OLD TESTAMENT SITES (continued 2)

GIMZO 2 Chr. xxviii. 18 Jîmzu 10 Now the village Jîmzu, east of Lydda. (Mem. II. 297; Sh. XIV.)

GITTAH-HEPHER (R.V. GATH-HEPHER) Josh. xix. 13 el Mesh-hed — See Gath-hepher.

GITTAIM 2 Sam. iv. 3; Neh. xi. 33 Not identified — In the neighbourhood of Beeroth.

GOATH (R.V. GOAH) Jer. xxxi. 39 Not identified — A place in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

GOB 2 Sam. xxi. 18, 19 Not identified —

GOLAN Josh. xx. 8; xxi. 27; Deut. iv. 43; 1 Chr. vi. 71 Sahem el Jaulân (?) 7 One of the three cities of refuge east of the Jordan, in Manasseh. The name has been recovered by G. Schumacher, in the Jaulân. A village exists called Sahem el Jaulân, occupying part of an extensive area of ruins.

GOMORRAH (or Amorah), GOMORRHA (2 Esd. ii. 2) Gen. x. 19; xiii. 10; xiv. 2–11; xviii. 20; xix. 24–28; Deut. xxix. 23; xxxii. 32; Isa. i. 9, 10; xiii. 19; Jer. xxiii. 14; xlix. 18; l. 40; Am. iv. 11; Zeph. ii. 9; Matt. x. 15; Mark vi. 11; Rom. ix. 29; 2 Peter ii. 6; Jude 7 Not identified — At the north end of the Dead Sea there is a valley called ‘Wâdy ʾAmr,’ a word containing the radicals of the name Gomorrah.

GORTYNA 1 Macc. xv. 23 — A city of Crete

GOSHEN (1) GESEM (Judith i. 9) Gen. xlv. 10; xlvi. 28, 29, 34; xlvii. 1, 4, 6, 27; l. 8; Exod. viii. 22; ix. 26 Near the eastern side of the ancient Delta.

GOSHEN, The land of Josh. x. 41; xi. 16 Not identified — In Southern Palestine.

GOSHEN (3) Josh. xv. 51 Not identified — A town of Judah in the mountains.

GOZAN 2 Kings xvii. 6; xviii. 11; xix. 12; 1 Chr. v. 26; Is. xxxvii. 12 A district in Mesopotamia, watered by the River Khabour.

GREECE Zech. ix. 13; 1 Macc. i. 1; Acts xx. 2 —

GRECIA Dan. viii. 21; x. 20; xi. 2 —

GUDGODAH Deut. x. 7 Not identified — A variation of the name Hor-hagidgad.

GUR, The going up to (R.V. The ascent of) 2 Kings ix. 27; Jos. 9 Ant. vi. 4 Not identified — ‘By Ibleam.’ Perhaps Kh. Kâra, west of Yebla.—Conder. See Ibleam.

GUR-BAAL 2 Chr. xxvi. 7 Not identified — A place or district lying between Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula.

HABOR 2 Kings xvii. 6; xviii. 11; 1 Chr. v. 26 Khabour — Called ‘Aborrhas’ by Strabo (XVI. 1, 27); ‘Aburas’ by Isidore of Charax (p. 4); ‘Abora’ by Zosimus (III. 12), and ‘Charboras’ by Pliny and Ptolemy (v. 18). Now called the river Khabour, an affluent of the Euphrates.

HACHILAH, Hill of 1 Sam. xxiii. 19; xxvi. 1, 3 Dhahret el Kolah (?)* 14 Apparently the ridge called ‘el Kolah,’ in the wilderness east of ‘Ziph.’ (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HADAD­RIMMON Zech. xii. 11 Rummâneh 10 A place in the valley of Megiddo. Jerome (Comm. in Zach.) makes this = Maximiano­polis, or the present village Rummâneh, west of the plain of ‘Esdraelon.’ (Mem. II. 68; Sh. VIII.)

HADASHAH Josh. xv. 37 Ebdis, ʾEddis* 13 Mentioned between ‘Zenan’ and ‘Migdal-gad.’ Probably the village ‘Ebdis,’ or ‘ʾEddis,’ 6½ miles to the east of Migdal-gad. It is spoken of by Eusebius as lying near Taphna. (Mem. II. 409; Sh. XVI.)

HADATTAH (R.V. HAZOR-HADATTAH) Josh. xv. 25 Not identified — One of the towns of Judah in the south. Should read ‘Hazor-hadattah.’ See Hazor-hadattah.

HADID Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vii. 37; xi. 34 Hadîtheh 10 Named with ‘Lod’ and ‘Ono.’ In the time of Eusebius (Onom. ‘Adithaim’), a town called ‘Aditha,’ or ‘Adatha,’ existed to the east of Lydda (Diospolis). ‘Adida in Sephela’ (1 Macc. xii. 38) is probably the same place. Now the present village ‘Hadîtheh,’ 3 miles to the east of Lydda = the Adithaim of Joshua xv. 36. (Mem. II. 322; Sh. XIV.)

HADRACH, The land of Zech. ix. 1 Not identified — Somewhere in Syria.

HAI (R.V. AI) Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3 — See ‘Ai.’

HALAH 2 Kings xviii. 11; 1 Chr. v. 26 Not identified — A different place to that of Gen. x. 11; thought to be the ‘Chalcitis’ of Ptolemy (v. 18). The modern name, ‘Gla,’ applies to a huge mound on the Upper Khabour, above its junction with the Jerujer. (Layard, Nin. & Bab. 312.)

HALAK, Mount Josh. xi. 17; xii. 7 Not identified — In the neighbourhood of ‘Mount Seir,’ signifying ‘the bare mountain’ (margin R.V.).

HALHUL Josh. xv. 58 Hŭlhûl 14 The present village still called ‘Hŭlhûl,’ north of Hebron and near to Beth-zur, with which it is named. (Mem. III. 305; Sh. XXI.)

HALI Josh. xix. 25 Kh. ʾAlia (?)* 6 A town on the boundary of Asher, named between ‘Helkath’ and ‘Beten.’ The name Kh. ʾAlia, some 13 miles south-east of Akka is suggestive of this site, and may probably be in the district of ‘Aloth,’ which see. (Mem. I. 170; Sh. III.)

HALICAR­NASSUS 1 Macc. xv. 23; Jo. Ant. xiv. 10, 23 Budrûm — A city in ‘Caria,’ celebrated for its harbour and the strength of its fortifi­cations, the birth-place of Herodotus and of the later historian, Dionysius. A plan of the site is given in Ross, Reisen auf den Griech Inseln (vol. iv., p. 30). The modern name is ‘Budrûm.’

HAM Gen. xiv. 5 Not identified — Thought to be another form of Ammon. The Targums of Onkelos and Pseudo Jonathan have Hemta. Schwartz (217) suggests ‘Humeitat,’ or ‘Hammet Animah,’ 1 mile north of ‘Rabba.’

HAMATH Num. xiii. 21; xxxiv. 8; Josh. xiii. 5; Judg. iii. 3; 2 Sam. viii. 9; 1 Kings viii. 65; 2 Kings xiv. 25, 28; xvii. 24, 30; xviii. 34; xix. 13; xxiii. 33; xxv. 21; 1 Chr. xiii. 5; xviii. 3, 9; 2 Chr. vii. 8; viii. 4; Isa. x. 9; xi. 11; xxxvi. 19; xxxvii. 13; Jer. xxxix. 5; xlix. 23; lii. 9, 27; Ezek. xlvii. 16, 17, 20; xlviii. 1; Amos vi. 2, 14; Zech. ix. 2 Hama — The present city Hama, in the valley of the Orontes, north of Damascus. Hemath (Amos vi. 14).

HAMATH ZOBAH 2 Chr. viii. 3 Not identified — Perhaps same as last. North of Damascus.

HAMMATH Josh. xix. 35 Hŭmmâm Ibrahim Basha 6 One of the fortified cities of Naphtali. The site was probably at the Emmaus of Josephus, so famed for its hot springs and baths (xviii. Ant. 2, 3; 4 Wars i. 3). Now Hammâm Tabariya. (Mem. I. 379; Sh. VI.)

HAMMON Josh. xix. 28 ʾAin Hamûl 6 The present ruin Hima, 11 miles south-east of Tyre, ‘Kh. Umm el ʾAmud,’ on the coast 10 miles south of Tyre, and ‘ʾAin Hamûl’ (Schwartz), a little farther south, have each been proposed. (Mem. I. 51 & 176; Sh. III., and Conder’s Handbook to the Bible.)

HAMMON 1 Chr. vi. 76 — Allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites. Possibly the same as Hammath.

HAMMOTH-DOR Josh. xxi. 32 — Same as Hammon (1 Chr. vi. 76), and Hammath of Josh. xix. 35.

HAMON-GOG, The Valley of Ezek. xxxix. 11, 15 —

HAMONAH Ezek. xxxix. 16 Not identified —

HANANEEL, The Tower of (R.V. HANANEL) Neh. iii. 1; xii. 39; Jer. xxxi. 38; Zech. xiv. 10 Not identified — A tower which formed part of the wall of Jerusalem, between the Sheepgate and the Fishgate.

HANES Isa. xxx. 4 Tell Defenneh — A place in Egypt, (?) Tahpanes, which see.

HANNATHON Josh. xix. 14 Kefr ʾAnân* 6 The present village ‘Kefr ʾAnân’ of Zebulon. (Mem. I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

HAPHRAIM (R.V. HAPHARA-IM) Josh. xix. 19 Kh. Farrîyeh* 10 Probably the present ruin Farrîyeh, west of the plain of Esdraelon. The site of Affarea, 6 miles north of Legio—‘Lejjun.’ Onomasticon, s.v. Haphraim. A city of Issachar. (Mem. II. 58; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

HARA 1 Chr. v. 26 Harran — = Haran, which see.

HARADAH Num. xxxiii. 24, 25 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

HARAN Gen. xi. 31, 32; xii. 4, 5; xxvii. 43; xxviii. 10; xxix. 4; 2 Kings xix. 12; Isa. xxxvii. 12; Ezek. xxvii. 23 Harran — Probably the small village now called ‘Harran,’ between the Euphrates and the Khabour.

HARETH, The Forest of (R.V. HERETH) 1 Sam. xxii. 5; Ant. vi. 12, 4 Kharâs (?)* 14 The LXX. reads ‘city.’ Very probably the name is preserved in that of Kharâs, a village in the Hebron mountains, between ‘Hŭlhul’ and ‘Adullam,’ where dense patches of scrub abound. Mem. III. 305; Sh. XXI.—Conder.

HAROD, The Well of Judg. vii. 1 ʾAin Jalûd (?) 10 ʾAin Jalûd, below Jezreel (Zerʾîn), is the generally-accepted spring. Capt. Conder suggests ‘ʾAin el Jemʾâin (the spring of two troops), near Beth-shean. (Mem. II. 79, 81; Sh. IX.)

HAROSHETH of the Gentiles Judg. iv. 2, 13, 16 el Harathîyeh (?) 6 The village ‘el Harathiyeh,’ in the narrow strait, on the north bank of the River Kishon, which separates Lower Galilee from Carmel, is generally looked to now as the ancient site; whilst others maintain that it was situated in the Upper Jordan Valley, near the Lake Huleh—Merom. (Mem. I. 270; Sh. V.)

HARUPH, HARIPH 1 Chr. xii. 5; Neh. vii. 24 Kh. Kharûf (?)* — Appears to have been in the south of Judah. Probably Kh. Kharûf, south of ʾAid el Mâ. (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HASHMONAH Num. xxxiii. 29, 30 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites, somewhere near ‘Mount Hôr.’

HAURAN Ezek. xlvii. 16, 18 Hauran 7 A province of Palestine, bounded on the west by Gaulanitis, on the north by the wild and rocky district of Trachonitis, on the east by the mountainous region of Batanæa, and on the south by the great plain of Moab. (See Porter’s Damascus, vol. ii.)

HAVILAH Gen. ii. 11; x. 7, 29; xxv. 18; 1 Sam. xv. 7; 1 Chr. i. 9, 23 Not identified —

HAVOTH-JAIR Num. xxxii. 41; Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xiii. 30; 1 Chr. ii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 13 Not identified — ‘Small towns of Jair,’ in the country of Argob.

HAZAR-ADDAR Num. xxxiv. 4 Not identified — = Addar. On the southern boundary of Judah, between Kadesh Barnea and Azmon.

HAZAR-ENAN Num. xxxiv. 9, 10; Ezek. xlvii. 17; xlviii. i. 1 Not identified — The northern limit of the Promised Land. ‘Kuryetein,’ a village north-east of Damascus some 60 miles, has been proposed by Porter. (Damascus i. 252; ii. 358.) Conder suggests ʾAin el ʾAsi (see Heth & Moab).

HAZAR-GADDAH Josh. xv. 27 Not identified — One of the towns in the south of Judah, named between ‘Moladah’ and ‘Heshmon.’

HAZAR-HATTICON (R.V. HAZER-HATTICON) Ezek. xlvii. 16 Not identified — On the boundary of Hauran. Said to mean ‘middle village’ (R.V.)

HAZAR-SHUAL Josh. xv. 28; xix. 3; 1 Chr. iv. 28; Neh. xi. 27 Not identified — One of the towns in the south of Judah, named next to Beer-sheba.

HAZAR-SUSAH Josh. xix. 5; 1 Chr. iv. 31 Susîn (?) — One of the southern cities of Judah allotted to Simeon. Or ‘Hazar-susim,’ ‘the village of horses.’ Probably the ruin Susîn, on the caravan road to Egypt, some 10 miles south of Gaza.—Tristram.

HAZAR­MAVETH Gen. x. 26; 1 Chr. i. 20 Hadramâut — Now Hadramaut, a district in south-east of Arabia.

HAZERIM Deut. ii. 23 — ‘The villages’ of the Avims.

HAZEROTH Num. xi. 35; xii. 16; xxxiii. 17; Deut. i. 1 ʾAin Hudherah (?) — The next camping station of the Israelites after ‘Kibroth-hattaavah.’ ‘Ain Hudherah,’ some two or three days’ journey north-east from Sinai, was first suggested by Burckhardt.—Burckhardt, p. 495; Robinson, vol. i., p. 223.

