Volume 24 — I. VOCABULARIES OF SOME OF THE TRIBES OF NORTHWESTERN AMERICA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE (continued 2)

Child: (M) suck-chámahä (ch guttural); (R) sucke-hi̍nnichä (e ½).

A child who cries constantly: (M) suck-chámahä-nattach-sinhusch (ach guttural; n French): (R) suckchinick-saráh-sinhusch (e ½; in the second word n is French).

Cloth (blue or black) (M): manhi̍chtä-psi̍h; (R) warách-psi̍h.

Cloth (green): (M) wi̍ratohä; (R) warách-tohä̍.

Cloth (scarlet): (M) manhi̍chtä-sä̍; (R) warách-sä̍.

Clothes (article of dress): (M) i̍hmaschuntä (un like French oun); (R) ihmakotä̍.

Cotton cloth (Indian): (M) maächtepáhpe; (R) marachpáhpina (ach guttural).

Cover the fire: (M) uáradä-wakatachta; (R) uaráhdä-wáchkuhárata (the two last words run together).

Covering of a lodge: (M) ti̍hähnachtah (ach guttural; ta long); (R) tihä̍h-karastáh.

Cut meat for drying (v): (M) wahgap-chi̍hda (ach guttural); (R) wahgap-schi̍hdä.

Dress yourself (imperative): (M) i̍nni-maschuntä̍-okáwaschacktá; (R) onni̍wakottä-okawakostá.

Dried meat: (M) móh-ihp-ka; (R) wah-i̍h-hip-kä.

Ear of corn (maize): (M) húhpatka; (R) húhpan.

Entrance to a lodge (tambour): (M) berrä-páhchu (r with the point of the tongue; ch guttural); (R) berrä-óschiduhdä.

Fort (of the white men): (M) mannach-kinihnde (ach guttural; e distinctly pronounced); (R) mannách-kini̍hnde (e distinctly pronounced).

Four inner posts of a lodge: (M) tidock-húhdä; (R) mahun-kih-häddä (un like French oun; the last three syllables run together.)

Give me water: (M) mönnih-mámakutta; (R) mönni̍h-mam-makúhta.

Go and tell this: (M) náhha-ki̍nahta; (R) náhha-kiki̍nihta.

He beats the drum: (M) bäräch-dot-kisch (ach guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) bärächt-ki̍h-osch (ach guttural; r with the point of the tongue).

He dances: (M): wánapisch; (R) wáh-ana-pohsch.

He has arrived: (M) kirihsch; (R) kiri-osch.

He is dead: (M) tä̍hrusch; (R) tä̍h-isch.

He is here: (M) mánkahusch (an French); (R) a̍hkamehusch (e distinctly pronounced).

He is victorious: (M) wachkaná-hrusch; (R) wachkanná-asch (ach guttural).

He rises (stands up): (M) nán-teh-isch (an French); (R) náh-etosch (e barely audible).

He seeks (tries): kichkárarusch (ich German); (R) kikáraasch.

Hoe: (M) chúnapa; (R) a̍hhudäne (e ½).

I have found the bones: (M) wahuh-kärrewa-huhsch; (R) húh-kärräwáni-isch (the two last words run together).

I have given (rejeté): (M) kahärre-isch; (R) kahä̍rre-usch.

I have said it (said so): (M) ä̍h-pisch; (R) wahä̍nni-waä̍h-äs (run together).

I have scraped it (a hide): (M) warrúh-hintuhsch; (R) wapácho-husch (ch guttural).

I have seen: wahähsch; (R) waháusch (German).

I sell: (M) wi̍h-káhrusch: (R)wi̍h-tusch.

I sew: (M) i̍wa-tarakosch; (R) kikáh-akosch (a barely audible).

I shall tell him (say to him): (M) wakinnahktusch (run together); (R) waki̍kinihktusch.

I sleep: (M) wahánarusch; (R) wahána-asch.

I talk with you: (M) waháh-dohrusch; (R) wáhko-haráhrusch.

I think it is so: (M) on-usch-ka-iwa-paschidéhhusch (n French); (R) o̍nschka-ewadehusch.

I throw out the dirt: (M) wapattikosch; (R) wacktóhsch (wack short).

I sit: (M) wakich-kanakosch (ich guttural); (R) kikánakosch.

It is sold (the meat): (M) dá-cherä-pusch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) dáhktun-wehdusch (un like French oun).

Lower part of a hill: (M) káh-werisch-kat (e ½);(R) mahä̍h-kar-astá (r with the point of the tongue).

Medicine: (M) chóppenih (ch guttural); (R) chóppenih-hosch (ch guttural).

This is medicine: (M) chóppenisch (ch guttural); (R) chóppeni-osch (e short and ½).

One year old buffalo cow: (M) ninkiï-patú (in like i nasal; ii separated); (R) ninkiï-páhtune (e barely audible).

Otter: (M) pä̍hchtekeh, or pä̍chtackä (ach guttural); (R) chóhpäckä (o full).

Pray go there! (M) dahhini-ä̍häta; (R) hä̍nni-ä̍äta.

Pretty: (M) schi̍h-óchadisch (run together); (R) schi̍do-óchorusch (r with the point of the tongue).

Put on your leggings and moccasins: énni-ki̍htata; (R) onni̍h-kihtata.

Robe: (M) mi̍h-ihä (run together); (R) má-i-hä.

Scaffold (frame): (M) maschóttä; (R) waschtähn (w like ua; occasionally an e is heard at the end).

Seat yourself: (M) kichkánackta (ich German); (R) nunschiman-hihárata. (n and an French).

Shield: (M) waki̍h; (R) waki̍hdä, or wähkachkopä (ach guttural).

Small brook: (M) passách-kschukkä (ach guttural); (R) passá-ihi̍nikän.

Sow (v): (M) wahih-häddisch; (R) bóhwachtosch (ach guttural).

Thank (jemand zum danke streichen): (M) wáhki-ähsch; (R) owáh-kuhunsch (un like French oun).

The water is high (or deep): (M) mönni̍h-pä̍hosch; (R) monnih-kuwuhosch.

They come: (M) hóhrusch (r with the point of the tongue); (R) hóh-usch.

They have shot: (M) erúhpa-ka-tähsch (r with the point of the tongue); (R) erúhpa-ka-tamm-unusch (un like French oun).

They strike one another violently: (M) o̍hki-sa-charakosch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) ki̍hkawo-sin-hosch (in like i nasal).

Thread (n): (M) wäï-wattarakänn; (R) wi̍hkikankähne (n French; e ½).

We have arrived: (M) núhtisch; (R) wä̍h-te-usch (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

You have said (singular): ähtisch; (R) ähto-sch.

You tell the truth: (M) on-usch-kasch; (R) unsch-kusch (un like French oun).

Young cow: (M) ptin-chámahä (in like i nasal; ch guttural); (R) ptin-ihi̍nikä (n as before).

MINNITARRIS, or Grosventres[258]

Abode (dwelling place; shooting stand), uakö̍h-schähs.

Above, a̍h-kuka (ah strongly emphasized).

Abyss (precipice), awarä̍ta-dach-api̍hsäs.

Ahead (forward), wi̍h-akuwatáhs.

All (the whole, all together), ä̍hsa (sa short).

Alone (single), i̍chsaki (saki short).

Always, ti̍h-achkuss.

American, Mahtschi-ichti̍ä.

Another, iháh-s (s slightly hissed).

Answer (v), wih-a-kákiwähs (the whole short and run together).

Antelope park (the), o̍h-chidäi (dai run together).

Anxiety (fear), wah-erei̍chu-pascháhsis (sis distinctly pronounced).

Approach stealthily (v), uïtadähs (ui somewhat separated).

Arm, a̍hra (r with the point of the tongue).

Arrow, bi̍dda-arúhtischa (scha short).

Ashes, wirásipa (the whole short).

Ask (v), kiwáschusch (wa very short; chusch low).

Awake (v, intr), mah-kä̍i-sähs. (kai shrill, with the point of the tongue).

Axe, waïpsá.

Back (adverb), kiï̍ss (ii separated); i.e., he is back.

Back (n, or v; to move with a jerk?), äschitá.

Backward, epéhtïqua (e ½; qua run together and short).

Bad (angry), natatähs.

Bald, a̍hchtu-rukotis (ahch long).

Ball (bullet), o̍hwassa-werúchaarúhtischa; or simply arúhtischa.

Ball (for playing), maóh-tape (run together; e distinctly pronounced).

Ball-game of the women, ma-úhtape (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

Bathe (v), wirichpi̍ (pi short).

Bear (v; give birth), eïmattúhäs (indistinct and short).

Beard, ih-ih-tass (pronounced together).

Beautiful, saki̍chtiss (ich with the point of the tongue).

Behind (back of us), wapi̍-tikua.

Belly, i̍hchi.

Below (beneath), mechtáhchqua (e ½; qua together).

Bend (v), rúhskupiss.

Berdash, biatti̍ (ti short; bi separated from a).

Beside (near), watáh-óhtiruch.

Best (all genders), akussaki̍ss.

Between, nu-uáh-taru (the whole run together; taru low and without emphasis).

Big with young, same word as for pregnant.

Bile, wáh-aruschi̍de (schi long; de short and low).

Billiard game (Billard-spiel), máh-kache (e ½; the whole short).

Bird, sakkanka.

Bitter, arauiss.

Black, schüpi̍scha (scha short).

Bladder, arachi.

Blind, ischtá-läjiss (ji French); i.e., no eyes.

Blond (of hair), arrasi̍hdiss.

Blood, i̍hdi; bloody, i̍hdi-saki̍ss.

Bloom, (v), ohrakapakiss.

Blow out (v; blow), kah-sahs.

Blue, tóhhiss.

Blush (v), ehtu-wihähs.

Boil (v), birruáss (very short; ass soft).

Bone (n), hädú (du very short and explosive; ha almost like German hai).

Bough, birá-arukaká(kaka short).

Bow, berúcha-paruiï̍.

Bow-lance, bidúcha-háski.

Box on the ear, ji̍h-tarricki̍ (ii separated; second word short).

Braid (v), naksútti.

Break (v; shatter), irúchupiss.

Breast (female), a̍hsi (si short).

Breast (the whole breast), i̍hwaki (ki short, almost like ke).

Breath, idi̍achis (i with emphasis).

Brilliant (splendid), hopháh-hischötts (second word low and short).

Broad, schúchkass.

Brook, ahji-karischtá (ji French).

Broom (for sweeping), mahchschi̍a-i̍hcha.

