 1 Sam. vi. 9, 20; 1 Kings iv. 9; 2 Kings xiv. 11; 1 Chron. vi. 59; 2 Chron. xxv. 21; xxviii. 18 ʾAin Shems 14 On the boundary of Judah; now the ruins called ‘ʾAin Shems’ in the valley of Sorek. (Mem. III. 35, 60; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-SHEMESH (2) Josh. xix. 22 ʾAin es Shemsîyeh (??)* 10 A city of Issachar. Possibly ʾAin esh Shemsîyeh, in the Jordan Valley, south of Beisân. (Mem. II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

BETH-SHEMESH (3) Jer. xliii. 13 Heliopolis — In the Middle Ages Heliopolis was called Ain Shems, by the Arabs. A ruin 10 miles north-east of Cairo. (Robinson, i. 25.)

BETH-SHEMESH (4) Josh. xix. 38; Judg. i. 33 Kh. Shemsîn (?)* Kh. Shemʾa (??) 6 Thought by some to be Kh. Shemʾa, 3 miles west of Safed. One of the ‘fenced cities’ of Naphtali. (Mem. I. 246; Sh. IV.) Possibly Kh. Shemsîn, east of Mount Tabor.—Conder, Sh. VI.

BETH-SHITTAH Judg. vii. 22 Shutta (?) 10 Was in or near Jordan Valley. The name exists at Shutta (Sheet IX.), where Robinson places this site.

BETHSURA 1 Macc. iv. 29, 61; vi. 7, 26, 31, 49, 50; ix. 52; x. 14; xi. 65; xiv. 7, 33; 2 Macc. xi. 5; xiii. 19, 22 Beit Sûr — The Beth-zur of Joshua xv. 58, etc.

BETH-TAPPUAH Josh. xv. 53 Tŭffûh 14 Now represented by the modern village Tŭffûh, west of Hebron. (Mem. III. 310, 379; Sh. XXI.)

BETHUL or BETHUEL Josh. xix. 4; 1 Chron. iv. 30 Not identified 14 Possibly the small village ‘Beit Aûla,’ 5 miles west of Hûlhûl. Mentioned with ‘Eltolad’ and ‘Hormah,’ and belonging to Simeon. (Mem. III. 302; Sh. XXI.)

BETHULIA Judith iv. 6; vi. 10, 11, 14; vii. 1–20; viii. 3, 11; x. 6; xi. 9; xii. 7; xiii. 10; xv. 3, 6; xvi. 21, 23 Melithia (?)* 10 The village Methilieh, 5 miles south of Jenin. (Mem. II. 156; Sh. XI.)—Conder. In the Middle Ages the name of Bethulia was given to the ‘Frank mountain’ south of Jerusalem (Rob., i. 479), later to ‘Safed,’ in Upper Galilee (Rob., ii. 425). ‘Sanur,’ immediately south of Methilieh, has been proposed; but the site of Methilieh appears to meet all the requirements. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 289.)

BETH-ZACHARIAS See Bath Zacharias —

BETH-ZUR Josh. xv. 58; 1 Chron. ii. 45; 2 Chron. xi. 7; Neh. iii. 16 Beit Sûr 14 Between Hŭlhûl and Gedor in the mountains of Judah. The present ruined town, Beit Sûr, 4 miles north of Hebron. (Mem. III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

BETOLIUS 1 Esdr. v. 21 Bethel — = Bethel.

BETO­MESTHAM Judith iv. 6; xv. 4 Kh. Massîn(??)* 10 A town ‘over against Esdraelon, facing the plain that is near Dothaim.’ Possibly Kh. Massîn, 8 miles south-west of Tell Dothan.

BETONIM Josh. xiii. 26 Not identified — ‘A town in Gad.’ The name ‘Bataneh’ applies to a heap of ruins, 3½ miles to south-west of es Salt.

BEZEK (1) Judg. i. 4, 5 Bezkah (??)* 14 In Judah. Perhaps the present ruin, Bezkah, 6 miles south-east of Lydda. (Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

BEZEK (2) 1 Sam. xi. 8 Kh. Ibzîk* 10 Now Kh. Ibzîk, 13 miles north-east of Shechem. (Mem. II. 231, 237; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

BEZER, IN THE Wilderness Deut. iv. 43; Josh. xx. 8; xxi. 36; 1 Chr. vi. 78 Kŭsr el Besheir (?) 14 A town of Reuben ‘in the wilderness’ upon ‘the plain’ or table-land. One of the six cities of refuge. The name ‘Kŭsr el Besheir’ occurs near Dibon, and was proposed by the late Professor Palmer.

BEZETH 1 Macc. vii. 19 Mt. of Olives (?), or Bezetha (?) — Possibly Bezetha, at Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 312; Sh. XXI.)

BILEAM 1 Chron. vi. 70 In the Wâdy Belʾameh.* Not identified 10 A town in western Manasseh. In Joshua xvii. 11, Ibleam. In Joshua xxi. 25, Gath-rimmon. The name is still recognisable in Wâdy Belʾameh, near Jenîn. (Mem. II. 47–48; Sh. VIII.)

BILHAH 1 Chron. iv. 29 Not identified — A town of Simeon; also called Baalah and Balah.

BITHRON 2 Sam. ii. 29 Not identified — A district on the east side of the Jordan Valley, and between the Jordan and Mahanaim.

BIZJOTHJAH (R.V. BIZI­OTHIAH) Josh. xv. 28 Not identified — A town in the south of Judah, named next to Beer-sheba.

BOCHIM Judg. ii. 1, 5 Not identified — A place on the west of Jordan above Gilgal, so called because the people ‘wept’ there.

BOHAN, Stone of Josh. xv. 6; xviii. 17 Not identified 14 A landmark on the boundary between Benjamin and Judah. Placed at ‘Hajr el Asbâh,’ on the cliff to the west of the north end of the Dead Sea (Ganneau)—uncertain. (Mem. III. 199; Sh. XVIII.)

BOSOR 1 Macc. v. 26 Busr el Hariri (?) 7 A fortified city on the east of Jordan. Named with the cities of Bosora, Alemais, etc., etc. Probably Busr el Hariri, 5 miles south-east of Edrei.

BOSORA 1 Macc. v. 26, 28 Busrah 12 A fortified city on the east of Jordan, mentioned with ‘Bosor,’ etc. Probably ‘Bozrah,’ east of Bashan.

BOZEZ 1 Sam. xiv. 4, 5 The north cliff of Wâdy Suweinît 14 The north cliff of the valley of ‘Michmash,’ and nearly opposite is the rugged precipice of ‘Seneh.’ (See Conder’s Tent Work in Palestine.)

BOZKATH or BOSCATH Josh. xv. 39; 2 Kings xxii. 1 Not identified — A city of Judah, mentioned between ‘Lachish’ and ‘Eglon.’

BOZRAH OF EDOM (1) Gen. xxxvi. 33; 1 Chron. i. 44; Isa. xxxiv. 6; lxiii. 1; Jer. xlix. 13, 22; Amos i. 12; Micah ii. 12 el Buseirah 21 Now the ruins called ‘el Buseirah,’ in Edom, south-east of the Dead Sea. (Burckhardt, 407; Robinson, ii. 167.)

BOZRAH OF MOAB (2) Jer. xlviii. 24 Probably same as Bezer, in the wilderness, which see. 12 Is perhaps the Bosor of Moabite Stone in Moab, but see preceding.

CABBON Josh. xv. 40 Not identified — A town in the low country of Judah.

CABUL Josh. xix. 27; 1 Kings ix. 13 Kâbûl 6 The present village, ‘Kabûl,’ 9 miles east of ʾAkka. Named as one of the places on the boundary of Asher. (Robinson, iii. 87–8; Mem. I. 308; Sh. V.)

CADES 1 Macc. xi. 63, 73 See Kedesh — See Kedesh Naphtali (3).

