Volume 24 — I. VOCABULARIES OF SOME OF THE TRIBES OF NORTHWESTERN AMERICA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

Much has been written by scholars in recent times on the Asiatic extraction of the American peoples; and the attempt has been made, particularly in the United States, to prove such a relationship. This exceedingly interesting subject opens to the investigator a boundless field; but one whose paths are dark and difficult to make clear. Many good reasons can be given for an Asiatic descent of the Americans; on the other hand, objections can be made which cannot easily be set aside. In either case strikingly similar traits have been found in the peoples of the two continents, as may be seen from Delafield's new work, where everything that can be said on the subject has been brought together.[222]

As the traveller stands in front of the long lines of the old Indian burial mound near St. Louis, he can easily believe that he has before him one of the south Russian kurgans. Moreover, surprising correspondences are found from a comparison of the works of art, as well as the intellectual and moral characteristics, of the peoples of Mexico and Peru with those of India and Egypt. But we search in vain for Mongols in North America. When one has seen the Hindoos, Kalmucks, Bashkirs, and Chinese, he will find that the features and complexion of the type of man now inhabiting North America are very different from those of the Asiatic peoples; and will feel justified in regarding the Americans as a distinct race.

The most firmly-grounded objections to the theory of the Asiatic extraction of the Americans seems to lie in the difference in the color of the skin and in the slight relationship of the languages; for the few words related to American, which have so far been sought out with great difficulty in the Asiatic languages, do not appear to have much weight.

D'Orbigny[223] assumes that there are different races among the peoples of America. But even if it is necessary, for the sake of clearness, to make various subdivisions in such an extended and varied population, on the basis of distinguishing characteristics, nevertheless such a division is difficult and arbitrary. If representatives of all these peoples could be brought together, a classification would present fewer difficulties; but great distances often separate related tribes, and memory rarely suffices for making these exact comparisons. I cannot render a decision on D'Orbigny's supposition that in the American branch of humanity the North Americans form a different race from the South Americans, since I have become acquainted with only a small number of the South American nations.

One claim, which seems to me to have decided probability, is that the ancient Mexicans migrated from the more northern parts of the continent of America. There are many indications of this. The hieroglyphic painting of the migration of the people, which later rose to a higher culture in Mexico, which was discovered by Boturini and brought out by Delafield, is, from this standpoint, a highly interesting document.[224] The drawings of the present North American Indians still show many similarities to those of old Mexican pictures, although it must be said that they are much rougher, cruder, and more childish.[225] Therein, also, foot prints are represented when it is desired to show a continued movement of the figures; and other correspondences have already been pointed out. In various places in the account of my travels, I have sought to call attention to them and to the conjectured southward migration of the Americans. The skulls, however, which have been taken from the old burial grounds on the Wabash, do not show that flattening of the heads that is portrayed on Delafield's first plate; but their crowns are rounded just as nature formed them.

All conjectures over the origin and relationship of these peoples must await the more trustworthy conclusions which it will be justifiable to draw from the relationship of their languages; only through more exact knowledge of them can we hope to make progress in this broad and obscure field. Several of the North American dialects are already fairly well known to philologists; for a majority of the rest there are, at least, vocabularies which allow a superficial classification according to relationship. Distinguished American philologists, Duponceau, Pickering,[226] Edwin James, Gallatin, and several others have accumulated much material, but there has been no comprehensive work on the subject. This lack has in part been filled by Mr. Albert Gallatin, whose learned work is in the hands of the publishers.[227] Since at the present time the attention of travellers is being directed more and more to this highly interesting subject, these materials are likely to be largely increased in the near future, and to give American scholars the chance of constantly perfecting their work. Some authors, among them McKenney, in his History of the Indian Tribes of North America,[228] do not seem to attach much value to vocabularies collected by travellers. To be sure, these often are handled in a thoughtless and superficial manner; but it must be remembered that in the interior of North America excellent interpreters of the Indian languages may now be found, and that the Indians themselves often fluently speak several languages. Through these agencies interesting contributions to our knowledge of the dialects referred to may always be expected.

In an examination of the tribes of America, the multiplicity of their languages is very striking. These languages are often confined to quite small tribes; their origin is quite correctly explained by Mr. Gallatin.[229] From the interesting work of this scholar it appears, however, that a certain similarity of character belongs to this multitude of tongues—a circumstance that testifies to their common origin as well as to the antiquity of the American population.[230] All this material thus gains value in the eyes of the philologist; and in this connection it is with pleasure to be noticed, that with the extension of these investigations the interest in them in America constantly brings forward diligent co-operators.

Such work would be far easier and much more useful if all the vocabularies were compiled and copied on the same principles. Most of those in existence have been written down by Englishmen, or Anglo-Americans; and as a rule they, like the French, cannot, as Gallatin admits, correctly reproduce the Indian gutturals;[231] yet it is characteristic of all these languages that they abound in gutturals. Another defect in the usual vocabularies, lies in the omission of accents; for these, also, are peculiarly characteristic of the American languages. One of the dialects which I investigated is so difficult to write, that even after the greatest effort I could reproduce but a few words—I refer to that of the Grosventres of the prairies, sometimes called by the English Fall Indians.[232] For this tongue, even the fur trade company had not been able to find an interpreter; and was compelled to carry on all business with those Indians in the Blackfoot language. Most of the other languages of the Missouri Valley can more easily be reproduced by the Germans and Dutch than by other nations; because, as has already been explained, their own speech abounds in gutturals and regularly has hard endings. Consequently the English vocabularies for these tribes are always more or less defective. Pickering felt this very decidedly, and has consequently proposed for his countrymen a notation of tones which is analogous to the German, and which, if it comes into use, will produce most beneficial results. Pickering's scheme requires that the vowels be pronounced in America as follows:

a as in the word father,

e as in there,

i as in machine,

o as in note,

u as in rule,

y as in you (or as ee in English).

In short, he adopts the German system, completely. In place of the German æ and œ, or ä and ö, he proposes to write in English a^e and o^e; in place of c to use k, a change that will avoid many misunderstandings; and when the pronunciation is hard, to use z, etc. If this system had been used earlier, a smaller number of errors would have crept into the works on this subject, and into the translations from one language to another. For instance, my vocabularies of the Brazilian peoples have in places been very incorrectly reproduced by French translators.

Another defect in the usual English system, for such vocabularies, arises from the division of all words into syllables, a method which Duponceau very rightly censured; for in this way the correct pronunciation of the words is generally lost. When the word with its accents has been written as a whole, the division into syllables is the next task, in order thus to reach conclusions regarding its inflection and derivation—something quite indispensable for the philologist. A word divided in the English style into its component parts, could be correctly pronounced neither by a German nor by a Frenchman; besides, every language has its own intonation, not common to others. I have, therefore, held it to be the surest way of making the Indian words intelligible to all my readers, to call to my aid the pronunciation of several nations. For instance, on and an, in the Indian languages are spoken, sometimes as in German, sometimes as in French; in such cases I have noted in a parenthesis the system according to which the word or syllable is to be pronounced. Other notes of this character have seemed necessary, and these require the following explanations:—

(1) Sharp c is designated as in French by ç.

(2) Guttur. denotes guttural, i.e., the German or Dutch pronunciation.

(3) aº or oª denotes full a or o, somewhat like aw in English. Here I might have written o͡a; but by using aº and oª, I also indicate that the sound of the lower letter predominates.

(4) d. d. N. (durch die Nase) denotes through the nose: i.e., a nasal sound.

(5) When the sign ½ follows a letter, it means that it is to be only half pronounced, somewhat as the first e in the German word gegangen, or the second e in the English word achievement.

(6) I have tried to indicate the length of a syllable by adding an h, a plan which I preferred to the ordinary signs ∽ or ⏝, since these might easily be confused in printing.

(7) A g is often heard at the end of the syllables on and an; consequently I have written them ong and ang. This is the German system, as I have indicated by the word "German." It is assumed that the philologist will be familiar, at least in general, with German as well as with French and English pronunciation.

(8) As the French acute accent seemed to me entirely adequate for indicating the correct intonation of the Indian words, I have chosen it to show on what letter or syllable the emphasis is to be placed. Occasionally, owing to haste or lack of time, it may have been forgotten or omitted.

(9) In the case of the letter j, I have not followed Mr. Pickering's scheme, for everyone knows how it is pronounced in French and in German. When it has the former value—as very often in the American languages—I have noted "French:" i.e., pronounce as in French. In no other way, it seems to me, can the soft French j be clearly indicated.

(10) The German guttural sound ch, as in the syllables ach, och, or uch, is, as Gallatin observes, difficult for Englishmen and Frenchmen;[233] but it occurs everywhere in the American languages, and the reader must learn it if he wishes to pronounce such words correctly.

(11) The r is never pronounced by these peoples as a guttural, but always with the point of the tongue against the roof of the mouth; d and r, as well as r, l, and n,[234] are quite often interchanged, or indistinctly pronounced.

(12) On the syllable in, I have often noted that n is to be pronounced as in French: i.e., the syllable in does not sound like ain in French, but merely the n is pronounced as in French; the whole sound is, therefore, almost i nasal, and only a little at the end sinks to n.

It is the duty of every traveller in distant, little-known lands to make contributions, according to his ability, to the knowledge of their languages; hence I have brought together in the following pages my own notes, however insignificant and incomplete they may be, under the difficulties which stand in the way of such work. The ignorance of the interpreters, their lack of sympathy with any kind of scientific investigation, the frequent unwillingness of the Indians to assist, superstitious and unintelligible ideas, and lack of time and leisure—these usually combine to make such examinations difficult. When, here and there, I detected some deviations from Mr. Gallatin's vocabularies, it was my duty to record them in order to aid investigation and come nearer the truth. The fault-finding spirit would certainly never prompt me to this, since we are concerned here, not with the use of the material, but with the former method of collecting it.

I have written these vocabularies, in part from the pronunciation of the Indians themselves; in part, from that of interpreters, who are usually half-breeds, and therefore thoroughly acquainted with the Indian as well as with the French or English languages—they have, at least, lived for a long time with those nations; finally, in part from the pronunciation and with the kind assistance of the Indian agent, Major Dougherty,[235] who speaks several of these languages fluently. From some tribes, owing to lack of time or interpreters, I have obtained but few words; from others, more; the most complete vocabularies are in the Mandan and Minnitarri languages, because I passed the winter among them. While I was living with the Mandans I undertook something of a grammatical study of their language; but unfortunately its continuation and completion were interrupted by illness.

Since but a moment was sometimes at my disposal for collecting a few words, I chose a list of twenty of those that frequently occur, and asked for them first, in order to make a comparison and draw conclusions regarding the relationship of the tribes. These words were as follows:

sun

moon

star

god

fire

water

earth

man

woman

child

head

arm

hand

hair

eye

mouth

bow

arrow

tobacco pipe

tomahawk

In each of the vocabularies I have noted the source from which it was obtained. The order in which the tribes are arranged is not according to linguistic relationship, but alphabetical for the sake of easier reference.

From an examination of the following examples of the languages of twenty-three peoples it appears, as is observed by the Rev. Dr. Reck, a philologist,[236] that the Sauki, Musquake, Kickapuh, Ojibua, and Krih tribes belong together—a circumstance that has long been known. The speech of the Wasaji [Osage], Konsa, Oto, Omaha, Punca, Dacota, Assiniboin, and Mandan tribes appear to be only dialects of the Dacota (Sioux) linguistic group, of which the last, which I can give most completely, has been but little known. The ten remaining tribes seem to be more foreign to one another—only between the Blackfoot and Snake (Shoshone) dialects, do we find word relationships. There are likewise many similarities between the Mandan and Minnitarri languages; but these, as I was repeatedly assured, arose only after the two peoples had lived near each other, as I have already related elsewhere in the account of my travels. The name of the deity is "manito" among the Musquake [Fox], Sauki, Kickapuh, Ojibua, and Krih tribes, all of which belong to the Algonkin, or Algic linguistic group; among the seven tribes of the Dacota group, it is "wakonda," or "wakanda," which has the same or a similar meaning in half of the tribes mentioned. The word for water is very similar among most of these people, and the name of the tobacco pipe is the same or similar in half of the dialects.