Brother (eldest), ih-akáss.

Brother (youngest), hä̍hderusch (r with the point of the tongue, as always).

Brown, takápiäs (i and a somewhat separated).

Bud (n), bi̍dda-ächpú (the whole short).

Burn (v, reflexive), a̍hotiss (ah and o separated).

Burn (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), arach-púpiss (run together).

Buttock, ischi̍ttarucka (tarucka short).

Buy (v), mah-éh-ho.

Call (v; call anyone), haä̍hdaha (a and ah separated; daha short).

Calm (n), há-hei-hischess (hei German, together; ha with emphasis; the whole pronounced together).

Candle (light), biddá-i-awacháhtä (the whole run together).

Canoe, máhn-ti (mahn nasal; n French; ti short).

Carrion (a dead animal), wah-puhä̍s (s barely audible).

Catch (v; capture), dúhchsiss.

Caught (taken pri̍soner), náhchke (nahch long and with emphasis; e ½ and short).

Chew (v), marúchtuas (as moderated).

Child, máh-karischtá.

Chill (v; be cold, freeze), mih-áhkapahts (run together).

Chin, wi̍hchka.

Circle (n), kaki̍chis (short).

Clap (v; with the hands), lacksútti.

Clasp (v; enclose), kidachpáhs.

Claws (of an animal), isä̍chpo.

Clear, kischi̍ss.

Clear (bright), awacháhtis.

Clouds (masses of cloud), achpáhchä (cha short).

Coal, bi̍dda-apuckschá (scha short and explosive).

Coals (glowing), bi̍dda-arra-áracha (the whole run together, short explosive).

Cold (adj), siddi̍h-as (first word with emphasis; as moderated).

Color (n), o̍hdä.

Comb (n), máh-ara-ä̍chkidochokä.

Come (v), húhs; come here, hú.

Console (v), di̍ddä-ätá (the whole short).

Corpse, tä̍es (a and e separated).

Cough (v), máh-hoáss (last word short).

Count (v), kirruwi̍ss.

Cover (v; cover up), i̍ruchupiss.

Cowardly, maä̍h-sa-kiáss.

Crooked, schakupi̍ (pi very short).

Crop (maw), ahpichti̍a (ich German, not guttural; final a ½).

Cure (v), kirai̍schachkais (rai and kais run together; the whole short).

Curly (of hair), araschiki̍äs (emphasis on i).

Curry (v; tan), mánpachu (an French; pachu low and short).

Cut (v), pá-sakiss (run together).

Cut down (v), wahk-ksakkes (run together; kes short).

Cut down (v; fell), bidda-rachkoáss.

Dance (n), mahdischi̍ (schi short, explosive).

Dark, haphähischäs.

Daughter, same word as for maiden.

Dawn (daybreak), lackscháhwaräs (run together; ras not very short).

Day, áhtas.

Dead, arrutä̍hs.

Deaf, ach-ko-chi-táh-us (the whole run together).

Dear (costly), ei̍hwassi-akuss (e short; ih with strong emphasis; the whole run together).

Death, tä̍es (a and e separated).

Death's head (totenkopf), dokaráhcha-atú (atu short and explosive).

Decoy (v; an animal), watáhchiwahuhs.

Delay (v; make late), arrukü̍hdak-schüpi̍ss.

Dependent, awahä̍hrichka (ka short).

Devastate (v), háh-wihä̍hs.

Devil (evil spirit), i̍hsichka-wahä̍ddisch.

Dew, bi̍ddi-bitáss (tass with strong emphasis).

Die, (v), tä̍es (a and e separated; e ½).

Dirty, awach-sákiss (words pronounced in quick succession).

Dirty (v), awachsákkis.

Dive (v), sippi̍ss.

Divide (v), i̍hwakisshähs (most of the word without emphasis).

Door, biddä̍.

Double, rúhpassakua (kua together, German, short).

Drag (v), rúh-sirruä (ru and a separated; a very short).

Draw (v; draw a load), dúh-särruäs (u separated from as).

Draw (v; draw water), aúschähs (au almost like full o; s indistinct).

Dream (n), same word as for verb.

Dream (v), mah-schi̍hrähs.

Dress (clothing), wa-ich-kikschiss (the whole pronounced together), or wikit-schi̍wiss (schiwiss short).

Drink (v), hä̍-ihs (ha loud cry; ihs lower).

Drive (v), nak-hi̍as (hi and as separated; i with strong emphasis).

Drop (of water; or v), chä̍hs.

Drown (v; be drowned), nachpáhka-nacksá.

Drum (n), biddá-charriki (the whole very short).

Dry (adj), u̍hsiss (siss short).

Dumb, idä̍htas.

Dung, pä̍hri (ri very short).

Dust, abá.

Ear, achpá (pa very short).

Ear-ornament, wa-achpóhksche (o very full; e ½).

Early, a̍ntarähts (an French; tarahts low, especially rahts).

Earth, auá (strong emphasis on a; a and u separated, almost like awa).

Egg (of a bird), sakkáh-karáhka; or sakkáh-kanáhka.

Elbow, ischpachä̍.

Empty (adj), wa-aúscha-rä̍hschi̍s (au together).

Enemy, mah-ehá (e almost like i).

Englishman, Waschi̍-pachsi̍ttako (sittako very short).

Enough, kochk-kats (k half modulated; kats low; the whole run together).

Entangle, (v; involve), chachaodi̍ss.

Entertain (v), sakkii̍uahs.

Even (flat), arusuchka.

Evening, o̍hksies (o full; sies distinctly pronounced; e ½).

Everywhere, chakáhäta.

Exchange (v; or mistake), koatóhk-madiäsisch-eschiwáhwarähs (o full; i and a separated; i with emphasis; a ½).

Expectorate (v; vomit), aruschúha (final a short).

Eye, ischtá.

Eye-ball, ischtárusche-pischa (e ½).

Eye-lash, ischách-pi.

Eyelid, ischtarach-pé.

Face (sight), jïtá.

Fade (v; wither), chéhdis (cheh with strong emphasis; dis short and low).

Fail (v; miss a shot), dachkisi̍ss.

Fall (v), patthiss.

Fall (v; of the leaves), beréhpehahsi̍ss (second e ½).

Fan (of feathers), o̍hhiddi-ächkidda-kóhdi (iddi and idda very short).

Far (distant), téh-i-schiss (run together).

Far (distant), téh-schiss.

Fat (stout), schuwi̍ (wi very short and with strong emphasis).

Father, a̍htuch (ah nasal).

Feather, maïs-chóhki (the whole pronounced together).

Female (of animals), wuü̍chka.

Festival (corn festival), wah-rui̍kohke (u and i separated; e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

Fin, wóa-éschu (schu short).

Find (v), óhrapiss (o full; piss indistinct and low).

Finger, maschákke-arussáwi (e ½).

Finger (fore), mati̍-wa-óhwi (waohwi together).

Finger (little), maschákke-káhscha (a only ½, almost like e).

Finger (middle), maschákke-eruhaski (the whole very short and run together).

Finger (third), maschákke-náhschidasche (e ½); i.e., the finger without a name.

Fire, bidá-a (da-a short and explosive).

Fire-brand, bida-assá (assa short and explosive).

Fish (n), buá (a with strong emphasis and rather full, like o).

Fish (v), wóhrak-schi̍ass (ass like att and indistinct).

Fish (v; catch fish), wóhrak-schi̍es (es together; and distinctly pronounced).

Fish-hook, woh-ich-tikúhe (pronounced together).

Fist, scháhki-waóhpa-kichkähs (ich German, with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).

Flame, bi̍da-adaä̍ëchi (e ½).

Flat, súhchkas.

Flatter (v), saráhki-páhchus (ki and us lower in tone).

Flee (v; escape), karáhs (s barely audible).

Flesh, erúkschitti (short; schitti short and low).

Flint, o̍wassa-widuchá.

Flood (v; overflow), biddi-uhahahs.

Foam, biddi-puchä̍ (biddi short).

Fog, nakahotä̍.

Force (v; compel), issi̍h-achkehs (the whole short, indistinct, and run together).

Forehead, ih-chi̍.

Forest, bi̍dda-wahukáh.

Forget (v), uichkaráhchischess.

Foot, ittsi̍ (si very short).

Foot-path, adii̍h (a short).

Free, arrudi̍tass (di accented; tass sinks in tone).

Freeze (v), maruchán-kapan (an French; kapan indistinct and lower).

Frenchman, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍.

Friend, marakoá (koa short).

Frost (hoar frost), macháurakiss (au together).

Full, ma-ássiss.

Full-moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-áhchkakóhri (ri pronounced lower).

Fully, a̍otti (a and o separated; ti low and short).

Gay-colored (variegated), pohji̍ss (j French).

Go (v), dähts (indistinct and low at the end).

God (lord of life), ehsich-kawáh-hiddisch (hiddisch without accent or emphasis and low; ich German and not guttural).[259]

Good, sakki̍ss (kiss very short; ss barely audible).

Grandson, matauapi̍scha.

Grape-vine, bi̍dda-páheri (pah together; e ½; ri short).

Grass, miká (mi very short; ka strong explosive).

Gray, sáotta.

Gray-haired, arrahascheháh-attakits (e ½; its low; the whole short).

Great, hatskits (low).

Green, maëilö̍üichka (ich with the point of the tongue).

Ground, same word as for earth.

Gums, ihch-schá-arúh-idú (last four syllables run together; idu very short).

Gun, o̍hwa-tsawirúcha (second word short and low); rifle, a̍rruhappissúa (u and a separated).

Gut (intestines), schi̍hpa (pa short).

Gut (v; gut an animal), ehri-hatáhs.

Hail (n), múhkach-pittauï̍ (run together).

Hair, ará (nasal).

Half, súhta (ta short and low).

Hand, waschaki̍.

Hard, sa-su-ki̍ss (sa short; the whole short and run together).

Hate (v), arre-ä̍-wahs (arre short; e ½; the whole pronounced together).

Haul (v; fetch), kiki̍hriss.

Head, ah-tú (ah nasal; tu very short explosive).

Headache, ah-tú-areä (e ½; last word short and indistinct).

Hear (v), ui̍hkikess.

Heart, waratá.

Hearty (stout-hearted), uútahs (uu separated; s somewhat like t).

Heat (n), sauä̍hs (a and u separated).

Heat (v; inflame), mi̍h-sa-uähs.

Heaven (sky), achpáhchi-tóhä.

Heavy, taksi̍äs (as short; i and as separated; i with emphasis).

Heel, issä̍hki (ki short).