CADES-BARNE Judith v. 14 See Kadesh-barnea —

CAIN (R.V. KAIN) Josh. xv. 57 Kh. Yukîn 14 Named between Zanoah and Gibeah. Possibly the ruin Yukîn, 3 miles south-east of Hebron. (Mem. III. 312; Sh. XXI.)

CALAH Gen. x. 11 Nimrûd — The south quarter of Nineveh.

CALNEH, or CALNO Gen. x. 10; Isa. x. 9; Amos vi. 2; Ezek. xxvii. 23, Canneh Zerghul (?) —

CALEB EPHRATAH 1 Chron. ii. 24 Not identified — Possibly Bethlehem.

CAMON (R.V. KAMON) Judg. x. 5 Not identified — A city of Gilead, and the place where Jair, one of the Judges of Israel, was buried. v. Ant. 7, 6.

CANAAN, The Land of Gen. xii. 5; xxiii. 2, 19; xxxi. 18; xxxiii. 18; xxxv. 6; xxxvii. 1; xlviii. 3, 7; xlix. 30; Num. xiii. 2, 17; xxxiii. 40, 51; Josh. xxi. 2; Judg. xxi. 12; etc., etc. Western Palestine — The low country of the Jordan Valley and the Mediterranean coast. The word means ‘Lowlands.’ It is sometimes applied to all Palestine.

CAPHAR-SALAMA 1 Macc. vii. 31; xii. Ant. 10, 4 Not identified — Kefr Silwan (Smith’s Bible Dictionary), near Jerusalem. The village Selmeh, near Joppa. (Conder, Handbook to the Bible.)

CAPHIRA 1 Esdr. v. 19 See Chephirah —

CAPHENATHA 1 Macc. xii. 37 Not identified — A place close and on east side of Jerusalem, and repaired by Jonathan.

CAPHTOR Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Amos ix. 7 Not identified

CARCHEMISH (R.V. CAR­CHEMISH) 2 Chron. xxxv. 20; Isa. x. 9; Jer. xlvi. 2 Jerablûs or Membij — In 2 Chron. xxxv. 20, Charchemish, and in Esdras i. 25, Carchamis.

CARIA 1 Macc. xv. 23 South-west portion of Asia Minor —

CARMEL, Mount Josh. xii. 22; xix. 26; 1 Kings xviii. 19, 20, 42; 2 Kings ii. 25; iv. 25; xix. 23; 2 Chron. xxvi. 10; Cant. vii. 5; Isa. xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; xxxvii. 24; Jer. xlvi. 18; l. 19; Amos i. 2; ix. 3; Micah vii. 14; Nah. i. 4; Judith i. 8 Jebel Kŭrmŭl 6 Now called Jebel Kŭrmŭl. (Mem. I. 264; Sh. V.)

CARMEL (of Judah) Josh. xv. 55; 1 Sam. xv. 12; xxv. 2, 5, 7, 40 el Kŭrmŭl 14 The present ruined town Kŭrmŭl, south of Hebron. (Mem. III. 212; Sh. XXI.)

CARNAIM 1 Macc. v. 26, 43, 44 Ashtaroth Karnaim — See Ashteroth Karnaim, also called Carnion (2 Macc. xii. 21, 26).

CASIPHIA Ezra viii. 17 Not identified — On the road between Babylon and Jerusalem.

CASPHON or CASPHOR 1 Macc. v. 26, 36 Not identified — One of the strong cities in the country of Galaad.

CASPIS 2 Macc. xii. 13 Not identified — Whether east or west of Jordan uncertain. Possibly the same place as the preceding two names (Casphon and Casphor) apply to.

CEDRON 1 Macc. xv. 39, 41; xvi. 9 Katrah 13 The modern village, Katrah, 5 miles east of Yebnah (Jamnia). (Mem. II. 410; Sh. XVI.)

CHADIAS 1 Esdr. v. 20 Not identified —

CHALDEA or CHALDAEA Jer. l. 10; li. 24, 35; Ezek. xi. 24; xvi. 29; xxiii. 15, 16; Judith v. 6 — The most southern part of Babylonia. The name Kaldai occurs in cuneiform for an early tribe.

CHARACA 2 Macc. xii. 17 Not identified — East of Jordan, in Gilead—750 stadia from the city Caspis; position of Caspis not known.

CHARASHIM, Valley of (R.V. GE-HARASHIM) 1 Chron. iv. 14; Neh. xi. 35 Kh. Hirsha (?)* 9 Near Lod and Ono (Neh. xi. 35). The name is preserved in the ruin Hirsha, 4½ miles to the east of Yalo (Sh. XVII.), and 12½ south-east of Lydda. The Wâdy from it passing Yâlô and joining Wâdy Selmân (the Valley of Ajalon) is one of the principal watercourses leading by Lod and Ono. (Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

CHEBAR Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 15, 23 Not identified — A river in ‘the land of the Chaldeans.’

CHELLUS Judith i. 9 Not identified — On the west of Jordan.

CHELOD Judith i. 6 Not identified —

CHEPHAR-HAAMMONAI (R.V. CHEPHAR-AMMONI) Josh. xviii. 24 Kh. Kefr ʾÂna (?) 10 Mentioned among the towns of Benjamin. Thought to be the ruin ‘Kefr ʾÂna,’ 3 miles north of Bethel. (Mem. II. 299; Sh. XIV.)

CHEPHIRAH Josh. ix. 17; xviii. 26; Ezra ii. 25; Neh. vii. 29 Kefîreh 14 The ruin Kefîreh, 8 miles north-west of Jerusalem. 1 Esdr. v. 19, Caphira. (Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.)

CHERITH, The Brook 1 Kings xvii. 3, 5 Not identified — Jerome (Onomasticon Chorath) would place the Cherith beyond Jordan. Schwarz, ‘Wâdy Alias or Yabis,’ opposite ‘Beth Shean.’ Marino Sanuto, in 1321, makes it run by Phasaelis,—Herod’s city in the Jordan Valley. Robinson proposed ‘Wâdy Kelt,’ behind Jericho. The expression ‘facing’ Jordan favours the view that it was east of that river.

CHERUB Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61 Not identified 14 Possibly in Babylonia, but uncertain. One of the (five) places from which some of the Captivity returned and could not prove their pedigree.

CHESALON Josh. xv. 10 Kesla 14 On Mount Jearim. The name is preserved in Kesla, the village 10 miles west of Jerusalem. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 259; Mem. III. 25, 26; Sh. XVII.)

CHESIL Josh. xv. 30 Not identified Same as Bethul 14 In Josh. xix. 4, Bethul. 1 Chr. iv. 30, Bethuel.

CHESULLOTH Josh. xix. 18 Iksâl 6 The present village, Iksâl of Issachar. The Xaloth of Josephus, or Chisloth Tabor. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

CHETTIIM 1 Macc. i. 1 Chittim or Macedonia —

CHEZIB Gen. xxxviii. 5 ʾAin Kezbeh (?)* 14 The name appears to linger in that of ʾAin Kezbeh. Possibly Beit Nettîf near it. (Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

CHIDON, The Threshing-Floor 1 Chron. xiii. 9 Not identified — = Nachon, 2 Sam. vi. 6. Somewhere between Kirjath-jearim and Jerusalem.

CHILMAD Ezek. xxvii. 23 Kalwâdha — Near Baghdad. Named with ‘Sheba’ and ‘Asshur.’

CHINNERETH (R.V. CHINNE­ROTH, Josh. xi. 2; 1 Kings xv. 20) Deut. iii. 17; Josh. xix. 35; xi. 2 Not identified — A fortified city of Naphtali. The Talmud (Tal. Jer. Megillah, 70a) renders the name by Ginizer = Gennesareth. See the next.

CHINNERETH, Sea of Num. xxxiv. 11; Deut. iii. 17; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 27 Sea of Galilee 6 Sea of Galilee or Bahr Tubarîya. By Josephus and Maccabees. Gennesar, which see.