First and last, various corrections have been made in these lists; yet they remain incomplete, and further observation will add many new corrections. I must, therefore, as always, request consideration from learned critics. Finally, I must note that if in the body of my narrative some words are not written as in the vocabularies, the spelling of the latter is to be preferred.[237]

FOOTNOTES:

ARIKKARAS (Rikkaras; French, Ris)[238]

American (an), Nehsikuss (Long Knife, the name which the Americans have among all Indian nations).

Arm, ui̍hnu (uih very long; nu very short and low).

Arrow, ni̍h-schu (nih with strong accent; sch very short and falling in tone).

Autumn, niskútsch.

Beans (the fruit), a̍ttika-hunáhn.

Beard, hakaráhnuch (uch guttural).

Bird, nix.

Black, tecati̍h.

Blind, tschirikarúch (uch guttural).

Blood, páhtu (u barely audible).

Blue, tischidanáhuisch.

Bone, dje̍h-schu (schu short and low; je French).

Bow, náhtsch (sch hissed softly at the end; German throughout).

Bow-lance, na̍hts-saha̍hn.

Brave, ui̍hta-nakóh.

Brave (n), ui̍hta-ti.

Bridle (horse), hah-karachkóhku (ach guttural; koh with strong emphasis).

Brook, taháhneni-kaki̍rihu.

Brother, ináhn (i barely audible).

Chief (leader), däscháhn.

Child, pi̍hrau (German throughout; r with the point of the tongue).

Cold, tipsi̍h.

Come here, schi-schá (both short); or, schi-schá-pisch, come here quickly.

Dance (v), tiráhnaui̍sch-uischu (very short; run together).

Day, tiuëne-sáhkaritsch (second e ½; the last word low and short).

Deaf, kaketschiesch (first e ½; otherwise German throughout).

Devil (evil spirit), sziri̍tsch (same word as for wolf).

Die (v), necksáhn.

Door, hihuattóhnin (nin short and low; hih together).

Dream (v), itcháhn (it barely audible; ch guttural).

Drink, metetschi̍hka.

Dumb, wakárru (u barely audible).

Ear, atkaha̍hn (at barely audible).

Earth, honáhnin (n barely audible; nah very long; German pronunciation throughout).

Enemy, páh-tu (like word for blood).

Englishman, Sáhnisch-takapsia (a low and short; i and a separated).

Evening, hinách (ach guttural).

Eye, tschiri̍hko (ko short and low).

Father, hiáchti (ti low and short; ach guttural).

Feather, hi̍h-tu (u barely audible; the whole run together).

Fire, ha-ni̍h-tu (ha short; tu barely audible; the whole run together).

Fish, tschiuátsch (t indistinct; ua like wa).

Flesh, sászsch.

Fog, uettetara̍nsa (e full value).

Forehead, nikakinn.

Forest, waráhkt (t barely audible; r with the point of the tongue).

Frenchman, Sáhnisch-táhka.

Friend, sih-nánn (German, run together).

Go (v), tiuáhwanuck.

God, pachkátsch (ach German guttural).

Good, tunahä.

Great, teüitschähs.

Green, same word as for blue.

Gun, tnáhku (t and u barely audible), or nahku.

Hair, u̍hchu (ch guttural; uh guttural sound; final u very short).

Hand, éschu (u barely audible).

Head, pá-chu (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Heart, ui̍ssu (u indistinct).

Heat, tah-weri̍stu (u short; the whole run together).

Horns (of stag), warikaráhn.

House (hut), akáhn.

Hunger, tiriuatä̍.

Hunt (v), tiráhuisch-kaë̍hsch (a and e separated; e and h together).

I, náh-tu (tu short; run together).

Ice, nachéhtu (ch guttural; u short and low).

Island, auáhk (a and u separated).

Jar (pot), kószsch.

Knife, nisi̍tsch.

Laugh (v), täwa̍chko (ko short and low).

Lead (ball), nischtiúidu.

Leg, káhchu (u barely audible).

Life, ti̍hko (ko short and low).

Lightning, hunachtschipsch.

Maize, nä̍hschü (schu very low and short).

Man, ui̍t-h (h prolonged as an aspiration).

Meal (to eat?), teuah (e and u separated).

Medicine, tiua̍hruchi (i and u separated; ti short; ah with strong accent; uch guttural).

Medicine drum, akadéhwuchnahch (ch guttural; wuch and ahch very indistinct).

Medicine pipe, napàhruchti (uch guttural).

Moon, pa̍.

Morning, hina̍chtit.

Mother, scha̍chti (German; i indistinct).

Mountain, wáo-tiri̍huh.

Mouth, hah-ka̍u (kau together, with the accent).

Much, tiráhnehun (e full value; un like oun in French).

Negro, sa̍hnisch-kahtitt.

Night, uettekattih-si̍ha (e full value; final a short and low).

Nose, sini̍ht.

One-eyed, tschirikak-cho (ch like a guttural breath).

Partizan (leader of a war party), däschtschi̍ta (German throughout).

People (folk), sa̍hnisch.

Pipe (tobacco), nauschkatsch (German throughout).

Pouch (for ammunition), ischtachkóhku (ach guttural).

Powder (gun-powder), it-ka̍hn (it barely audible; otherwise German).

Pumpkin (the fruit), neka̍hse (first e full value; final e ½).

Quick, pi̍sch.

Quiver, uachtáss (ach low; uach very low, in the throat).

Rain, uettasuhe (e ½).

Rattle (sysyquoy, or gourd-rattle), atschihikúchtsch (uch guttural).

Red (color), tippaha̍ht (t barely audible).

Red (to paint red), tippaha̍hnu (u barely audible).

Revenge (v), uëuittetut-kaui̍ht (aui separated; likewise ue).

River, sahá-nin (German throughout).

Saddle, anari̍tschi-tauï (the whole low; ta together; a, u, and i separated).

Scalp, uittirah-hunnu (nu very short and barely audible; u and it separated).

Sick, tenáhchehu (ch guttural; e full value).

Small (short), kakirihuh.

Smoke, tira̍h-uchschka̍ (uch very short guttural; schka very strong emphasis).

Snow, huna̍ho (o short and low).

Speak, tihuáhwachtéhku (u short and low; ach guttural).

Spirits (distilled), séh-sannach (ach guttural as in German).

Star, sakka̍h.

Stingy, tähui̍ss-ch (ch guttural prolonged).

Stirrup, achkatatáu (ach merely a guttural sound, nearly ch).

Stone, kanéh-tsch (tsch merely hissed at end).

Strong, tetárach-tschisch (last word loud with emphasis; ach guttural).

Sun, schakúhn (German).

Sunflower (helianthus), stschüpünáh-núhchu (ch guttural).

Sweet, uettáh.

Teeth, a̍hna (a barely audible, thus nearly ahn).

Thunder, uaruchte-teuachnáho (e distinctly pronounced).

Tobacco, nahuischkáhn (nah together; uisch like wisch, merely a hiss).

Tobacco-pouch, nanochkóhku (och guttural; koh rather indistinct).

Tomahawk (with the pipe), katarátsch-nauschkatsch (German throughout).

Tomahawk (without the pipe), katarátsch.

Tongue, háhtu (u barely audible).

Toothache, tikuchkaráhnu (uch guttural; nu short and low).

Trail, hatúhn.

Ugly, kakúchne (ch rather indistinct; e ½).

Village, etúhn.

War, na̍minakohn, i.e., to fight.

War-club (with the iron head), akachtáhka (ach guttural).

Wash, tani̍h-karúhku (final u short and low).

Water, stóh-cho (st with the point of the tongue; ch guttural).

Weep (v), titschi̍ck.

White (the color), tetschéh-schauatá (together).

White-man, sáhnisch-thaka.

Wind, tihútt.

Winter, hunáhka (a merely a guttural aspirate).

Wood, náh-ku (u low and short; run together).

Wood (piece of), natsch (German throughout; same word as for bow, but pronounced shorter).

Yellow, tirachkatáh (ach German guttural).

Yes, haa (nasal).

Names of Animals

Antelope (general term), nanonatsch; the buck, arikatoch (och guttural); doe, achkahuahtaesch.

Bat, wa̍hch.

Bear (black), mató.

Bear (grizzly), kúhnuch (uch guttural).

Beaver, tschi̍ttuch (uch guttural).

Bighorn, arikússu; usually arikúss.

Buffalo (bull), hoh-kúss; the cow, watahésch.

Deer (black-tailed), tahkati̍tt.

Deer (common), nochnuna̍hts (noch barely audible).

Dog, chahtsch (ch guttural, German throughout).

Duck, kúh-ha (ha merely a breathing).

Eagle (bald-headed), ari̍chta (ich German, with the point of the tongue).

Eagle (war), dä̍htach-ka̍ss (ach guttural).

Elk (general term), ua̍; the stag, ua̍-nukúss; the doe, uaua̍taesch.

Fox (gray), tschiwakóh-kussohtara̍huisch (rah together; u and i separated).

Fox (prairie), tschiua̍hk (ua separated, accent on uahk, abruptly ended).

Fox (red), tschiwakúh-kuss.

Horse, chawa̍hruchtä (ch and uch guttural).

Moose, wah-sucha̍rut (ch guttural).

Mule, chawaka̍du (du barely audible; ch guttural).

Otter, tschita̍hpat, or tschittahpatte (e ½).

Skunk, nimbi̍tt.

Swan, scha̍htu (tu very short).

Turtle, tschi̍u-ha̍hn (i and u separated: i accented; hah very strong emphasis; the whole run together).

Wolf (gray), sziri̍tsch-tehunéhnoch (e full value).

Wolf (prairie), pachka̍tsch (ach guttural; same word as for god).

Wolf (white), sziri̍tsch-sta̍hka.

Articles of Dress and Implements

Breechcloth, mischa̍ch-kaë̍htu (ach guttural; ka and eh separated; tu short).

Buffalo-robe, sahóhtsch (German throughout).

Hair-ornament (the crow), nachkúch-katóch (ch guttural).

Head-dress (the long hood of feathers), pachta̍hruka-wüe (ach guttural; wu and e separated; e ½).

Leggings, gógutsch (go guttural; o full; German throughout).

Moccasins, chútsch (ch guttural).

Necklace (of bear's claws), kunúch-chwü̍tu (ch guttural).

Powder-horn, pah-ri̍h-ku (ku short).

Sledge, ta̍ruch-ta̍hsch (uch guttural).

Whip, pi̍nnuch (uch a strongly hissed, low guttural sound).

Wolf-tail (ornament for heel), ha̍chtit-kutawö̍ (hach merely a guttural sound like ch).

Numerals

One, a̍chku (u barely audible; ku merely a guttural aspirate).

Two, pi̍ttcho (o barely audible; cho merely a guttural aspirate).

Three, ta̍h-uitt (uitt very short and low; tt barely audible).

Four, tschetéhsch (e full value).

Five, si̍-huch (huch low and short; an aspirate).

Six, tscha̍hpis (pis short and low).

Seven, taui-scha̍hpis-uahn (the last two words run together; a and u separated).

Eight, tauischa̍hpis (a and u separated).

Nine, nochenéh-uahn (ch guttural; first e ½).

Ten, nochén (ch guttural).

Eleven, pitkóche-nëuahn (first e ½; ne and u separated; ch guttural).

Twelve, pitchóchin (ch guttural; in German).

Twenty, uïta̍.

Thirty, sauï (a and u separated).