HAZEZON-TAMAR (R.V. HAZAZON-TAMAR) Gen. xiv. 7; 2 Chron. xx. 2 ʾAin Jidy 14 The original name of En-gedi (2 Chr. xx. 2). The name is probably preserved in that of the tract called ‘Hasâseh’ (pebbles), near ‘ʾAin Jîdy.’ Compare Ziz, cliff of.

HAZOR (1) Josh. xi. 1, 10–13; xii. 19; xix. 36; Jud. iv. 2, 17; 1 Sam. xii. 9; 1 Kings ix. 15; 2 Kings xv. 29; Jer. xlix. 28, 30, 33 Jebel Hadîreh (?) 6 Named between ‘Ramah’ and ‘Kedesh’ (Kades) as one of the fenced cities of Naphtali. The name survives in Jebel Hadîreh, near Kades in Upper Galilee. (Mem. I. 204; Sh. IV.)

HAZOR (2) Josh. xv. 23 Not identified — One of the uttermost cities of Judah in the south; also called Kerioth Hezron in Josh. xv. 25.

HAZOR-HADATTAH (3) Josh. xv. 25 Not identified — One of the towns of Judah in the south; should read ‘Hazor-hadattah’ (R.V.), and this reading is given by Eusebius and Jerome, who speak (Onom. ‘Asor’) of ‘New Hazor’ as being situated to the east of and near Ascalon.

HAZOR (4) Neh. xi. 33; 1 Kings ix. 15 Kh. Hazzûr 14 Now the heap of ruins ‘Hazzûr,’ north of Jerusalem, near Beit Hanîna, and in Benjamin. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

HEBRON Gen. xiii. 18; xxiii. 2, 19; xxxv. 27; xxxvii. 14; Num. xiii. 22; Jos. x. 3, 5, 23, 36, 39; xi. 21; xii. 10; xiv. 54; xx. 7; xxi. 13–15; xv. 13, 11, 13; Judg. i. 10, 20; xvi. 3; 1 Sam. xxx. 31; 2 Sam. ii. 1, 3, 11, 32; iii. 2, 32; iv. 1–12; v. 1–13; xv. 7–10; 1 Kings ii. 11; 1 Chr. ii. 42, 43; iii. 1, 4; vi. 2, 55, 57; xi. 1, 3; xii. 23, 38; xxix. 27; 2 Chr. xi. 10; 1 Macc. v. 65 el Khŭlîl 14 One of the oldest cities of Palestine, built seven years before ‘Zoan’ in Egypt (Num. xiii. 22). Originally named Kirjath-arba (Judg. i. 10). The burial-place of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, and Jacob. One of the six cities of refuge. Now a large town called ‘el Khulîl.’ (Mem. III. 305; Sh. XXI.)

HEBRON (R.V. EBRON) Josh. xix. 28 — See ‘Abdon,’ a town of Asher, which is thought to represent this place.

HELAM 2 Sam. x. 16, 17 Not identified — Between the Jordan and Euphrates, thought to be identical with Alamatha, a town named by Ptolemy, on the west of the Euphrates, near Nicephorium.

HELBAH Judg. i. 31 Not identified 6 A town in Asher.

HELBON Ezek. xxvii. 18 Helbôn 3 Now represented by the village still called Helbôn, in the mountains, 13 miles north of Damascus. (Five years in Damascus, II. 330.—Porter.)

HELEPH Josh. xix. 33 Beit Lîf 6 On the boundary of Naphtali. Van de Velde proposed Beit Lîf. (Mem. I. 204; Sh. IV.)

HELKATH Josh. xix. 25; xxi. 31 Yerka (?) 6 Mentioned next to ‘Hali’ (Kh. ʾAlia) in Josh. xix. 25, and to ‘Rehob’ in xxi. 31. On the boundary of Asher. The village ‘Yerka,’ 8½ miles to east of ʾAkka, proposed by Van de Velde. In 1 Chr. vi. 75, it is rendered ‘Hukok.’

HELKATH-HAZZURIM 2 Sam. ii. 16 Wâdy el ʾAskar (?)* 14 Possibly ‘Wâdy el ʾAskar,’ between ‘Gederah’ (Jedîreh) and ‘Gibeon’ (el Jîb). (Mem. III.; Sh. XVII.)—C. F. T. Drake.

HEMATH Amos vi. 14 Hama — = Hamath.

HENA 2 Kings xviii. 34; 2 Kings xix. 13; Is. xxxvii. 13 ʾAnah (?) — Probably ‘Anah,’ near ‘Mosaib,’ on the Euphrates.

HEPHER Josh. xii. 17; 1 Kings iv. 10 Not identified — Named between ‘Tappuah’ and Aphek in Josh. xii. 17, and between Socoh (Shuweikeh), and Dôr (Tanturah), 1 Kings iv. 10. Not Gath Hepher.

HERES, Mount Judg. i. 35 — Mentioned with Aijalon. Some 5 miles to the north of the valley of Aijalon is the village of ‘Khŭrbetha ibn Hârith,’ 5 miles due east of this place is a very prominent and commanding hill top called ‘Batn Harâsheh.’ Further north lie Hâris and Kefr Hâris (Timnath Heres). All these names may be connected with that of Mount Heres.

HERMON, Mount Deut. iii. 8, 9; iv. 48; Josh. xi. 3, 17; xii. 1–5; xiii. 5, 11; 1 Chr. v. 23; Ps. xlii. 6; lxxxix. 12; cxxxiii. 3; Song. iv. 8; Eccles. xxiv. 13 Jebel esh Sheikh Jebel eth Thelj — Now called ‘Jebel esh Sheikh,’ or ‘Jebel eth Thelj,’ the highest mountain in the Anti-Lebanon range (9,166 feet). Special Papers Vol., p. 115–116.

HESHBON Num. xxi. 25–34; xxxii. 3, 37; Deut. i. 4; ii. 24, 30; iii. 2, 6; iv. 46; xxix. 7; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 2, 5; xiii. 10, 17, 21, 26, 27; xxi. 39; Judg. xi. 19, 26; 1 Chr. vi. 81; Neh. ix. 22; Cant. vii. 4; Is. xv. 4; xvi. 8, 9; Jer. xlviii. 2, 34, 45; xlix. 3 Hesbân 15 The capital of Sihon King of the Amorites, rebuilt by the children of Reuben (Num. xxxii. 37). Near or on the border between Reuben and Dan. In Joshua xiii. 17, as belonging to Reuben, and in Joshua xxi. 39 and 1 Chr. vi. 81, mentioned as given ‘out of the tribe of Gad.’ Now the ruined city ‘Hesbân.’ For details see Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 8, Eastern Survey.

HESHMON Josh. xv. 27 Not identified — Named with ‘Beer-sheba,’ ‘Moladah,’ etc. Apparently to the south; thought to be another form of the name ‘Azmon,’ which see.

HETHLON Ezek. xlvii. 15; xlviii. 1 — Supposed to be the Pass at the northern end of Mount Lebanon, from the Mediterranean to the great Plain of Hamath—and would thus be identical with ‘the entrance to Hamath.’ (Five Years in Damascus II. 356.)—Porter.

HEZRON Josh. xv. 3 J. Hadîreh (?)* 20 Named as being on the southern boundary of Judah and between ‘Kadesh-barnea’ and ‘Adar.’ ‘Jebel Hadîreh,’ south of Bîr-sheba, proposed by Capt. Conder. (See Handbook to the Bible, p. 257.) The position agrees, and the Arabic name is radically the same as the Hebrew.

HIDDEKEL Gen. ii. 14; Dan. x. 14 River Tigris — One of the rivers of Eden, ‘which goeth toward the east of Assyria.’ The old name of the Tigris, which is now called Dijlah.

HILEN 1 Chron. vi. 58 Not identified — In Joshua xv. 51, = Holon, which see.

HINNOM, Valley of Josh. xv. 8; xviii. 16; 2 Kings xxiii. 10; 2 Chr. xxviii. 3; xxxiii. 6; Neh. xi. 30; Jer. vii. 31, 32; xix. 2, 6; xxxii. 35 Wâdy er Rabâbeh (?) 14 Now ‘Wâdy er Rabâbeh’—the valley surrounding Jerusalem on the west and south.—Jerusalem Vol. p. 94. Some have thought the Kedron Valley to be intended.

HOBAH Gen. xiv. 15 Jôbar (?) or Buzreh (?) 3 The Jews of Damascus have a tradition that the village of ‘Jôbar,’ immediately north of Damascus, is the ‘Hobah’ of Scripture. Again, the Moslems have another tradition that Abraham took refuge in a cleft of the rock in Buzreh, which is farther north and to the west of Jobâr.—Porter’s Handbook for Syria and Palestine, pp. 491, 492. The Hebrew word is said to mean ‘hiding.’

HOLON (1), or HILEN Josh. xv. 51; xxi. 15; 1 Chron. vi. 58 Beit ʾAlâm (?)* 14 A town in the mountains of Judah, named between ‘Goshen’ (not recovered) and Giloh (Kh. Jala.) In the same group as ‘Dannah’ (Idhna)—very probably the ruins ‘Beit ʾAlâm’ (Sheet 14.) (Mem. III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HOLON (2) Jer. xlviii. 21 Not identified — In the ‘plain country,’ or Mishor in Moab. Perhaps ‘ʾAleiyan.’—Conder.

HOR, Mount (1) Numb. xxxiv. 7, 8 Not identified — One of the landmarks on the northern limits of the boundary of the Promised Land. Supposed to be the Lebanon Range. (See Conder’s Heth & Moab.)

HOR, Mount (2) Num. xx. 22–27; xxi. 4; xxxiii. 37, 41; Deut. xxxii. 50 Jebel Neby Harûn 28 The next camping station of the Israelites after ‘Kadesh’ (Num. xx. 22); ‘By the coast of the land of Edom’ (Num. xx. 23); or ‘in the edge’ (xxxiii. 37.) ‘And Aaron went up into “Mount Hor” and died there’ (Num. xxxiii. 38.) A double-peaked mountain on the eastern side of the ‘Wâdy ʾArabah,’ and about midway between ‘the Salt Sea’ and the Gulf of ʾAkabah. The northern peak is the highest one, on which is the traditional tomb of Aaron. A great open plain extends from the western base into the ‘Wâdy ʾArabah’—and has an area of about 20 square miles. At a higher elevation of 1,000 feet above this plain and between the eastern base of the mountain and Petra, is the open piece of rolling land—called ‘the Plain of Aaron,’ which is encircled by the surrounding peaks and over 2 square miles in extent. There is also a little plateau at the fork of the two peaks (now called Jebel Neby Harûn.)—For various descriptions see the records of Burckhardt, Irby and Mangles, Stephens, Wilson, Robinson, Martineau, Stanley. (Professor Hull’s Mt. Seir, also the Quarterly Statement, October, 1884.)—Major Kitchener.

HOREB, Mount Exod. iii. 1; xvii. 6; xxxiii. 6; Deut. i. 2, 6, 19; iv. 10, 15; v. 2; ix. 8; xviii. 16; xxix. 1; 1 Kings viii. 9; xix. 8; 2 Chr. v. 10; Ps. cvi. 19; Mal. iv. 4; Eccles. xlviii. 7 Not identified — ‘The Mount of God’—another name for Sinai and the wilderness. ‘The rock in Horeb’ = Massah and Meribah. Exodus xvii. 7. The name in Hebrew means ‘desert’ or ‘dry,’ and may apply to the whole Sinaitic block.

HOREM Josh. xix. 38 Kh. Hârah* 6 Named between Migdal-el (Mujeidel) and Beth-anath (Ainitha) in Naphtali. Now the ruin Hârah, between these two places. (Mem. I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

HOR-HAGIDGAD (R.V. HOR-HAGGIDGAD) Num. xxxiii. 32, 33 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

HORMAH or ZEPHATH Num. xiv. 45; xxi. 3; Deut. i. 44; Josh. xii. 14; xv. 30; xix. 4; Judg. 1, 17; 1 Sam. xxx. 30; 1 Chron. iv. 30 Not identified — Also called ‘Zephath’ (Judg. i. 17.) Named between Geder (not recovered) and Arad (Tell ʾArâd) Josh. xii. 14. Also between Chesil or Bethul (Beit Âûla) Sheet 14, and Ziklag: xv. 30; xix. 4. Robinson (II. 181) identifies the pass es Sŭfa with Zephath (Sheet 21.) S’baita, south of Beersheba (Sheet 20) is also proposed and has many supporters. The name Kh. Hôra (Sheet 13) east of Beersheba, exists at a very ancient site. (Mem. III. 396; Sh. XXIV.) S’beita does not represent the Hebrew, which is correctly rendered by Sŭfa, as Robinson proposes.

HORONAIM Is. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 3, 5, 34 Not identified — Possibly ‘Wâdy Ghûeir’ (with ancient road). The Hebrew and Arabic have the same meaning, with a slight change of guttural. (Conder, Heth and Moab, 403) situated between ‘Beth Jesimoth’ (Sheet 14) and ‘Luhith’ (Sheet 15.)

HOSAH Josh. xix. 29 ʾEzzîyat el Fôka or et Tahta (?)* 6 A city of Asher. Probably the present ruins now called ‘ʾEzzîyat el Fôka,’ south of Tyre. (Mem. I. 48, 51; Sh. I.)—Conder.

HUKKOK Josh. xix. 34 Yakûk 6 Named next to ‘Aznoth Tabor’ as being on the boundary of Naphtali. The present village Yakûk. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

HUKOK 1 Chr. vi. 75 Not identified — Apparently another name for ‘Helkath’ of Joshua xix. 25

HUMTAH Josh. xv. 54 Not identified — In the mountains of Judah, and mentioned next to Hebron.

HYDASPES, River Judith i. 6 Not identified — Possibly the Choaspes of Susiana. Not the Hydaspes of India (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.)

IBLEAM Josh. xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; 2 Kings ix. 27 Yebla 6 A city of Manasseh in Issachar. Probably Yebla, north-west of Beth-shean. See also Bileam.

IDALAH Josh. xix. 15 el Huwarah (?)* 6 One of the cities of Zebulon. Its later name was Hirii (Talmud Jer, Megillah I.) Now identified with ‘el Huwarah,’ south of Bethlehem in Zebulon. (See Conder’s Handbook, p. 268, and Mem. I. 288; Sh. V.)

IDUMEA (R.V. EDOM) Is. xxxiv. 5, 6; Ezek. xxxv. 15; xxxvi. 5; 1 Macc. iv. 15, 29, 61; v. 3; vi. 31; 2 Macc. xii. 32; Mark iii. 8 See Edom — The Greek form of the name Edom.