CHISLOTH-TABOR Josh. xix. 12 Same as Chesulloth — See Chesulloth. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

CHITTIM Num. xxiv. 24; Isa. xxiii. 1, 12; Jer. ii. 10; Ezek. xxvii. 6; Dan. xi. 30 Cyprus — A Japhetic people or place, remote from Palestine, separated therefrom by sea. In Macc. i. 1, Chettims; 1 Macc. viii. 5, Citims; Gen. x. 4, 1 Chron. i. 7, Kittim. In Old Testament no doubt Cyprus is intended; but in Apocrypha, perhaps Macedonia. See Cyprus (Grove’s Bible Atlas).

CHOBA, or CHOBAI Judith iv. 4; xv. 4, 5 el Mekhubby (?)* 10 The present ruin, ‘el Mekhubby,’ 9 miles south-east of Jenîn. (Mem. II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

CHORASHAN (R.V. CORASHAN) (R.V. BORASHAN, margin) 1 Sam. xxx. 30 Not identified — Probably = Ashan of Simeon, Josh. xix. 4.

CHOZEBA (R.V. COZEBA) 1 Chron. iv. 22 Kh. Kûeizîba (?)* 14 Possibly the present ruin Kûeizîba, 2½ miles north-east of Hŭlhûl. (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

CHUN (R.V. CUN) 1 Chron. xviii. 8 Not identified — See Berothah.

CHUSI Judith vii. 18 Kûzah (?)* 10 The present village, near the brook Mochmur, 6 miles south of Shechem. (Mem. II. 286; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

CINNEROTH (R.V. CHINNE­ROTH) 1 Kings xv. 20 El Ghuweir — Probably the district called later the ‘land of Genesareth.’ Identical with Chinnereth, which see.

CIRAMA 1 Esdr. v. 20 Not identified —

CNIDUS 1 Macc. xv. 23; Acts xxvii. 7 On Cape Krio — A city of great importance, at one time situated on a promontory called Cape Crio, at the extreme south-west of the peninsula of Asia Minor. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.)

CILICIA Judith i. 7, 12; ii. 21, 25; 1 Macc. xi. 14; 2 Macc. iv. 36 In Asia Minor.

COELESYRIA and CELOSYRIA 1 Esd. ii. 17, 24, 27; iv. 48; vi. 29; vii. 1; viii. 67; 1 Macc. x. 69; 2 Macc. iii. 5, 8; iv. 4; viii. 8; x. 11; Ant. i. 11, 5; xiii. 13, 2 el Bukâʾa 3 A name given by the Greeks to the great valley between Libanus and Anti-Libanus. Also applied to the district east of Anti-Libanus, including the Damascus country. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.)

COLA Judith xv. 4 Kh. Kâʾaûn (?)* 10 A place named with Chobai (Judg. xv. 4). Perhaps Kh. Kâʾaûn in the Jordan Valley. (Mem. II. 238; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

COS 1 Macc. xv. 23 Stanchio — Now called Stanchio or Stanko, an island in the Grecian Archipelago. For a good account of the island, see Clarke’s Travels, vol. ii., pp. 196–213, and 321–333.

CRETE 1 Macc. x. 67 The island of Crete.

CUSH Gen. x. 6, 8; 1 Chron. i. 8–10; Isa. xi. 11 See Ethiopia.

CYAMON Judith vii. 3 Tell Keimûn 10 ‘Lying in the plain over Esdraelom.’ Eusebius and Jerome identify it with Camon in Upper Galilee, the burial-place of Jair; see Camon. Now generally believed to be represented by Tell Keimûn (Jokneam), on the edge of the plain of Esdraelon, near the south-east corner of Carmel.

CYPRUS 1 Macc. xv. 23; 2 Macc. x. 13; xii. 2 Cyprus — The well-known island off the coast of Syria. In the Old Testament called Chittim and Kittim. (Grove’s Bible Index.) See Chittim.

CYRENE 1 Macc. xv. 23 el Krenna — A city of Africa, between Carthage and Egypt.

DABBASHETH (R.V. DABBE­SHETH) Josh. xix. 11 Kh. Dabsheh* 6 A town on the boundary of Zebulon, next to Jokneam. Now the ruin Dabsheh, south of Teirshiha. (Sh. III.)—Conder.

DABERATH or DABAREH (R.V. DABERATH) Josh. xix. 12; xxi. 28; 1 Chr. vi. 72 Debûrieh 6 The present village Debûrieh under Tabor. (Mem. I. 365, 366; Sh. VI.)

DAMASCUS Gen. xiv. 15; xv. 2; 2 Sam. viii. 5, 6, etc., etc.; 1 Macc. xi. 62; xii. 32 Dimeshk esh Shâm 3 The ancient city now called Dimeshk esh Shâm.

DAN (Leshem or Laish) Gen. xiv. 14; Deut. xxxiv. 1; Josh. xix. 47; Judg. xviii.; 1 Sam. iii. 20; 2 Sam. iii. 10; xvii. 11; xxiv. 2, 15; 1 Kings iv. 25; xii. 29, 30; xv. 20; 2 Kings x. 29; 1 Chr. xxi. 2; 2 Chr. xvi. 4; xxx. 5; Jer. iv. 15; viii. 16; Ezek. xxvii. 19; Am. viii. 14 Tell el Kâdy 6 Laish, Judg. xviii. 7, 14, 27, 29; Isa. x. 30; Leshem, Josh. xix. 47. Josephus (viii. Ant. 8, 4) places it near the springs of Lesser Jordan. The name lingers in that of the stream called Leddân—and the site of the city may be found at Tell el Kâdy. (Mem. I. 96; Sh. II.)

DAN, Tribe of Gen. xxx. 6; xxxv. 25; xlvi. 23; xlix. 16, 17; Exod. i. 4; xxxi. 6; xxxv. 34; xxxviii. 23; Lev. xxiv. 11; Num. i. 12, 38, 39; ii. 25, 31; vii. 66; x. 25; xiii. 12; xxvi. 42; xxxiv. 22; Deut. xxvii. 13; xxxiii. 22; Josh. xix. 40, 47, 48; xxi. 5, 23; Judg. i. 34; v. 17; xiii. 25; xviii. 1–30; 1 Chr. ii. 2; xii. 35; xxvii. 22; 2 Chr. ii. 14; Ezek. xlviii. 1, 2, 32 — ‘And the border of their inheritance was Zorah and Eshtaol; and Ir-shemesh; and Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Ithlah; and Elon, and Timnah, and Ekron; and Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and Baalath, and Jehud, and Beneberak, and Gath-rimmon; and Mejarkon, and Rakkon, with the border over against Joppa’ (Josh. xix. 40, 47). ‘Included all that part of the valley which respects the sunsetting, and were bounded by Azotus Dora; as also they had all Jamnia and Gath, from Ekron to that mountain where the tribe of Judah begins’ (v. Ant. i. 22).

DAN-JAAN 2 Sam. xxiv. 6 Kh. Dâniân 6 Now the ruin Dânîan, 4 miles north of Achzib. Between Tyre and Akka. (Mem. I. 152, Sh. III.)

DANNAH Josh. xv. 49 Idhna* 14 Probably the present village Idhna, west of Hebron 8 miles. There is a Kh. Dahneh, 4½ miles south of Beit Jibrin. (Mem. III. 330; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

DAPHNE 2 Macc. iv. 33 Beit el Maa — A famous sanctuary of Apollo, with a grove. A place now called Beit el Maa, on the Orontes, 5 miles south-west of Antioch.

DATHEMA or DAMETHA 1 Macc. v. 9 Remtheh (?) 7 Perhaps Dâmeh in the Lejjah. See Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 295.