Forty, pitkonane-nonchen (on French; chen as above).

Fifty, here they begin again with ten and count to one hundred by tens; fifty is thus five times ten.

Hundred, schucktahn; i.e., all the tens.

Names of Rivers

Bighorn, Arikúss-okaháhn.

Cannonball, Natschi̍o-háu (i accented; i and o separated; hau pronounced together as in German).

Grand, Sáchkau-waháhn (ach guttural; au together as in German, but barely audible).

Heart, Tostschi̍ta.

Knife, Ésitsch-kaháhn.

Little Bighorn, Ariksúh (really Arikússu)-kaháh-schiripáss.

Little Missouri (upper), Okaháh-tschiripáss.

Missouri, Swarúchti (uch guttural); or Hokaháh-ninn (nin German), i.e., Medicine-water.

Muddy (upper), Hohrutschítt (r with the point of the tongue; German throughout).

Musselshell, Skápedoch-saháhn (och guttural; e ½).

Powder, Kanáchtu-suhukaháhn (ach guttural; German throughout).

Rivière à Moreau, Kadi̍h-kahi̍tt.

Rivière au castor, Zitech-saháhn (zi German; ech guttural; e nearly the same as ü, and barely audible).

Rivière au rempart, Laráh-páhwi.

Rocky Mountains, Wagátti-stáhga (ga German; sta with point of the tongue).

Square Butte creek (Butte-carrée) Tschi̍h-issu (emphasis on the first word; the second word low; German throughout).

Teton, Sih-sawi̍h-tii; i.e., the stagnant water.

Tongue, Hatúhu-kaháhn (German, run together).

White (lower), Hokahach-kúss (ach guttural).

White-earth, Horúss-tuhusscháhn (German throughout; ch guttural).

Yellowstone, Wáh-hukaháhn.

Names of Neighboring Tribes

Arrapahos, Schahä̍.

Assiniboins, Pa̍hoak-sa̍.

Blackfeet, Chochkátit (ch guttural; last t barely audible).

Crows, Tuch-káh-ka (uch guttural; ka low and short).

Dacotas, Schaónn.

Minnitarris, Uïtatt-saháhn.

Pahnis, Tschi̍hrim (ri very short).

FOOTNOTES:

ASSINIBOIN[239]

American (an), Mi̍na-haske (e ½; run together); i.e., Long Knife.

Arm, nistó.

Arrow, uahi̍ntepä (pa short; e ½).

Bird, sittekanne (e only ½ in both cases).

Black, sáhpa.

Blind, chóncha (ch guttural; on French).

Blood, uä̍.

Blue, schunktóh (o full).

Bone, hóh.

Bow, nta̍sipa (n barely audible).

Brave (adj), uïuktschasch (German).

Brook, kachä̍ (ch guttural).

Brother, mitschi̍nna.

Child, hokschinn.

Cold (adj), osni̍h.

Dance (v), uatschi̍we.

Day, ampa (am French).

Deaf, nóge-wanintsche (ge guttural; second word low).

Devil (evil spirit), uakan-schi̍dja (an and dj French and soft).

Die (v), ti̍nktä (t separated from i, and barely indicated).

Door, tióhpa.

Dream (v), ui̍-hamana (hamana short and low).

Drink (v), me̍nat-ki̍nte (first e ½; te short and low).

Dumb, non-chäk-kpah (on French; ch guttural).

Ear, nóhge (g guttural).

Earth, manká.

Enemy, toͣge (o between a and o; e ½).

Englishman, Uasiáh-maschidju (j French; second word low and without emphasis).

Evening, chtaiétu (ch guttural).

Eye, nischta̍.

Father, atä̍.

Feather, hen (n French; the whole nasal).

Fire, pähte (e barely audible).

Fish, hogan (an French; g guttural).

Flesh, tanó (o short).

Forest, tschon-tanke (on French; tanke German; e ½).

Frenchman, Uaschi̍dju (j French and soft; final u short).

Friend, koná (a short).

Go (v), honktáu (au pronounced together).

God (the creator), uakán-tang-e (an French; e ½; the whole pronounced together; tange lower than the first word).

Good, uaschtä̍ (ta cut short with emphasis).

Great (tall), hanska (an French).

Green, tóh (o full).

Gun, tschótange (German throughout; e ½).

Hair, pahá.

Hand, nampä̍.

Head, páh.

Healthy, tä̍hdja (dj French; a short).

Heart, tschantä̍.

Heat, oni̍nitta.

Horns, tahä̍; the name of the animal is added, e.g., tatánka-tahä̍, buffalo horns.

House (of the white-man), uaschi̍-dutti (dutti without emphasis).

Hunger, oah-tink-täch (ach guttural; the whole pronounced together).

Hunt (v), eiámeia (ia together; the whole short).

I, meiä̍ (ia together).

Ice, tscháh.

Island, uï̍ta (ta short).

Jar (pot), wóhan-pe-ä (an French; the whole pronounced together).

Knife, mi̍hna (na short).

Laugh (v), ncháh (ch guttural).

Lead (ball), mandassú (an French).

Leg, hussänn.

Life (n), uintschone (German throughout; e ½).

Lightning, uaki̍än-tua̍mpi (n and am French; pi short).

Man, uïtschá (ui separated).

Meal (to eat?), wótinkä (o full; ta short and low).

Moon, hayétu-hiáye (e ½).

Morning, háhkena (kena even and rather low).

Mother, iná (a short).

Mountain, chä̍ (guttural).

Mouth, ih.

Much, o̍hta (oh full).

Negro, hatsáhpa.

Night, kpása.

Nose, póhge (o full; g guttural; e ½).

One-eyed, schtakeba (e ½).

Pipe (tobacco), tschanú-hupa (hupa low).

Powder (gun-powder), tschachni̍.

Quick, kontschüe (on French; schue short and rapid).

Red, scháh.

Revenge (v), aóin-tsï̍a (in German; i and a separated).

River, sih-uatpáh-tanga (tanga low; the whole pronounced rapidly together).

Sick, uaiasa.

Small (short?), tschihk-at.

Smoke (n), schóhta.

Snow, uáh.

Speak (v), i-á.

Spirits (distilled; i.e., literally fire-water), meni̍h-pä̍ht (run together).

Star, uitschachpe (ch guttural; e ½).

Stingy, uate̍china (ch guttural; china short).

Stone, i̍ng-a (run together and nasal).

Strong, menih-han (an French).

Sun, hanuï (an French; u and i separated).

Teeth, hi̍h.

Thunder, uaki̍an (i and a separated; n French).

Tobacco, tschandi̍.

Tomahawk, tschanúpa-tschachpä (ach guttural).

Tongue, tschä-ji̍ (ji short and French).

Trail, tskankú.

Ugly, schi̍djä (j French; e short).

Village (camp), uïntschóti (ti short).

War, ketschi̍sawe (awe short and low).

Warmth, tschäki̍.

Wash (v), jujaje (jaje French; e ½).

Water, meni̍h (e ½).

Weep (v), tschä̍a (tscha together).

White (the color), ska̍la (sk with the point of the tongue).

Widow, uïtaschnau (nasal; nau pronounced together).

Wind, katä̍.

Winter, uaniä̍to.

Woman, huï̍na (hui nasal; na short).

Wood, tschán (an French).

Yellow, si̍h (soft).

Yes, hán (French).

Numerals

One, ua̍ntscha (an French).

Two, nompa (om French).

Three, ja̍mene (ne short).

Four, tópa (o full).

Five, sa̍hpta.

Six, schahkpe (e ½).

Seven, schagoë.

Eight, schaknóga (a short).

Nine, namptschúnak (n French).

Ten, uïktschemane (final e ½).

Eleven, akéhuaji (ji French; short).

Twelve, akéh-nómpa (om French).

Twenty, tschimna-nómpa.

Twenty-one, tschimna-nómpa akéh-uaji: and so on in the same way.

Hundred, opan-uache (an French; e full value; opan with emphasis and loud; the whole indistinct and rapid).

I eat, woáht-atsch (woa almost like uoa).

You eat, uaiáta.

He eats, juht-atsch.

We eat, wóh-untáhpi (untahpi without emphasis).

You eat, uitáta-hetsch (together).

They eat, wóht-atsch (together).

I shall eat, héianko-toh-uauat-atsch (the whole pronounced together).

I would eat, jenk-uaua-tschinkte.

I have eaten, uauáht-atsch.

Eating, uanóh-uóhmantucke (e ½).

Eat (imperative) uóhtam (o full).

Names of Animals

Antelope, tatógana.

Bear (black), ui̍nketschenna (ke barely audible; na likewise).

Bear (grizzly), mató.

Beaver, tsápe (e ½).

Bighorn, hä̍hktschischka.

Buffalo, tatánga.

Dog, schónka (on French).

Elk, choiá (ch guttural).

Fox (gray), tohk-hanne (e short).

Fox (red), schonga-schanne (e ½).

Horse, schón-atanga (schon with emphasis; n French; atanga low).

Mountain goat (white), schunkä̍-ukänne (e ½).

Otter, peta̍n (an French; e short and ½).

Skunk, manka̍h.

Wolf, schunk-tógitsche (e ½).

FOOTNOTES:

BLACKFOOT[240]

American (an), Omakstoä; i.e., Long Knife.

Arm, ot-tiss.

Arrow, a̍pse (e distinctly pronounced).

Bird, pehkseü (final u barely audible).

Black, sicksinámm.

Blind, náh-pesti (e ½; pesti short).

Blood, ahah-pane (pane short; e ½).

Bone, ochkinn (och guttural).

Bow, spikenn-áhmai (mai German and together; sp with the point of the tongue).

Boy (small boy), sa-kú-man-pö (an French; o distinctly pronounced); usually pronounced sachkó-ma-pö (ach guttural).

Brave (a trusty man), iehkitappeh (ie German).

Brook, asséh-tachtay (tach guttural and very short).

Brother (elder), nehs.

Brother (younger), niskánn.

Chief (n), nachkóhzis (ach guttural; zis low); or ninau (au together, and German).

Child, póh-ka.

Dance (n), paskáhn.

Day, kristikui (kui together).

Deaf, sanastóke (e distinctly pronounced).

Die (v), ä̍nih (accent on a); i.e., he is dead.

Door, kitsi̍mm.

Dream (v), papokahn.

Drink (v), simih.

Drink (imperative), simii̍tt.

Dumb, katä̍h-puie; i.e., one who does not speak.

Ear, ochtóhkiss (och guttural).

Earth, ksáchkum (ach guttural; the whole German).

Eat this, auáttoht (au together).

Enemy, kachtumm.

Englishman, Suiápä.

Evening (towards evening), attakui (ui together).

Eye, o-abs-pih (oabs together; German).

Father, ninnah.

Feather, mami̍nn.

Fire, sti̍h (st with the point of the tongue).

Fish, mami̍h.

Flesh, ehksakuy (German; uy together).

Forehead, oh-niss.

Forest, atsoahskoi (koi German and together).

Frenchman, Náhpi-kuäcks.

Friend, this word is wanting; my kinsman, nézichkáoah (zich guttural; kaoah short).

Girl (small girl), ah-ké-kuann (German).

Go, ätapoh; i.e., he has gone; the infinitive is wanting.

Go (imperative), estapóht (e barely audible).

God, their god is the sun.

Good, achséh (ach guttural).

Great (tall, used of men), espitáh.

Green, kómonä.

Gun, náhmay (German).

Hair, same word as for head.

Hand, o̍h-ke-ti̍ss (i almost like u umlaut).

Head, oh-tu-kuáhn (kua together).

Healthy, katäkiuaht; i.e., he has no sickness.

Heart, uskitsi-pachpé (second i barely audible; ach guttural).

Heat (it is hot), kristotisséh (tis very short).

Horn, ohtsihkinnah; the name of the animal is always added.