Help (v), a̍h-pewahais (second word pronounced softly and short; hais German, together; e distinctly pronounced).

Hem (v; clear one's throat), áhpatsekickschiss (strong emphasis on ah; e ½).

Hide (v), a-áchoass (ass low; the whole run together).

High, wáhkuss.

Hill of the children, Máh-karistáhti.

Hoarse, erúhschiäs (short and run together; final s distinct).

Hole, máh-arhoppe (e has almost full value).

Hollow (adj), cháhkupiss.

Hoof (cloven), esi̍chpu (e like i).

Hoop (of wood), wirrawáh-apé (ape very short; e ½).

Hope (v), ihwati̍ss.

Horn, aaschi̍ (aa separated); or aanschi̍; (a and an French and separated).

Horns, máhroka-ánschi (an French; second a barely audible).

Hot, sawáis (German; the whole short and run together).

House (lodge), atti̍, (i short).

Hunger, wah-ahri̍tis; i.e., they are all hungry; mari̍htis, I am hungry.

Hunt (v), wáhri-iwaráhs (second i barely audible).

Hunter, wáhri-irakurähs (second i barely audible).

Hurl (v; or overthrow), mih-pati̍ss.

Hurricane, hóhsi-ichti̍as (ich German and not guttural; i with strong accent; i and a separated).

I, mi̍h.

Ice, warúchi.

In (come in), bidä̍ht.

Incurable, arrukischidä̍hset (dah prolonged with emphasis; arru short).

Indistinct (of seeing), i-ä̍ss.

Interior, awahuká (awa short).

Intoxicate, waráchapahs.

Iron, u̍hwassa (sa short).

Island, wiritáhä.

Itch (n), chediä̍ss (e distinctly pronounced).

Jar (vessel), biddachá.

Jaw, mara-oróhpa (o full; the whole run together).

Joy, naatássakiss (aa separated).

Kernel, súhwa (wa short).

Kindle (v), arachahähs.

Knee, wachóh-acha (choh together; the whole pronounced together).

Kneel (v), äschuwissä̍.

Knife, máhtsi.

Know (v), ahchkähs (first a ½, almost like a umlaut).

Know (v; be acquainted with), a̍wachkähs (kahs low and moderated).

Knuckle (n), watsi̍-orussáh (short and run together).

Lame (limping), ashkáus (kaus almost like kohs).

Lament (v), arra-aki̍wiät; i.e., he weeps from pain.

Lance, bi̍dda-tirutä̍ (last word short).

Land, same word as for earth.

Laugh (v), káhs (German throughout).

Lay (v; lay down), rúhscha (scha short).

Leader (chief), uassä̍-issis.

Leaf, a̍hpa.

Lean (v), ihtáhkachta (ta short).

Leap (v; spring), sich-chi̍ss (sich short; chiss likewise).

Left (adverb), i̍rach-ki̍scha (the whole short; scha short).

Lick (v), náhsipiss.

Lie (v; deceive), wittapáss.

Life, nachkúss.

Lift (v), dóhkiss (rather indistinct).

Light (v), awachath-hähs (run together).

Light (nimble), dagóchtiss (go German guttural).

Lightning, karichkáhs (ich hissed as in German and not guttural).

Like (v), kiráschiss.

Lip, i̍hdä-ätá (ta short).

Little, kohsch-táss (o full).

Long, háski; this word was undoubtedly borrowed from the Mandans.

Loose (of clothes), ichti̍ass (ich German, with the point of the tongue; i with emphasis and separated from ass).

Maiden, bi̍h-akáhsa (final a ½); they also use akáhscha for akáhsa.

Maize, kóhchatä (o full); this word was certainly borrowed from the Mandans.

Man, matséh, or matsä̍h.

Man (human being), massä̍, or matsä̍h.

Meal (eat?), babuti̍ss.

Medicine, chupáhs (ch guttural).

Medicine-feast, mah-chupáh-ääs.

Medicine-feast (the Okippe of the Mandans), akupéhri (ku very short; ri short and with the point of the tongue).

Medicine-lodge, atechupáhs.

Medicine-man, madséh-akuchupáhs.

Medicine-stone, wi̍hdä-katachi̍ (da and chi very short).

Melt (v), suki̍ss.

Messenger, dáchkahts (a peculiarly modulated).

Milk (n), ma-áhtsi-biddi̍ (short and run together; biddi very short).

Mirror, ma-ich-ki̍h-ka (ich with the point of the tongue; ka short).

Mistake (v; lose one's way), wachkaráhchisschess (schess low and soft).

Moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h (the whole short and run togeher; e ½).

Moonshine, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-sihsah (sah lowered).

Morning, kirahkutá (ta short).

Mother, ächká (ach not guttural, but ch hissed).

Mountain, awacháüi (the whole together).

Mouth, bi̍h.

Much, ahúss.

Murder (v; kill), tawahs (wa like ua).

Music (beat the drum), wi̍rrachárriki (the whole short).

My, watawá.

Nail (on the hand), wascháckächpú.

Nail (on the foot), wassi̍chpu.

Naked, widdi-bikkikoáejes (e ½; a and e separated; je French; s ½).

Name, náhji (nah with emphasis; ji French, low and short).

Nape (of the neck), machpóh-ottä (together; otta short).

Narrow, kari̍schtass (ss indistinct).

Navel, watarächpá.

Neck (throat), a̍hperu (peru very short).

Negro, waschi̍h (or uaschih)-ischüpi̍scha.

Nest (of bird), ichki̍schi (schi short).

Nettle (n), wáh-ächáhke (e ½).

New, hiddáhs (short, s low).

New-moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-kiddahi̍ss.

Night, aúk-sïe (auk together, with emphasis; u somewhat like i; si together; e ½, separated and somewhat like a).

Noon, widdiwáh-péirapi (pei together and shrill; the whole short and rapid); i.e., the sun is in the middle.

Nose, apá (short).

Nostril, apáre-hopö̍ (e ½; the whole short).

Not (no), dä̍hsches (e ½; s soft).

Old, chiäs (as soft and low).

Old man, itháka-chiäs.

Old woman, káhru-chiäs.

Oldest (the oldest), akouáh-ichti̍äs (o and u separated; ch guttural; ti together; as together).

On the other side, tsóo-ka (ka lowers in tone, short; oo somewhat separated).

On the other side of the hill, awa-itá-sohqua (qua together).

Outside (without), atáhjikua (ji French; kua together).

Over, máh-kuka (run together).

Oversleep (v; neglect by sleeping), hä̍ddauitti̍äs (ti and as separated, ti with emphasis).

Pain (n), hädú-ade-ä̍ss (e ½; strong emphasis on ass; the whole run together).

Paint (v), warahk-hiriss.

Pair, rúhpassa (passa low and short).

Palate (roof of the mouth), nóotisch-karuscháscha (oo separated and full; karuschascha short; scha sinks in tone).

Pardon (v; forgive), kirä̍h-schachkähs (run together).

Partizan (leader of a war party), akuri̍hdi (di short).

Past (over; go past), eischiss (ei very shrill, with the point of the tongue, with strong emphasis).

Peace, make-itteruchpahk-hatsch (e ½; hatsch low and indistinct, like hahts).

People (men, folk), ruchpáhga (ga German guttural).

Pinch (v; to carouse?), wirúskapis (pis distinctly pronounced).

Pipe (tobacco-pipe), éikipi (ei very shrill, almost like i and with strong accent; kipi low and short).

Plant (v), awa-áuschess (au together).

Play (v), bidáchatichke (ich German, with the point of the tongue; e ½).

Pluck (v; feathers), i̍hruketiss (e ½).

Pointed, apsáss.

Polish (v; adorn), ächkikschi̍ss.

Pond (or pool), bi̍ddicha-kúp-hä.

Pouch (for ammunition), beädse-i̍schi (e distinctly pronounced).

Pouch (painted, of leather), wákiischi (run together).

Pouch (of leather), wassitó-üschi.

Powder (gun-powder), birá-sipa.

Prairie, ama-awesuchka (e distinctly pronounced).

Pregnant, äcdichti̍äs (i with emphasis; i and as separated).

Press (v), sasuck-hähs (run together).

Press out (v; express?), núhbiris.

Pretty, sacki̍chtiss (ich with the point of the tongue).

Prick (v; or sting), mah-aráchpüwiss.

Prisoner, náhkehäs (e ½).

Proud, ichóa-ischi-saki̍ssas (o and a separated; ischi short).

Pulse, dúschi-schi̍äs (i with strong accent; i and as separated).

Push (v; thrust), páki-di̍äs (di and as separated; the whole run together).

Quarrel (v; fight), aúk-schass-hähs (auk with strong emphasis; the whole run together).

Quarter (of the moon), wáhchkubbedi̍h-erúschkapiss.

Quick, hih-itats (run together; tats low; the whole short).

Quiver, arúhtischa-i̍schi.

Rain (v), charä̍hs.

Rainbow, bi̍ddi-apóka; i.e., the cap of the water.

Rattle (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), éi-poh-chä (ei like ai, together; a loud, shrill fore-tone).

Reconcile (v), make-ikáh-as (e ½; the whole pronounced together).

Red, heischi̍ss (hei together and pronounced very shrilly with the point of the tongue).

Refuse (v; deny), e-ischi̍-arähs (the whole run together); i.e., I will not.

Rib, wirrúh-tirrú (the whole very short).

Ring (v), tawóes (o and e separated; es together and ½).

Ripe (of fruit), a̍otiss (ao separated; the whole short and run together).

River, a̍nji-ischti̍äss (first i often silent; j French).

Roast (v; or n), wahweriti̍ (e ½).

Rock (cliff), bi-hách-pa (hach guttural, yet almost like ha).

Root, äscháhwichkä (wich German, with the point of the tongue).

Rot (v), karä̍hs.

Rotten (lazy), nah-ta-chéh-piss.

Row (v; paddle), wáh-tirachóhke (e distinctly pronounced).

Run (v), tiriä̍s (s very low and barely audible).

Saddle (for a horse), matanáh-chukchä-rubidá.

Sand, póhcha-ka (ka short).

Scaffold (for the dead), mánsachti (man French, long; ti very short).

Scalp (n), biddarú (ru with the point of the tongue, short, and soft).

Scalp (v), addadúhs.

Scar, oh-áttass.

Scratch (v), rúchkapiss.

Scream (v), saski̍ss.

Sea, bi̍ddi-akichti̍a (biddi very short; first a barely audible; ti and a separated).

Secret (adj), a-achóas (together; as ½ and low).