DAVID, City of 2 Sam. vi. 12, 16; 1 Kings ii. 10; iii. 1; viii. 1; ix. 24; xi. 27, 43; xiv. 31; xv. 8, 24; xxii. 50; 2 Kings viii. 24; ix. 28; xii. 21; xiv. 20; xv. 7, 38; xvi. 20; 1 Chr. xi. 5, 7; xiii. 13; xv. 1, 29; 2 Chr. v. 2; viii. 11; ix. 31; xii. 16; xiv. 1; xvi. 14; xxi. 1, 20; xxiv. 16, 25; xxvii. 9; xxxii. 5, 30; xxxiii. 14; Neh. iii. 16; xii. 37; Isa. xxii. 9; 1 Macc. i. 33; ii. 31; vii. 32; xiv. 36

DEBIR (1) Josh. x. 38, 39; xi. 21; xii. 13; xv. 15, 49; xxi. 15; Judg. i. 11; 1 Chr. vi. 58 edh Dhâherîyeh* 14 Also called Kirjath-sannah (Josh. xv. 49); Kirjath-sepher (Josh. xv. 15; Jud. i. 11, 12). Now the village ‘edh Dhâherîyeh,’ south-west of Hebron. (Mem. III. 402; Sh. XXV.)—Conder.

DEBIR (2) Josh. xv. 7 Thoghret ed Debr (?) 14 A place on the border of Judah and Benjamin, named next to ‘Adummim.’ The name ‘Thoghret ed Debr’ (the pass of the rear) occurs half-a-mile south-west of ‘Talʾat ed Dumm.’ (Mem. III.; Sh. XVIII.)

DEBIR (3) (R.V. margin LIDEBIR) Josh. xiii. 26 Not identified 7 One of the border towns of Gad, named next to ‘Mahanaim.’ Possibly Ibdir, 6½ miles to the east of Zaphon, and south of ‘The Yarmûk,’ and apparently identical with Lo-debar, which see.

DEDAN Jer. xxv. 23; xlix. 8; Ezek. xxv. 13; Isa. xxi. 13 Not identified —

DELUS 1 Macc. xv. 23 Delos — One of the smallest of the Cyclades in the Ægean Sea.

DESSAU 2 Macc. xiv. 16 Not identified — Adassa has been suggested (Ewald).

DIBLATH (R.V. DIBLAH) Ezek. vi. 14 Dibl (??)* 6 Probably Riblah, north of Baalbek. See Dictionary of Bible. Or the present village ‘Dibl’ in Naphtali. (Mem. I. 21; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

DIBON (1) Num. xxi. 30; xxxii. 3, 34; xxxiii. 45, 46; Josh. xiii. 9, 17; Isa. xv. 2; Jer. xlviii. 18, 22 Dhîbân 15 Also called ‘Dibon Gad.’ Now the heaps of ruins north of the river Arnon, called ‘Dhîbân.’ (Irby and Mangles, 142; Burckhardt, Syr., 372.)

DIBON (2) Neh. xi. 25 — Thought to be identical with Dimonah.

DIBON-GAD Num. xxxiii. 45, 46 Dhîbân — See Dibon (1).

DILEAN (R.V. DILAN) Josh. xv. 38 Not identified — One of the cities of Judah in the low country. Mentioned with Migdal-gad, Lachish, Eglon, etc. Beit Tîma, north-west of the latter, has been proposed.

DIMNAH Josh. xxi. 35 Rummâneh (?) 6 A city in the tribe of Zebulon. Thought to be Rimmon (1). Compare 1 Chron. vi. 77.

DIMON, Waters of Isa. xv. 9 Umm Deineh (?)* 15 Streams east of the Salt Sea. Possibly ‘Umm Deineh,’ near ‘Wâdy Themed.’ See Conder’s Heth and Moab.

DIMONAH Josh. xv. 22 — ‘Towards the coast of Edom, southwards.’

DINHABAH Gen. xxxvi. 32; 1 Chron. i. 43 Not identified — City of Bela, King of Edom.

DIZAHAB (R.V. DI-ZAHAB) Deut. i. 1 Dahab (??) — Identified by Robinson (i. 147, ii. 187) with Dahab, a promontory on the western shore of the Gulf of Akabah.

DOCUS 1 Macc. xvi. 15 Near ʾAin Dûk 14 A fort somewhere near Jericho—the name is recoverable in ‘ʾAin Dûk.’ (Mem. III. 173; Sh. XVIII.)

DOPHKAH Num. xxxiii. 12, 13 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites, between Rephidim and the Sea.

DOR (DORA 1 Macc. xv. 11, 13, 25) Josh. xi. 2; xii. 23; xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; 1 Kings iv. 11; 1 Chr. vii. 29 Tantûra 9 Jerome places it 9 miles (the exact distance is 8 miles) from Cæsarea, on the road to Ptolemais. The ruins of a city here exist near the modern village Tantûra. (Mem. II. 7; Sh. VII.)

DOTHAIM Judith iv. 6; vii. 3, 18; viii. 3 Tell Dôthân 10 = Dôthân, which see.

DOTHAN Gen. xxxvii. 17; 2 Kings vi. 13 Tell Dôthân 10 The present ruins and well, ‘Tell Dôthân,’ north of Samaria. (Mem. II. 215; Sh. XI. See also Vol. I. p. 368, under ‘Khan Jubb Yûsef.’)

DRAGON’S WELL Neh. ii. 13 Not identified — In the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

DUMAH Josh. xv. 52 ed Dômeh 14 The present ruin, Dômeh, 10 miles south-west of Hebron. (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)

DURA, The Plain of Dan. iii. 1 Dûair (?) — The mound and vicinity of Dûair, south-east of Babylon.—M. Oppert.

EBAL, Mount Deut. xi. 29; xxvii. 4, 13; Josh. viii. 30, 33 Jebel Eslâmîyeh Jebel et Tôr 10 Now called Jebel Eslamîyeh, and Jebel et Tôr. (Mem. II. 186; Sh. XI.) Ebal, Gerizim, Olivet, and Tabor are all named Tôr or ‘summit.’

EBEN-EZER 1 Sam. iv. 1; v. 1; vii. 12; 6 Ant. ii. 2 Deir Abân (?)* 14 Jerome places near ‘Beth-shemesh,’ probably intending the site of the present village, Deir Abân, east of ʾAin Shems. See Shen. (Mem. III. 24; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

EBRONAH (R.V. ABRONAH) Num. xxxiii. 34 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

ECBATANA Ezra vi. 2; Esdr. vi. 23; Jud. i. 1, 2, 14; Tob. iii. 7; vi. 5; vii. 1; xiv. 12, 14; 2 Macc. ix. 3 Takht-i-Suleiman and Hamadan — There were two places of this name. One the capital of Northern Media, now called Takht-i-Suleiman. The southern one the metropolis of the province of Media Magna (2 Macc. ix. 3), now Hamadan in Persia.—Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

ED, Altar of Josh. xxii. 34 Not identified — Somewhere east of Jordan.

EDAR, Tower of (R.V. EDER, Tower of) Gen. xxxv. 21 Not identified 14 Jerome places it 1,000 paces from Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 28; Sh. XVII.)

EDER Josh. xv. 21 Not identified — One of the uttermost cities of Judah, towards the coast of Edom. Kh. el ʾAdâr, 5 miles south of Gaza, has been suggested (Henderson’s Handbook); but the situation is too far west apparently.

EDOM, IDUMEA, The Land of Mt. Seir Gen. xxv. 30; xxxii. 3; xxxvi. 1, 8, 9–43; Ex. xv. 15; Num. xx. 14; xxi. 4; xxiv. 18; Jos. xv. 1; Judg. v. 4; xi. 17, 18; 1 Sam. xiv. 47; 2 Sam. viii. 14; 1 Kings ix. 26; 2 Kings iii. 8, 20; viii. 20; xix. 7; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xxi. 8; xxv. 19; Ps. lxxxiii. 6; cviii. 9; Isa. xi. 14; xxxiv. 5; lxiii. 1; Jer. ix. 26; xxv. 21; xxvii. 3; xl. 11; xlix. 7, 17; Lam. iv. 21; Ezek. xxv. 12; xxxii. 29; xxxv. 15; xxxvi. 5; Dan. xi. 41; Joel iii. 19; Am. i. 6; ii. 1; ix. 12; Obad. i. 8; Mal. i. 4; etc. The district east of the Wâdy ʾArabah. See Mount Seir.