House (their lodges), moiéhs.

Hunger, nitóh-nontsi (on French).

Hunt (v), sáhme (e distinctly pronounced).

I, nistó.

Ice, sahkukotoh.

Kettle (iron), äski̍.

Knife, stoa̍nn (st with the point of the tongue).

Laugh (v), ajimih (ji German).

Lead (musket ball), uaksopánn (uak together).

Leg, ohchkatt (ohch guttural).

Live (he still lives), sa̍keh-tapéh; i.e., he is still in the world.

Man, nahpe (e distinctly pronounced).

Meal (to eat?), oyé-ü (final u barely audible).

Moon, kokui-éta-úawakah (ui pronounced together).

Morning, skonna̍h-tonni̍h.

Mother, nikrist.

Mountain, messtäck.

Mouth, ma-å-ih (pronounced together).

Much, akajimm (German).

Negro, siksahpä-kuä̍nn; i.e., a black Frenchman.

Night, kohkui (ui together).

Nose, ohkrississ.

Old (an old man), náhpe, or nahpi (final e or i short).

One-eyed, apa̍u (au together as in German).

People (two young people in love), neta̍kka.

Pipe (tobacco), akuï-nima̍hn (German).

Powder (gun-powder), satsóhpats (German).

Quick (go quickly; hasten), kipanétsit.

Red, ahsa̍hn.

Revenge (I have taken revenge), nitäht-skitáh.

River, omachkéh-táchtay (German throughout; ach guttural); i.e., a large river.

Sick, pastimmä̍hsi, or aiochtokúh (och guttural).

Small, enakutsi (kutsi very short, almost tsi).

Smoke (n), sahtsi̍h.

Snow, kóhn.

Speak (v), äpuiéh (ieh pronounced together).

Spirits (distilled), sti̍och-keh (och guttural; st with the point of the tongue).

Star, kakatóhs (German throughout).

Stingy, sickimisi̍h.

Stone (rock, or cliff), o̍hkotock.

Strong, miskapéh; i.e., a strong man; miss, a strong horse.

Sun, nantóhs (an French; otherwise German).

Sweet, the word does not occur; they say, good to eat, achséh (ach guttural).

Teeth, ochpéhkinn (och guttural).

Thunder, kristikúmm.

Tobacco, pistáchkan (ach together).

Tomahawk, kaksáhkin (German).

Tongue, matsinnih.

Track (trail), ochsokui (och guttural; ui together); a word is added to tell whether of men or a certain animal.

Trail, ochsokui (och guttural; ui together).

Ugly (not good), pachkápe (ach guttural; e full value).

War (to go out to war), sohóh.

Wash (v), siskiochsatis (German; och guttural).

Water, ochkéh (och German guttural).

Weep, auáhsann.

Widow, this word is wanting; they say in general, a woman who has no husband, náhmakeü (final u barely audible).

Wind, suppúy (sup almost like sep; the whole German).

Winter, this word is wanting; they say, the cold, stuyä̍h (German; st with the point of the tongue).

Woman, ah-ké.

Wood, mehsti̍ss.

Yellow, otachkui (ach guttural; ui together).

Yes, a̍h.

Numerals

One, séh.

Two, náhtoka.

Three, nohóka.

Four, nehsohúi (ui together).

Five, nehsitó.

Six, nau (u and a separated; u indistinct).

Seven, äkitsikkům.

Eight, nahnisuji̍m (German throughout).

Nine, pehksúh.

Ten, kehpúh.

Twenty, náhtsipo.

Thirty, nehépu (e distinctly pronounced).

Forty, nehsi̍ppu.

Fifty, nehsitsi̍ppu.

Sixty, nä̍hpu.

Seventy, äkitsikki̍ppu.

Eighty, nahnisi̍ppu.

Ninety, pähksi̍ppu.

Hundred, käpippu.

Thousand, kipipi̍ppi.

Names of Animals

Antelope, auokáhs (au short and together).

Bear (black), si̍ku-kiä̍yu (German throughout).

Bear (grizzly), a̍poch-kiäyu (och guttural).

Beaver, kéhstake (e pronounced distinctly).

Bighorn, ä̍mach-ki̍kinägs; plural, ä̍mach-ki̍kinä; from ämach, meaning large horns.

Buffalo (bull), stomi̍ck.

Dog, emitá.

Elk, purnokä̍hstomick.

Horse, purnakö̍mitä (mita short).

Moose, sikitisuh.

Mountain goat (white), apumachkikiná (mach German guttural).

Otter, emonä̍hs.

Skunk, a̍hpikaieh (ah accented; pi short).

Wolf (common gray), sikkapéhs.

Wolf (prairie), sehnipa̍h.[241]

FOOTNOTES:

CHAYENNE (Shyenne of the Anglo-Americans)[242]

Arrow, mah-hóss.

Axe, jóh-ie-wúch (German throughout; uch guttural).

Bad, iháwa-süwa (very short).

Bow, máh-tachk (run together; ch guttural).

Bullet, wihóh-imáh-husch (the last three syllables are run together).

Cherries, máhmenuss.

Chief (leader), wi̍h-hu (hu short; u between o umlaut and u).

Child, kaichkúnn (ich guttural).

Day, wawóhn.

Far (distant), háh-iss.

Father, ni̍ho-ä̍h.

Fire, hoi̍sta.

Fire (to kindle a fire), dä̍cho-ihä̍s (ch guttural).

God, okúhme (e ½).

Good, ipáua (a and u separated; final e very short).

Great (of bodies), hiáh-est (hi together; ah together; est distinctly pronounced).

Gun, mah-ah-tán (run together; ma short).

Head, mi̍hk (k with a peculiar breathing).

Kettle (of metal), máï-taï-tó.

Knife, wó-tach-ke (ach guttural; ke very short).

Left-handed person, náhbuchs (uch guttural; s audible).

Little, o̍ch-kumm (och guttural).

Man, itán.

Man (old), waháhkis (kis low).

Man (young), cassuáhä.

Mother, nachkuä̍ (ach guttural).

Much, iháhstuch (uch guttural).

Near, kách-kiss (German; ach guttural).

On that side (of the river), o̍hhä-hohúmm.

On this side (of the river), o̍hhä-hastó.

One-eyed (a one-eyed man), o̍kinn.

Pipe (tobacco), hióchko (och guttural; ko almost like ke, e ½).

Poor (to be poor), staminóhha (st with the point of the tongue; ha very short; the whole run together).

Powder (gun-powder), páï.

River, o̍h-hä (pronounced as if oh-o-a).

Rocky Mountains, Húh-hunáu (nau together).

Small (of bodies), i̍kokesta (all syllables equal).

Sun, ischä̍.

Water, má-pe (ma nasal; pe short; e full value; the two syllables run together).

Weep (v), i̍h-acháh (ih with emphasis; ch guttural).

Wife, hi-i̍h-u (run together).

Woman (old), machta-máh-hä (ach guttural; the whole run together).

Comrade, I am going to sleep, húa-manna-aus (German throughout; u and a separated; accent on u; aus together).

Comrade, let us smoke, húa-hi̍hputt.

Comrade, take care of the kettle, hóa-niomů̈st-nomostetúnn.

Give to me, ni̍sta (ta short).

I have finished, ihi̍hs (with strong emphasis; abruptly ended).

Names of Animals

Antelope, wóh-ka (run together; ka lower).

Bear (grizzly), náchku (ach guttural).

Buffalo (bull), hottúe (u and e separated).

Buffalo (calf), wohksá (sa short).

Buffalo (cow), issiwóhn.

Dog, chotónn (ch guttural).

Elk, mo-úi (ui together).

Hedge-hog, ichtú-messi̍mm (ich German with the point of the tongue; e ½).

Horse, woindohámm (oi separated).

Mule, akéhm.

Wolf, hoh-ni̍ (ni short).

Names of Indian Tribes

Arikkaras, O̱̤̠̍hnunnu (short).

Awatichay (village) [Minnitarri], Amatsichá.

Crows, Hóh-otann.

Dacotas, O̱̤̠̍hohma.

Mandans, Wi̍hwatann.

Minnitarris, Honúhn.

Minnitarris (the small village) [Ahwahnaway], Hahpeiu (e full value; peiu short and separated into two syllables).

Pahnis, Hóh-ni-tánn.

Ruhptare [Mandan village], Wóh-ah (run together).

FOOTNOTES:

CROW (Corbeau)[243]

Arm, a̍hdä.

Arrow, annúhtä.

Bow, mannáchi-iahsä (the last word even and lowered in tone).

Child, wah-káh-tä (run together).

Eye, ischtä̍.

Fire, biddä̍ (short).

God (the ruler of life), búattä (u and a separated; ta short).

Hair, ichsi̍e (ich German with the point of the tongue; si and e separated; e ½ and short; i with strong accent).

Hand, ischsä̍.

Head, a̍nschua (an French; sch and u separated; a short).[244]

Man, matsä̍.

Moon, minitásia (sia short and low; i and a a little separated).

Mouth, i̍h-a (a very short and ½; pronounced together).

Pipe (tobacco), i̍impsä (accent on the first i; separated from the second i).

Star, ichkä̍.

Sun, achá-se (run together; se distinctly pronounced but short).

Tomahawk, mani̍htsip-ihpse (an French; e distinctly pronounced).

Water, minä̍.

White-man, máeste-schi̍hrä; literally yellow-eye.

Woman (wife), mi̍a (mi run together; a separated; the whole short).

FOOTNOTES:

DACOTA (Sioux) of the band of the Yanktonans[245]

American, Mi̍na-haska (haska nasal); i.e., Long Knife.

Arm, istó.

Arrow, uahi̍tpe (ua nasal).

Beard, putä-hin (n French; hin nasal).

Bird, sitká (s soft).

Black, sáhpa.

Blind, ischtá-chon-gä (ch guttural; on French; g in the roof of the mouth; chonga nasal and without emphasis).

Blood, uä̍h.

Blue (also green), tóh.

Bone, huh-huh.

Bow, itáh-sipa (itah with emphasis; si very short; pa without emphasis).

Brave (adj), uadi̍take (uadi with emphasis; e ½ or a little more; take lower and without emphasis).

Brook, uathpanne (e short).

Brother, tschi̍-ä (emphasis on the first syllable).

Child, okschiókapa.

Cold, sni̍h.

Dance (v), uatschi̍.

Day, hanposka (an French).

Deaf, nóchät-pá.

Die (dead), táh.

Door, thiópa (i and o somewhat separated).

Dumb (v), ihéschni (ni short).

Dream (v), uihamana (ui together; hamana short and rapid).

Drink (v), uatkan (an French).

Ear, nónchä (on French; emphasis on non; ch guttural; low and short).

Earth, manká (an French).

Enemy, tohk-ha.

Englishman, Sakedaschi (e short; i barely audible).

Evening, chta-ié-tu (chta guttural; ie together; tu short).

Eye, ischtá; one-eyed, pschtat-pä̍.

Father, atä̍; i.e., my father.

Feather, uï̍-iak-ha (ha guttural; iakha low and short).

Fight (n), ketschehsap (first e short).

Fire, pä̍hta.

Fish, rochan (very guttural; an French).

Flesh, tadó.

Fog, pó (o full).

Forest, tchán (an French).

Frenchman, Uaschi̍djo (jo French and very short).

Friend (comrade), koͣdá (great friend); or ketschi̍uah (friend).

Go (v), máhni (ni short).

God (the creator), uakán-tanka (an French nasal); i.e., great spirit.[246]

Good, uaschtä̍ (ua almost like wa; run together).

Great, hánska (an French).

Green, tóh (o rather full).

Gun, mansak-han (an French; the whole run together).

Hair, pihi̍.

Hand, napä.

Head, páh.

Healthy, uaschtä̍; or uaiá-saschni (last word short and low); i.e., not sick.