IIM (1) (R.V. IYIM) Num. xxxiii. 45 See Ije-abarim — A contracted form of the name Ije-abarim, which see.

IIM (2) Josh. xv. 29 Not identified — Mentioned with ‘Beer-sheba,’ and ‘Chesil,’ or ‘Bethul,’ somewhere in the south of Judah. The Peshito Syriac version has Elin.

IJE-ABARIM (R.V. IYE-ABARIM) Num. xxi. 11; xxxiii. 44 Not identified — Between ‘Oboth’ and ‘the valley of Zared,’ ‘wilderness which is before Moab.’ One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

IJON 1 Kings xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29; 2 Chr. xvi. 4 el Khîam (?)* 6 A town belonging to the tribe of Naphtali, ‘el Khîam,’ in the Merj ʾAyûn, north of Banias (Conder). Tell Dibbin, in the same district, has also been proposed. (Mem. I. 88; Sh. II.)

IMMER Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61 Not identified — One of the places from which some of the captivity returned, who could not prove their pedigree.

INDIA 1 Esd. iii. 2 — —

IR-NAHASH (R.V. ‘The City of Nahash.’) 1 Chron. iv. 12 Deir Nakhkhâs (?)* 13 Of Judah. Possibly ‘Deir Nakhkhâs,’ near Beit Jibrîn. (Mem. III.; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

IRON Josh. xix. 38 Yârûn 6 Named between ‘Migdal-el’ and ‘En-hazor’ in Naphtali. Now the village Yârûn. (Mem. I. 204; Sh. IV.)

IRPEEL Josh xviii. 27 Râfât* 14 Mentioned between ‘Rekem’ and ‘Taralah,’ of Benjamin, both places unknown. Probably the village ‘Rafât,’ near Gibeon, (Mem. III. 154; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

IR-SHEMESH Josh. xix. 41 ʾAin Shems 14 Identical with Beth Shemesh, which see.

ISHTOB 2 Sam. x. 6, 8 — — R.V. ‘Men of Tob.’ See Tob.

ISSACHAR, Tribe of Gen. xxx. 18; xxxv. 23; xlvi. 13; xlix. 14; Exod. i. 3; Num. i. 8, 28, 29; ii. 5; vii. 18; x. 15; xiii. 7; xxvi. 23, 25; xxxiv. 26; Deut. xxvii. 12; xxxiii. 18; Josh. xvii. 10, 11; xix. 17, 23; xxi. 6, 28; Judg. v. 15; x. 1; 1 Kings iv. 17; xv. 27; 1 Chron. ii. 1; vi. 62, 72; vii. 1, 5; xii. 32, 40; xxvii. 18; 2 Chr. xxx. 18; Ezek. xlviii. 25, 26–33; Rev. vii. 7 — ‘The fourth lot came out for Issachar. And their border was unto Jezreel, and Chesulloth and Shunem; and Haphraim, and Shion, and Anaharath; and Rabbith, and Kishion, and Ebez; and Remeth, and En-gannim, and En-haddah, and Beth-pazzez; and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh; and the goings out of their border were at Jordan; sixteen cities with their villages.’ (Josh. xix. 17–23 R.V.) ‘Issachar had its limits in length, Mount Carmel and the river, but its limit in breadth was Mount Tabor.’ (5 Ant. I. 22.)

ITHNAN Josh. xv. 23 Not identified — A town in the south of Judah named with ‘Kadesh,’ ‘Hazor,’ and ‘Ziph.’

ITTAH-KAZIN (R.V. ETH-KAZIN) Josh. xix. 13 Not identified — On the boundary of Zebulon between Gittah-hepher and Remmon.

IVAH or AVA (R.V. IVVAH and AVVA) 2 Kings xvii. 24; xviii. 34; xix. 13; Isa. xxxvii. 13 Hit (?) — Thought to be ‘Hît’ on the Euphrates?

JAAZER (R.V. JAZER) Num. xxi. 32; xxxii. 35 — See Jazer.

JABBOK, River Gen. xxxii. 22; Num. xxi. 24; Deut. ii. 37; iii. 16; Josh. xii. 2; Judg. xi. 13–22 Wâdy Zêrka 11 The brook which Jacob crossed on his way from ‘Haran.’ Between Gerasa (Jerash) and Philadelphia (Amman)—Onomasticon. Now called Wâdy ez Zêrka, having its source at the clear and copious springs in the valley above ‘Ammân,’ then sweeping round in a north-westerly direction to the south of Jerash, and entering the Jordan near ‘Succoth’ and ‘Adam.’

JABESH-GILEAD Judg. xxi. 8, 14; 1 Sam. xi. 1–10; xxxi. 11–13; 2 Sam. ii. 4, 5; xxi. 12; 1 Chr. x. 11, 12 Not identified 11 Six Roman miles from Pella on the road to Gerasa (Onomasticon.) The name survives in Wâdy el Yâbis, and possibly the ruin ed Deir marks the site.

JABEZ 1 Chron. ii. 55 Not identified — ‘Deir Abu Kabûs, between Eshtaol and Ashnah, has been proposed for this place.’ (Henderson’s Handbook to Students.) The Arabic and Hebrew have, however, no connection.

JABNEEL, or JABNEH Josh. xv. 11; 2 Chron. xxvi. 6; 1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 58; x. 69; xv. 40; 2 Macc. xii. 8, 9, 40 Yebnah 13 One of the places on the northern boundary of Judah. Now the village Yebnah, in Philistia. The Jamnia of the 1st Book of Maccabees. (Mem. II. 441; Sh. XVI.)

JABNEEL Josh. xix. 33 Yemma* 6 Now the ruins Yemma, 7 miles south of Tiberias in Naphtali.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 269. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

JABNEH 2 Chr. xxvi. 6 See Jabneel.

JAGUR Josh. xv. 21 Not identified — Named with other towns towards the coast of Edom.

JAHAZ Num. xxi. 23; Deut. ii. 32; Judg. xi. 20; Is. xv. 4; Jer. xlviii. 34 Not identified 10 Identified as one town in Reuben. ‘Rujm el Makhsiyeh,’ north-east of Heshbon, proposed by Capt. Conder. Eusebius (Onom) says it existed in his day between Medeba and Dibon; but this direction does not appear correct.

JAHAZA (R.V. JAHAZ) Josh. xiii. 18 Not identified —

JAHAZAH (R.V. JAHAZ and JAHZAH) Josh. xxi. 36; Jer. xlviii. 21 Not identified —

JAHZAH (R.V. JAHZAH) 1 Chr. vi. 78 Not identified —

JAMNIA 1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 58; x. 69; xv. 40 Yebnah 13 See Jabneel (1). Jamnites 2 Macc. xii. 9. (250 furlongs from Jerusalem): the distance in a straight line is about 29 English miles.

JANOAH 2 Kings xv. 29 Yânûh 6 Now the village Yânûh, in the mountains of Naphtali. (Mem. I. 51, 96; Sh. I.)

JANOHAH (R.V. JANOAH) Josh. xvi. 6, 7 Yânûn 10 Named between Taanath-shiloh (Tana) and Ataroth (not recovered). Now the village ‘Yânûn,’ or the ruins on the hill beyond it, situated 7 miles to the east of Shechem, and south of Taanath-shiloh. (Mem. II. 387; Sh. XV.)

JANUM (R.V. JANUM) Josh. xv. 53 Beni Nʾaim (?) 14 Mentioned between ‘Beth-tappuah’ (Tuffuh) and ‘Eshean’ (es Simia). The present village ‘Beni Nʾaim,’ 3 miles east of Hebron. (Mem. III. 325; Sh. XXI.)

JAPHIA Josh. xix. 12 Yâfa 6 Now the village ‘Yâfa,’ south of Nazareth, and between ‘Chisloth-tabor’ and ‘Sarid’ in Zebulon. (Mem. I. 353; Sh. V.)

JAPHLETI (R.V. JAPHLET­ITES) Josh. xvi. 3 Not identified — On the south boundary of Ephraim. Not a town name according to the R.V.

JAPHO (R.V. JOPPA or JAPHA) Josh. xix. 46 Yâfa 9 The seaport town Yâfa in Dan. See Joppa. (Mem. II. 254, 255, 275–278; Sh. XIII.)

JAPHETH Judith ii. 25 Not identified — ‘Toward the south, over against Arabia.’

JARMUTH (1) Josh. x. 3, 5, 23; xiii. 11; xv. 35; Neh. xi. 29 Kh. el Yarmûk 14 Named between ‘Enam’ (Kh. Wad ʾAlin) and ‘Adullam’ (Aid el Mâ), now Kh. el Yarmûk in Judah. (Mem. III. 128; Sh. XVII.)

JARMUTH (2) Josh. xxi. 29 Rameh (?)* — One of the cities allotted to the Levites out of the tribe of Issachar. Compare with Ramoth of 1 Chr. vi. 73, and Remeth of Josh. xix. 21, evidently all referring to the one place. The village ‘er Rameh,’ north of Shechem, has been proposed. See Ramoth and Remeth.—Conder.

JASHUBI-LEHEM 1 Chr. iv. 22 Not identified — Probably a place near to ‘Chozeba’ (Kh. Kueizîba) in Judah. According to Jerome (Quaest Hebr.) and the Targum on Chronicles (ed. Wilkins, 29, 30), ‘Jashubi-lehem is Naomi and Ruth, who returned to bread, or to Beth-lehem after the famine.’

JATTIR Josh. xv. 48; xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. 27; 1 Chr. vi. 57 Kh. ʾAttîr 14 In the mountains named between ‘Shamir’ (Kh. Somerah) and ‘Socoh’ (Shuweikeh). Now Kh. ʾAttîr, south of last. (Mem. III. 408; Sh. XXV.)

JAZER Num. xxxii. 1, 3, 35; Josh. xiii. 25; xxi. 39; 2 Sam. xxiv. 5; 1 Chr. vi. 81; xxvi. 31; Is. xvi. 8, 9; Jer. xlviii. 32; 1 Macc. v. 8 Beit Zerʾah (?)* 15 In the east of Jordan mentioned with ‘Heshbon,’ ‘Nimrah,’ ‘Jogbehah,’ etc., ‘their (Gad) coast was Jazer’ (Josh. xiii. 25), ‘Jazer of Gilead’ (1 Chr. xxvi. 31), ‘The sea of Jazer’ (Jer. xlviii. 32). Jazar (1 Macc. v. 8). Jazer, according to the Onomasticon, was known, and Eusebius and Jerome place it 10 Roman miles west of Philadelphia (Amman), and 15 from Heshbon. Two sites were discovered by Seetzen in 1806 (Reisen, 1854, 397–8), ‘Khurbet Sâr’ and ‘Sîr’ (the former 6½ English miles west of Amman and 10½ English miles north of Heshbon): the latter (Sâr) 9 English miles west of Amman, and 9½ in a straight line or 14 by road north of Heshbon. Capt. Conder, in the Eastern Survey, proposes the ruin ‘Beit Zerah’ 3 English miles north of Heshbon, and 10 south of Amman. (Heth and Moab and Quarterly Statement, p. 9, 1882.)

JEARIM, Mount Josh. xv. 10 The ridge on which Kesla stands (?) 14 On the northern boundary of Judah. ‘And the border turned about from Baalah westward unto Mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of Mount Jearim, on the north (the same is Cheslon)’ the modern Kesla 10 miles west of Jerusalem.

JEBUSI or JEBUS (R.V. JEBUSITE) Josh. xviii. 16, 28; Judg. xix. 10, 11; 1 Chron. xi. 4, 5; 2 Sam. v. 6, 8 Jerusalem — The ancient name of Jerusalem.

JEGAR-SAHADUTHA, ‘The Heap of Witness' in Aramaic Gen. xxxi. 47 — 11 See Mizpeh.

JEHOSAPHAT, Valley of Joel iii. 2, 12 Wâdy Sitti Miriam 14 The name lingers at Shʾafat, a village immediately north of Jerusalem. Generally recognised as the valley between Jerusalem and Mount of Olives, now called ‘Wâdy Sitti Miriam,’ and ‘Wâdy Farʾaûn.’

JEHUD Josh. xix. 45 el Yehûdîyeh 9 Now the village ‘el Yehûdîyeh,’ 8 miles to the east of Joppa, in Dan. (Mem. II. 258; Sh. XIII.)

JEKABZEEL Neh. xi. 25 Not identified — = Kabzeel. A town in the extreme south of Judah.

JEMNAAN Judith ii. 28 — — Probably Jabneel or Jamnia—which see.

JERICHO Num. xxii. 1; xxvi. 3, 63; xxxi. 12; xxxiii. 48, 50; xxxiv. 15; xxxv. 1; xxxvi. 13; Deut. xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1, 3; Josh. ii. 1, 3; iii. 16; iv. 13, 19; v. 10, 13; vi. 1, 2, 25, 26; vii. 2; viii. 2; ix. 3; x. 1, 28, 30; xii. 9; xiii. 32; xvi. 1, 7; xviii. 12, 21; xx. 8; xxiv. 11; 2 Sam. x. 5; 1 Kings xvi. 34; 2 Kings ii. 4, 5, 15, 18; xxv. 5; 1 Chron. vi. 78; xix. 5; 2 Chron. xxviii. 15; Ezra ii. 34; Neh. iii. 2; vii. 36; Jer. xxxix. 5; lii. 8; Judith iv. 4; Eccles. xxiv. 14; 1 Macc. ix. 50; xvi. 11, 14; 2 Macc. xii. 15 Erîha 14 ‘The city of palm trees.’ The ancient site of this town was probably at the mounds near ‘ʾAin es Sultan.’ (Mem. III. 173 and 222; Sh. XVIII.) Herod’s city was south of these mounds and the mediæval town near the present village Erîha.

JERUEL, The Wilderness of 2 Chron. xx. 16 Not identified — Near the ascent of Ziz—‘Ye shall find them at the end of the valley before the wilderness of Jeruel.’ Part of the Jeshimon or Wilderness of Judea.

JERUSALEM Josh. x. 1–5; xii. 10; xv. 63; xviii. 28; Judg. i. 7, 8, 21; 1 Sam. xvii. 54; 2 Sam. v. 6–14; xxiv. 16; 1 Kings iii. 1; 2 Kings; 2 Chron.; Ezra; Neh.; etc. el Kuds esh Sherîf 14 Now called ‘el Kuds esh Sherîf.’ See Recovery of Jerusalem, and Jerusalem Vol.