See (v), i̍kahs.

Seize (v; attack), wapach-ti̍siss.

Shade (shadow), arru-oͣhkse (e ½; o between a and o).

Shake (v; rock), chakáhrachkuss.

Shallow (water), biddi-chä̍hpis.

Sharp (keen), apsáss (second a modulated).

Shield (pare-flèche), widáhki (ki short).

Shin (shin-bone), wassóhpa (pa short).

Shiver (v; with cold), wi̍htarichtiss (ich German, with the point of the tongue).

Shoot (with a bow), bi̍dda-arúhschischa-iwáhre-i̍ss (e ½).

Shoot (with a gun), o̍hwassabérucha-ihwáhre-i̍ss (e ½).

Shooting-star, ichkaró-han-kar-ä̍hs (ich German, with the point of the tongue; an French; the whole run together).

Shore (bank), biddi-däh-tadu; (first and last words very short).

Short, párruwi (short and rapidly pronounced).

Shoulder, ah-tirú (tiru very short).

Show (v; instruct in a matter), kikúhs-ki̍ss (short and run together).

Sick, ächurä̍hs (u and a separated).

Side, itá-sú (su very short).

Sigh (v), idi̍ahiss (di and a separated; emphasis on i).

Sing (v), mah-páh-hiss.

Sister, ittawi̍a (first i barely audible; i and a separated, emphasis on i not very strong).

Sit (v), amáhgis (mah very long; gis German guttural).

Skin (hide of animal), dachpi̍.

Sledge, bi̍dda-wa-ádussadua (the whole run together; the last word indistinct and short).

Sleep (v), hi̍ddawiss, or heidabi̍ss (hei shrill, with the point of the tongue).

Slow, hóp-ha (ha short).

Small, kari̍schta.

Smell (v; sniff, scent), wúhpiss.

Smoke (n), pi-ä̍hs.

Smoke (v; tobacco), aúpe-hihs (ua together; e ½).

Smooth, a̍h-atats (run together).

Snarl (v; growl), eháhte (final e distinctly pronounced; first e short).

Sneeze (v), mahhachpi̍ss.

Snore (v), appatáhchis.

Snow (n), máh-a (short and run together).

Sole (of the foot), ittsi̍-wahú (wahu very short).

Son, idischá.

Sore-throat, a̍hperu-arreä̍ss (first e distinctly pronounced; last word very short).

Spark (n), bi̍dda-alánka (bidda very short; an French; lan prolonged).

Speak (v), i̍ddähs.

Speech (language), máh-arúhdä (run together).

Spirits (distilled), widi̍h-araüi.

Spittle, arukschuá (strong accent on a).

Split (v; wood), bi̍dda-kiriki.

Spring (the season), ama-arä̍hs (run together).

Spring (source), mahá.

Spy (v; listen), achkochä-ruktahs.

Squint (v), ischtä̍rruchtahs.

Star, ichká (ich German, with the point of the tongue; ka short).

Start (v; start game), kárahäs.

Steep, nacháppäischass (a and i somewhat separated).

Step-father, same word as for father.

Step-mother, same word as for mother.

Stick (n), bidda-káhscha (scha short).

Stifle (v; choke, repress), dút-hapiss.

Still, há-chä-hi-schi̍ss (pronounced together).

Stinginess, márachzats (zats low and indistinct; the whole nasal).

Stomach, bi̍hwaki (bi with stronger accent; i short; waki sinks in tone).

Stone (n), bih-i̍ (i very short and explosive).

Stop (v; stop up), kipáhtakiss.

Storm (n), maapischi̍a (aa separated; final a short and low).

Straight, zawóchtsitz (tsitz low).

Strike (v), niki̍ss.

Strong, iss-hi̍h-äs (run together; strong emphasis on hih; as very short and low).

Stump, schohkiss (o full and long).

Stupid, wahruchtahs.

Summer, abba-adä̍hs (abba very short).

Sun, maápi-widdi̍ (aa separated).

Sunrise, widdi̍-atä̍hs (widdi very short).

Sunset, widdi̍-eihwachpiss (ei shrill; pronounced together as in German).

Swallow (v; choke), dáh-aschúhtis.

Swamp, biddichti̍a-karä̍hs (i with strong emphasis; ti and a separated).

Sweat (v), sabähs.

Sweat-medicine, bih-óh-aku-es (the whole short and run together; oh with strong accent; akues sinks in tone; es short and low).

Sweep (v; clean), maschi̍-arachahs.

Sweet, si-kóh-as (si and as short).

Swim (v), biddi-di̍hris (biddi very short; the whole run together).

Swollen (swell), póh-ats (ats very soft and low).

Tail (of a bird), i̍hpi.

Tail (of a quadruped), si̍hta (second i barely audible; ta short; sih long).

Tattooing (n), arukpi̍ (pi with strong emphasis and very short).

Teach (v), kikúhs-ki̍ (ki very short, explosive).

Tear (v; tear or break to pieces), duuchä̍hschis (uu separated; schis low).

Tear out (v), rúhkitiss.

Tears, istá-biddi-huhs (short and run together).

Teeth, ihch-schá (ihch German, with the point of the tongue; scha short and explosive).

Testicle, a̍hschuka (ka short).

There, hidóhs.

Thick (stout), ichti̍häs (tih together).

Thin, chahpis.

Thorn, wah-apsáh.

Throat, nóhtischka (ka short).

Thumb, scháhkitta, or mascháktá (ta very short).

Thunder, tachúrakiss.

Tickle (v), wihscheschúkhäs (e ½; has soft and modulated).

Tie (v; fasten), warut-hiss (run together).

Tinder-box, bi̍discha (scha short).

Tobacco, aópi (ao somewhat separated; pi short).

Tobacco-pouch, áopischi.

Toe, ittsikansa (an French, and prolonged; sa short).

To-morrow, a̍htaruck.

Tongue, däh-eschi (dah with strong emphasis, e ½; and short; eschi short; the whole run together).

Toothache, ihch-schá-adä̍hs.

Top (summit), awa-áhguka (awa nasal; gu guttural; guka short).

Toughness, erúhpupiss.

Track (of an animal), etsitti̍.

Trade (n), maschaki̍ (i short).

Trader, akuwa-éh-hu (kuwa and hu short).

Tree, widá (da short and with emphasis), or bida.

Tremble (v), tadichti̍ss (ich German, with the point of the tongue).

True, káh-tähs.

Ugly, i-schi̍-äs (run together).

Unmarried, u̍h-arä̍hschis; i.e., he has no wife.

Unripe, sáhs (nasal).

Until (unto), arudähs.

Urine, wä-ä̍h-chiss (chiss guttural, short, and low).

Valley, arúcha-kupi̍ (pi short).

Vein (artery), akáhscha.

Village, awati̍ (ti short).

Void (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), wi̍htau-auschirähsches (wih with emphasis; au together).

Wait (v; await), áh-kuch-takahs (ah nasal, with strong emphasis).

War, matauáh-ehá (e ½; aua has each vowel separated); i.e., they are my enemies.

War-club (casse-tête; with the iron point), bi̍dda-i̍hktärrä (tarra very short; bidda likewise), or bi̍dda-aspapsá.

War-club (of stone covered with leather), biï̍-dakútse (bii very short; e ½), or wa-óh-upake (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

War-club (of wood with knots), bi̍dda-pahuachi (the whole short).

War-whistle, i̍h-akóhschi (short).

War-whoop, i̍h-kiriki̍ss.

Warmth, same word as for warm.

Warrior, wassaréhrickschack.

Wash (v), kiruski̍schis.

Water, biddi̍, or bidi̍.

Weary, wahr-häkatis (the whole run together).

Weather (it is good weather), wáhpe-saki̍ss (e ½, almost like i).

Weep (v), éhwüass (eh with strong emphasis).

Wet, scharä̍hs.

What? how? toháhsi (nasal).

Whip, mata-i̍hki.

Whirlpool, bi̍ddi-arúhwiddi (widdi very short; likewise biddi).

Whirlwind, hoh-si-paruwi̍ (wi short).

Whistle (or flute), bi̍dda-kóhotse (o full; ot short; e ½).

Whistle, (v; or pipe), i̍h-akóhsche (a barely audible; e ½).

White, ächóhtakiss (o full; takiss short).

Whole, chákahä-tan (an French).

Widow, there is no corresponding word.

Wind (n), hoh-si̍ (si short).

Wind (v; of game), mah-wóh-piss.

Wing (n), ächpá (pa very short).

Winter, má-arahts.

Woman (wife), bi̍a (a subdued).

Wood, biddá, bidá, or widá.

Work (v), wah-hid-a̍hch-kuss (German).

Wound (n), oh-átta (ta short).

Wound (v), uh-uss.

Wrap up (v), wah-ipúh-wiss.

Wrinkle (n, or adj; wrinkled), chi̍hpiss.

Turn (v; twist), wipatáh-üiss (run together).

Turn back (v; return), kiwi-achkúhs (run together).

Yawn (v), büidahts (u and i separated; the whole indistinct).

Year, máh-ara (the whole run together; ara very short).

Yellow, zi̍hdits (dits very low).

Yes, äi̍ (together; a shrill sound).

Young, they say small.

Clothing and Ornaments

Bracelets of metal, itråuwassa (sa short; the whole short).

Breechcloth, edde̍-ipschake (edde very short; e distinctly pronounced).

Buffalo robe, waschi̍.

Buffalo robe (painted), waschi̍-i̍rutsicki.

Girdle (belt), ma-i-páschagih (gih guttural).

Gloves (or mittens), chu-ti̍ (ti short and explosive).

Hair-ornament (flat ornament for the back of the head), arraúhwassa (arra with the point of the tongue; in last word a is only ½).

Hair-ornament (on the temples), ächidúhwassa.

Head-dress (feather crown), wahaschu-lakukárahä.

Leather-shirt, wacháhpi-wa-itóhchi.

Leggings, wacháhpi-hu-psi̍h.

Moccasins, huupá (uu somewhat separated).

Necklace of bear's claws, lachpitzi̍-sichpo-ahpöä (run together).

Plants

Ash, wüschpá.

Poplar, máhchku.

Prairie turnip (pomme blanche, psoralea esculenta), ahi̍.

Reed (arundo), wüskapa-ah.

Willow (salix), bi̍dda-hahsi̍ (si very short).

Animals

Antelope (cabri̍), u̍hchi; or o̍hchiki̍hdapi (dapi short).

Badger, amakáh.

Bat, äschuattischi̍a (short).

Bear (black), haschidá.