Heart, tschåtä̍.

Heat, didi̍tach (ach German guttural).

Horns (antlers; and horns of all animals in general), hä; the name of the animal is added.

House (lodge), tihpi.

Hunger, wóta-wacheda (all syllables of second word even).

Hunt (v), uïheni (e short; the whole indistinct, short, nasal, and run together).

I, miä̍.

Ice, tschága (g in the roof of the mouth).

Island, uï̍hta (u and i separated; ta short).

Jar (pot), tschä̍ga (g guttural; ga short).

Knife, mi̍hna (na short).

Laugh (v), icháh (ch guttural).

Lead (metal), mansassuh (an French).

Leg, húh.

Lightning, uakán-hädi̍(an French; hadi short).

Live (life?), uanickt.

Lodge or tent (of leather), wakä̍a.

Man, uïtscha.[247]

Meal(to eat?), wóhta (ta short).

Moccasin, hánpa (French).

Moon, hahépi-uïh (first word rather nasal).

Morning, hi̍h-hanna (emphasis on hih; hanna low and short).

Mother, inan (an French).

Mountain, chä (ch guttural).

Mouth, ih.

Much, ö̍hta (o full; ta short).

Negro, uaschi̍tschu-sáhpa (run together).

Night, hanhöp (an French).

Nose, póhchä (ch guttural; a short).

Pipe (tobacco), schandúh-hupa (hupa short and low, without emphasis).

Powder, tschachedi̍ (ch guttural).

Quick, kohán (an French).

Red, duhta.

Revenge (v), itoh-kidjuh (emphasis on first word; j French; second word lower).

River, uathpá; the Missouri, Uathpá-mnischoschá; i.e., the river with muddy water.

Sick, uaiasa (short).

Small, tihstina.

Smoke (n), schóhta (o full; ta short).

Snow, uáh.

Speak (v), jáh (i and a separated).

Spirits (distilled), meni̍h-uakán (an French); i.e. divine, or medicine water.

Star, tscháchpi (ach guttural).

Stingy, ocha̍n-schitscha (ochan with emphasis; second word without emphasis; the whole short and run together).

Stone, ihia (emphasis on i; nasal).

Strong, waschahke (e ½; ke short).

Sun, uï̍h.

Sweet, skúia (sk with the point of the tongue).

Teeth, i̍h.

Thunder, uaki̍n-a (n French, nasal; a short).

Tobacco, tschandi̍h (an French).

Tomahawk, onspä̍-tschanupa (final word without emphasis and lower).

Toothache, ih-asan (asan French).

Trader, wópäton-uïtschásta (o full; on French; last word short).

Trail, tschankuh.

Ugly, schi̍dja (ja French).

Village, otón-a (on French; a short; the whole nasal).

War, suiá (s soft).

Warmth, päti̍schka.

Wash (v), waiújaja (jaja French, without emphasis, and low; iu German).

Water, meni̍h.

Weep (v), tschä̍a (final a short).

White, skáh.

Widow, juá-sitscha (j and u separated).

Wind, tatä̍h.

Winter, uani̍ete (u and a separated; e very short in both cases).

Woman, uïïa (ui nasal).

Wood, tschan (an French).

Yellow, si̍h (softly pronounced).

Yes, ha̍n (French nasal).

Numerals

One, wántscha (an French).

Two, nómpa (om French).

Three, jámen (men German and low).

Four, tópa (o full).

Five, sáhptan (s very soft; an French).

Six, scháhkpe (pe short; e ½).

Seven, schakoï (o and i separated).

Eight, schákedoch (German).

Nine, nahptschi̍-uanká (uan nasal; n French; last word without emphasis, nasal, and low; the whole run together and short).

Ten, uïktschémna (u and i separated; na short).

Twenty, numm.

Twenty-one, uïktschemna-nom-sommuaji (the whole run together and short; ji French).

Thirty, jamen.

Forty, toop; or toom.

Fifty, sáhpta.

Sixty, scháhkpe.

Seventy, schakoï.

Eighty, schakedoch.

Ninety, nahptschiuanká.

Hundred, opánuachä (an French; u and a separated; ch guttural; the whole run together and short; uacha nasal).

Thousand, iktó-panuachä (an French; the whole run together and short).

I eat, uauáhta (u and a separated).

You eat, uayáta (German).

He eats, uóhtä (u and o like w; o full; ta short).

We eat, o̍ntape (in pronouncing tape the voice falls; pe distinctly pronounced).

They eat, uóhtapä (o full).

I shall eat, uauáhtäkta (u and a separated; takta low and without emphasis).

I have eaten, uauáhta.

I had eaten, hähan-uauáhta (an French).

I would eat, hähan-uauáhta-net-schetscha (last word short and rapid).

Eat (imperative), uóhta-io (together; o full).

Eating, uóh-tä-sa (sa short).

Names of Animals

Antelope, tatóhka; or tatókana (na rather inaudible).

Bear, (black), uachánk-sitscha (emphasis on chank; sitscha low).

Bear (grizzly), mantó (an French).

Beaver, tscháhpa (pa short).

Bighorn, kihská.

Buffalo (bull), tatánka; cow, ptäh; calf, ptäh-sidja (j French); the general word is that for cow.

Dog, schónka (on French).

Elk, upán (pan nasal; an French); this is the general word.

Elk (stag), acháhka (ch guttural).

Horse, schónka-uakán (on and an French): erratum says read i̍hia.

Otter, ptán (an French).

Skunk, mankáh (an French, very short, and barely audible; kah loud and with emphasis).

Turkey (wild), sisitscha-kanka (s soft; kan in the throat).

Wolf, schuk-tóketscha-tanka.

Wolf (prairie), mi̍htschak-si̍h.

FOOTNOTES:

DACOTA of the Teton Tribe

Antelope, tatóhkana.

Bear (black), wåchánk-sitscha (the first word with emphasis).

Bear (grizzly), matóh.

Comb, ipáhks.

Day (the day breaks), àm-pa-inam-pä (am French; pa short).

Elk, upán (an French and rather long); the stag, hächáhka.

Fish-hook, hoï̍tzua (o and i separated).

Fish-line, hachóhta (ch guttural).

Hoop (of wood), sankodeska.

Hoop (game of), sankodeska-kutépi.

Moccasins, hán-pa (an French).

Morning (early), a̍m-pa (am French).

Prairie dog, pispi̍sa.

Rattle (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), tascháhka.

Shield, oahát-sanka (first word with emphasis; last word low and without emphasis).

Water, meni̍h.[248]

FOOTNOTES:

FALL INDIANS, or Grosventres of the Prairies[249]

Antelope, hottewianinay (ay German).

Arm, nah-köth (the syllables separated).

Arrow, nennitch (ch with the point of the tongue and not guttural).

Bear (black), uatániss.

Bear (grizzly), uosse (uo like wo; e very short).

Beaver, hábass (a almost like a umlaut, but ½ and short).

Bighorn, hottéh.

Black, wå-atåh-nits (wa short; atah-nits a little lisped).

Blood, mah-ahtz.

Bow, nemáth (e ½).

Buffalo (bull), enáhkiä (e barely audible; kia like kie, short and ½).

Buffalo (cow), bü̍h.

Child, tä̍yalle (all syllables cut rather short and separated; e ½).

Day, e̍hse (eh long; se very short).

Deer (black-tailed), bü̍he-i (e ½; i short).

Deer (common), låsikge (ge German; e ½).

Dog, hótewi.

Ear, nenottónnü (ton with emphasis; e ½).

Earth, meth-auuch (au together; auuch very short).

Elk, uósseh.

Eye, ne-séh-seh (ne short and ½; accent on the first seh).

Fire, esittah (e very short).

Foot, nesse-estan (se short and ½; tan French and distinct).

God, mehåa (e short; the two a's separated).

Hair, näwi-táss (tass with emphasis).

Hand, nah-kettinach (rather indistinct).

Head, nöth-ah (indistinct; ah separated).

Heart, nö̍ttah.

Hot, be-ke-néh-se (be rather longer; ke short; neh very long; se short).

Ice, wå-awuh.

Leg, na-áhtz (na short and ½; ahtz long).

Man, neni̍tta (e and a short).

Moon, kahå-hássa (together).

Mountain goat (white), otteh-nozi̍bi (zibi short).

Mouth, nö̍t-ti (ti rather lower).

Night, taiké-ee (ee separated and distinctly pronounced).

Nose, nä-es (es ½ and low).

Pipe (tobacco), eht-tsá.

Rain, a-sá-nitz (lisped).

Snow, i̍h-i (ih very long; i short).

Star, a̍to (o almost like o umlaut).

Sun, ehsi̍ss.

Tomahawk, aha-loss.

Water, netse (e very short).

Wolf, kïati̍ssa (indistinct).

Woman, e̍sta (es lisped).

FOOTNOTES:

FLATHEADS of the Rocky Mountains[250]

Arrow, tah-pu-minn.

Bear, semachann (ch guttural).

Beaver, skaló.

Bow, soh-nónn; same word as for gun.

Buffalo, zotúnn (soft low, and indistinct; o full).

Child, skochkússa (ch guttural; sa low and indistinct).

Deer, zinechkóhch (ch guttural; the whole indistinct and low).

Dog, nachketsä (e short).

Ear, tchäh-sä̍uonn.

Earth, sopúth.

Elk, chton-skutsiss (ch guttural; the whole indistinct and low).

Eye, ehsuetst.

Fire, stehchke (st with the point of the tongue; ch guttural; final e ½).

Foot, tah-essi̍nn (e ½).

God, inuméhcho (i like e; ch guttural).

Head, estáchk (es soft; ch guttural).

Man, taiskáltomo (little emphasis and low).

Moon, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

Mouth, onuchuaye (ch guttural; final e ½).

Pipe (tobacco), simä̍h-noch (simah short; noch guttural; little emphasis).

Star, skoch-koiomm (low and run together; och guttural).

Sun, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

Tomahawk, soh-nónn.

Water, saotuch (low; ch guttural).

Woman, semääm (e ½; a and a separated).

FOOTNOTES:

KICKAPU[251]

Arm, nenächkonn (ach guttural).

Arrow, pequikihi.

Belly, näjäck (j French).

Bow, måstahá (a between a umlaut and o umlaut; ha often barely audible).

Breast (the whole) ne-kå̍-kä (ka short).

Ear, nettouakaian (ua nasal; kaian likewise).

Eye, neskescheck.

Foot, nekåtan (n distinctly pronounced).

Hair, ninessónn.

Hand, nenä̍chkonn (ach in the roof of the mouth).

Head, nehch (German).

Knife, peskoatéska (ka without emphasis).

Knife (long), måtatä̍.

Leg, nemóttata (a somewhat as if with umlaut).

Leggings, nekóchkuahan (och German guttural).

Mouth, netohn.

Nail (on the hand), näskóssähk.

Nose, näkiuónn.

Pipe (tobacco), póakan (emphasis on poa).

Skunk, schekakw (w barely audible).

Sun, kischess.

Teeth, nepitonn.

Thunder, kä̍hschko (kahsch slightly drawled).

Tobacco, nessåman (an French).

Tomahawk, popokiä̍.

Tongue, ninónni.

Water, neppé (final e somewhat like a umlaut).

Numerals

One, näkút.

Two, ni̍hsw (w barely audible).

Three, nássue (sue like we).

Four, niäua (nasal).

Five, nianan (nasal).

Six, noiká.

Seven, nohiká (nasal; ka short).

Eight, nessua-siká (ka short).

Nine, schohaká (schoha indistinct; ka short).

Ten, metaa-tue (e short).

FOOTNOTES:

KONSA[252]

Arrow, måh.

Bear (black), uåssóbä.

Child, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

Earth, móhnika (n nearly like h).

Eye, ischtá.