JESHANAH 2 Chron. xiii. 19 ʾAin Sînia* 10 Now the village ‘Ain Sînia,’ in the valley north of Bethel, as proposed by M. Clermont-Ganneau.

JESHIMON Num. xxi. 20; xxiii. 28; 1 Sam. xxiii. 19, 24; xxvi. 1, 3 Desert west of Dead Sea 14 The desert west of the Dead Sea. The word is usually rendered ‘solitude.’

JESHUA Neh. xi. 26 Kh. Sʾaweh (?)* 14 Named in a group of towns with Jekabzeel, Moladah, Beer-sheba, etc. etc. Probably the present ruin ‘Sʾaweh,’ east of Beersheba. (Mem. III. 409; Sh. XXV.)—Conder.

JETHLAH (R.V. ITHLAH) Josh. xix. 42 Beit Tûl (??)* 14 In the group of towns, between ‘Ajalon’ and ‘Elon,’ in the tribe of Dan. The present ruin ‘Beit Tûl’ has been proposed by Capt. Conder. Shilta, 7 miles east of Lydda, has also been suggested by Mr. C. F. T. Drake. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

JEWRY 1 Esd. ii. 4; iv. 49; v. 7, 8, 57; vi. 1; viii. 81; ix. 3 — Judah or Judea.

JEZREEL Josh. xix. 18; 1 Sam. xxix. 1, 11; 2 Sam. ii. 9; iii. 2; iv. 4; 1 Kings iv. 12; xviii. 45, 46; xxi. 1, 23; 2 Kings viii. 29; ix. 10, 15, 17, 30, 37; x. 1–11; 2 Chr. xxii. 6; Hos. i. 4–11; ii. 22 Zerʾín 10 On the borders of Issachar next to Chesulloth. Now the modern village Zerʾîn. (Mem. II. 88; Sh. IX.) Wine presses were discovered by the Survey Party south-east of the village.

JEZREEL, Valley of Josh. xvii. 16; Judg. vi. 33; Hos. 1, 5 6 Either part of the Great Plain of Esdraelon, or the open valley running east from Jezreel to the Jordan valley.

JEZREEL Josh. xv. 56; 1 Sam. xxv. 43; xxvii. 3; xxx. 5; 2 Sam. ii. 2; iii. 2; 1 Chr. iii. 1 Not identified — Between ‘Juttah’ (‘Yutta’) and Jokdeam (not known) in Judah.

JIPHTAH Josh. xv. 43 Not identified — In the low country of Judah. Named between ‘Ashan’ (Aseileh?) and ‘Ashnah’ (Idhnah?)

JIPHTHAH-EL, the Valley of (R.V. IPHTAH-EL) Josh. xix. 14, 27 Not identified — A valley on the boundary between ‘Asher’ and ‘Zebulon.’ The discovery of Dabbasheth (which see) points to the great Wâdy el Kurn as the valley intended. The Hebrew means ‘opened by God’ as usually rendered. Robinson (iii. 107), suggests that Jiphtah-el was identical with Jotapata (Kh. Jefat), and that ‘Wâdy ʾAbellîn,’ west of it, represents the valley, but Jefat does not represent the Hebrew word.

JOGBEHAH Num. xxxii. 35; Judg. viii. 11 el Jubeihat 11 Now the ruins of ‘Jubeihat,’ between ‘Amman’ and ‘es Salt.’ (Heth & Moab.)

JOKDEAM Josh. xv. 56 Not identified 14 A city in the mountains of Judah named with ‘Juttah’ (Yutta) ‘Jezreel’ (not known) and ‘Zanoah’ (Zanuta)

JOKMEAM 1 Chr. vi. 68; 1 Kings iv. 12 (R.V.) Not identified — Another name for Kibzaim of Joshua xxi. 22.

JOKNEAM, of Carmel Josh. xii. 22; xix. 11; xxi. 34 Tell Keimûn 10 The ruins and mound now called Tell Keimûn, on the edge of the plain of Esdraelon and south of Mount Carmel in Zebulon. (Mem. II. 69; Sh. VIII.)

JOKNEAM (R.V. JOKMEAM) 1 Kings iv. 12 Not identified — See Jokmeam.

JOKTHEEL Josh. xv. 38 Kh. Kutlâneh (?) 13 A town in the lowlands of Judah. The ruin ‘Kutlâneh,’ 4 miles east of Ekron, has been proposed by Conder (see Handbook to the Bible).

JOKTHEEL, 2 Kings xiv. 7 Petra 28 = Selah. Probably Petra.

JOPPA, JAPHO Josh. xix. 46; 2 Chr. ii. 16; Ezra iii. 7; Jonah i. 3 Yâfa 9 The present town Yâfa. (Mem. II. 254, 255, 275, 278; Sh. XIII.)

JOPPE 1 Esd. v. 55; 1 Macc. x. 75, 76; xi. 6; xii. 33; xiii. 11; xiv. 5, 34; xv. 28, 35; 2 Macc. iv. 21; xii. 3, 7 9 Yâfa. See the preceding.

JORDAN, River Gen. xiii. 10; xxxii. 10; l. 10; Num. xiii. 29; xxii. 1; xxxii. 5; xxxiii. 48; Deut. ii. 29; iv. 21; Jos. iii. 1–17; iv. 1–23; Judg. iii. 28; 1 Sam. xiii. 7; 2 Sam. ii. 29 Nahr esh Sherîʾah 10, 14 Now called ‘Nahr esh Sherîʾah’ (‘the watering-place’).

JOSEPH’S TOMB Gen. l. 25; Ex. xiii. 19; Josh. xxiv. 32; Acts vii. 16 Kabr Yusef 10 The building over the tomb of the Patriarch Joseph was built at the expense of Mr. E. T. Rogers, H.B.M.’s Consul at Damascus, January, 1868. Is immediately north of Jacob’s Well. (Mem. II. 194; Sh. XI.)

JOTBAH 2 Kings xxi. 19 Not identified — See below.

JOTBATH, or JOTBATHAH (R.V. JOTBATHAH) Deut. x. 7; Num. xxxiii. 33 Not identified — ‘A land of rivers of waters.’ One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

JUDAH, City of 2 Chron. xxv. 28 — Cf. 2 Kings xiv. 20

JUDAH, Wilderness of Judg. i. 16; Ps. lxiii. (title) — The low country which lies to the south and east of ‘Tell Arad.’ (Sh. XIV.)

JUDAH upon Jordan (R.V. JUDAH at Jordan) Josh. xix. 34 Not identified — Thought to be a corruption of some other name. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 306, and Quarterly Statement, p. 183, 1883.)

JUDAH, Tribe of Joshua xv., etc. 5 Ant. i. 22 — — ‘The lot for the tribe of Judah, according to their families, was unto the border of Edom, even to the wilderness of Zin southward, at the uttermost part of the south. And their south border was from the uttermost part of the Salt Sea, from the bay (or tongue) that looked southward; and it went out southward of the Ascent of Akrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and went up by the south of Kadesh-barnea, and passed along by Hezron, and went up to Addar, and turned about to Karka; and it passed along to Azmon, and went out at the brook of Egypt; and the goings out of the border were at the sea: this shall be your south border. And the east border was the Salt Sea, even unto the end of Jordan. And the border of the north quarter was from the bay (or tongue) of the sea at the end of Jordan; and the border went up to Beth-hoglah, and passed along by the north of Beth-arabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan, the son of Reuben; and the border went up to Debir, from the Valley of Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is over against the ascent of Adummim, which is on the south side of the river; and the border passed along to the waters of En-shemesh, and the goings out thereof were at En-rogel; and the border went up by the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, unto the side (or shoulder) of the Jebusite southward (the same is Jerusalem); and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the Valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the uttermost part of the Vale of Rephaim northward; and the border was drawn from the top of the mountain unto the fountain of the waters of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of Mount Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah (the same is Kiriath-jearim); and the border turned about from Baalah westward unto Mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of Mount Jearim, on the north (the same is Chesalon), and went down to Beth-shemesh and passed along by Timnah; and the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward; and the border was drawn to Shikkeron, and passed along to Mount Baalah, and went out at Jabneel; and the goings out of the border were at the sea. And the west border was to the Great Sea, and the border thereof. This is the border of the children of Judah round about, according to their families.’ (Joshua xv. R.V.) ‘Judah was assigned by lot the upper part of Judea, reaching as far as Jerusalem, and its breadth extended to the Lake of Sodom. Now in the lot of this tribe there were the cities of Askelon and Gaza.’ (5 Ant. i. 22.)

JUTTAH Josh. xv. 55; xxi. 16 Yuttah 14 The present village ‘Yuttah,’ 5 miles south of Hebron, in the mountains of Judah. It is mentioned with Maon, Carmel and Ziph. (Mem. III. 310; Sh. XXI.)

KABZEEL Josh. xv. 21; 2 Sam. xxiii. 20; 1 Chron. xi. 22; Neh. xi. 25 Not identified — In the south of Judah, towards the coast of Edom. See Jekabzeel.

KADES Judith i. 9 — = Kadesh.

KADESH Gen. xiv. 7; xvi. 14; xx. 1; Num. xiii. 26; xx. 1, 14, 16, 22; xxvii. 14; xxxiii. 36, 37; Deut. i. 46; xxxii. 51; Judg. xi. 16, 17; Ezek. xlvii. 19; xlviii. 28 ʾAin Kadîs (?) 20 Also called ‘En-mishpat’ (Gen. xiv. 7). The scene of Miriam’s death (Num. xxi. 1). A city in the uttermost borders of Judah (Num. xx. 16). ‘The water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin’ (Num. xxvii. 14, Deut. xxxii. 51). ‘In the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh’ (Num. xxxiii. 36). The name still survives in the Arabic ‘ʾAin Kadîs,’ at a spring south of Beersheba, proposed as the site by the Rev. J. Rowlands, and supported by the Rev. Dr. Clay Trumbull, in his work ‘Kadesh Barnea.’ Dr. Robinson places Kadesh at ‘el Weibeh,’ in the valley of the Arabah on the west side. See Conder’s Handbook, p. 249; and Primer of Bible Geography, p. 56.

KADESH-BARNEA Num. xxxii. 8; xxxiv. 4; Deut. i. 2, 19; ii. 14; ix. 23; Josh. x. 41; xiv. 6, 7; xv. 3 — Same as the preceding.

KADESH, Wilderness of Ps. xxix. 8 — The district of Kadesh Barnea.

KANAH Josh. xix. 28 Kâna 6 Now the village Kâna, south-east of Tyre 7 miles. (Mem. I. 51, 64; Sh. I.)

KANAH, River Josh. xvi. 8; xvii. 9 Wâdy Kânah 10 The boundary between the territories of Ephraim and Manasseh. Now ‘Wâdy Kânah.’ (Mem. II.; Sh. XIV.)

KARKAA (R.V. KARKA) Josh. xv. 3 Not identified — On the southern boundary of Judah named between ‘Adar’ and ‘Azmon.’

KARKOR Judg. viii. 10 Not identified — Probably a district name or a descriptive term.

KARTAH Josh. xxi. 34 Not identified — Allotted with Jokneam to the children of Merari (Levites). A city of Zebulon.

KARTAN Josh. xxi. 32 Not identified — In the parallel list of 1 Chr. vi. 76, the name appears as ‘Kirjathaim.’ One of the cities of Naphtali allotted to the Gershonites (Levites), and mentioned after ‘Hammoth-dor.’

KATTATH Josh. xix. 15 Not identified — ‘Ketunith,’ mentioned in the Talmud as identical with Kattath (Josh. xix. 15) may perhaps be the ruin of Koteineh (Tal. Jer. Megilla 70a), but this is not suitable for the Bible Kattath. One of the cities of Zebulon. (Mem. II. 48; Sh. VIII.) Schwarz would identify it with Cana (Kefr Kenna) of Galilee (p. 172).

KEDEMOTH Josh. xiii. 18; xxi. 37; 1 Chr. vi. 79 Not identified — One of the cities allotted to Reuben. East of the Dead Sea.

KEDESH (1) Josh. xv. 23 — 6 Supposed to refer to Kadesh-barnea on southern border of Judah.

KEDESH (2) 1 Chron. vi. 72 Tell Abu Kadeis* 10 In the parallel list of Joshua xxi. 28, the name is ‘Kishon.’ Possibly ‘Tell Abu Kadeis,’ near Lejjûn, on the south-west of the Plain of Esdraelon. A city of Issachar. (Mem. II. 69; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

KEDESH NAPHTALI (3) Josh. xii. 22; xix. 37; xx. 7; xxi. 32; Judg. iv. 6, 9, 10, 11; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. vi. 76; 1 Macc. xi. 63 Kades 6 One of the fortified cities of Naphtali, appointed as a city of refuge. Now the village ‘Kades,’ west of ‘el Huleh.’ (Mem. I. 204, 226; Sh. IV.) Robinson iii. 366, 8; Van de Velde ii. 417; Stanley 365, 390.

KEDESH (4) Judg. iv. 11 Kh. Kadîsh (??) 6 Near Bitzaananim (see Zaanaim). Possibly the ruin Kadîsh, on the shore south of Tiberias. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible.)

KEHELATHAH Num. xxxiii. 22 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

KEILAH Josh. xv. 44; 1 Sam. xxiii. 1–8, 10–13; Neh. iii. 17, 18 Kh. Kîla 14 Now the village Kîla, in the Hebron mountains, 6 miles to the west of Hŭlhul. (Mem. III. 314; Sh. XXI.)

KENATH NOBAH Num. xxxii. 42; 1 Chron. ii. 23 Kŭnawât 8 The ruined town Kanawât, east of Bashan.

KERIOTH-HEZRON or HAZOR Josh. xv. 25 Kh. el Kureitin (?) 14 One of the cities in the south of Judah. Kh. Kureitin, 4½ miles north of ‘Arâd,’ has been proposed for this site. Robinson (B. R. ii. 101.)

KERIOTH Jer. xlviii. 24, 41 Not identified 15 Probably = Kiriathaim of Moab which see (Conder). ‘Kureiyeh,’ about midway between Bozrah and Salkhad, in Sh. 12, has been proposed by Porter. (Five Years in Damascus ii. 191, 198.)