EDREI Num. xxi. 33; Deut. i. 4; iii. 1, 10; Josh. xii. 4; xiii. 12, 31 Ed Deraʾah 7 South-east of el Mezeirib.

EDREI (2) Josh. xix. 37 Yʾater (?)* 6 Probably the present village Yʾater, 11 miles south-east of Tyre. Allotted to Naphtali. (Mem. I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

EGLAIM Isa. xv. 8 Not identified — Thought to be identical with En-eglaim, which see.

EGLON Josh. x. 3, 5, 23, 34, 36, 37; xii. 12; xv. 39 Kh. ʾAjlân 13 The present mound and ruins, ʾAjlân, 16 miles north-east of Gaza. (Mem. III. 278; Sh. XX.)

EGYPT Very frequently mentioned

EKREBEL Judith vii. 18 ʾAkrabeh 10 The present village ʾAkrabeh, south-east of Nablus. (Mem. II. 389; Sh. XV.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, 290.

EKRON (ACCARON, 1 Macc. x. 89) Josh. xiii. 3; xv. 11, 45, 46; xix. 43; Judg. i. 18; 1 Sam. v. 10; vi. 16; vii. 14; xvii. 52; 2 Kings i. 1, 2–16; Jer. xxv. 20; Am. i. 8; Zeph. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 5, 7 ʾAkir 13 Now the village ʾAkir, in Philistia, 6 miles west of Gezer. The Accaron of the Crusaders. (Mem. II. 408; Sh. XVI.)

ELAH, Valley of (R.V. ELAH, Vale of, ‘or Terebinth’) 1 Sam. xvii. 2, 19; xxi. 9 Wâdy es Sŭnt 14 The scene of the conflict and death of Goliath. Now called Wâdy es Sŭnt, which passes Shocoh and Gath immediately on the north. (Mem. III.; Sh. XVII.)

ELAM Gen. xiv. 1, 9; Isa. xi. 11; xxi. 2; Jer. xxv. 25; xlix. 34–39; Ezek. xxxii. 24; Dan. viii. 2 The Susiana and Persia of the Greeks.—Grove’s Bible Index.

ELATH, or ELOTH Deut. ii. 8; 1 Kings ix. 26; 2 Kings xiv. 22; xvi. 6; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xxvi. 2 Close to ʾAkabah Ailah — ‘Beside Ezion-geber, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom.’ The present town ʾAkabah, or Ailah, at the head of the Gulf of ʾAkabah.

ELEALEH Num. xxxii. 3–37; Isa. xv. 4; xvi. 9; Jer. xlviii. 34 el ʾAl 15 The present ruin ‘el ʾAl,’ near Heshbon.

ELEASA 1 Macc. ix. 5 Kh. Ilʾasa* 14 Now the ruins Ilʾasa, between the Upper and Nether Beth-horon. (Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ELEPH Josh. xviii. 28 Lifta (?)* 14 One of the towns allotted to Benjamin. The present village Lifta (Conder), 2 miles west of Jerusalem.

ELEUTHERUS, The River 1 Macc. xi. 7; xii. 30 Nahr el Kebîr — The modern ‘Nahr el Kebîr,’ north of Tripolis.

ELIM Exod. xv. 27; xvi. 1; Num. xxxiii. 9, 10 Not identified — The second camping station of the Israelites after crossing the Red Sea, and noted for 12 springs and 70 palm-trees. Thought to be ‘Wâdy Ghŭrŭndul,’ on the route from Suez to Jebel Mŭsa.

ELKOSH Nah. i. 1 Not identified — The birth-place of Nahum the prophet. Probably somewhere in Galilee.

ELLASAR Gen. xiv. 1 Senkereh — Now Senkereh, on the left bank of the Euphrates.

ELON Josh. xix. 43 Not identified Perhaps same as Elon-beth-hanan 10 Probably the present village ‘Beit Ello,’ a town on the border of Dan, 8 miles north-west of Bethel (Conder). (Mem. II. 293; Sh. XIV.)

ELON-BETH-HANAN 1 Kings iv. 9 Beit ʾAnân (?)* 14 The present village Beit ʾAnân (Conder), 8½ miles from Jerusalem, on the ancient road leading to Gimzo. (Mem. III. 16; Sh. XVII.)

ELTEKEH (R.V. ELTEKE Josh. xxi. 23) Josh. xix. 44; xxi. 23 Beit Lîkia (?)* 14 One of the cities in the border of Dan. Probably the present Beit Lîkia, 2 miles south of Beth-horon the Nether. (Mem. III. 16; Sh. XVII.)—T. Drake.

ELTEKON Josh. xv. 59 Not identified — One of the towns of Judah, named next to Beth-anoth.

ELTOLAD Josh. xv. 30; xix. 4; 1 Chr. iv. 29 Not identified — One of the cities in the south of Judah, transferred to Simeon = Tolad, 1 Chr. iv. 29.

EMMAUS, Nicopolis 1 Macc. iii. 40, 57; iv. 3; ix. 50; 2 Wars xx. 20, 4; 3, iii. 5; J. Ant. xiii. 1, 3 ʾAmwâs 14 The present village ʾAmwâs, 15 miles from Jerusalem, near the modern road to Jaffa, mentioned by Josephus, 16 Ant. x. 7, 9, etc. (Mem. II. 63; Sh. XVII.)

ENAM Josh. xv. 34 Kh. Wâdy ʾAlîn (?)* 14 Possibly the present ruin ʾAlîn, near Beth-shemesh.—Conder.

ENDOR Josh. xvii. 11; 1 Sam. xxviii. 7; Ps. lxxxiii. 10 Endôr 10 Now the modern village Endôr, 6 miles to the east of Nazareth. (Mem. II. 84; Sh. IX.)

EN-EGLAIM Ezek. xlvii. 10 Not identified — Eusebius places a town of this name 8 miles to the south of ‘Ar Moab’; this would probably mean ‘Kerak.’ ʾAin Hajlah, the ancient Beth Hoglah, has been suggested by Tristram. See Eglaim.

ENGADDI Ecclus. xxiv. 14 ʾAin Jîdy — See En-gedi.

EN-GANNIM (1) Josh. xv. 34 Kh. Umm Jîna 14 A city in the low country of Judah, named between Zanoah and Tappuah. Now the ruin Umm Jîna, west of Beth-shemesh. (Mem. III. 42; Sh. XVII.)—Clermont-Ganneau.

EN-GANNIM (2) Josh. xix. 21; xxi. 29 Jenîn 10 Now the modern town Jenîn, on the extreme south corner of Esdraelon. On or near the border of Issachar. (Mem. II. 44; Sh. VIII.)

EN-GEDI Josh. xv. 62; 1 Sam. xxiii. 29; xxiv. 1; 2 Chr. xx. 2; Cant. i. 14; Ezek. xlvii. 10 ʾAin Jîdy 14 Original name Hazazon-tamar. The well-known spring and ruins of ʾAin Jîdy, on the west shore of the Dead Sea. (Mem. III. 384; Sh. XXII.)

EN-HADDAH Josh. xix. 21 Kefr Adân* 10 On the border of Issachar, and named next to ‘En-gannim.’ Probably the present village Kefr Adân, 3 miles to the west of Jenîn.—Conder. (Mem. II. 45; Sh. VIII.)

EN-HAKKORE Judg. xv. 19 Not identified — The scene of one of Samson’s exploits.

EN-HAZOR Josh. xix. 37 Kh. Hazîreh 6 One of the fenced cities of Naphtali. Now the heap of ruins Hazîreh, on the Naphtali side of the boundary by Wâdy el ʾAyûn. (Mem. I. 204; Sh. IV.)

EN-MISHPAT Gen. xiv. 7 Also called Kadesh. See Kadesh-barnea.