Bear (grizzly), lachpitzi̍.

Beaver, wi̍rapa.

Bighorn, ansichti̍a (ti and a separated; strong emphasis on ti; first i barely audible).

Buffalo, witä̍.

Buffalo (bull), ki̍hrapi (pi short).

Buffalo (calf), nahksi̍hdi.

Buffalo (cow), üichti̍a (ich with the point of the tongue, German; i and a separated).

Crane (gray), api̍ssa.

Crane, (white), api̍ssa-tocki (tocki lower and short).

Crow, a̍hrischa (scha short).

Deer (black-tailed), si̍h-tschüpischa.

Deer (common; general term), si̍h-tatacke (e distinctly pronounced).

Deer (stag or buck), si̍h-tatacke-ki̍hrape (e distinctly pronounced); the doe, si̍h-tatackte-mi̍chka (ich German, with the point of the tongue).

Dog, maschúkka.

Duck, mi̍hchahka.

Eagle (war eagle), mah-eschó (e short).

Fox (black), éhchokuschi-sü̍pischa.

Fox (cross-fox), éhchokuschi-cháchi.

Fox (gray), éhchokuschi-sáotta.

Fox (prairie), éhchochka.

Fox (red), éhchokuschi.

Gopher (arctomys hoodii), dáhksassi (sassi even and without accent).

Hare (white), i̍htaki.

Hedge-hog, apäh-dii (run together; dii slightly separated, almost like di).

Horse, eisóh-waschukka (ei very shrill, with the tongue; second word very short).

Horse (young), éhsu-wassucka-náhnka (some pronounced first word ehsu, others eisoh).

Lizard, wahkachpa.

Lynx (wildcat), si̍h-ta-chahe (sih with strong accent; e ½; the whole run together).

Magpie (pica), i̍h-pe (ih with strong emphasis; e ½).

Mink, dacksúa (u with strong emphasis; u and a separated).

Mole, appa-apsá.

Mole (gopher), kippapúhdi.

Moose (orignal), apatapá.

Mouse, éhtaho (taho low and short; eh with strong emphasis).

Mule, achichtia (ich German, with the point of the tongue).

Muskrat, zi̍h-zirúkka (strong accent on zih).

Nighthawk (goatsucker, caprimulgidae), péhriska, or pä̍hriska.

Otter, bi̍dda-póhkä.

Owl, etáh-kupä̍.

Owl (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), itáhkupä.

Panther, itupáh-ächti̍a (ach with the point of the tongue; i and a separated; i with strong emphasis).

Pigeon (great), máh-adach-kakichti̍a.

Prairie-dog, sihchpá.

Prairie-hen, sihská.

Rabbit, i̍htach-schüpi̍scha.

Raccoon, si̍h-tachächä (sih with strong emphasis).

Rat (common, or house rat), ä̍hta-hichti̍a (ti with strong accent, and separated from a).

Rat (wood rat), ai̍hta-hiti̍a (ti and a separated; i with emphasis).

Skunk, chúchkä.

Snake, mapúckscha (scha short).

Snake (rattle-snake), arrussidi̍awattú (the whole very short; i and a separated; i with strong accent).

Swan, dúhwisch-scha (the whole run together; duh long and with emphasis; sch very short).

Toad, schánke-káhru (an French; e ½; likewise u).

Troupial (red-shouldered), ichpáhka-hischi̍.

Turkey (wild), sihs-kichti̍a (run together; ich with the point of the tongue; ti and a separated).

Turtle, wattáchä.

Waxwing (bombycilla), máhsi-pi̍schakurúhti.

Weasel (stoat), o̍hsisa (oh with special emphasis and force).

Wolf (black), sä̍h-tschüpischá.

Wolf (gray), sä̍hscha (scha short).

Wolf (prairie), bóh-sa (boh long and full; sa very short).

Wolf (white), sä̍hsch-attácki.

Wolverene (gulo), eh-tupáh.

Woodpecker, toschká.

Names of Tribes

Arrapahos, I̍ta-i̍ddi.

Arrikkaras, Arakárahu.

Assiniboins, Haduschi̍h-idi (run together; idi short).

Blackfeet, Issi-schüpi̍scha.

Chayennes, Itáh-ischipáhji (first i very short; the whole short and low).

Crows (general term), Haideróhka.

Crows (the one band), Gi̍hchaitsá; i.e., the fighters for the stomach.

Crows (the other band), Haideróhke; i.e., those who dwell in the middle.

Dacota, Schaónni.

Grosventres of the Prairie, Eirichti̍-aruchpáhga (ei together; tih with emphasis; the whole short).

Krihs, Schahi̍.

Mandans (inhabitants of Mihtutta-hangkusch), Awatirátácka (tacka short).

Mandans (inhabitants of Ruhptare), A̍wa-ichpawati̍ (awa very short; ich with the point of the tongue; pawati short; ti very short).

Pahnis, Sä̍jeruchpaga (j French; ga guttural).

Names of Rivers

Grand, Birridsipáhji (ji French).

Heart, Nah-táh-schi (schi short).

Knife, Maëttseruáhji (e ½; ji French).

Missouri, Amáhti (ti short).

Muscleshell, Mató-káhsi (o full; si low and short).

Teton, Bi̍ddi-schu-wah-áhji.

Upper Little Missouri, Amáhtikasche (mah nasal; e ½; sche short).

White, Biddi-attakáhsi, or Aúkatakáhsch.

White earth, O̍h-katakáhsi (si barely audible).

Yellowstone, Wi̍sih-dáschi.

Numerals

One, nowassá (low).

Two, dúupa (uu separated); usually pronounced rúhpa.

Three, náhwi (wi very short).

Four, tohpá (o full; pa short and explosive).

Five, kechú (e distinctly pronounced; u short and explosive).

Six, akahuá (kah long; wa together and short).

Seven, scháchpu.

Eight, dúhpachpi (pi short).

Nine, nowássachpi (pi short).

Ten, piraká.

Twenty, dúchpa-pirakas (as low).

Thirty, dá-wi̍a-pi̍raka.

Forty, tochpáh-pi̍raka.

Fifty, kechóa-pi̍raka.

Hundred, pirikchti̍a (ti together and with strong accent; ti and a separated).

Two-hundred, pirikichtia-rúhpa.

Thousand, pirakichti̍a-achkakóhri.

I eat, mah-woh-tü̍wiss (tuwiss very short).

You eat, máh-raruti.

He eats, mah-aruti̍ss.

We eat, máh-woh-tüwihas (final word short).

They eat, máh-ruta-áss (ruta-ass pronounced together).

FOOTNOTES:

MUSQUAKE, or Fox[260]

Arm, neneck.

Arrow, onué.

Beard, nemisstóllakan.

Beaver, amachkuá (kua short; ach guttural).

Bell, katúchtåoal (uch guttural).

Black, machkettauaw (a and u separated).

Blanket (woolen), makunaan.

Bow, matáck.

Buffalo, moskutáck-nallusuá (final a short): i.e., prairie cattle; for they call the domesticated ox, nallusuá.

Child, apannó.

Cool (of weather), kesü̍a.

Day, kischek.

Devil (evil spirit), matsché-mánito; often shortened to mallato.

Dog, honémua (mua short and indistinct).

Elk, maschauáwe (e short).

Eyes, naskissako; i.e., my eyes.

Fire (n), ascutä̍.

Foot, nassöt.

God (good spirit), kasché-manité.

Green, askipokáhk.

Hair, minásse; the red hair-ornament or deer's-tail, kateüikúnn.

Hand, nalake (e very short).

Head, uësche (e somewhat short).

Heart, netä̍.

Horse, nákoto-kaschá.

Lance (spear), achtauáll (ach guttural; a and u separated).

Leader (chief), hokimaw (w audible, but soft).

Leg (entire), nakátsch.

Man, nini̍.

Mouth, nattóle (e barely audible).

Night, pachkuttáwe.

Nose, nakiuólle (e very short).

Otter, kattatawe (w between u umlaut and w; e short).

Red, meschkuáwe.

Red-head (General Clark), Maskata-pate (e short).

Sun, kischés.

Sword-lance (lance with a sword blade), táüan (short).

Teeth, nettóne.

Tongue, ninoni̍ (indistinct).

Turkey (wild), mässesá (a short); or messesá.

War-club (with the iron point), pakakachkó (ach guttural).

Warm, nihoͣs.

Water, nápch (pch almost like German pich).

White, wapé; wapé-mallato, the white devil; this was the name of the Indian who gave me the words of this vocabulary.

Woman (wife), ikuá; hence the word "squaw."

Wood, mattäque (que pronounced separately; e short).

Yellow, assåuake (e short).

Yes, hehä.

FOOTNOTES:

OJIBUAS, OJIBEUAS, CHIPEWAS, or Algonkins[261]

American (an), Tschimoh-kuman (an French).

Arm, uni̍ck.

Arrow, uïbmah (u and i separated).

Autumn, tagoagick (gick German).

Black, machkattä̍h-uah (ach guttural).

Blind, kagipin-inquá (n French; qua together).

Blood, miskui̍ (ui separated; the whole short; emphasis on kui).

Blue, machkattä̍-uah.

Bone (bones), ochkánn (och guttural).

Bow, miti̍guap.

Brave (adj), sungedä̍ (su with the point of the tongue); a brave man, mangodas.

Brook, sibins (n French; s soft but audible).

Brother, nitschkoé-esin (esin low, short, and indistinct).

Child (boy), kuiuisän (short and run together; second ui somewhat separated; the whole short; an like French ain).

Child (small girl), squasän (an like French in).

Cloud (n), anakuä̍tt.

Cold (n), kissi̍nna.

Die (v), nipú (u between o and u).

Dog, animúss.

Drink (v), mönnikué.

Ear, otauack (o rather inaudible, short).

Earth, achki̍.

Enemy, boanack, or poanack; i.e., the Sioux, or Dacota.

Englishman, Ságanasch (German throughout).

Evening, onáhkuschink.

Eye, oschki̍njick (n French).

Father, ohsann.

Feather, mikuánn, or miguánn.

Fire (n), schkuttä̍h.

Fish (n), kikon (on French).

Flesh, uiiahs, (ui separated; iahs German).

Forehead, oskattick.

Frenchman, Uämestihóhsch.

Friend (my friend), nsaag-itimih (short and run together); i.e., they love each other.

Go (v), pimussä̍h.

God, kijä̍h-mannittá.

Good, onischisching.

Great (tall), ischpigáboë.

Green, squáh.

Gun, pahskejigann (e ½ and short).