KEZIZ, Valley of (R.V. EMEK-KEZIZ) Josh. xviii. 21 Not identified — One of the cities mentioned with ‘Jericho,’ ‘Beth-hoglah’ and ‘Beth-arabah.’ The Beth-basi of 1 Macc. ix. 62, 64, is thought to be a corruption of this name (Kezîz.)

KIBROTH-HATTAAVAH Num. xi. 34 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites. The name ‘et Taba’ occurs in the Valley of the ʾArabah, 25½ miles north of Akabah, where there is also a burying place.

KIBZAIM Josh. xxi. 22 Tell el Kabûs (?) 14 In the parallel list of 1 Chr. vi. 68 ‘Jokmeam’ is given for ‘Kibzaim.’ Mentioned between Gezer and Beth-horon. Tell el Kabûs, between Michmash and Jerusalem, has been proposed. (Conder’s Handbook.)

KIDRON, The Brook 2 Sam. xv. 23; 1 Kings ii. 37; xv. 13; 2 Kings xxiii. 4, 6, 12; 2 Chr. xv. 16; xxix. 16; xxx. 14; Jer. xxxi. 40 Wâdy en Nâr 14 Now Wâdy en Nâr, the deep and rugged ravine winding from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea. (Conder’s Handbook, p. 330.)

KINAH Josh. xv. 22 Not identified — One of the cities in the extreme south towards Edom. Mentioned between Jagur and Dimonah.

KIR Amos i. 5; ix. 7; 2 Kings xvi. 9; Isa. xxii. 6 — — The country from which the Syrians came, and to which they were taken from Damascus. Supposed to be in Lower Mesopotamia.

KIR-HARASETH (R.V. KIR-HARESETH) Isa. xvi. 7; 2 Kings iii. 25 Kerak 14 Variations of one name all applying to the same place. Now Kerak, the fortified town to the east of the southern end of the ‘Salt Sea.’ (Reland Pal, 533), (Bohaeddin, Vit. Sal., ch. 25), Burckhardt, 379–399; Irby (ch. vii.), Seetzen (Reisen i. 412–3), De Saulcy (La Mer Morte i. 355, etc.)

KIR-HARESH Isa. xvi. 11

KIR-HERES Jer. xlviii. 31, 36

KIR, of Moab Isa. xv. 1

KIRIATHAIM Jer. xlviii. 1, 23; Ezek. xxv. 9 el Kŭreiyât (?) 15 Probably the present ruin el Kureiyât, between ‘Dibon’ and ‘Madeba.’

KIRIATH­IARIUS 1 Esd. v. 19 — A corruption of Kirjath-jearim.

KIRIOTH (R.V. KERIOTH) Amos ii. 2 el Kŭreiyât (?) 15 Probably Kiriathaim.

KIRJATH (R.V. KIRIATH) Josh. xviii. 28 Kŭryet el ʾEnab 14 In the tribe of Benjamin. Now generally acknowledged as ‘Kŭryet el ʾEnab,’ which is more generally called only el Kuryeh. (Mem. III. 132; Sh. XVII). It is also thought by many to be identical with ‘Kirjath-jearim,’ which see.

KIRJATHAIM (R.V. KIRIATHAIM) Num. xxxii. 37; Josh. xiii. 19 el Kŭreiyât (?) 15 In the revised version rendered ‘Kiriathaim,’ which see. The ruins of ‘el Kureiyat,’ between Medeba and Dibon, are now believed to represent this site. Eusebius describes it as a village entirely of Christians, 10 miles west of Medeba, ‘close to the Baris’—‘el Kureiyat’ is this distance, but more south than west of ‘Medeba.’

KIRJATHAIM (R.V. KIRIATHAIM) 1 Chron. vi. 76 Not identified — A town in Naphtali, not mentioned in the original list of Josh. xix. 32–39; and in the parallel list of Joshua xxi. 32, Kartan is given.

KIRJATH-ARBA (R.V. KIRIATH-ARBA) Gen. xxiii. 2; Josh. xiv. 15; xv. 13, 54; xx. 7; xxi. 11; Judg. i. 10; Neh. xi. 25 el Khŭlîl 14 The early name of Hebron, and one of the six cities appointed as a place of refuge. See Hebron.

KIRJATH-ARIM (R.V. KIRIATH-ARIM) Ezra ii. 25 — Another form for Kirjath-jearim (Neh. vii. 29). In the book of Esdras it is given as Kiriathiarius. See Kirjath-jearim.

KIRJATH-BAAL (R.V. KIRIATH BAAL) Josh. xv. 60; xviii. 14 — — Another name for ‘Kirjath-jearim,’ which see.

KIRJATH-HUZOTH (R.V. KERIATH HUZOTH) Num. xxii. 39 Not identified — Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the ‘high places of Baal’ in Moab. Perhaps the same as Kiriathaim.

KIRJATH-JEARIM (R.V. KIRIATH-JEARIM) Josh. ix. 17; xv. 9; xviii. 14, 15; xv. 60 Kh. ʾErma (*) or Kuriet el ʾEnab (?) 14 Also called ‘Baalah’, ‘Kirjath-baal,’ ‘Kirjath-arim’ (?) Kirjath. On the boundary line between Benjamin and Judah, a city belonging to the latter. Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon—‘Cariath­iarim’) describe it as a village at the ninth or tenth mile between Jerusalem and Lydda. Kuriet el Enab, 7½ miles from Jerusalem on the Jaffa road, was first proposed by Dr. Robinson (B. R. ii. 11) and has generally been the accepted site, till a ruin of the name of ‘Erma’ was found during the progress of the Western Survey, which Capt. Conder proposes to identify with Jearim. Its position is 4 miles west of the hill overlooking Beth-shemesh, and about 12 miles from Jerusalem. (See Mem. III., pp. 43 to 52, Sh. XVIII.; and Handbook to the Bible, p. 259.)

KIRJATH-SANNAH (R.V. KIRIATH-SANNAH) Josh. xv. 49 — 14 Other names of Debir, which see.

KIRJATH-SEPHER (R.V. KIRIATH-SEPHER) Judg. i. 11, 12 —

KISHION, KISHON (R.V. KISHION) Josh. xix. 20; xxi. 28 Not identified — One of the cities on the boundary of the tribe of Issachar.

KISHON, River Judg. iv. 7, 13; v. 21; 1 Kings xviii. 40; Ps. lxxxiii. 9 Nahr el Mŭkuttʾa 6 Now called Nahr el Mŭkuttʾa, which drains the whole of the great Plain of Esdraelon. The scene of the defeat of Sisera, and of the slaughter of the Priests by Elijah. In Ps. lxxxiii. 9, ‘The Brook Kison.’ (R.V. River Kishon.)

KITHLISH (R.V. CHITHLISH) Josh. xv. 40 Not identified — A town of Judah in the ‘lowland.’

KITRON Judg. i. 30 Not identified 6 Mentioned along with Nahalol as the two towns from which Zebulon did not expel the Canaanites. The Talmud (Megillah i. 1) reads Zippori, i.e. Sepphoris, now Seffûrieh.

LADDER of Tyrus 1 Macc. xi. 59 Râs en Nakûrah 6 The headland ‘Râs en Nakûrah,’ north of ʾAkka.—For notes, see Smith’s Bible Dictionary. (Mem. I.)

LABAN Deut. i. 1 Not identified — Thought to refer to the same place as Libnah (2) of Num. xxxiii. 20, 21.

LACHISH Josh. x. 3, 5–35; xii. 11; xv. 39; 2 Kings xiv. 19; xviii. 14, 17; xix. 8; 2 Chr. xi. 9; xxv. 27; xxxii. 9; Neh. xi. 30; Is. xxxvi. 2; xxxvii. 8; Jer. xxxiv. 7; Micah i. 13 Umm Lâkis (?) or Tell el Hesy (?)* 13 This important city of the Amorites is described by Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon) as being 7 miles from Eleuther­opolis (Beit Jibrîn) towards Daroma. The Mound of ‘Umm Lâkis,’ to the west of Eglon, was first suggested by Robinson, but it is 12½ miles from Eleuther­opolis. ‘Tell el Hesy,’ immediately south of Eglon, and 10½ miles from Eleuther­opolis, is now proposed by Capt. Conder. (See Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LAHMAM (R.V. or LAHMAS) Josh. xv. 40 Kh. el Lahm* 13 Named between ‘Cabbon’ and ‘Kithlish,’ towns in the low country of Judah, but no trace to their identity has as yet been discovered. For this site the ruin el Lahm, near Beit Jibrîn, has been proposed (Conder). (Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LAISH (R.V. or LAISHAH) Judg. xviii. 7–29; Is. x. 30 Tell el Kâdy 6 Leshem, Josh. xix. 47. The original name of the city Dan. Now ‘Tell el Kâdy,’ 2 miles west of Banias. See Dan. (Mem. I. 139; Sh. II.)

LAKUM (R.V. LAKKUM) Josh. xix. 33 Not identified — A place on the boundary of Naphtali, somewhere between Jabneel and the river Jordan.

LASHA Gen. x. 19 Not identified — The position of this place is uncertain. Jerome and others identify it with Callirhoë, the famous hot springs in the wild and rugged ravine of Zerka Mʾaîn—east of the Salt Sea.

LASHARON (R.V. LASSHARON) Josh. xii. 18 Sârôna (?)* 6 Probably the present ruin Sârôna, 6½ miles west of the south end of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem. I. 370; Sh. VI.)—Conder.

LEBANON, Mount Deut. i. 7; iii. 25; xi. 24; Josh. i. 4; ix. 1; xi. 17; xii. 7; xiii. 5; Judg. iii. 3; ix. 15; 1 Kings iv. 33; v. 6, 14; vii. 2; ix. 19; x. 17; 2 Kings xiv. 9; xix. 23; 2 Chr. ii. 8; viii. 6; ix. 16; xxv. 18; Ezra iii. 7; Ps. xxix. 5; lxxii. 16; xcii. 12; civ. 16; Cant. iii. 9; iv. 8; v. 15; vii. 4; Is. ii. 13; x. 34; xiv. 8; xxix. 17; xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; xxxvii. 24; xl. 16; lx. 13; Jer. xviii. 14; xxii. 6; Ezek. xvii. 3; xxvii. 5; xxxi. 3; Hos. xiv. 5; Neh. i. 4; Hab. ii. 17; Zech. x. 10; xi. 1 Jebel Libnân 3 Now called Jebel Libnân.—For general description, see Porter’s Handbook.

LEBAOTH Josh. xv. 32 Not identified — Probably identical with Beth-lebaoth and Beth-birei. One of the cities of the south.

LEBONAH Judg. xxi. 19 el Lubban 10 The present village Lubban, near the main road to Shechem, and west of Shiloh. (Mem. II. 286; Sh. XIV.)

LEHI Judg. xv. 9, 14, 19 Not identified — Or Ramath-lehi, the scene of Samson’s exploit with the jawbone of an ass. The word means ‘jawbone.’

LESHEM Josh. xix. 47 Tell el Kâdy — See Laish.

LIBANUS 1 Esd. iv. 48; v. 55; 2 Esd. xv. 20; Judith i. 7; Eccles. xxiv. 13; l. 12 Jebel Libnân — Mount Lebanon.

LIBNAH (1) Josh. x. 29, 39; xii. 15; xv. 42; xxi. 13; 2 Kings viii. 22; xix. 8; xxiii. 31; xxiv. 18; 1 Chr. vi. 57; Is. xxxvii. 8; 2 Chr. xxi. 10; Jer. lii. 1 Not identified — Named between Makkedah and Lachish, in the ‘lowland’ of Judah. (Mem. III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LIBNAH (2) Num. xxxiii. 20, 21 Not identified — One of the camping stations of the Israelites, between Sinai and Kedesh.

LIBYA (R.V. PUT) Jer. xlvi. 9; Ezek. xxxviii. 5 — Libya is part of Africa west of Egypt; but Put or Phut may have been in Asia.

LO-DEBAR 2 Sam. ix. 4, 5; xvii. 27 Not identified — A town of Gilead.

LOD 1 Chron. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vii. 37; xi. 35 Ludd 9 The present town called Ludd, on the plain south-east of Jaffa and north of Ramleh. (Mem. II. 267; Sh. XIII.)

LUHITH, The Ascent of Isa. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 5 Talʾat el Heith* 15 Probably Talʾat el Heisah (or Heith), one mile to the west of Mount Nebo.—Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 140; Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 9.

LUZ (1) Gen. xxviii. 19; xxxv. 6; xlviii. 3; Josh. xvi. 2; xviii. 13; Judg. i. 23 Beitîn 10 The old name of Bethel. The present village Beitîn. See Bethel. (Mem. II. 305; Sh. XIV.)

LUZ (2) Judg. i. 26 Luweizîyeh (?)* 6 In the ‘land of the Hittites.’ The ruin Luweizîyeh, west of Banias, is proposed by Capt. Conder. (Mem. I. 96; Sh. II.)

LYCIA 1 Macc. xv. 23; Acts xxvii. 5 — In the south-west of Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes.—Grove’s Bible Index.

LYDDA 1 Macc. xi. 34 Ludd — Another name for Lod and Ludd.

LYDIA 1 Macc. viii. 8 — A province in Asia Minor.

LYDIA Ezek. xxx. 5 — In the Revised Version ‘Lud.’

MAACAH, District of (R.V. ARAM-MAACAH) 2 Sam. x. 6, 8; 1 Chr. xix. 6, 7 — In Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 11–13; 2 Sam. xxiii. 34; 2 Kings xxv. 23; 1 Chron. iv. 19; Jer. xl. 8. Maachathites (Maacathites R.V.) Named with Zobah and Tob.

MAALEH ACRABBIM (R.V. AKRABBIM, The Ascent of) Josh. xv. 3 Not identified 21 Very probably the steep declivity at the southern end of the Salt Sea, and between there and Kadesh-barnea.

MAARATH Josh. xv. 59 Beit Ummar (?)* 14 The present village Beit Ummar, 6 miles north of Hebron. Named in the group of cities which contains Hŭlhûl, Beth-zur, Gedor, Beth-anoth, and between the two latter. (Mem. III. 303; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

MACALON 1 Esdras v. 21 Mukhmas (?) — A corruption of Michmash.

MACHMAS 1 Macc. ix. 73 Mukhmas — The Greek of Michmash.

MACHPELAH, Cave of Gen. xxiii. 9, 17, 19; xxv. 9; xlix. 30; l. 13 14 The cave beneath the Haram at Hebron.—For plan, etc., and latest report of the Haram, see Capt. Conder’s ‘visit’ in Quarterly Statement for October, 1882.