EN-RIMMON Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; Neh. xi. 29; 1 Chr. iv. 32; Zech. xiv. 10 Kh. Umm er Rŭmâmîn 13 The Ain and Rimmon mentioned together in Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32, are supposed by some to be one place (?) and identical with the En-rimmon of Neh. xi. 29. The proposed site is that of Kh. Umm er Rŭmâmîn. (Mem. III. 32; Sh. XXIV.)

EN-ROGEL Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 16; 1 Kings i. 9; 2 Sam. xvii. 17 ʾAin Umm ed Dêraj 14 A landmark on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin. The traditional place is ‘Bîr Eyûb’ (a spring well), but the arguments in favour of ‘ʾAin Umm ed Deraj’ (spring of the mother of steps), known to Christians as the ‘Virgin’s Fountain,’ are stronger and more generally accepted.—(Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 334.) See Jerusalem vol., p. 94.

EN-SHEMESH Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17 ʾAin Haud 14 A landmark on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin, apparently ‘ʾAin Haud,’ east of Bethany (the well of the Apostles—called the Apostles’ fountain by Christians). (Mem. III. 42; Sh. XVII.)

EN-TAPPUAH Josh. xvii. 7 Yasûf (?)* 10 The spring near Yasûf, at the head of the branches of Wâdy Kânah, south of Shechem (Samaritan Chronicle). (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 263.)

EPHES-DAMMIM 1 Sam. xvii. 1; 1 Chr. xi. 13 Not identified — Or Pas-dammim, ‘the boundary of blood,’ the place where the Philistines encamped before the conflict between David and Goliath took place. Between Socoh and Azekah.

EPHRAIM, EPHRAIN, or EPHRON 2 Sam. xiii. 23; 2 Chron. xiii. 19; John xi. 54 Taiyibeh (?) 10 Named with Bethel and Jeshanah. Apparently Ophrah of Benjamin, which see.

EPHRAIM, Gate of 2 Kings xiv. 13; 2 Chr. xxv. 23; Neh. viii. 16; xii. 39 One of the gates of the city of Jerusalem, probably on the north-west.

EPHRAIM, Mount (R.V. EPHRAIM, Hill Country of) Josh. xvii. 15; xix. 50; xx. 7; xxi. 21; xxiv. 30, 33; Judg. ii. 9; iii. 27; iv. 5; vii. 24; x. 1; xvii. 1, 8; xviii. 2, 13; xix. 1, 16, 18; 1 Sam. i. 1; ix. 4; xiv. 22; 2 Sam. xx. 21; 1 Kings iv. 8; xii. 25; 2 Kings v. 22; 1 Chr. vi. 67; 2 Chr. xiii. 4; xv. 8; xix. 4; Jer. iv. 15; xxxi. 6; l. 19; Judith vi. 2 The hill country of Ephraim, extending from Bethel and Ramah on the south, to the Great Plain on the north.

EPHRAIM, The Wood of (R.V. EPHRAIM, The Forest of) 2 Sam. xviii. 6 Not identified — Somewhere on the east of Jordan. The forest in which the great battle took place between the forces of Absalom and David. Not far from Mahanaim. (Heth and Moab, p. 180.)

EPHRAIM, Tribe of Josh. xvi.; 5 Ant. i. 22 — ‘The tribe of Ephraim had by lot the land that extended in length from the river Jordan to Gezer; but in breadth as far as from Bethel, till it ended at the Great Plain’ (5 Ant. i. 22).

EPHRATH or EPHRATAH (R.V. EPH­RATHAH) Gen. xxxv. 16, 19; xlviii. 7; Ruth iv. 11; 1 Chr. ii. 24, 50; Ps. cxxxii. 6; Mic. v. 2 Beit Lahm — The original name of Bethlehem of Judah, which see.

EPHRON 1 Macc. v. 46, 52; 2 Macc. xii. 27 Not identified — One of the strong cities on the east of Jordan, between Ashteroth Karnaim and Beth-shean—was in a valley, and destroyed by Judas Maccabæus.

EPHRON, Mount Josh. xv. 9 — Between the waters of Nephtoah and Kirjath-jearim.

ERECH Gen. x. 10 Warka — One of Nimrod’s cities on the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of Babylon.

ESDRAELON, The Great Plain Judith i. 8; iii. 9; iv. 6; vii. 3 Merj Ibn ʾAmr 10 This name is the Greek form of the word Jezreel. Now called ‘Merj ibn ʾAmr.’ (Sh. V. and VIII.)

ESEK, The Well Gen. xxvi. 20 Not identified — A well dug by Isaac’s herdmen in the valley of Jerar.

ESHCOL, Brook or Valley of Gen. xiv. 13, 24; Num. xiii. 23, 24; xxxii. 9; Deut. i. 24 Not identified — The name ‘ʾAin Kashkaleh,’ perhaps a remnant of the ancient one, is applied to a spring on the north side of Hebron, near the head of a valley where some of the most extensive vineyards of Palestine exist.

ESHEAN (R.V. ESHAN) Josh. xv. 52 es Sîmia (?)* 14 One of the cities in the mountains of Judah. Possibly the ruin ‘es Sîmia,’ near Dumah. (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

ESHTAOL Josh. xv. 33; xix. 41; Judg. xiii. 25; xvi. 31; xviii. 2, 8, 11 Eshûʾa 14 Probably the present village Eshûʾa, in the low country of Judah, close to Zorah. (Mem. II. 25; Sh. XVII.)

ESHTEMOA (R.V. ESHTEMOH, Josh. xv. 50) Josh. xv. 50; xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. 28; 1 Chr. iv. 17, 19; vi. 57 es Semûʾa 14 The present village es Semûʾa, in the hill country south of Hebron. (Mem. III. 412, Sh. XXV.)

ESORA Judith iv. 4 ʾAsîret el Hatab (??) 10 The present village ʾAsîret el Hatab, near Shechem, on the north. (Mem. II. 155; Sh. XI.)

ETAM (1) 1 Chr. iv. 32 Kh. ʾAitûn (?)* 13 The present ruin ʾAitûn, south-west of Hebron, of the tribe of Simeon. (Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

ETAM (2) 2 Chr. xi. 6; 1 Chr. iv. 3 ʾAin ʾAtân* 14 Probably the village Urtâs, south of Bethlehem, near which is the spring called ʾAin ʾAtân. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ETAM, The Rock Judg. xv. 8 Beit ʾAtâb (?)* 14 The rocky top on which Beit ʾAtâb stands, west of Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 83; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ETHAM Exod. xiii. 20; Num. xxxiii. 6 Not identified — One of the stations of the Israelites ‘on the edge of the wilderness.’

ETHER Josh. xv. 42; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32 Kh. el ʾAtr (?)* 10 Probably the ruin el ʾAtr, near Beit Jibrin, allotted to Simeon. (Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

ETHIOPIA Gen. ii. 13; 2 Kings xix. 9; Esth. i. 1; viii. 9; Job xxviii. 19; Ps. lxviii. 31; lxxxvii. 4; Isa. xviii. 1; xx. 3, 5; xxxvii. 9; xliii. 3; xlv. 14; Ezek. xxix. 10; xxx. 4, 5; xxxviii. 5; Nah. iii. 9; Zeph. iii. 10; 1 Esd. iii. 2; Judith i. 10; Esth. xiii. 1; xvi. 1; Acts viii. 27 — Named ‘Cush’ by the Hebrews, and ‘Aithiopia’ by the Greeks. Æthiopia embraced Nubia, Sennaar, Kordofan, and Northern Abyssinia. The name Cush, however, in some cases, if not in all, applies to part of Western Asia south of the Caspian—the country of the Kassi or Cosseans.

EUPHRATES, River Gen. ii. 14; xv. 18; Deut. i. 7; xi. 24; Josh. i. 4; 2 Sam. viii. 3; 2 Kings xxiii. 29; xxiv. 7; 1 Chr. v. 9; xviii. 3; 2 Chr. xxxv. 20; Jer. xiii. 4–7; xlvi. 2, 6, 10; li. 63; 1 Esd. i. 25, 27; 2 Esd. xiii. 43; Judith i. 6; ii. 24; Eccles. xxiv. 26; 1 Macc. iii. 32, 37 —

EZEL, Stone of, or (R.V., margin, Mound of) 1 Sam. xx. 19 Not identified — A ‘stone’ or ‘mound,’ the scene of David and Jonathan’s parting.