Hail (n), sassä̍hgan.

Hair, uïnisiss.

Hand, uninjinn (j French; otherwise German).

Head, uschteguán.

Healthy, nimino-aïá; i.e., I am well.

Heart, otä̍h.

Heat, kijachtä̍ (j French; ch barely audible).

Heaven (clear sky), mischáhkuätt.

Horns (of deer), otäsch-kanann.

Horse, päbäjiko-caji̍.

House (lodge), uïkiuámm.

Hunger, nuiuissinn (ui separated); i.e., I am hungry.

Hunt (v), giussä̍ (g palatal).

I, nin (in soft).

Ice, michkuamm.

Knife, mohkuman (an French).

Laugh, paach-pi̍.

Lead (n), annoin-abick (run together).

Leg, ochkaht.

Life, pühmáhtiss.

Lightning, oahstigann.

Man, hinnini̍.

Meal (or to eat?), uistinnetá (e ½ and short); i.e., let us all eat.

Milky-way (le chemin de St. Jacques), michkanank (ich as in German); i.e., the trail.

Moon, tibi̍ck-ki̍hsis.

Morning, pi̍ht-áhbann (ah somewhat lengthened).

Mother, ning (g like French gue).

Mountain, uattschiu (u and a somewhat separated; i and u likewise).

Mouth, otóhn.

Negro, machkatä-üiahs (ch guttural).

Night, tibichkatt (ich German).

Nose, oschung-guann.

Otter, nikick.

Pipe, poagánn.

Powder (gun-powder), machkatä̍ (ach guttural).

Quick, uï̍ha.

Rain (n), kimi̍huann; it rains, papángi-pi̍ssa.

Red (color), miskuáh.

River, ktschissi̍hpi.

River (a very large river), missisi̍hpi.

Sea, kitsikami̍n (n French).

Sick, ndahgkuss.

Small, agaschin (in like i nasal; ga German).

Smoke (n), kaschkáhbattä.

Snow, kóhn; it snows, soh-kipunn.

Speak (v), ki̍h-kitó.

Spirits (distilled), skutéo-apó.

Spring (the season), minóchkaming.

Star, anánk: otschi̍ganank (i.e., the Star of the Pekan, or Fisher), the Wain, or Great Bear; otáhua-moh (les trois rois), "the Three Kings" of the Canadians; makúsch-teguann (run together) the Seven Stars, or the Pleiades; uåh-banank (l'étoile du jour), Venus.

Stingy, sasáhgissi (si short); or shortened to sasáhgiss.

Stone, assi̍nn.

Strong, maschkåh-uissih (run together).

Summer, nibi̍nn.

Sun, ki̍hsis.

Thunder, (n), nimeki̍h (e ½).

Tobacco, assäman (an almost like ah).

Tomahawk, uagachkuatons-poagann (ach guttural, ons French, but s audible; ann German).

Trail, mihkannah.

Ugly, manah-ti̍ss.

War, mikahtink.

Water, nipi̍.

White, uahpisch-kah (somewhat nasal).

Wind (n), noti̍nk.

Winter, pibúhnk.

Woman (wife), ichkuá (ich German).

Wood, misti̍ck.

Yellow, ossáuah (uah shortened).

Yes, häa (like a prolonged hae).

Numerals

One, pä̍hjick (j French).

Two, ni̍hsch.

Three, nissúe (e distinctly pronounced).

Four, neh-uinn (short and run together).

Five, nóhnonn (first o full).

Six, nkótto-uåssoe (soe short; e rather distinctly pronounced).

Seven, nijoåssoe (j French; e rather distinctly pronounced).

Eight, schoåssoe.

Nine, jank (j French).

Ten, mitassoe (e distinctly pronounced, but short).

Twenty, nischtanna.

Thirty, nissoe-mitannáh.

Forty, neh-mitannáh.

Fifty, náhno-mitannáh.

Sixty, nkotoásse-mitannáh.

Seventy, nijóasso-mitannáh.

Eighty, schwásso-mitannáh.

Ninety, jangasso-mitannáh.

Hundred, ngottóack.

Thousand, ktschi̍-ngottóack.

Animals

Antelope, api̍sti-tigosch.

Badger, mitánnask.

Bear (female), machkuáh-nojä̍ahkuann.

Bear (male), machkuáh-ayáhbä.

Bear (black), machkadéh-machkuáh (ach guttural).

Bear (grizzly), ktschi̍-ayáh: when whitish he is called, wåbachquah (ach German and guttural).

Caribou (cervus tarandus), ati̍ck.

Deer (black-tailed deer, cervus macrotis), machkadéh-uanósch: machkadeh, black; uanosch, tail.

Deer (common deer, cervus virginianus), uauáschkess.

Elk (cervus major), omaschkóhs.

Elk (the doe), onidjánn-omaschkohs.

Elk (the stag), ayábä-omaschkóhs.

Fox (general term), uagóhsch; the name of the color is added.

Hare, uabóhs.

Hedge-hog, káhk.

Lynx (loup cervier), pischúh.

Lynx (red; felix rufa, le chat sauvage), ä̍h-säbban (sabban short).

Marten, uahbischänsch (an like French ain).

Mink, tschang-goäsch (run together).

Moose (cervus alces), mons (French, but s audible).

Muskrat, uaschásk.

Pekan (stone marten, or fisher), otschi̍hk.

Skunk, schikáhk.

Weazel (stoat), sching-gohs (run together).

Wolf, mai̍hngann (ihn like i nasal).

Wolverene, kuing-gua-agä̍ (run together).

FOOTNOTES:

OMAHA[262]

Ahead (in front), påhanga.

All (the whole), så-ni, or wå-så-ni̍.

Alone, snog-djé (j French; g almost like German ch).

Always, schon-schon (on French).

American (an), Må̍hi-tánga; i.e., Long Knife.

Anxiety (fear), no-pä̍.

Arm, ah-schih.

Arrow, måh.

Ashes, må-chu-dä̍ (ch guttural).

Ask (question), j-uá-cha-ga (ch palatal; ga short).

Awake (v, intr), wåtómbe-najeh (j French; e distinctly pronounced).

Awake (v, tr), ih-ki-räh (the whole even); same word as in the Oto language.

Axe, måsöppä.

Back (n), nokkån (n French).

Back (backwards), chára (ch guttural).

Backward (back), charah (ch guttural); charah-monni, go back, return.

Bad (malicious), båskidä.

Ball (bullet), måh-seh-man (an French).

Beard, ndähi̍.

Beautiful, oh-campé (campe French; the whole pronounced together).

Belly, ni̍cha (ch guttural).

Below (beneath), mottata (all syllables even).

Beside (near), ohanga.

Between, ohrisa.

Bird, uåji̍nga (j French).

Bite (v), wåråchta (ch guttural; ta short).

Bitter, ski-da-jä (j French); i.e., not sweet.

Black, såh-bä̍ (ba short).

Bladder, nä̍chä (ch guttural).

Blind (adj), ischtá-uäraje (je French; final e distinct).

Blond, på-hi̍ssong.

Blood, uåh-mi̍.

Bloody, uåh-mi̍-ogippi.

Blow (v; blowout), abichä (ch guttural).

Blue, túh.

Bone (bones), uaï-hih.

Bough, jån-jinga (French).

Bow, mondähi̍.

Break open (v), grabä̍.

Breast, mong-gä̍.

Breast (female), månsä̍ (an French), i.e., iron.

Bridge, ohäata.

Broad, bróska.

Brook, wåtischka-jinga (j French).

Brother, sónga.

Brown, chudä̍ (ch guttural).

Burn (v), nåh-ning-gä.

Burn (v; consume by burning), nåh-chu-dä̍ (ch guttural).

Bury(v; inter), oh-chä (ch guttural).

Buy (v), uåh-ri-mäh.

Calm (n), obrágä (ga short).

Call (v), hah-gä.

Canoe, mondäh.

Cave, mon-schont-djé (on French, likewise j; e audible).

Caught (taken prisoner), uåhnihih.

Child, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

Circle, uah-nasseh (run together).

Clear (bright), kéhra (ra with the point of the tongue).

Cloud (masses of cloud), mååchpi̍h.

Cold, sni̍h.

Come (v), gih-ga.

Conquer (v; be victorious), uåhuang.

Convenient (comfortable), same word as for good.

Count (v; number), råh-uä (a short).

Cure (v), gini̍h.

Cut (v), måh-chån (ch guttural; an French).

Cut (v; cut down, fell), gå-säh.

Cut down (v; fell), gåhsä̍.

Cry (v; scream, shout), pån (French).

Dark, hogan-nåpasseh.

Daughter, ih-jang-gä (j French).

Day, ombá; to-day, ombara.

Dance (n), uatschi̍-góchä (cha guttural).

Dead, tsä̍h.

Deaf, nåh-chiddä-ning-gä (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Dear (costly; of goods), uåhrimitächä (ch guttural).

Death, tsä̍h.

Deceive (v; cheat), siesch-tánka.

Devil (evil spirit), wåhkonda-pehjhé (j French).

Die (v), gih-tsäh.

Dirty, mån-chri-chri (n French; ch guttural).

Dirty (v; or adj), må-cherihcherih (ch guttural; e very short; the whole short).

Door, tih-ombah (om French).

Double, nombá (French).

Drag (v; pull along), påhi̍-gåh-chä (ch guttural).

Draw (v; draw water), nih-isé.

Dream (n), ombrä̍ (om French).

Dream (v), ihra-ombrä (om French).

Drink (v), ratan (an French).

Dry (adj), bihsä (sa short).

Dust, måh-åh-schudä̍.

Dwelling place (hunting stand), goss-sin (in like i nasal).

Ear, nittá.

Ear-ornament, uh-uï̍n (in nasal, like i).

Early, chossonn (ch guttural).

Earth, moniká.

Egg, uë̍sa.

Enemy, oki̍thä.

Englishman, Ságanasch (German throughout).

Enough, schéhna (na short).

Entertain (v; eat), wåratä-gih-i.

Evening, påh-séh.

Everywhere, mánschon-brughä̍ (on French).

Eye, ischtá.

Eyelid, ischtá-hi̍.

Face (sight), indjäh (i barely audible; j French).

Fall (v) gochhiára (ch guttural; the whole short).

Far (distant), uä̍-ahiddä (the whole run together).

Far (distant), uä̍h-ahiddäh.

Fat, uä̍gri.

Father, dah-dä̍h.

Feather, måh-schung.

Female (of animals), ming-gá.

Finger, nombä̍; same word as for hand.

Fire, pädé.