MADIAN Judith ii. 26 — The Greek form of Midian.

MADMANNAH Josh. xv. 31; 1 Chron. ii. 49 Umm Deimneh* 13 Named with Hormah, Ziklag, and Sansannah. Possibly the ruin Umm Deimneh, 12 miles north-east of Beersheba. (Mem. III. 392, 399; Sh. XXIV.)

MADMEN Jer. xlviii. 2 Umm Deineh (??) 15 A place in Moab, ‘Umm Deineh,’ 12 miles north-east of Dibon, in Moab has been proposed.

MADMENAH Isa. x. 31 Not identified — One of the towns of Benjamin, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem on the north; not recovered.

MADON Josh. xi. 1; xii. 19 Kh. Madîn (?)* 6 Named with ‘Lasharon’ (Sarôna) and ‘Hazor.’ Possibly the ruin Madîn, west of the Sea of Galilee and close to Hattîn. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.) ‘Kefr Menda,’ on the west corner of ‘Sahel el Buttauf,’ proposed by Schwarz (90).

MAGBISH Ezra ii. 30 Not identified — In Benjamin, or in Judah.

MAGED 1 Macc. v. 36 — See Maked.

MAGIDDO 1 Esd. i. 29 — See Megiddo.

MAHANAIM (R.V. ‘Hosts or Companies’) Gen. xxxii. 2; Josh. xiii. 26, 30; Josh. xxi. 38; 2 Sam. ii. 8, 12, 29; xvii. 24, 27; xix. 32; 1 Kings ii. 8; iv. 14; 1 Chr. vi. 80 Mahneh (?) 11 Possibly the heap of ruins now called Mahneh, 14 miles south-east of Beth-shean and near Jabesh-gilead. See Porter’s Handbook, 332; Conder’s Heth and Moab, pp. 177–180.

MAHANEH-DAN Judg. xiii. 25; xviii. 12 Wâdy el Mŭtluk 14 ‘Camping-place of Dan,’ west of Kirjath-jearim; and Judg. xiii. 25, between ‘Zoreah’ and ‘Eshtaol.’ Apparently the plain immediately south of those two places, in ‘Wâdy el Mŭtluk,’ or ‘Wâdy Serâr.’

MAKAZ 1 Kings iv. 9 Not identified — Mentioned with Shaalbim, Beth-shemesh and Elon-beth-hanan.

MAKED 1 Macc. v. 26 el Mejed (?)* — = Maged, 1 Macc. v. 36. One of the great cities of Gilead. Perhaps el Mejed, north of Amman.—Conder.

MAKHELOTH Num. xxxiii. 25 Not identified — One of the camping-stations of the Israelites.

MAKKEDAH Josh. x. 10, 16–29; xii. 16; xv. 41 el Mûghâr (?)* 13 Probably the present village ‘el Mûghâr.’ (Mem. II. 411; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

MAKTESH Zeph. i. 11 The Targum identifies this name with the Kedron Valley. The meaning of ‘Mactesh’ is probably a deep hollow, literally a ‘mortar.’

MALLOS 2 Macc. iv. 30 At mouth of Seihun — Was an important city of Cilicia, lying at the mouth of the Pyramus, about 20 miles from Tarsus.

MAMRE, Plain of (R.V. MAMRE, The Oaks or Terebinth of) Gen. xiii. 18; xiv. 13, 24; xviii. 1; xxiii. 17, 19; xxv. 9; xxxv. 27; xlix. 30; l. 13 In the neighbourhood of Hebron.

MANAHATH 1 Chr. viii. 6 Mâlhah* 14 Probably the village ‘Málhah,’ 3 miles south-west of Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 21; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

MANASSEH, The Two half Tribes Gen. xli. 51; xlvi. 20; xlviii. 1, 5, 13, 20; l. 23; Num. i. 10, 34, 35; ii. 20; vii. 54; x. 23; xiii. 11; xxvi. 28, 29, 34; xxvii. 1; xxxii. 33, 39–41; xxxiv. 14, 23; xxxvi. 1, 12; Deut. iii. 13, 14; xxix. 8; xxxiii. 17; xxxiv. 2; Josh. i. 12; iv. 12; xii. 6; xiii. 7, 29, 31; xiv. 4; xvi. 4, 9; xvii. 1–3, 5–12, 17; xviii. 7; xx. 8; xxi. 5, 6, 25, 27; xxii. 1, 7, 9, 11–31; Judg. i. 27; vi. 15, 35; vii. 23; xi. 29; 1 Kings iv. 13; 1 Chr. v. 18, 23, 26; vi. 61, 62, 70, 71; vii. 14, 17, 29; ix. 3; xii. 19, 20, 31, 37; xxvi. 32; xxvii. 20, 21; 2 Chr. xv. 9; xxx. 1, 10, 11, 18; xxxi. 1; xxxiv. 6, 9; Ps. lx. 7; lxxx. 2; cviii. 8; Is. ix. 21; Ezek. xlviii. 4, 5 — ‘This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph; as for Machir the first-born of Manasseh the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan (Josh. xvii.). Their border was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og, King of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, three score cities; and half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, the cities of the Kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the children of Machir (Josh. xiii.). And there fell ten parts to Manasseh beside the land of Gilead and Bashan, which is beyond Jordan.... And the border of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethath, which is before Shechem; and the border went along to the right hand, unto the inhabitants of En-tappuah. The land of Tappuah belonged to Manasseh, but Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim. And the border went down into the brook of Kanah, southward of the brook; these cities belonged to Ephraim among the cities of Manasseh; and the border of Manasseh was on the north side of the brook, and the goings out thereof were at the sea; southward it was Ephraim’s and northward it was Manasseh’s, and the sea was his border; and they reached to Asher on the north, and to Issachar on the east. And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Beth-shean and her towns, Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of En-dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns and the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns, even the three heights,’ etc. (Josh. xvii. 7–11). ‘The half-tribe of Manasseh had the land from Jordan to the city Dora; but its breadth was at Beth-shan, which is now called Scythopolis’ (5 Ant. i. 22). ‘Also Gilead and Bashan’ (9 Ant. viii. 1).

MAON Josh. xv. 55; 1 Sam. xxv. 2 Kh. Mʾaîn 14 The present ruined town ‘Mʾaîn,’ south of Hebron. (Mem. III. 404, 415; Sh. XXV.)

MAON, Wilderness of 1 Sam. xxiii. 24, 25 14 The country to the east of Maon.

MARAH (R.V. margin ‘Bitterness‘) Exod. xv. 23; Num. xxxiii. 8, 9 Not identified — Three days’ journey in the wilderness of Etham, from where the Israelites crossed the Red Sea; where the bitter waters were made sweet. ʾAin Hawârah, some 16 hours from ‘ʾAyûn Mŭsa,’ is generally supposed to represent the camping-station, or some other spring near it, possibly in Wâdy Ghurûndul. Robinson, B. R. i. 67; Burckhardt, Schubert, Stanley, etc., etc.

MARALAH Josh. xix. 11 Mʾalûl (?)* 6 A place on the boundary of Zebulon. Possibly the village Mʾalûl, west of Nazareth. (Mem. I. 274, 322; Sh. V.)—Conder.

MARESHAH Josh. xv. 44; 2 Chron. xi. 8; xiv. 9, 10; xx. 37; Micah i. 15 Kh. Merʾash 13 Now the ruin Merʾash, close to Beit Jibrin. In 2 Macc. xii. 35, Marissaa. (Mem. III.; Sh. XX.)

MAROTH Micah i. 12 Not identified — (?) Maarath, a town of Judah.

MASALOTH 1 Macc. ix. 2 Not identified — Caverns near Arbela (12 Ant. ii. 1). Probably those in ‘Wâdy Hammâm.’

MASHAL 1 Chron. vi. 74 — See Misheal.

MASPHA (1) 1 Macc. iii. 46 — The ancient Mizpeh of Benjamin.

MASPHA (2) 1 Macc. v. 35 — Probably Ramath Mizpeh of Gilead.

MASREKAH Gen. xxxvi. 36; 1 Chr. i. 47 Not identified — In the country of Idumæa, in the neighbourhood of Petra. Uncertain.

MASSAH and MERIBAH Exod. xvii. 7 — ‘The rock in Horeb,’ signifying ‘Tempting’ or ‘Proving,’ and ‘Chiding’ or strife. (Margin R.V.)

MATTANAH Num. xxi. 18, 19 Not identified 15 One of the camping stations of the Israelites. Probably Wâdy Waleh.—Quarterly Statement, p. 86, 1882; Heth and Moab, p. 144.

MEAH, Tower of (R.V. HAMMEAH, Tower of) Neh. iii. 1; xii. 39 Not identified — One of the towers of the wall of Jerusalem. It stood between the tower of Hananeel and the sheep-gate—probably near the north-east corner of the city.

MEARAH Josh. xiii. 4 el Mogheiriyeh* 2 ‘Beside the Sidonians.’ Probably the village Mogheirîyeh, 6 miles north-east of Sidon.—Conder.

MEDEBA Num. xxi. 30; Josh. xiii. 9, 16; 1 Chr. xix. 7; Isa. xv. 2 Medeba 15 The present ruins Medeba. In 1 Macc. ix. 36, Medaba.—Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 138.

MEDIA 1 Esd. iii. 1, 14; vi. 23; Tobit xi. 15; xiv. 4, 14; 1 Macc. vi. 56; viii. 8; xiv. 1, 2 — South and south-west of the Caspian, and east of Armenia.

MEGIDDO Josh. xii. 21; xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; v. 19; 1 Kings iv. 12; ix. 15; 2 Kings ix. 27; xxiii. 29, 30; 1 Chr. vii. 29 el Lejjûn, Tell el Mutasellim, Kh. Mujeddʾa (?)* 10 A town in Issachar allotted to Manasseh. Placed by Robinson at ‘el Lejjûn’; by Thomson at ‘Tell el Mutasellim,’ immediately north of Lejjûn; and by Conder at Mujeddʾa, in the valley 3 miles south-west of Beth-shean. (Mem. II. 90; Sh. VIII.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 287.

MEGIDDO, Waters of Judg. v. 19 10 Some fine, copious springs are near the ruins of Mujeddʾa, and also at el Lejjûn, but much smaller.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible.

MEGIDDO, Valley of, or MEGIDDON 2 Chron. xxxv. 22; Zech. xii. 11 — Probably the Valley of Jezreel, near Mujeddʾa.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible.

ME-JARKON Josh. xix. 46 Not identified 9 Probably near the river ʾAuja, north of Jaffa. (Mem. II.; Sh. XIII.) The word is said to mean ‘yellow water.’

MEKONAH (R.V. MECONAH) Neh. ix. 37 Kh. el Mekenna (?)* 13 Probably Mechanum, 8 Roman miles from Eleuther­opolis (Onomasticon). The present large ruin ‘Mekenna,’ 12 miles north-west of Beit Jibrîn. (Mem. II. 425; Sh. XVI.)—Conder.

MEMPHIS or NOPH Isa. xix. 13; Jer. ii. 16; xliv. 1; xlvi. 14, 19; Ezek. xxx. 13, 16; Hos. ix. 6; Judith i. 10 Mitrahumy — A city in Egypt; it was on the left bank of the Nile, the capital of lower Egypt and the site of the principal Egyptian Necropolis. Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible.

MEONENIM, Plain of (R.V. MEONENIM, The Oak or Terebinth of) Judg. ix. 37 Not identified — Near Shechem (Nablus). The word is usually translated ‘Enchanters.’

MEPHAATH Josh. xiii. 18; xxi. 37; 1 Chron. vi. 79; Jer. xlviii. 21 Not identified — A city of Reuben.

MERAN Bar. iii. 23 Not identified —

MERIBAH or MERIBAH KADESH Ex. xvii. 7; Num. xx. 13, 24; xxvii. 14; Deut. xxxiii. 8; Ps. lxxxi. 7; Deut. xxxii. 51; Ezek. xlvii. 19 — The name given to the place where the rock was struck, and the people murmured.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, and Primer of Bible Geography, p. 56.

MEROM, Waters of Josh. xi. 7 Baheiret el Hûleh 6 Now ‘Baheiret el Hûleh.’ (Mem. I. 205; Sh. IV.)

MERONOTH 1 Chr. xxvii. 30; Neh. iii. 7 Kh. Marrîna (??)* 14 Possibly the ruin Marrîna, in the Hebron mountains, 4 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem. III. 314, 359; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

MEROZ Judg. v. 23 Not identified — The village el Mŭrussus, 4 miles north of Beth-shean is mentioned by Burckhardt and Robinson (II. 356.) The Arabic word, however, does not represent the Hebrew.

MESHA Gen. x. 30 Not identified — Thought to be Mûsa, on the Red Sea.—See Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

MESOPOTAMIA Gen. xxiv. 10; Deut. xxiii. 4; Judg. iii. 8, 10; 1 Chr. xix. 6; Judith ii. 24; v. 7, 8; viii. 26; Acts ii. 9; vii. 2 — The district enclosed between the two rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, especially the north-western portion thereof.—Grove’s Bible Index.

MICHMASH 1 Sam. xiii. 2–23; xiv. 5, 31; Ezra ii. 27; Neh. vii. 31; xi. 31; Isa. x. 28 Mŭkhmâs 14 Now the village ‘Mŭkhmâs,’ 7 miles north of Jerusalem. In Ezra ii. 27; Neh. vii. 31, Michmas. (Mem. III. 149; Sh. XVII.)

MICHMETHAH (R.V. MICH­METHATH) Josh. xvi. 6; xvii. 7 Sahel el Mukhnah (?) 10 Generally identified with the great ‘plain of Mukhnah.’ See Asher. (Mem. II. 169; Sh. XI.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 104.

MIDDIN Josh. xv. 61 Not identified — One of the six cities situated in the wilderness of Judea. The name ‘Kh. Mird’ occurs 9 miles east of Jerusalem.

MIDIAN Frequently mentioned — Country east of gulf of ‘Akabah,’ and part of Sinai Peninsula.

MIGDAL-EL Josh. xix. 38 Mûjeidel 6 Named in the group Iron (Yarûn) and Horem (Harah), etc., etc., of Naphtali. Now Mujeidel, in Upper Galilee. (Mem. I. 96; Sh. II.)—Van de Velde.