EZEM 1 Chr. iv. 29 — See Azem.

EZION-GABER or GEBER Num. xxxiii. 35, 36; Deut. ii. 8; 1 Kings ix. 26; xxii. 48; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xx. 36 Not identified — The last camping station of the Israelites before entering the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh. ‘King Solomon made a navy of ships in Ezion-geber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom’ (1 Kings ix. 25). In the neighbourhood of ʾAkabah.

GAASH, Mount of (R.V. Mountain of) Josh. xxiv. 30; Judg. ii. 9; 2 Sam. xxiii. 30; 1 Chr. xi. 32 Not identified — In ‘Mount Ephraim,’ near ‘Timnath-serah.’ In Samuel and Chronicles rendered ‘Brooks of Gaash.’

GABA Josh. xviii. 24; Ezra ii. 26; Neh. vii. 30 Jebʾa — See Geba (1).

GABDES 1 Esdr. v. 20 Not identified —

GAD, River of 2 Sam. xxiv. 5 Wâdy Môjib — Same as ‘River Arnon.’

GAD, Tribe of Josh. xiii. 24; 9 Ant. viii. ‘The eastern parts of the country beyond Jordan, which belonged to the Reubenites and Gadites’ (9 Ant. viii.).

GALAAD Judith i. 8; xv. 5; 1 Macc. v. 9, 17, 20, 25, 27, 36, 45, 55 Gilead — The Greek form of ‘Gilead.’

GALEED Gen. xxxi. 47, 48 — See Jegar-sahadutha.

GALGALA 1 Macc. ix. 2 — Probably Gilgal (2 Kings ii. 1). Now Jiljilia, which see.

GALILEE Josh. xx. 7; xxi. 32; 1 Kings ix. 11; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. vi. 76; Isa. ix. 1; 1 Macc. v. 15, 17, 20, 23, 55; x. 30; xi. 63; xii. 47, 49; Tob. i. 2; Judith i. 8; xv. 5; Matt. ii. 22, etc. — The region north of Samaria, including the Plain of Esdraelon and mountains north of it (Cf. 3 Wars, iii. 4).

GALLIM 1 Sam. xxv. 44; Isaiah x. 30 Not identified 14 Possibly ‘Beit Jâla,’ near Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 20; Sh. XVII.)

GAREB, The Hill Jer. xxxi. 39 Not identified — Somewhere in the vicinity of Jerusalem.

GARIZIM 2 Macc. v. 23; vi. 2 Jebel et Tôr — Gerizim.

GATH Josh. xi. 22; 1 Sam. v. 8; vi. 17; vii. 14; xvii. 4, 23, 52; xxi. 10; xxvii. 2, 3, 4, 11; 2 Sam. i. 20; xv. 18; xxi. 20, 22; 1 Kings ii. 39–41; 2 Kings xii. 17; 1 Chr. vii. 21; viii. 13; xviii. 1; xx. 6, 8; 2 Chr. xi. 8; xxvi. 6; Am. vi. 2; Micah i. 10 Tell es Sâfi 13 Five Roman miles from Eleuther­opolis (Beit Jibrîn), on the road to Diospolis (Lydda), according to the Onomasticon. This points to the fortress of ‘Tell es Sâfi.’ (Mem. II. 440; Sh. XVI.)

GATH-HEPHER, or GITTAH-HEPHER Josh. xix. 13; 2 Kings xiv. 25 el Mesh-hed 6 Now the village ‘el Mesh-hed,’ 3 miles north-east of Nazareth, containing the tomb of Jonah (Neby Yûnas). (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

GATH-RIMMON (1) Josh. xxi. 25 Not identified — A town of Manasseh. In the parallel passage in 1 Chr. vi. 70, the town is called Bileam.

GATH-RIMMON (2) Josh. xix. 45; xxi. 24; 1 Chr. vi. 69 Not identified — Signifying ‘lofty Gath.’ Named between ‘Beneberak’ (Ibn Ibrâk) (Sh. XIII.) and Mejarkon (Nahr el ʾAujeh), north of Jaffa. Probably in the immediate neighbourhood; but no trace has been discovered.

GAZA Gen. x. 19; Josh. x. 41; xi. 22; xv. 47; Jud. i. 18; vi. 4; xvi. 1, 21; 1 Sam. vi. 17; 2 Kings xviii. 8; 1 Chr. vii. 28; Jer. xlvii. 1, 5; Am. i. 6, 7; Zeph. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 5; 1 Macc. xi. 61, 62; xiii. 43; Acts viii. 26 Ghŭzzeh 13 Now the city Ghuzzeh, in Philistia. (Mem. III. 248; Sh. XIX.)

GAZARA 1 Macc. ix. 52; xiii. 53; xiv. 7, 34; xv. 28, 35; xvi. 1, 19, 21; 2 Macc. x. 32 Tell Jezar — Gazera (1 Macc. iv. 15; vii. 35). Tell Jezar. See Gezer.

GEBA (1), GABA or GIBEAH Josh. xxi. 17; 1 Sam. xiii. 3; 2 Sam. v. 25; 1 Kings xv. 22; 2 Kings xxiii. 8; 1 Chr. vi. 60; viii. 6; 2 Chr. xvi. 6; Neh. xi. 31; xii. 29; Isa. x. 29; Zech. xiv. 10 Jebʾa 14 Now the village Jebʾa of Benjamin, near Michmash. (Mem. III. 94; Sh. XVII.)

GEBA (2) Judith iii. 10 Jebʾa 10 Now Jebʾa, a village north of Samaria. (Mem. II. 155, 185; Sh. XI.)

GEBAL Josh. xiii. 5; 1 Kings v. 18; Ps. lxxxiii. 7; Ezek. xxvii. 9 Jebeil — Now the ruined town Jebeil, on the coast, about midway between Beirût and Tripolis.

GEBIM Isa. x. 31 Not identified — North of Jerusalem.

GEDER Joshua xii. 13 Not identified — Named with Debir and Hormah, in the south somewhere, (?) the Gedor of Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 39), or Gedor (1).

GEDERAH, of Judah Josh. xv. 36 Kh. Jedîreh* 14 The Gedor of the Onomasticon, 10 miles from Eleuther­opolis (Beit Jibrin), on the road to Diospolis, now the ruin Jedîreh, 9 miles south of Ludd. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GEDERAH, of Benjamin 1 Chr. xii. 4 Jedîreh* 14 The village Jedîreh, north of Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 9; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GEDEROTH Josh. xv. 41; 2 Chr. xxviii. 18 Katrah (?) 13 Apparently the present village Katrah, also called Cedron (1 Macc. xv. 39). (Mem. III.; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

GEDERO­THAIM Josh. xv. 36 — According to LXX. was part of Gederah.

GEDOR (1) Josh. xv. 58 Kh. Jedûr 14 The present village Jedûr, in the Hebron mountains, 4 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)

GEDOR (2) 1 Chr. iv. 39 Not identified — Apparently not the same as (1); but somewhere in the south of Judah in Simeon.

GEDOR (3) 1 Chr. xii. 7 Not identified — If belonging to Benjamin, probably Jedîreh. See Gederah of Benjamin.

GEHENNA See Hinnom—Valley of.

GELILOTH Josh. xviii. 17 Not identified — On the south boundary of Benjamin, thought to be a corruption of Gilgal.

GENNESAR, Water of Josh. xiii. Ant. 5, 7; 1 Macc. xi. 67 Bahr Tŭbarîya 6 Now called Bahr Tŭbarîya. See Chinnereth, Sea of.

GEON Eccles. xxiv. 27 — One of the four rivers of Eden, Gihon.