Fire, pähdjé (j French).

God, wahkoͣ̍ndagä.

Hair, på-hi̍.

Hand, nom-pö̍ (om French).

Head, påh.

Island, rumätschi̍.

Man, niká.

Mountain, påhü̍.

Mouth, hüh.

Pipe (tobacco), nåh-hi-ba.

River, wâti̍schka (t often like h).

Sun, pih.

Tomahawk, må-sospä-jingá (j French).

Water, nih.

Woman (wife), wåh-ko.

FOOTNOTES:

KRIH, or Knistenau[253]

American (an), Ketsemohkoman (e short and ½; otherwise German).

Arm, ospetonn.

Arrow, atúss.

Autumn, taquáhkinn.

Bird, piesiss (i and e separated; e full value).

Black (the color), kaskitä̍hsu (su short).

Blind, nanon-ski̍ssiko (on French).

Blood, mich-kó (mich short, like mi).

Blue, kaskitähuakinn.

Bone, oskánn; plural is oskanná.

Bow, adsabi̍ (adsa soft).

Brave (adj), sohketäheu (e ½; eu short; u barely audible).

Brook, sihpi-siss.

Brother (elder), niståhs.

Brother (younger), nissim.

Child, auáhsis (sis short and low).

Cold (adj), kesinnau (e ½; au German and together).

Dance (v), neméhetu (second e ½; tu short).

Day, uapánn.

Deaf, kakehpi-teu (pi like pich, guttural; e and u separated).

Devil (evil spirit), matsimann-tuh (short and run together).

Die (v), nepúh.

Dog, ati̍mm.

Drink (v), menih-kuä (final syllable short).

Dumb, namanich-tauéu (manich short and guttural; e and u separated).

Ear, ochtauakay (ch guttural; aua separated; kay German, with the rest of the word).

Earth, aski̍.

Enemy, ayachzi̍nuack (German; a barely audible).

Englishman, Hakaiahsu.

Evening, otahgusinn (gu German).

Eye, oski̍hsick.

Father, nochtauï (noch nasal; ch German, but barely audible).

Feather, meh-koánn (koann very short and run together).

Fire, skuttéhu (u barely audible).

Fish, kinussäu (au separated and short).

Flesh, wuiïäs (wui almost like wi or ui).

Forest, sakao (a and o separated).

Frenchman, Wemstegosó (German; second e short).

Go (v), pümontä̍.

God, keseh-mann-tóh (first e short).

Good, mioassih.

Great, ki̍nussuh.

Green, zipätákassu.

Gun, pasksigan (soft).

Hair, uästöchaiah (rather indistinct).

Hand, otsä-tschih.

Head, ustekuáhn (us very short).

Healthy, namoyáhkussu (kussu low and short).

Heart, otä̍.

Heat, ksasteo (eo short and half pronounced).

Horns (of a stag), hähskann.

Horse, mesatimm (e ½).

House (lodge), uaskaëgan; i.e., house of the white man; matsehkin, a leather tent.

Hunger, notä̍-keteu (keteu short; u barely audible).

Hunt (v), máhtsíu (u barely audible).

I, neia̍ (emphasis on ia, which is very short).

Ice, miskuami.

Knife, mohchkumann (ch barely audible, guttural).

Laugh (v), páh-piu (i barely audible).

Lead (ball), mosasinni̍.

Leg, oskáht.

Lightning, uauase-skutä̍-paiú (e ½; emphasis on second word; last word lower).

Live (v; life?), pemah-tesuh (second e ½).

Man, hiyenú.

Meal (to eat?), meh-tsú (tsu very short).

Moon, tepiskao-pissi̍mm (o barely audible).

Morning, kichsäpah.

Mother, enkauï (e barely audible).

Mountain, uatsih.

Mouth, otóhn.

Much, meh-zett.

Negro, keskiteuias (e short and ½; e and u separated).

Night, tipskao (a and o separated).

Nose, uskiuánn.

One-eyed, páskahpu (pu short).

Pipe (tobacco), spoagánn (soft).

Powder (gun-powder), kaskitéu (e and u separated).

Quick, kiépa (e ½; pa short; i and e separated).

Red (the color), mechkossúh (ch barely audible and with the point of the tongue).

Relate (v), a̍h-tsimo (last word short).

River, kistsissibi.

Sick, ahkussú.

Small, apsáhsinn (sin very short and without emphasis).

Smoke, (n), kaskaba-teu (e and u separated).

Snow, kóhna (na short).

Spirits (distilled), skutä̍-uapui (pui run together).

Spring (the season), meiuskamin (short; n French; in almost like i nasal).

Star, atsah-kossack (short and run together).

Stingy, sasahkiu (i and u separated).

Stone, assiniack (i and a separated).

Summer, nehpi̍nn.

Sun, pisi̍mm.

Teeth, uï̍pitt.

Thunder, piéh-su (pronounced together; su without emphasis).

Tobacco (smoking), tstäman (an French).

Tomahawk, tschi̍ga-hi̍ka-spoagánn.

Tongue, uttäh-eni̍ (e ½).

Trail, mäskanó.

Tub (barrel?), machkaak (ch guttural).

Tub (small), mach-kach-kuss (ch guttural).

Ugly, mayahtan.

War, notintuock (u and o separated and barely audible).

Water, nipi̍.

White (color), wahpiskesu (e ½).

Wind, jeoti̍nn (ie German; run together).

Winter, pöpúnn or pipúhn.

Woman (wife), iskwä̍u (au separated; u barely audible).

Wood, mistick.

Yellow, ussáussu (a and u separated).

Yes, ähä̍.

I eat, nemitsonn.

You eat, kimitsonn.

He eats, meh-dsú (ds soft).

We eat, nemitsunann.

They eat, mit-sú.

Eat (imperative), mihtissú.

Months of the Year

They reckon the months from one full moon to the next. [The order here given is that of the original.—Ed.]

November, Kaskattinoh-pisimm; i.e., the ice moon.

December, Kaie-iequatä̍-pisimm.

January, Kesäh-pisimm (e ½); i.e., the big moon.

February, Paua-zakenassis-pisimm (a and u separated; za short and like a); i.e., the moon which shakes the trees.

March, Mekssiuh-pisimm (e short and ½; siuh almost like suh); i.e., the moon when the eagle comes.

----, Niski-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the wild geese.

----, Ayiki-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the frogs.

May, Opineya-uäu-pisimm (uau separated), i.e., moon when the birds lay their eggs.

June, Opaskoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the geese shed their feathers.

July, Oochpahoh-pisimm (ooch guttural); i.e., moon when the birds fly.

----, Onont-chicheto (on French; tch with the point of the tongue; e ½); i.e., moon when the buffalo is in heat.

October, Opinna-skoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the leaves fall.

Numerals

One, pähek (e ½).

Two, nehsu.

Three, nistó.

Four, neó (e and o separated).

Five, neanann (e full value and separated from a).

Six, nguttuahsick (n barely audible).

Seven, tähpakup (up like ufp).

Eight, aehnaneu (a and e separated; ne and u separated and short).

Nine, kähkametatatt (e ½).

Ten, mitahtat.

Twenty, nehsittano.

Hundred, mitahtat-tamittanoh.

Thousand, kich-tche-mta-tach-tommetano (ich, tch, and ch with the point of the tongue; e ½).

Names of Animals

Antelope, apestat-jéhkus (e ½; j French; jeh with emphasis; kus low and without emphasis).

Bear (black), kaskitäh-maskuá (kua German).

Bear (grizzly), uapi̍h-maskuá.

Beaver, ami̍sk.

Buffalo, mostúss; the general term.

Buffalo (bull), japö̍h-mostúss.

Buffalo (cow), onintcháh-oniuack.

Elk, uauasskéhsu (su short and barely audible).

Elk (stag), eyapeu-uauasskéhsu.

Fox, machkéhsiss (ach guttural).

Otter, niki̍tt.

Skunk, sikáhk.

A Few Phrases

Sit down, a-péh.

Sit down and smoke, a-péh-pih-tuá.

Sit down and smoke and relate to us, a-péh-pit-tuá-ah-tsimo.

Whence do you come? tan-täh-kotuch-tann (ch guttural).

FOOTNOTES:

KUTANÄ, or Kutnehä̍[254]

Arm, achkusóttis (indistinct; ach guttural).

Arrow, a̍hk (k prolonged as a guttural).

Black, kamokoch-kukossni (ch guttural; the whole very short and indistinct).

Blood, uann-muh (short and run together).

Blue, confused by most tribes with green and given the same name.

Bow, zü̍pil (i very short, indistinct, and almost like e).

Child, skámmu (low and soft, guttural).

Cold (adj), uanéht.

Day, kiukiet (indistinct).

Dead, epinih.

Ear, akochkuates (ch guttural).

Earth, a̍m-ma.

Eye, akaksisches (es distinctly pronounced).

Fire, akingkóko (indistinct).

Foot, achksikkis (ch guttural; k clicked with the tongue; final i like e).

God, núma.

Green, kekochmacha (ch guttural; e ½).

Hair, akuksammus (k lisped with the tongue).

Hand, achkehs (low and guttural).

Head, achksemnis (k lisped; indistinct, short).

Heart, achkissuehs (ch guttural).

Hot, jaehsukket.

Ice, a̍chkuitt.

Leg, akesokkes (e barely audible).

Man, aks-macki (a slight pause after aks).

Moon, same word as for sun.

Mouth, achkesmaës (ach guttural; s lisped).

Night, zesmuiet (indistinct; iet like et, distinctly pronounced but short).

Nose, achkúnes (es distinct; ch guttural).

Pipe (tobacco), achkússa (ch and the whole guttural and low).

Rain, esuch-kukuttunn (very short and indistinct; guttural).

Red, kanóhs (a almost like e; short and low).

Snow, achksoh (ks like sch with a clicking of the tongue).

Star, akisnohs (s with a peculiar clicking sound).

Sun, natánnik (k barely audible, only a slight guttural sound).

Tomahawk, achkensä (ks with a clicking of the tongue, like sch).

Water, woh (short and abruptly ended).

White, kamonuckso (so with a clicking of the tongue).

Woman, páski (ki low and short).

Yellow, kemacktze (first e ½; final e distinctly pronounced).

Names of Animals

Antelope, nestukp.

Bear (black), népke.

Bear (grizzly), ksaus (German; s with a clicking of the tongue, like sch).

Beaver, si̍nna.

Bighorn, kuisskussä (kus short and indistinct).

Buffalo, jiámmo (first i barely audible).

Deer, zupka (u between u and o).

Deer (black-tailed), aknesni̍nk (s like schw).

Dog, cháhtsin (ch guttural; a almost as if with umlaut).

Elk, keskásse (sk with a clicking of the tongue).

Mountain goat (white), zenúchcho (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Wolf, kachki, or kachkin (ch guttural).[255]

FOOTNOTES:

MANDAN, or Númangkake[256]

Abode (dwelling place), iwakschúntusch.

Above, a̍hkitta.

Abyss (precipice), pähúsch.

Ahead, untihä̍ddisch (un French, like oun).

Aim (v; take aim), mitáhrusch.

All (everything), ekúnhä (n French, like oun); all men, or people, a̍mbä (m French).

Alone, jï̍cha (ch guttural).

Always, amánkahu-sch (an French; husch run together as a final syllable).

American (n), Mánhichtä (an French; ch guttural); i.e., Long Knife.

Animal (quadruped), wáhockschukkä.

Another, táhonsch (on French; honsch lower and shorter than ta).

Anxiety (fear), wohkarachka (ch guttural).

Approach stealthily (v), cherúhradéhusch (che guttural; r with the point of the tongue).

Arm, a̍hdä.

Arrow, manna-máh-hä (the whole pronounced together).

Ashes, uáraschuntä.

Ask (v), kiimáhche-sch (ch guttural).