MIGDAL-GAD Josh. xv. 37 el Mejdel (??) 13 Possibly the important village 2 miles inland from Askelon. (Mem. II. 410; Sh. XVI.)

MIGDOL Ez. xiv. 2; Num. xxxiii. 7; Jer. xliv. 1; xlvi. 14 — On the east borders of Egypt.

MIGRON 1 Sam. xiv. 2; Isa. x. 28 Not identified — A place in the neighbourhood of Gibeah.

MILLO (1) 2 Sam. v. 9; 1 Kings ix. 15, 24; xi. 27; 2 Kings xii. 20; 1 Chr. xi. 8; 2 Chr. xxxii. 5 — Part of the city of David.

MILLO, The House of Judg. ix. 6, 20 — In Shechem.

MINNI Jer. li. 27 Kingdom of Ararat.

MINNITH Judg. xi. 33; Ezek. xxvii. 17 Not identified — Four Roman miles from Heshbon, on the road to Philadelphia (Amman)—Onomasticon. In Heth & Moab ‘Minyeh,’ to the south of Nebo, is proposed.—Conder’s Handbook and Quarterly Statement, pp. 10, 81, 1882.

MIPHKAD, The Gate (R.V. HAM­MIPHKAD, The Gate of) Neh. iii. 31 — One of the gates of Jerusalem at the time of the rebuilding of the wall after the return from captivity.

MISGAB Jer. xlviii. 1 Not identified — ‘The high place’ (A.V.), ‘The high fort’ (R.V.) of Moab.

MISHAL, or MISHEAL (R.V. MISHAL) Josh. xix. 26; xxi. 30 Mʾaîsleh* 6 A town in Asher. The name is apparently preserved in that of Wâdy Mʾaîsleh, 8 miles to the north-east of Accho. Probably one of the ruins in that valley.

MISREPHOTH-MAIM Josh. xi. 8; xiii. 6 Sarafend 2 Mentioned with Sidon (Zidon-rabbah). Now the present village and ruins (Sarafend Sarepta) on the coast north of Sidon.—Thompson.

MITHCAH (R.V. MITHKAH) Num. xxxiii. 29 Not identified — One of the camping-stations of the Israelites in the desert.

MIZAR, The Hill Ps. xlii. 6 Not identified — Signifying ‘the little mountain,’ in the region of the Hermonites.

MIZPAH (1), or MIZPEH Gen. xxxi. 49; Jud. x. 17; xi. 11, 29, 34; xx. 1, 3; xxi. 1, 5, 8; 1 Mac. v. 35 Sûf (?)* 11 Also called ‘Jegar-sahadutha’ (‘the heap of witness’) and ‘Galeed’ (‘the heap of witness’) where Jacob and Laban met. The most appropriate site for Mizpeh is that of Sûf, north of the Jabbok and near to Jerash, where a very fine group of rude stone monuments exists.—Conder’s Heth & Moab (new edition), p. 181, and Primer to Bible Geography, pp. 43, 85. See also Oliphant’s Land of Gilead, pp. 209–216.

MIZPEH, Moab (2) 1 Sam. xxii. 3 Not identified — See Conder’s Heth & Moab, 175.

MIZPEH, The Land of (3) Josh. xi. 3 el Bukeiʾa (?) 3 And ‘Valley of Mizpeh’ (Josh. xi. 8). Apparently the present plain ‘el Bukeiʾa,’ west of Hermon.

MIZPEH (4) Josh. xv. 38 Not identified — A city of Judah, mentioned with Migdal-gad, Dilean, and Joktheel—on the plain of Philistia.

MIZPEH (5) Josh. xviii. 26; Judg. xx. 1–3; xxi. 1, 5, 8; 1 Sam. vii. 5–16; x. 17; 1 Kings xv. 22; 2 Kings xxv. 23, 25; 2 Chr. xvi. 6; Neh. iii. 7, 15, 19; Jer. xl. 6–15; xli. 1–16; Hos. v. 1 Not identified 14 A city of Benjamin, named in the group between Beeroth (Bireh), and Chephirah (Kefîreh). Robinson (B. R. I. 460) places it at ‘Neby Samwil.’ Others propose ‘Tell el Fûl.’ ‘Scopus,’ Stanley (S. and P. 1st ed. 222), and Dr. Bonar (Land of Promise). In Conder’s Handbook, p. 277, it is suggested that perhaps Nob and Mizpeh are the same place. (Mem. III. 149; Sh. XVII.)—Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography, p. 90.

MIZRAIM Gen. x. 6, 13; 1 Chr. i. 8, 11. Elsewhere called Egypt — Egypt.

MOAB Very frequently mentioned Co. east of Dead Sea — The application of the term seems to differ at different periods.

MOCHMUR, The Brook Judith vii. 18 Wâdy el Ahmar* 10 Probably ‘Wâdy el Ahmar’—one of the names of the valley south of ‘Kuzah’—having its source at ‘ʾAkrabah.’ (Sh. XIV., XV.)—Conder.

MODIN 1 Macc. ii. 1, 15, 23, 70; ix. 19; xiii. 25, 30; xvi. 4; 2 Macc. xiii. 14 Midieh 10 The present village Midieh, 13 miles west of Bethel. (Mem. II. 341; Sh. XIV.)

MOLADAH Josh. xv. 26; xix. 2; 1 Chr. iv. 28; Neh. xi. 26 Not identified — ‘One of the uttermost cities of Judah towards the coast of Edom.’ Placed by Robinson at ‘Tell el Milh,’ 13 miles east of Beer Sheba (Vol. II. pp. 201, 621.) For ‘Tell el Milh’ Captain Conder proposes the ‘City of Salt.’ Josh. xv. 62. (Mem. III. pp. 404, 415; Sh. XXV.) The Hebrew has no connection with the Arabic Milh ‘Salt,’ Heb. Melakh. The identifi­cation of Tell el Milh is due to the Onomasticon.

MOREH, Oak or Plain of (R.V. or TEREBINTH) Gen. xii. 6; Deut. xi. 30 10 The plain east of Shechem.

MOREH, Hill of Judg. vii. 1 Neby Dŭhy (?) 10 Very probably the hill called ‘Neby Dŭhy,’ and sometimes little Hermon.—Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible.

MORESHETH-GATH Micah i. 14 Not identified — Perhaps Mareshah, south of Gath.

MORIAH, Land of Gen. xxii. 2 — See Smith’s Bible Dictionary. Usually identified with Mount Moriah. Dean Stanley (Sinai and Palestine) proposed Gerizim. Jewish tradition indicates the first; the Samaritans hold to the latter.

MORIAH, Mount 2 Chr. iii. 1 — The Temple Area, Jerusalem.

MOSERA, or MOSEROTH (R.V. MOSERAH) Deut. x. 6; Num. xxxiii. 30, 31 Not identified — In the neighbourhood of Petra.

MOUNTAIN OF THE AMORITES Deut. i. 19, 20 — Between Horeb and Kadesh-barnea.

MOUNT OF CORRUPTION 1 Kings xi. 7; 2 Kings xxiii. 13 — Part of Olivet. Perhaps should read ‘Mt. of Anointing.’ (See Conder’s Handbook.)

MOZAH Josh. xviii. 26 Kh. Beit Mizzeh 14 Talmud Jer. Succah 4, 5, calls it Colonia. Near Kôlonia, west of Jerusalem, is the ruin Beit Mizzeh, one of the cities allotted to Benjamin. (Mem. III.; Sh. XVII.)

MYNDUS 1 Macc. xv. 23 Mentesche (?) — A town on the coast of Caria, between Miletus and Halicarnassus (Budrum.)

NAAMAH Josh. xv. 41 Nâʾaneh* 13 A town in the lowland of Judah. Now the village Nâʾaneh, 6 miles south of ‘Lod.’ (Mem. II. 403; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

NAARAN (R.V. NAARAN or NAARAH) 1 Chr. vii. 28 — Probably the same as the next.

NAARATH (R.V. NAARAH) Josh. xvi. 7 Kh. el Aûjeh et Tahtâni (?)* 10 Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon) speak of it as a small village of the Jews, 5 miles from Jericho, ‘Naorath.’ One of the towns on the borders of Ephraim and Benjamin, named next to Ataroth (Tell et Truny) and Jericho. Five miles north of Jericho are traces of a ruined town, now called ‘Khurbet el Aujeh et Tahtâni.’ (Mem. II. 391; Sh. XV.)—Conder.

NADABATHA 1 Macc. ix. 37 Not identified — Thought to be on the east of Jordan.

NAHALLAL or NAHALAL Josh. xix. 15; xxi. 35 ʾAin Mâhil (?)* 6 The Talmud Jer. Megillah i. 1, renders it Mahlul. Probably from its relative position ‘ʾAin Mâhil.’ (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)—Conder.

NAHALOL (R.V. NAHALAL or NAHALOL) Judg. i. 30

NAHALIEL Num. xxi. 19 Wâdy Zerka Mʾain (?)* 15 One of the camping-stations of the Israelites: the next after Mattaneh. Very probably the rugged and precipitous ravine now called ‘Wâdy Zerka Mʾaîn.’—Conder (Heth & Moab, pp. 141, 144); Quarterly Statement, p. 86, 1882.

NAIOTH 1 Sam. xix. 18; 22, 23; xx. 1 Not identified — Somewhere near Ramah.

NANEA, Temple of 2 Macc. i. 13, 15 — Perhaps the Babylonian Nana or ‘mother’ goddess.

NAPHTALI, Tribe of Gen. xxx. 8; xxxv. 25; xlvi. 24; xlix. 21; Exodus i. 4; Num. i. 15, 42, 43; ii. 29; vii. 78; x. 27; xiii. 14; xxvi. 48, 50; xxxiv. 28; Deut. xxvii. 13; xxxiii. 23; xxxiv. 2; Josh. xix. 32, 39; xx. 7; xxi. 6, 32; Judg. i. 33; iv. 6, 10; v. 18; vi. 35; vii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 15; vii. 14; xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. ii. 2; vi. 62, 76; vii. 13; xii. 34, 40; xxvii. 19; 2 Chr. xvi. 4; xxxiv. 6; Ps. lxviii. 27; Is. ix. 1; Ezek. xlviii. 3, 4, 34 — ‘Naphtali—And their border was from Heleph, from the oak in Zaanannim and Adami-nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakkum; and the goings out thereof were at Jordan, and the border turned westward to Aznoth-tabor, and went out from thence to Hukkok; and it reached to Zebulon on the south, and reached to Asher on the west, and to Judah at Jordan toward the sunrising. And the fenced cities were Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rakkath, and Chinnereth; and Adamah, and Ramah, and Hazor; and Kedesh, and Edrei, and En-hazor; and Iron, Migdal-el, Horem, and Beth-anath, and Beth-shemesh; nineteen cities with their villages’ (Josh. xix. 33–39). ‘The Naphtalites received the eastern part, as far as the city of Damascus and the Upper Galilee, unto Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan which rise out of that mountain; that is, out of that part of it whose limits belong to the neighbouring city of Ara’ (5 Ant. i. 22).

NASOR, The Plain of 1 Macc. xi. 67 Merj el Hadîreh* 6 Josephus reads Asor (13 Ant. v. 7). Now Merj el Hadîreh, west of the Hûleh Lake. See Hazor.

NEAH Josh. xix. 13 Not identified — A place on the boundary of Zebulon, next to Remmon-methoar.

NEBALLAT Neh. xi. 34 Beit Nebâla 10 Named with ‘Lod’ (Lydda) and Ono (Kefr Ana). Now the village Beit Nebâla, 3½ miles north-east of Lydda. (Mem. II. 296; Sh. XIV.)

NEBO, Mount (1) Deut. xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1 Jebel Neba 15 Now Jebel Neba in Moab, overlooking the Jordan Valley. See Conder’s Heth & Moab, pp. 129–137, 249.

NEBO (2) Num. xxxii. 3, 38; xxxiii. 47; 1 Chr. v. 8; Is. xv. 2; Jer. xlviii. 1, 22 — Perhaps on the mountain—Mount Nebo. (Heth & Moab, pp. 129–137.) The notices of Eusebius and Jerome make the two (Mount Nebo and Nebo) to be distinct and distant from each other, and place the town 8 miles south of Heshbon, where a number of ruins exist.

NEBO (3) Ezra ii. 29; Neh. vii. 33 Beit Nuba (?) or Nûba (?)* 14 Thought by some to be ‘Beit Nuba,’ in the valley of Ajalon, 12 miles to the west of Jerusalem. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.) The village Nuba, 4 miles south of Adullam, proposed by Capt. Conder. See Mem. p. 302; Sh. XXI.

NEIEL Josh. xix. 27 Kh. Yʾanîn (?)* 6 A place mentioned as being on the boundary of Asher, and between Jiphthah-el and Cabul. The ruin ‘Yʾanîn,’ 9 miles east of ʾAkka, proposed by Capt. Conder. (Mem. I. pp. 322, 325; Sh. V.) The village ‘Miar,’ 2 miles east of ‘Yʾanîn,’ was proposed by Robinson and adopted by others. (Rob. iii. 87, 103.)

NEKEB (R.V. ADAMI-NEKEB) Josh. xix. 33 Kh. Seiyâdeh (?)* 6 The Tal. Jer. Megillah i. 1 reads Tziadathah. Now the ruin ‘Seiyâdeh,’ immediately west of the Sea of Galilee. Named between Zaanannim and Jabneel, on the boundary of Naphtali. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.) In the R.V. rendered as one name Adami-nekeb. See Adami.

NEPHIS 1 Esd. v. 21 —

NEPHTOAH, The Waters of Josh. xv. 9; xviii. 15 ʾAin ʾAtan (?)* 14 On the border of Judah and Benjamin, generally identified with Lifta. Conder, in his Handbook to Bible, p. 258, points out that the Rabbinical commentators (Tal Bab Yoma 31a) make the waters of Nephtoah and ‘En Etam’ to be the same, whence an aqueduct led to the Temple, and thus identifies with ʾAin ʾAtan, south-west of Bethlehem, which still supplies the Haram Area of Jerusalem. (Mem. III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

NETOPHAH Ezra ii. 22; Neh. vii. 26; 1 Esd. v. 18 Kh. Umm Tôba (?) 14 The ruin ‘Umm Toba,’ north of Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 52; Sh. XVIII.) Or possibly Beit Nettif (Rob. Bib. Res. ii. 16, 17). See Porter’s Handbook, p. 248.