GERAR Gen. x. 19; xx. 1; xxvi. 6, 17, 20, 26; 2 Chr. xiv. 13, 14 Kh. Umm Jerrâr 13 Now the ruin ‘Umm Jerrâr,’ 6 miles south of Gaza. ‘A very ancient city south of Gaza.’ Jos. i. Ant. 12, 1. (Mem. III. 389; Sh. XXIII.)

GERIZIM, Mount Deut. xi. 29; xxvii. 12; Josh. viii. 33; Judg. ix. 7 Jebel et Tôr 10 Now called et Tôr, on the south side of the valley, in which Nablus (Shechem) is situated. (Mem. II. 148, 149; Sh. XI.)

GESEM, The Land of Judith i. 9 Goshen — The Greek form of the name Goshen.

GESHUR Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 2, 13; 1 Sam. xxvii. 8; 2 Sam. iii. 3; xiii. 37, 38; xiv. 23, 32; xv. 8; 1 Chr. ii. 23; iii. 2 — Part of Bashan, north-east corner of.

GEZER, or GAZER (R.V. GEZER) Josh. x. 33; xii. 12; xvi. 3, 10; xxi. 21; 1 Chr. vi. 67; vii. 28; xx. 4; Judg. i. 29; 1 Kings ix. 15, 16, 17; 2 Sam. v. 25; 1 Chr. xiv. 16; (Gazer) Tell Jezar 13 Now the important site Tell Jezar, 4 miles west of Emmaus (Nicopolis). (Mem. II. 428–432; Sh. XVI.)—Clermont-Ganneau.

GIAH 2 Sam. ii. 24 Not identified — ‘The Ravine’ near the hill Ammah, by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.

GIBBETHON Josh. xix. 44; xxi. 23; 1 Kings xv. 27; xvi. 15, 17 Kibbieh* 10 Probably the present village ‘Kibbieh,’ west of Timnathah (Tibneh). (Mem. II. 297; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

GIBEAH, of Judah (1) Josh. xv. 57 Jebʾa* 14 Named with Cain and Timnah. Now the village ‘Jeba,’ 8 miles west of Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 25; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GIBEAH (2) (R.V. GIBEATH) Josh. xviii. 28 Jebîʾa (?)* 14 A town of Benjamin. Now the ruin Jebîa, between Jerusalem and Emmaus and north of Kirjath. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GIBEAH, of Benjamin or of Saul Judg. xix. 12–16; xx. 4–43; 1 Sam. x. 26; xi. 4; xiii. 2, 15; xiv. 2, 16; xv. 34; xxii. 6; xxiii. 19; xxvi. 1; 2 Sam. xxi. 6; xxiii. 29; 1 Chr. xi. 31; 2 Chr. xiii. 2; Isa. x. 29; Hos. v. 8; ix. 9; x. 9 Not identified — Apparently Gibeah lay somewhere between Geba and Jerusalem. Mentioned as a separate place from Geba in Isa. x. 29. Placed by Robinson at Tell el Fûl, 2½ miles north of Jerusalem. Capt. Conder regards it as a district name.

GIBEAH in the Field Judg. xx. 31 Either Geba (1), or Gibeah.

GIBEAH, of Phinehas Josh. xxiv. 33 ʾAwertah (?)* 10 The burial-place of Eleazar. The traditional site is the village ʾAwertah, south of Shechem (Nâblus), in which are shown the tombs of Eleazar, Phinehas, and Ithamar. Jîbia, 7 miles west of Tell Asûr, has been suggested. (Mem. II. 288; Sh. XIV.)

GIBEAH-HA-ELOHIM 1 Sam. x. 5; xiii. 3 — A garrison of the Philistines = Geba, also a Philistine garrison.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible.

GIBEON Josh. ix. 3, 17; x. 1–12, 41; xi. 19; xviii. 25; xxi. 17; 2 Sam. ii. 12, 13, 16, 24; iii. 30; xx. 8; 1 Kings iii. 4, 5; ix. 2; 1 Chr. viii. 29; ix. 35; xiv. 16; xvi. 39; xxi. 29; 2 Chr. i. 3, 13; Neh. iii. 7; vii. 25; Is. xxviii. 21; Jer. xxviii. 1; xli. 12, 16 el Jîb — Now the village of ‘el Jîb,’ north of Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 94; Sh. XVII.)

GIDOM Judg. xx. 45 Not identified — Somewhere on the outskirts of Gibeah.

GIHON, River Gen. ii. 13 — The second river of Paradise—Geon.

GIHON 1 Kings i. 33, 38; 45; 2 Chr. xxxii. 30; xxxiii. 14 — = Siloam? The Upper spring of the waters of Gihon (2 Chr. xxxii. 30). ‘ʾAin Umm ed Dêraj,’ ‘the Virgin’s fountain.’ See En Rogel.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 335. ‘Gihon, from the fourteenth century, has been supposed to be the Birket Mamilla, and the Lower Gihon to be the Birket es Sultan; but the latter reservoir was only constructed in the twelfth century.’—See Jerusalem vol., p. 94.

GILBOA, Mount 1 Sam. xxviii. 4; xxxi. 1, 8; 2 Sam. i. 6, 21; xxi. 12; 1 Chr. x. 1, 8 Jelbôn 10 The name survives in ‘Jelbôn,’ a village on the high range east of the plain of Esdraelon. (Mem. II. 84; Sh. IX.)

GILEAD, Mount (1) Gen. xxxi. 21, 25; xxxvii. 25; Num. xxxii. 1, 26, 29, 39, 40; iii. 10, 16; iv. Deut. ii. 36; 43; xxxiv. 1; Josh. xii. 2, 5; xiii. 11, 25, 31; xvii. 5, 6; xx. 8; xxi. 38; xxii. 9, 13, 15, 32; Judg. v. 17; x. 4, 8, 17, 18; xi. 5–11, 29; xii. 4–7; xx. 1; Sam. xiii. 7; 2 Sam. ii. 9; xvii. 26; xxiv. 6; 1 Kings iv. 13, 19; xvii. 1; xxii. 3; 2 Kings x. 33; xv. 29; 1 Chr. ii. 22; v. 9, 10, 16; vi. 80; xxvi. 31; xxvii. 21; Ps. lx. 7; cviii. 8; Cant. iv. 1; vi. 5; Jer. viii. 22; xxii. 6; xlvi. 11; l. 19; Ezek. xlvii. 18; Hos. vi. 8; xii. 11; Amos i. 3, 13; Obad. 19; Micah vii. 14; Zech. x. 10 — The mountainous region east of the Jordan; bounded on the north by Bashan, on the east by the Arabian desert, and on the south by Moab and Ammon = The land of Gilead.

GILEAD, Mount (2) Judg. vii. 3 — Probably Gilboa

GILGAL (1) Deut. xi. 30; Josh. iv. 19; v. 9, 10; ix. 6; x. 6, 15, 43; xiv. 6; xv. 7; Judg. ii. 1; iii. 19; 1 Sam. vii. 16; x. 8; xi. 14, 15; xiii. 4–15; xv. 12, 21, 33; 2 Sam. xix. 15, 40; Neh. xii. 29; Hos. iv. 15; ix. 15; xii. 11; Am. iv. 4; v. 5; Micah vi. 5 Jiljûlia 14 Now the ruin Jiljûlia, 3 miles east of Jericho. (Mem. III. 173, 191; Sh. XVIII.)

GILGAL (2) 2 Kings ii. 1; iv. 38 Jîljîlia 10 Now the village Jîljîlia, north of Bethel. (Mem. II. 290; Sh. XIV.)

GILGAL of The Goim (R.V. Goiim) Josh. xii. 23 Jiljûlieh 10 Probably Jiljûlieh, in the plain of Sharon, north of Antipatris. (Mem. II. 288; Sh. XIV.)

GILOH Josh. xv. 51; 2 Sam. xv. 12; xxiii. 34 Kh. Jâla (?)* 14 Probably the ruin Jâla, in the Hebron mountains, 3 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem. III. 313; XXI.)—Conder.