Fish, hů́h.

Fish (v), hu-issä.

Fish-hook, hu-uä-gossä̍.

Fist, nombä̍-sóngä̍ (om French).

Flee (v; escape), o̍nhä (on French, and nasal).

Flesh, tah-núka; i.e., fresh meat.

Flesh (dried), táh.

Flint, manhissi̍ (an French).

Flow (v), kahirá.

Fog, schuschudä̍.

Foot, sihá.

Forehead, pä̍h.

Forest, chråbä (ch guttural; ba short).

Forget (v), gih-sirajäh (j French; the whole run together).

Freeze (v), osnih.

Frenchman, Uǻchä (ch guttural).

Friend, kågä̍.

Full, ogipi.

Go (v), monni̍h.

God (creator, good spirit), wǻhkonda.

Good, udá; the best, eh-jna-udá (j French).

Gray, són (French).

Gray-haired, påhi̍-son (French).

Great (tall), tangá.

Green, tuch-tsche (e short); i.e., literally, very blue.

Ground (earth), moniká.

Grow (v), granräh-tigräh (an French; gr with the point of the tongue).

Gun, uahutan (ua like wa; an French).

Hair, påhi̍.

Hand, nombä̍ (om French).

Hard, sågäh.

Head, nasch-kéh.

Healthy, uåh-kägajäh (j French).

Hear (v), nåhk-on (on French; the whole run together).

Heart, nondä̍.

Heavy (difficult), sking-gä.

Hide (v), na-che-ran (ch guttural; an French; e short).

High, manschih (an French).

Hope (v), bräh-gan (an French).

Horn, hä̍h.

Horns, hä̍h.

Horse (a young horse), schantón-schi̍nga (an and on French; first word with emphasis; second without).

Hot, manschtä̍ (an French).

House (lodge), ti̍h.

Hunger, nånpähi (an French).

Hunt (v), åh-baäh.

Hurricane, taddäh-soggäh-noppewårre (e always distinctly pronounced).

I, ui̍h.

Ice, nuchä̍ (ch guttural).

Incurable, ginitä̍chä.

Intoxicate (v; intoxicated), tǻhni.

Iron, månsä̍ (an French).

Jar (vessel), dähchä (ch guttural).

Knife, må-ni̍h, or mahi̍.

Know (v), ihpahan (an French).

Know (v; be acquainted with), ih-pahán (pa short; an French).

Lance (spear), måndähi̍ (an French).

Land, manschon (an and on French).

Laugh (v, or n), måndehi̍ (an French).

Leader (chief), kahigä.

Leaf, jån-hich-pä (jan French; final e distinct).

Leg, jägá (j French).

Lie (v; deceive), i-uh-sisch-tan (an French; the whole run together).

Lip, ih-há.

Little (in quantity), diuba.

Loose (of clothes), gran-deh (an French).

Maiden, mi̍h-jinga (mih with emphasis; ji French; jinga without emphasis).

Maize, uå-tån-säh (an French).

Man, núh.

Man (human being), núh.

Marry (v), ming-grán (gran French).

Meal (or to eat?), uǻrateh.

Messenger, ikih-monnäh.

Milk (n), påsé-nih.

Mirror, ni̍o-kigrásse (a audible; i and o separated).

Moon, mih-om-ba (mih with emphasis; the whole run together).

Morning, kåsi̍n (in French).

Mother, nåh-håh.

Mountain, påhi̍-moschä̍.

Mouth, hi̍h.

Much, ah-hi̍gä.

Music, uåhuan (an French).

My, uïh-uïh-tá.

Nail (on hand, foot, hoof, claw), schagä̍.

Naked, juh-núka (j French).

Name, jajä̍ (French).

Neck (throat), táh-hi.

Necklace, uåh-nompi̍ (last word French).

Needle, uåkóh.

Negro, nikka-schinga-sóbbä; or wåchä-sóbbä (ch guttural).

New, tähga.

Night, hán (an French).

Noon, mih-oh-kan-ska (an French).

Nose, pǻh.

Old, isch-ágä.

Old man, isch-ágä.

Old woman, uåu-schi̍nge (uau somewhat separated).

Oldest, jini̍ (j French); my oldest brother, vijini̍.

Over (above), manschiata (an French).

Pain (n), nih-ä (run together).

Paint (v), gih-kon-sä (on French; sa short).

Peace, manchon-úda (an and on French); i.e., not war.

Pipe (tobacco), ninibǻh.

Play (v), skådä.

Pluck (v; feathers), hi-snú-djä (j French).

Pray (v), wåkonda-berihs-tubä̍ (e short; otherwise German throughout).

Prisoner, uåh-nihih.

Point (n), påhi̍.

Pouch (sack), uh-ji̍.

Powder (gun-powder), måh-chudä̍ (ch guttural; the whole run together).

Pull (v; draw), gih-snuh.

Punish (v; whip), uh-tih.

Quarrel (v; fight), kihkinna.

Quick, hocherä (ch German).

Rain (n), nah-jé (j French).

Red, jidä̍ (ji French).

Rib, rittih.

Ripe, (of fruit), nidä̍.

River, uåti̍schka.

Roast (v, or n), djä-gran (French).

Rock (cliff), in-in (French nasal).

Round, buut-ton (on French).

Run (v), toh-neh.

Sack (leather), uh-ji̍-hå.

Sand, bih-saak.

Sea, ni̍h-tánga; i.e., big water.

See (v), tom-bä̍.

Sharp (pointed), på-hi̍.

Shave (v), båhs-kébbä.

Shoot (v; with a bow), måh-wåkiddäh.

Shoot (v; with a gun), wåhutonwåkiddäh (on French).

Shore (bank), nih-cǻhan (an French).

Show (v), ahbasuh.

Sick, uåh-ká-ga.

Sister, tangä̍.

Sit (v), gerin (e short; r with the point of the tongue; in like i nasal).

Skin (hide), håh.

Sleep (v), ajan (French).

Sleepy, ján-gonda (jan French).

Small, jingá (j French).

Smell (v; sniff at, scent), amberan (French).

Smoke (n), schudä̍, or schudé.

Smoke (v; tobacco), ninihi̍.

Snow (n), måh.

Son, ji-ingä̍ (j French; the whole run together).

Speak (v), i̍h-ä.

Spirits (distilled), pädji-ni̍h (j French).

Spring (source), ni̍h-hónga.

Spring (the season), mä̍h.

Spring (v; leap, jump), o-uis-seh (run together).

Squint (v), tåguscheh.

Star, pikä̍.

Stomach, mång-gäh.

Stone, ih-in (n French; in like i nasal).

Storm (thunder storm), tadähsoggäh.

Strong, uååsch-kán-tanga (an French).

Stump, buhtan (an French).

Stupid, uåje-ningé (j French).

Summer, núgä.

Sun, mi̍h.

Sunrise, mi̍h-hi̍h.

Sunset, mi̍h-núschä.

Sweet, skidä̍.

Swim (v), ni̍huan (an French); same word as in the Oto language.

Tail (of an animal), sindä̍ (German throughout).

Tear (v; tear, or break to pieces), ih-bråh-sä (ah French; sa short).

Tear out (v; pull out), schuúdä.

Tears, ischtá-nih; i.e., eye water.

Teeth, ihí.

Thick, tångá.

Thin, bräkä.

Tobacco, nini̍h.

Toe, sih-schogä̍.

Tomahawk, mǻse-päji̍inga (se short; j French; last word rapidly pronounced).

To-morrow, kåsonn.

Tongue, rä̍hse (e distinctly pronounced); téh-rähs, buffalo tongue.

Toothache, ihí-nidä̍.

Top (summit), måschiadä̍.

Trace (track of an animal), sihgerä.

Trader, uåh-ri-mäh.

Tree, chråbä (ch guttural).

True, mikkä.

Turn (v; twist), ohma-terischan (an French).

Unhealthy (sickly), wåh-kägaschtån (the whole even and run together).

Unripe, nihd-aije (ai together; j French; e low but distinct).

Wait (v), ihra-pä̍.

War, noh-dan (an French).

Warm, moschtä̍.

Warmth, tåhbrä (bra short).

Warrior, uå-schu-schäh.

Wash (v), ni̍h-ja-hä̍ (j French).

Water, ni̍h.

Water-jar (water cask), ni̍h-ujé (j French).

Wax, kegranchä-uägrä (an French; ch guttural; g with the point of the tongue).

Weep (v), hahgä.

Wet, núka.

What? how? dah-dan (an French).

Whirlpool, nih-berih-berin (short and run together; e short; in like i nasal).

Whistle (v; pipe), suhdä̍.

White, ská.

White man, nika-schinga-hi̍chaskah (ch guttural).

Widow, igrangä-tsäh (run together).

Wind (n), tahdä.

Wind (v; wind game), obrán (an French).

Wing, ahi̍.

Winter, måhrä (ra short).

Woman (wife), wåh-úh.

Wood, ján (French).

Work (v), monni̍.

Wound (v; shoot), o̍h.

Wrap up (v), ih-kónta.

Yellow, si̍h.

Yes, anhán (indistinct, nasal).

Young, jingáh (ji French; g guttural).

Numerals

One, miachtscheh (ach guttural).

Two, nombáh.

Three, råh-beneh (be short).

Four, túba.

Five, såtoͣn (n French).

Six, schåh-peh.

Seven, péh-nombáh.

Eight, péh-rǻbene (first e short; second e audible).

Nine, schónka.

Ten, chrä̍bene (bene short).

Animals

Bear (black), wåssóbbä.

Bear (grizzly), mån-tchú (an French; tchu German).

Beaver, jǻbä (j French; ba short).

Buffalo, téh, or tä̍h.

Deer (common), tahg-tchä (German).

Dog, schinúda (da short).

Elk, onpǻh (on French).

Horse, schóngä-tónga.

Lynx, igrong-gá (pronounced together).

Otter, tuhsch-nongä̍.

Ox (European), tä̍h-ská (run together).

Panther, igronga-sindä̍-snaddäh; sindä-snaddäh, with long tail.

Skunk, móng-ga.

Snake, ueh-sá.

Swine, kokosch.

Turkey, (wild), sihsikah.

Turtle, kehtan (an French).

Wolf, (black), schánton-sóbbä (a short).

Wolf, (gray), schánton-son (an and on French).

Wolf (prairie), mikkasseh.

FOOTNOTES:

OTO[263]

Abyss, moksché; iro-moksché, steep cliff.

Air, ta-djä̍ (j French).

All (all together), brogä̍; the whole mass (or multitude), akiwoasan (woa like voi in French; an French).