NEZIB Josh. xv. 43 Beit Nŭsîb 14 The present ruin ‘Beit Nŭsîb,’ 8 miles north-west of Hebron. (Mem. III. 314; Sh. XXI.)

NIBSHAN Josh. xv. 62 Not identified — One of the six cities of Judah, which were in the wilderness.

NIMRAH Num. xxxii. 3 Tell Nimrin 14 See Beth-nimrah. R.V. margin.

NIMRIM, Waters of Isaiah xv. 6; Jer. xlviii. 34 W. Nimrin (?) 14 Either the springs near ‘Beth-nimrah’ or those in ‘Wady N’meirah,’ between Kerak and the Brook Zered, near the south end of the Dead Sea. De Saulcy Voyage, i. 284; Seetzen, ii. 354; Tristram, Land of Israel, 1882, p. 334.

NINEVEH Gen. x. 11, 12; 2 Kings xix. 36; Is. xxxvii. 37; Jonah i. 2; iii. 2–7; iv. 11; Nah. i. 1; ii. 8; iii. 7; Zeph. ii. 13; Matt. xii. 41 — On the river Tigris, opposite Mosul. See Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

NO, or NO-AMON Jer. xlvi. 25; Ezek. xxx. 14; 15, 16; Nah. iii. 8 Thebes — A city of Egypt, Thebæ (Thebes) or Diospolis Magna.—Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

NOB 1 Sam. xxi. 1; xxii. 9, 11, 19; Neh. xi. 32; Isa. x. 32 Not identified — A Priests’ city in sight of Jerusalem, where the Ark of the covenant was deposited for some time. Jerome states that nothing remained in his time to indicate where it had been. Dr. Robinson would place it somewhere on the Mount of Olives north-east of the city. (Vol. I. p. 464.) Porter’s Handbook, ii. 324—the ruin to the east of Shʾafât. Capt. Conder proposes to identify it with Mizpeh. See Quarterly Statement, 1875, pp. 34–41.

NOBAH (1) NOBAH (2) Num. xxxii. 42 Judg. viii. 11 Kânawât 8 See Kenath—probably the same place.

NOPH Is. xix. 13; Jer. ii. 16; xliv. 1; xlvi. 14, 19; Ezek. xxx. 13, 16 Abu Sîr — Memphis—the modern ‘Abu-Sîr’ in Egypt.

NOPHAH Num. xxi. 30 Not identified — Named with ‘Dibon’ and ‘Medeba,’ on the east of Jordan.

OBOTH Num. xxi. 10; xxxiii. 43 Not identified — One of the camping-stations of the Israelites.

OCINA Judith ii. 28 Accho (??) — Thought to refer to Accho.

ODOLLAM 2 Macc. xii. 38 ʾAid el Mâ* — = Adullam, which see.

OLIVET, Olives, Mount of (R.V. OLIVES, Mount of) 2 Sam. xv. 30; Ezek. xi. 23; Zech. xiv. 4 Jebel et Tôr 14 Now called Jebel et Tôr. (Mem. III.; Sh. XVII.) East of Jerusalem.

ON Gen. xli. 45; xlvi. 20 Heliopolis — A town of lower Egypt. The sacred city of Heliopolis, about 10 miles north-east of Cairo; also called Beth-shemesh and Aven, which see.

ONO 1 Chr. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vi. 2; vii. 37; xi. 35 Kefr ʾAna 9 Now the village ‘Kefr ʾAna,’ 5 miles north of Lydda. In 1 Esdr. v. 22 Onus. (Mem. II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

OPHEL 2 Chr. xxvii. 3; xxxiii. 14; Neh. iii. 26, 27; xi. 21 — A part of ancient Jerusalem, south of the Temple enclosure.

OPHIR Gen. x. 29; 1 Kings ix. 28; x. 11; xxii. 48; 1 Chr. i. 23; xxix. 4; 2 Chr. viii. 18; ix. 10; Job xxii. 24; xxviii. 16; Ps. xlv. 9; Isaiah xiii. 12; Tobit xiii. 17 Not identified — Probably Southern Arabia. See Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

OPHNI Josh. xviii. 24 Jufna (?) 10 A town of Benjamin. Supposed by some to be Jufna, the Gophna of Josephus, 3 miles north-west of Bethel, but this would perhaps place it outside Benjamin. (Mem. II.; Sh. XIV.)

OPHRAH (1) Josh. xviii. 23; 1 Sam. xiii. 17 et Taiyibeh 10 ‘Five Roman miles east of Bethel’ (Onomasticon). This appears to point to the present large village Taiyibeh. (Mem. II. 293; Sh. XIV.)

OPHRAH (2) Jud. vi. 11, 24; viii. 27, 32; ix. 5 Ferʾata (?)* 10 Probably the present village Ferʾata, 6 miles west of Shechem, the old name of which was Ophrah (Samaritan Chronicle). (Mem. II. 162; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

OREB, The Rock Judg. vii. 25; Isa. x. 26 Not identified — ʾOsh el Ghurâb, a prominent peak in the Jordan Valley, north of Jericho, has been proposed. See Quarterly Statement, p. 22, 1877. (Mem. III.; Sh. XVIII.)

OREB, Mount 2 Esdras ii. 33 — Mount Horeb.

PADAN Gen. xlviii. 7 — Padan-aram.

PADAN-ARAM Gen. xxv. 20; xxviii. 2, 5, 6, 7; xxxi. 18; xxxiii. 18; xxxv. 9, 26; xlvi. 15 — The land of Mesopotamia.

PAMPHYLIA 1 Macc. xv. 23 — A district on the south coast of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia.

PARAH Josh. xviii. 23 Kh. Fârah 14 One of the cities in and allotted to Benjamin. Now the ruin Fârah, south-east of Michmash. (Mem. III. 174; Sh. XVIII.)

PARAN, Desert of (el Paran) Gen. xiv. 6; xxi. 21; Num. x. 12; xii. 16; xiii. 3, 26; Deut. i. 1; 1 Sam. xxv. 1; 1 Kings xi. 18 et Tih 27 The desert (‘et Tih’) between Kadesh and Sinai.

PARAN, Mount Deut. xxxiii. 2; Hab. iii. 3 Not identified — See preceding.

PARVAIM 2 Chr. iii. 6 Not identified — The name of the country from which the gold was procured for the decoration of Solomon’s Temple.

PAS-DAMMIM 1 Chr. xi. 13 — See Ephes-dammim.

PATHROS Is. xi. 11; Jer. xliv. 1, 15; Ezek. xxix. 14; xxx. 14 — A part of Upper Egypt, possibly about Thebes. Pathrusim, Gen. x. 14; 1 Chr. i. 12

PAU Gen. xxxvi. 39 Not identified — The capital of Hadar, King of Edom.

PAI 1 Chr. i. 50 Not identified — Probably the same as the preceding.

PENIEL AND PENUEL Gen. xxxii. 30; xxxii. 31; Judg. viii. 8, 9, 17; 1 Kings xii. 25 Not identified — Very probably somewhere on the northern slope of ‘Jebel Osha.’ See Heth & Moab, pp. 177–179.

PEOR, Top of Num. xxiii. 28 Not identified 14 See Beth-peor. Probably the commanding peak above ‘ʾAin Minyeh,’ overlooking the Dead Sea, etc. Quarterly Statement, p. 87; 1882.

PERAZIM, Mount Isaiah xxviii. 21 Not identified — See Baal-perazim.

PEREZ-UZZAH 2 Sam. vi. 8; 1 Chr. xiii. 11 Not identified — The threshing-floor of Nachon, in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

PERSEPOLIS 2 Macc. ix. 2 Chehl-Minar — At one time the capital of Persia proper. Now called Chehl-Minar. The ruins are of great extent and magnificence, covering an area of many acres. See Niebuhr (Reis., ii. 121); Chardin (Voyages, ii. 245); Ker Porter (Travels, i. 576); Heeren (Asiatic Nations, i. 143–196); Rich (Residence in Khurdistan, ii. pp. 218–222); Fergusson (Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored, pp. 89–124); etc.

PERSIA 2 Chr. xxxvi. 20, 22, 23; Ezr. i. 1, 2, 8; iii. 7; iv. 3, 5, 7, 24; vi. 14; vii. 1; ix. 9; Esth. i. 3, 14, 18; x. 2; Ezek. xxvii. 10; xxxviii. 5; Dan. viii. 20; x. 1, 13, 20; xi. 2; 1 Esdr. iii. 1, 9, 14; v. 6; vii. 4; viii. 80; Judith i. 7; Bel i. 1; 1 Macc. iii. 31; vi. 1, 5, 56; 2 Macc. i. 13, 19, 20, 33; ix. 1, 21 —

PETHOR Num. xxii. 5; Deut. xxiii. 4 — A town of Mesopotamia, where Balaam resided. Situated on the Euphrates.

PHARATHONI 1 Macc. ix. 50 Not identified — Probably Pirathon, which see.

PHARPAR, River 2 Kings v. 12 Nahr Taura, one of the branches of the Barada (?) — In the Arabic version Nahr Taura takes the place of Pharpar.

PHASELIS 1 Macc. xv. 23 Tekrova — A town on the coast of Asia Minor, on the confines of Lycia and Pamphylia. Now called Tekrova. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.)

PHENICE 1 Esdr. ii. 17, 24, 25, 27; iv. 48; vi. 3, 7, 27, 29; vii. 1; viii. 19, 23, 67; 2 Esdr. 1, 2; 2 Macc. iii. 5, 8; iv. 4, 22; viii. 8; x. 11 — Phenicia in 3 Macc. iii. 15; 4 Macc. iv. 2

PHILISTIA Ps. lx. 8; lxxxvii. 4; cviii. 9 — The south part of the maritime plain of Syria. Identical with the word Palestine. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.)

PHISON Ecclus. xxiv. 25 — The Greek form of Pison.

PHUD Judith ii. 23 — Phut. See Put.

PI-BESETH Ezek. xxx. 17 Tell Basta — Bubastis. Now ‘Tell Basta,’ near Zagazig, in Lower Egypt.

PI-HAHIROTH Ex. xiv. 2, 9; Num. xxxiii. 7, 8 Not identified — Camping-station of the Israelites before Migdol.

PIRA 1 Esdr. v. 19 — Thought to be a repetition and variation of Caphira in the same verse.

PIRATHON Judg. xii. 15 Ferʾôn (?)* 10 ‘In the land of Ephraim in the Mount of the Amalekites.’ According to the old traveller Hap-Parchi, it lay about two hours (6 miles) west of Shechem, and was called ‘Ferʾata’ (Asher’s Benjamin of Tud. ii. 426; Robinson iii. 134). Some 14 miles to the west of Shechem and north of Ferʾata is the village Ferʾôn, which Capt. Conder proposes to identify with Pirathon. (Mem. II. 164; Sh. XI.) Pharathoni (1 Macc. ix. 50) is possibly the same.

PISGAH, Mount Num. xxi. 20; xxiii. 14; Deut. iii. 17, 27; iv. 49; xxxiv. 1 Râs Sîâghah 15 Apparently the peak called ‘Râs Sîâghah,’ west of Neba (Mount Nebo). (Heth and Moab, p. 129.)

PISON (R.V. PISHON) Gen. ii. 11 One of the four heads flowing out of Eden.

PITHOM Ex. i. 11 Tell Mahuta — In Lower Egypt, on the Ismailia Zagazig Railway.

PTOLEMAIS 1 Macc. v. 15, 22, 55; x. 1, 39, 50–58, 60; xi. 22, 24; xii. 45, 48; xiii. 12; 2 Macc. xiii. 24, 25; Acts xxi. 7 ʾAkka — Accho—St. Jean d’Acre, the modern ʾAkka; see Accho.

PUNON Num. xxxiii. 43 Not identified — Camping-station of the Israelites in the desert.

PUT 1 Chr. i. 8; Nah. iii. 9 Not identified — A Hamite people. Phut (Gen. x. 6); Phud (Judith ii. 23); Libya (Jer. xlvi. 9; Ezek. xxxviii. 5; see Libya.) (Grove’s Bible Index.)

RABBAH Josh. xv. 60 Kh. Rubba (?)* 14 A city of Judah, named with Kirjath-jearim. Possibly ‘Rubba,’ in the hills, 4 miles east of Beit Jibrîn. (Mem. III. 314; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

RABBAH Josh. xiii. 25; 2 Sam. xi. 1; xii. 26, 27, 29; xvii. 27; 1 Chr. xx. 1; Ezek. xxi. 20 ʾAmmân 11 Now called ʾAmmân, on the highlands of Gilead. A large Roman city (Philadelphia) was built there in the second century A.D., of which fine ruins yet remain. ‘The City of Waters’ (Heth and Moab, p. 152); Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography, p. 103; see also Burckhardt (Syria, 357–360); Seetzen (Reisen i. 396; iv. 212, 214); Irby (June 14); Buckingham (East Syria, 68–82); Lord Lindsay (5th ed. 278–284); Robinson (ii. 172–178).

RABBAH of the Ammonites Jer. xlix. 2, 3

RABBATH of the Ammonites (R.V. RABBAH) Ezek. xxi. 20

RABBATH of Ammon (R.V. RABBAH) Deut. iii. 11

RABBITH Josh. xix. 20 Râba* 10 Now the village ‘Râba,’ on the watershed south of Gilboa. (Mem. II. Sh. XII.)—Conder.

RACHAL (R.V. RACAL) 1 Sam. xxx. 29 Not identified — In the south of Judah.

RACHEL, Tomb of Gen. xxxv. 20; 1 Sam. x. 2 Kubbet Râhîl 14 Kubbet Râhil, near Bethlehem. The site has been shown from the fourth century to the present time in the same place. (Mem. III. 54, 55, and 129; Sh. XVII.)

RAGAU Judith i. 5, 15 — Probably another form for ‘Rages.’

RAGES Job i. 14; iv. 1, 20; v. 5; vi. 9, 12; ix. 2 Rhey — ‘A city of Media.’ The name ‘Rhey’ is now applied to the ruins 5 miles south-east of Teheran. See Ker Porter’s Travels, i. 357–364; Fraser’s Khorassan, p. 286.

RAKKATH Josh. xix. 35 Tûbarîya 6 One of the fortified towns of Naphtali. The old name of Tiberias. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

RAKKON Josh. xix. 46 Tell er Rakkeit* 9 One of the towns of Dan. Now Tell er Rakkeit, north of Jaffa. (Mem. II. 262, 275; Sh. XIII.)—Conder.