Awake (v, intr), i̍wakschuntusch (un German).

Awake (v, tr), kittáhrusch.

Axe, o̍hmanatä.

Back (n), (v; to move with a jerk?), nápp-chä (ch guttural).

Back (adv), kiri̍je (je French); i.e., he is back, (il est deretour).

Backward, naschi̍tta (ta short).

Bad, warákä-ächkasch (e full value).

Bald, pah-e-sérroko-sch (e ½ and barely audible).

Ball (for playing), mihp-toht-kisch (pronounce together); the game is called by the same name.

Ball (same word as for lead), uáhtöschemáhhä (o almost like e; e only ½).

Ball-game of the women, mi̍hptott-kä̍; ball, mi̍hptodä̍.

Basket (leather; used by women for carrying), chä̍hank (ch guttural).

Bear (v; give birth), éhtu-sch (eh long).

Beard, hi̍h.

Beautiful, schi̍naschusch.

Behind, náschitero (e distinctly pronounced).

Belly, ä̍hchi (ah long and accented; ch guttural).

Below (beneath), mánpeta (an French; e ½; ta short).

Bend (v), kihskóppohärrisch (arrisch barely audible).

Berdash, mi̍hdäckä.

Beside (near), mipä̍chtihsch (ach guttural).

Best (man), koschi̍sch (final sch slightly hissed).

Between, nastá.

Big with young, same word as for pregnant.

Bile (the yellow water on the stomach), wáh-sih-dä (da low and short).

Bill (bill or beak of a bird), same word as for nose.

Billiard game (Billard-spiel), skóhpe (e ½).

Bird, mándeck-sukkä̍ (an French); wild-fowl, menickä̍.

Bite (v), naschä-sch (run together; ch slightly hissed).

Bitter, páhrusch.

Black, psi̍h.

Bladder, i̍hdächä (ch guttural).

Blind (adj), istá-chädetosch (ch guttural; chade short; the whole run together).

Blond, pahi̍n-si̍hdusch (n French; hin like hi nasal).

Blood, i̍hdä (da short).

Bloody, i̍h-kerréje (je French).

Bloom (v), hóh-säddähosch (hoh accented; second word short; sch sometimes slightly hissed).

Blue, tohä̍.

Blush (v), stassä̍härreh (st with the point of the tongue).

Boil (v), umpä̍sch (sch sometimes slightly hissed).

Bone, wahúhdä.

Bough, does not occur in the singular; boughs, o̍hchancha (ch guttural).

Bow, woraërúhpa (e full, distinct, and short), or waraërúhpa; this is the bow of elm.

Bow (strengthened with elk or sheep horn), wahú-erúhpa.

Bow-lance, erúhpa-hichtä̍ (ich guttural).

Box on the ear, rotkä̍sch (r with the point of the tongue).

Braid (v), kaschkä̍-sch (sch slightly hissed).

Brain, nathenu (e distinctly pronounced).

Break (v; shatter), pä̍hrusch.

Breast, táchärächä (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue).

Breath, o̍nnihä.

Bridge (tree-bridge), mánna-achkini̍hnde (second word without emphasis; ach guttural).

Bridle (of a horse), mani̍ssikaskä.

Brilliant (splendid), éduchtukosch.

Broad, pchi̍hrusch (ch guttural).

Brook, passán-kschuck (an French); kschuck, narrow.

Broom, i̍ngka-gischka (ing German; second word low).

Brother (eldest), mong-ká.

Brother (youngest), pschong-ká.

Brown, tkópp: that is brown, anttkopposch (an French); it is brown, tkópposch.

Bud (n), aschi̍ngkohsch.

Burn (v), ratsiposch: the prairie burns, máh-ódisch; i.e., the prairie is colored black.

Burn (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), náchuhdusch (ch guttural).

Buttock, i̍h-ta (ta very short).

Buy (v), wikáhrusch.

Call (v; shout), ruhä̍rrisch (short).

Calm (n), i̍hpatta-häschkasch.

Canoe (of leather), minnánke (an French; ke short and low).

Carrion (a dead animal), kómmahä.

Catch (v; capture), owáschakosch.

Caught (taken prisoner), i̍hnissä.

Cave (house in the rock), mi̍hsánnakeh-kúhsta-auti-túhsch.

Chew (v), rapsáhkosch.

Child, suck-chámahä.

Chin, i̍hku.

Circle (n), o̍hkamischkakusch.

Clear, karáschäkosch (sch but slightly audible).

Clouds (masses of cloud), háhdä.

Coal, bä̍chchä (ch guttural).

Cold (adj), schi̍nnihusch.

Collar, warapening-gä (e ½; the whole run together).

Colt, u̍npa-manisini̍hka-sch (n French).

Comb, pai̍wachunkä (ch guttural; ai together; ka short).

Come (v), kuhóhsch, or kuhosch.

Come here (imperative), hú-ta (first syllable long; last syllable very short).

Console (v), kehápp-herrisch (e distinctly pronounced; herrisch short; the whole run together).

Convenient (comfortable), o̍hmannaka-schi̍hsch (second word spoken lower).

Corpse, uattä̍h-hädde (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

Cough (v), hokä̍rukä.

Count (v), pakkiri̍hdusch.

Cover (v; ornament), a̍h-kuposch (osch barely audible).

Cowardly, wakarrachkáhsch (rr with the point of the tongue; ach guttural).

Crack (v; crack a whip), karaparaschusch (r full, with the point of the tongue).

Crooked, skóposch.

Crow (way of wearing the hair), pahi̍n-okaskäsch (sch slightly hissed).

Cure (v), kimikóh-sch.

Curly, minni̍menihsch (e ½).

Curry (v), ruhi̍ntu-sch (ruhintusch).

Cut (v), pauä̍-schusch (run together; paua short; a and u separated).

Cut down (v), pauïschosch (short).

Cut down (a tree), mánna-kassähherrisch (herrisch very short and run together; the last two words pronounced together).

Dance (n), uáhnapä.

Dark, hapä̍hreschka (pah long; ka half short).

Daughter, suck-mi̍h-husch; i.e., maiden.

Day, kaschä̍kosch.

Day after to-morrow, mahtke-óhmaestá (e barely articulated, heard only as a light sound).

Dead, ottä̍hrusch.

Deaf, nakóckä-sidikosch (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Dear (costly), i̍scha-hähónsch (on French).

Dearest (i.e., "the most beautiful"), suck-mi̍hä-koschi̍naschämi̍hkasch.

Death, tä̍hrusch.

Deceive (they say "he has not paid his debts"), i̍hscha-häuahma-kuï-néhchusch (ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced).

Decoy (v; an animal), wattáchakhuhrosch (ch guttural); i.e., because I imitate their call, I make them come.

Delay (v; make late), o̍hhi-kahunuahärrisch (hun run together, like French oun; the whole short and pronounced together).

Demolish (v; e.g., take down a lodge), ohséhrusch (rusch low).

Destroy (v; ruin, spoil), tellepóhsch.

Devil (evil spirit), o̍mahank-chikä̍ (an French; ch guttural).

Dew, béddädä (e distinctly pronounced; the whole short).

Die (v), tä̍hrusch.

Dirty (v), tkappoahärrisch (pronounced very short).

Dirty, warát-keddisch (run together; keddisch short; e full value).

Dish (of wood), mánna-pachä̍ (ch guttural).

Dive (v), kschi̍ppo-sch.

Divide (v), i̍hkappähdusch.

Do (v), isä̍kosch; do not do it, káhdä-isä̍ckta.

Door, béddähä (da and a short).

Double, náhta-sch (natusch; sch slightly hissed).

Drag (v), paschi̍h-husch (run together).

Draw (v; draw water), i̍nnisusch (run together; short).

Dream (n), same word as for verb.

Dream (v), chi̍ckhäddähsch (ch guttural).

Drink (v), hi̍hndosch (n French).

Drive (v), kochä̍hrutosch.

Drop (n; e.g., of water), sä̍hhusch.

Drown (v; to be drowned), numangkáke-kámahä.

Drum (n), mánna-berächä̍ (e distinctly pronounced; ch guttural).

Dry (adj), sáhkosch.

Dung, ä̍hde (e distinctly pronounced).

Dumb, uáhronächa (ch guttural).

Dust, uaratä̍; it is dusty, uaratä̍dachingkosch.

Ear, nakóchä (ch guttural and short).

Ear-ornament, uóhkaske (e distinctly pronounced and short).

Early (of time), koskäch-chámahä (ch guttural).

Earth, máhhankä (an French; ka short and low).

Egg (bird's), mándeck-suck-ni̍ï̍tka (an French).

Elbow, akschi̍sche-náhde (first e ½; final e distinctly pronounced).

Embroider (v), ni̍hhä-ohwaptäsch.

Empty (adj), okikóhhä.

Enemy, uï̍hratandä (an French).

Englishman, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍mihsiháhkta; i.e., a Frenchman from the north.

Enough, a̍ntechksach (e ½; ech guttural).

Entangle (v; involve), i̍hki-ruhmenisch.

Even (flat), kahósta; really a level prairie or plain.

Evening, istúnhä-dähus (n French).

Everywhere, äkunhä-ahkskä-üahä̍rrisch (the two last words short and run together).

Expectorate (v; vomit), oksóhkusch.

Eye, istá; both eyes, istómmi.

Eyelid, istá-rupchä (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Face (sight), istá.

Fade (v; grow pale), sterruckäschä̍h.

Fade (v; wither), dachi̍hdusch (ch guttural).

Fail (v; miss), kakáhon-sch (kakahonsch; on French; honsch short and low).

Fall (v), dóhbchösch (chosch short and guttural).

Fall (v; of the leaves), haráhrusch (r with the point of the tongue): mánna-ahpöharáhrusch, the leaves are falling; mánna-ahpó, the leaves.

Fan, i̍hkärä-hädittä̍ (ka short).

Far (distant), téhhan-sch (tehhansch; an French).

Far (remote), ruhchäddäta (ta short).

Fat (melted), ihkiri̍.

Fat (stout), si̍hndä.

Father, kóhtä (o full; ta short).

---- (his), kóhtosch.

---- (my), wáhtosch.

---- (your), ráhtosch (r with the point of the tongue); the plural is never used, they say instead "the father."

Feather, si̍h.

Feel (v), paschkáttusch.

Female (of animals), mi̍hkasch.

Fin, póssi.

Find (v), onóppohsch.

Finger, ungkáh-hä (ha very short and lower).

Finger (fore), ungkóh-mihä̍ (mi short).

Finger (fourth), unghnátsä-mingkä̍.

Finger (little), ungkni̍-ingka (run together).

Finger (middle), ungknátka-kánachkah (ach guttural).

Fire, uáradä (ua nearly like wa; da distinctly pronounced and short).

Fire-brand uára-rakschä̍.

Fish, pó.

Fish (v; catch fish), póhru-pschikóhsch (first e with the point of the tongue).

Fish (v), póhrup-schi̍kohsch.

Fish-hook, poïkinnih (short).

Fist, ongkirrussa-nakä (russa-naka very short).

Flame, uára-kapi̍dihä.

Flat, pschi̍hdä (da short).

Flatter (v), i̍hkiri-áhkawaschusch (ch guttural).

Flea (insect), péschki.

Flee (v; escape), ptähó-sch (ptahosch; sch slightly hissed).

Flesh, mánskapö (an French).

Flint, máhkick-schukä̍.

Flood (v; overflow), mönnih-suckhä̍ddisch.

Flute (with holes for fingering), i̍h-wochka (och guttural).

Flute (without holes), i̍h-koschka.

Fly (v), kikárehdusch (r with the point of the tongue).

Foam, puchtä̍ (ch guttural; ta short).

Fog, masihsch.

Food (something to eat), wóhruté.

Foot, schi̍h.

Foot-path, nánko (n French).

Force (v; compel), si̍n-hin-kehde (e distinctly pronounced; in in both cases like i nasal; the whole run together).

Forehead, ithakä (ka short and low).

Forest, mánna-rucktá.

Forget (v), ikihanchikusch (an French; ch guttural).

Free (he is no slave), waïnihsi̍hnichosch (ch guttural).

Freeze (v), ktáhohsch.

Frenchman, Waschi̍, or Uaschi̍.

Friend, manuká (a ½).

Frost (hoar-frost), istúnhä-uáhätúhsch (n French; ua together).

Full, ohi̍hsch.

Full moon, mi̍hnangkä-okahi̍ (short and run together); it may also be written, mihnang-ga.

Fully, ráttacosch.

Game (play), ki̍hni.

Gay-colored, puhsä̍; it is gay-colored, or spotted, puhsä̍hsch.

Go (v), déh-husch.

Go hunting (v; go on a hunt), schánterähusch (an French; e ½; ra short).

God, o̍hmahank-numákschi (an French); literally the lord or chief of the earth.

Good, schihsch (sch often slightly hissed; but not regularly).

Grandchild, tauï̍hangka-sch (hankasch; sch slightly hissed), or tauï̍h-hangkasch.

Grape-vine, hasch-huhdä (a short).

Grass, chahä̍ (ch guttural).

Grave, there is no such word; burial scaffold, maschóttä; see below, under "inter."

Gray, chóttä (ch guttural).

Gray-haired, pahi̍n-chóttä (ch guttural).

Great (tall), haschkasch (sch slightly hissed).

Green, wi̍ïratohä.

Ground, mánpeterroh (an French; e ½; terroh short and low).

Grow (v), ini̍hndusch (first i rather long).

Gums, hiddó-sä (very short and run together).

Gun, wáhta-schirúhpa, or erúhpa (e sometimes pronounced like i); rifle, ehrúhp-achtä̍ (the whole run together).

Gut (intestines), sihpä.

Gut (v; gut an animal), pokkanáhhusch.

Hail (n), rakánnandeh (kannan short; an French).

Hair, pahi̍n (n French; somewhat like a nasal pahi).

Half, i̍hschanhä (an French).

Hand, ung-kä̍.

Hard, kahsäsch (sch sometimes slightly hissed).

Hate (v), woráttehusch (r with the point of the tongue).

Haul (v; fetch), kittáhhusch, or kichkararusch (ich guttural).

Head, pá (short).

Headache, panáhrusch (r with the point of the tongue).

Hear (v), ä-sch (run together; but sch is sometimes prolonged).

Heart, nátka.

Hearty (stout-hearted), kakáhhonsch (on French; sch often a little prolonged).

Heat (n), dádeschusch (e distinctly pronounced).

Heat (v; inflame), manassinko-sch (manassingkosch; sch slightly hissed); i.e., I am warm.

Heaven (sky), cháre-toho-sch (ch guttural; e ½; the whole run together).

Heavy, tkä̍hsch.

Heel, schirúttä; plural, schirutosch.

Help (v), o̍hta-iuássakusch (pronounced together).

Hem (v; clear one's throat), háuikissekusch (the whole run together).

Hide (v), achawéhsch (ch guttural).

High, wáh-kohrusch.

Hoarse, hoh-chikóhsch.

Hole, o̍hoh-pusch (o full; the whole run together).

Hollow (adj), chówokosch (ch guttural).

Hoof, scháh-hä (ha short).

Hoop (of a barrel), mánna-bihduckä-i̍h-kamenihnde (first e ½).

Hope (v), iwatéhrusch.

Horns, ansä̍ (an French).

Horse, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (m French; e ½).

Hot, dádähschusch.

House (lodge), oti̍.

Hunger, warúhtä-sch.

Hungry, wawarútä-sch; i.e., I am hungry.

Hunt (n), schántä (an French).

Hunt (v), wáhnin-déhusch (a full; nin German).

Hunter, kaschánteka (an French; e distinctly pronounced).

Hurricane, schächtä-sch (ach guttural), or schächtäsch.

I, mi̍h.

Ice, chóhde (ch guttural; de distinctly pronounced), or chóhdä.

In (come in), dóbcheta (ch guttural; e ½; ta short).

Incurable, o̍hkemick-härrächi̍hkusch (ch guttural).

Indistinct, ihi̍nnikosch.

Inter (v; place on the scaffold), omáhchä-dähhereje (ch guttural; hereje barely audible; je French; e barely pronounced); ohmáhchä, or maschótta, the burial scaffold.

Interior, kúhschta.

Intoxicate, russidi̍hrusch (r with the point of the tongue).

Iron, uáhtasche (e distinctly pronounced).

Island, uittká (ka short).

Itch (n), schirúhha (ha short).

Jar (of clay), berä̍chä (ch guttural).

Jaw, dóhhupa.

Joy, nettkaschi̍-sch (sch slightly hissed).

Kernel (of a fruit or seed), tsúhnta (n French; ta short; uhn somewhat nasal).

Kidneys, pi̍cksukkäh.

Kindle, raptähärri-sch (harrisch very short and indistinct).

Knee, súhpachä.

Kneel (v), súhpachä-natannakosch.

Knife, man-hi̍ (man French; often nearly ma with superior o).

Know (v), i̍hua-hähkohsch (ih together; ua separated).

Know (v; be acquainted with), i̍hwahäkosch.

Knuckle, assóh-keninde (first e ½; in German; final e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

Lame (limping), onni̍-ndächi̍kosch (ch guttural).

Lament (v; they say "he has pain, he weeps"), náhdä-irratahusch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue).

Lance, mánna-hiteruck-schukkä.

Land, same word as for earth.

Laugh (v), ihkchanhosch (ch guttural).

Lay (v), makhä̍rrähsch.

Lead, same word as for ball.

Leader (chief), numákschi.

Leaf, a̍hpä.

Leap (v; spring), skä̍-sch.

Leave (imperative; go out of the way), húh-ketá.

Left (adverb), nusúskasch.

Leg, oti̍h.

Lick (v), pédeh-sch (first e distinctly pronounced but short).

Lie (v; deceive), schähäkóhsch.

Life, nán-kesch (an French; kesch moderated; the whole run together).

Lift (v), ruhchóhku-sch.

Light (n), i̍ddä-ä̍chä (ch guttural).

Light (v), i̍hdä-chä̍waharisch.

Lightning, chä-kúhnde (ch guttural; e ½).

Like (v), wati̍hkidasusch.

Lip, i̍hchdobchi (ch guttural).

Little, sánkasch (an French).

Liver, pi̍h.

Long, hánschka (an French; ka short; usually pronounced haschka).

Loose (of clothes), pchi̍hdä (pchi guttural; da short).

Lungs, koppähk (o between a and o).

Maiden, suck-mi̍h-husch (the whole run together).

Maize, kóhchantä (ch guttural; an French).

Man, númangkohsch, or númangkosch.

Man, (human being), numangkáhkesch.

Marry (v), they say "he has taken a wife," or "she has taken a husband."

Meal (to eat?), warrutó-sch, (warrutosch; sch slightly hissed).

Medicine, chóppeni (ch guttural).

Medicine-feast, machóppenihuahäddisch.

Medicine-lodge, ti-chóppenisch (ch guttural; pronounced together).

Medicine-man, numánk-chóppenisch (ch guttural; e ½).

Melt (v), raschedä̍hsch.

Merchant, kaui̍kahka (aui separated; u short).

Messenger, kasäddä̍hsch; i.e., I employ him in order to send him.

Mirror, ih-mi̍ngkiäsch (run together).

Mistake (v; lose one's way), chi̍qua-härrisch (ch guttural).

Money, matáschä-schóttä; i.e., the white metal: or okihkikidasusoch; i.e., that which the white men love very much.

Moon, istú-menahke (first e ½; final e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

Moon (which is full), mi̍hnangkäokahi̍sch.

Moonshine, istú-menahke-iddäechosch (e ½; ch guttural; the last two words short and run together).

Morning, mámpsita (amp French; ta short).

Mother, kohúhndä (n French; da short).

---- my, mihúhndä.

---- your, nihúhndä.

---- his, ih-kohúhndä.

---- (plural), kohúhnka (n French).

Mountain, maháhk-chtä̍sch (ch guttural; sch slightly hissed).

Mouth, i̍h-hä.

Much, hunsch (un like French oun).

Murder (v; same word as for kill), tä̍hrusch.

Music, there is no such word; they say "song."

My, uawakáhrusch, or uáwaka-s.

Nails (on the feet), ung-ka-hä̍.

Nails (on the hands), ung-ka-hä̍.

Naked, ikara-súh-ninakosch (r with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).

Name, dássä.

Nape (of the neck), náhkuttä.

Narrow, kschukó-sch (sch slightly hissed).

Navel, dähp-ta-súh.

Neck (throat), itaïnú.

Needle (for sewing), mihstuheräóhhopä-túhsch (short).

Negro, waschi̍psi; i.e., the black man who has everything.

Nest (of birds), tachánde (an French; ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced and short).

Net (fish-net), pó-i̍kuhndä (n French; da very short).

New, nánkasch (an French).

New moon, mi̍hnangkä-nangkanakóhsch.

Night, istú-hunsch (istu very short; hun like houn in French).

Noon, hapánnatosch.

Northern lights, wauawáschirutä.

Nose, páhchu (pah a nasal tone between French ah and an, the same in mahchsi, eagle; chu guttural).

Nostril, páhchu-suh.

Not (nothing, none), mikóhsch; chosch (ch guttural) is the French pas, or not.

Old, chihósch (ch guttural).

Old man, wáratohka-chihósch (chi guttural).

Old woman, rokánka-chihénn (an French; ch guttural).

Oldest (the), koráttorusch.

On the other side, kutá.

Once, máchana-iï̍cha (ch guttural).

Over, a̍hkita.

Oversleep (v; neglect by sleeping), o̍wakinate-kahun-husch (first a distinctly pronounced; n French like oun; the whole short and run together).

Pain (n), wahúhde-náhdusch (e distinctly pronounced).

Paint (v), uå̍hkapusosch (a somewhat like å, or full).

Pair, nupschá.

Palate (roof of the mouth), nuti̍ske-okissángka (e distinctly pronounced).

Partizan (leader of a war party), karókkanakah.

Peace, herróhka-härri-sch (run together; lisped).

People (lowest people), wáhchikanaschä̍ (ch guttural); this is the most abusive word used by the Mandans.

Pinch (v; to carouse?), rúschkapusch.

Pipe (big medicine pipe), i̍h-hinkchóppenih (ch guttural; ihhink run together).

Pipe (tobacco), i̍h-hink-ossúhä (run together); usually ih-hingkä (the whole run together).

Pitch (rosin), ohruschkop.

Plant (v), uå̍hkihäddäisch (haddaisch short).

Play (v), meni̍cheni (ch guttural).

Pluck (v; feathers), pachkä̍ (ch guttural).

Point (v; with the finger), hä̍hmeni-häddisch.

Pointed, schi̍h-husch.

Poison, there is no word for it.

Polish (v), ihkich-kánusch (ch guttural; an French).

Pond (or pool), mö̍nnih-chä̍dochä (ch guttural).

Pouch (of leather), i̍hdukä.

Pouch (painted, of leather), i̍hwatarrackä.

Powder (gun-powder), waráschuntä.

Prairie, o̍h-karachtah (ach guttural).

Pregnant, ähchichtä̍ (ah rather long; ch guttural; ta short).

Press out (v; to express?), i̍hkastatusch.

Pretty, schi̍hnaschusch.

Prick (v; or sting), rápäsch.

Prisoner, iniss-hä̍ddisch.

Proud, tahuichtä-schi̍hkerisch (u and i separated; ch guttural; ta short; final e ½).