Alone, asch-nå (sch like j French).

I myself alone, mij-nå (j French here and below).

You (thou) alone, dij-nå.

He alone, ij-nå.

We alone, guj-nå.

You alone, dij-nå.

Always, eiiåhma (ei together).

American (an), Måhi-hónn-ie (ie short; e audible); i.e., Long Knife.

Another, i-tan-dö (an French).

Answer (v), i-hä̍.

Anxiety (fear), nongguä̍ (gua short).

Approach stealthily (v; stalk), sridje-monnä̍ (j French).

Arm, asché.

Arrow, mi̍to.

Ashes, må-chudjé (ch guttural).

Awake (v, intr), uatá-nayé (run together).

Awake (v, tr), ih-ki-reh.

Axe, i̍suä (sua short).

Back (adverb), hatá.

Back (n), nåh-kan (an French).

Bad (malicious), tsichogä̍ (ch guttural).

Bald, nantó-rusch-ra (an French).

Ball (bullet), måh-seh-måh; same word as for lead.

Bathe (v), ni-uah (uah nasal).

Beard, ndä-hi (n only a fore-tone).

Beautiful, ocompih (French).

Before (ahead), på-gran (an French).

Behind (behind us), a-rúcha-gä (ch guttural).

Belly, ni-cha (ch guttural).

Beside (near), oh-kang-äh.

Best, pi-tånra, (an French).

Bird, wåe-ing-ä (e barely audible; the whole together).

Bite (v), rochtagä.

Bitter, sehko-schkunä̍; i.e., not sweet, they do not have a direct expression.

Black, seuä̍ (e and u separated).

Bladder, nächä̍ (ch guttural).

Blind, ich-tåch-hidje (j French; final e short).

Blood, wåpågä̍-oyú.

Bloom (v), pahüson (on French).

Blow (v; blow out), a-bi-chä (ch guttural).

Blue, tóh.

Blush (v), schudjö (j French).

Boil (v; cook), oh-hon (on French).

Bone (bones), uah-hi̍ (uah nasal).

Bough, nå-ing-ä (run together).

Bow, måndehi̍ (an French).

Break (v), to-ié.

Break open (v; force open), wå-gre-ue.

Breast (female), påsä (sa short).

Breast (the whole breast), mong-ä.

Breath, hi̍; same word as for mouth and tooth.

Bridge, ohä̍.

Broad, brå-ské (final syllable short).

Brook, nischna-ing-ä (run together).

Brother, song-ä̍; my brother, mi-song-ä̍.

Brown, chudje (ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced); i.e., dark, smoky, they have no word for brown.

Burn (v), todjé (j French).

Bury (v; inter), ochä (ch guttural).

Buy (v), wå-ru-mäh; same word means to trade.

Calm (n), oh-bra-gä̍.

Canoe, på-djé (j French).

Carrion (a dead animal), uå-hu-mä̍ (ua short and together).

Catch (v; capture), rusä̍.

Caught (v; captured), ua-ni-hih (u and a separated).

Cave, i̍ro-chrogä̍; i.e., a hollow rock.

Chew (v), same word as for meal, or to eat.

Child, tchitching-ä (ch like tgi, with the point of the tongue).

Choke (v; press to death, smother), o-nong-ä̍.

Clear (bright), o-haun-uäh (n French; uah nasal).

Clear (water), ni-bréjé (French); they give this name to the Mississippi.

Cloud (masses of cloud), moͣch-pih (ch guttural).

Coal, åchudjeh (ach guttural).

Coals (glowing), pedjé-sih (j French).

Cold (adj), sni̍h.

Comb (n), härusäh, i.e., louse-catcher; from hä, louse, and rusäh, catch.

Community (company, many men), manksché-gerohan (an French; ge German).

Compel (v; force), a-u-scheh-geh (run together).

Convenient (comfortable), pi̍; same word as for good.

Cough (v), hogh-pä̍.

Count (v; number), uårauä (au together).

Cowardly, same word as for lazy, or rotten.

Crooked, rutan-schkunäh (an French).

Crow (way of dressing hair), nantó (an French).

Cure (v; heal), ginih.

Curly (hair), påhi̍-riberin (in nasal, like i̍).

Cut (v), gron-tschéh (on French).

Cut down (v; fell), gron-tsché (on French).

Cut down (v; fell), grontsché (on French).

Cut into (v; incise, carve), grontsché (on French).

Dance (n), woͣtschí.

Dark, ohånsä̍ (an French).

Daughter, ih-wung-ä.

Day, han-uä (an French, the whole short and run together).

Dead, tsä̍h.

Deaf, nå-cho-dje-ning-e (j French; ch guttural; e short).

Dear (costly), tschä-chäh (ch guttural).

Deceive (v; cheat), gistoncha (ch guttural).

Decoy (v; decoy an animal), tah-sching-ä-on (sching and a pronounced together; on French).

Devastate (v), schéh-na.

Devil (evil spirit), wåhkondapisch-kunnä̍h.

Die (v), tsä̍h.

Dirty, måh-chrih (ch with the point of the tongue).

Dirty (v), måchré (ch guttural).

Dive(v), ni̍h-rotata. [MS. note in Library of Congress copy by J. O. Dorsey, says that this is not a verb but ni, water, and rótata, under.—Trans.]

Divide (v; share), ikirutan (an French).

Door, tschi-okä̍ (run together).

Double, nouä̍; same word as for two.

Drag (v; drag a load), påhi̍-on-reh (on French).

Draw (v; draw water), nih-ru-seh.

Dream (v), ombrä̍; ira-ombrá, you dreamed (plural).

Drink (v), ratan (an French).

Dry (adj), buh-sä.

Dumb, i-tiä-ru-scha-gä.

Dung, ming-grä.

Dust, månschuh-schudje (an French; likewise j; e short).

Dwelling place (hunting stand), irappä (final a between e and a umlaut).

Ear, nan-toa (French).

Ear-ornament, uåhnon-pin (non French; pin nasal, like pi).

Early, heruh-tach-tsché (ach guttural); early in the day.

Empty (adj), chroschkä (ch guttural).

Enclose (v; shut up), uå-nåssé.

Enemy, okitsché.

Englishman, Sanganasch.

Enough, kahä̍na (na short).

Entertain (v), nontutan (on and an French).

Even (equal, flat), bra-ské, or bras-ké; same word as for broad, or great.

Evening, pi̍-kuiä̍, or pi̍kuiä̍; from pi, sun, and kuiä̍, low.

Everywhere, mayon-brughä (on French); i.e., over the whole land.

Expectorate(v), grä-uä.

Eye, ichtá (ich German and not guttural; nearly the same as with the Dacota, Omahas, Osages, and Puncas).

Eyelid, ichtá-hi.

Face (sight), indéh.

Fall (v), o-chua-nä (ch guttural).

Far (distant), ha-rä.

Far (distant), hah-reh.

Fat, uå-schi.

Father, ing-koh.

Feast, same as meal, or eat; they say, give to eat; also gi-ko.

Feather, manschon (on French).

Female (of animals), ming-eh.

Festival, så-gä.

Fever, okisché-gétachran (ch guttural; an French).

Find (v), ikiré.

Finger, nau-ue (ue short).

Fire, pedjé (first e distinctly pronounced; j French).

Fish (n), hó.

Fish (v), ho-rusä̍.

Fish (v; catch fish), same word as for fish-hook.

Fish-hook, horusé.

Fist, nauä̍-sogä.

Flame (n), pedjé-takan (j and an French).

Flat (level), braskä̍.

Flee (v; escape), hå-sä.

Flesh, tåh.

Flint, ju-tsché-ogran (an French).

Flood (v; overflow), nih-ton (on French).

Flow (v), kahi̍ra (ra short).

Fog, schuschudjä (j French).

Foot, si̍.

Foot-path, nong-ä̍.

Forehead, pä̍h.

Forest, chrå-uäh (ch guttural).

Forget (v), giksuh-schkúnnä.

Freeze (v; chill), o-snih.

Freeze (v; congeal), nih-tåh.

Frenchman, Måsongkä-okannä (a umlaut, also pronounced like e).

Friend, ntará.

Full, oh-yuh.

Fully (of cooking, done), ni-djä̍ (j French).

Gall (bile), grä-ue-sih.

Gay-colored (variegated), gréjé (j French).

Go (v), monnih.

God (creator), wåhkonda.

Good, pi̍h.

Grandson, intaqúa.

Grape-vine, hå-seh-hih.

Grave, óh-chä (ch guttural).

Gray, cho-djé (j French; ch guttural).

Gray-haired, pahi-son (French).

Great (tall), grón-rä (n French).

Green, tohch-djä̍ (ch guttural; j French).

Ground (earth), måhå.

Gun, jútschä (tscha short); rifle, jútschä-ki̍h-berúh-berúh (the whole short, and run together).

Gut (intestines), schiuä̍.

Gut (v; gut an animal), nicha-gi-na-sché (ch guttural).

Hair, på-hi̍.

Half, oskisserä (e short); så-ning-ä̍, the second part.

Hand, nau-uä.

Hard, sågeh.

Hate (v), hasch-ing-äh.

Head, på.

Headache, nan-soh-nih-djä (an French; dja likewise).

Healthy, ogischegä-schkúnnä (e short).

Hear (v), nåkon (on French).

Heart, mon-tchä (on French; ch with the point of the tongue).

Heat (v; inflame), tåcherang (ch guttural); i.e., warm; they also say monschtiö (on French).

Heavy (difficult), tscháh-tan (an French).

Hide (v), nåh-chron (ch guttural; on French).

High, mock-scheh.

Hole, chro-gä̍ (ch guttural).

Hollow (adj), chro-gä̍ (ch with the point of the tongue).

Horn, hä̍h.

Horns (antlers), häh.

Horse (young horse), schangtóing-ä.

Hot, moschtä.

House (lodge), tschi̍h.

Hunger, chråni̍ (ch guttural).

Hunt (n), kinángra.

Hunt (v), kinángra.

Hunter, kinángra-uarupeh.

Hurricane (storm), tåh-såggä-uayhäh-häh (the whole run together).

I, mi̍h.

Ice, nóchä (ch guttural; a short).

Incurable, ginih-schkúnnä.

Indistinct, tahi̍-schkúnnä.

Internal (within), róhtata.

Intoxicate (v), tå-ningé (ninge nasal).

Iron, mǻ-sä (first syllable longer; first a almost like an French).

Island, rú-mi-tschi̍ (rumitschi, or rumaetschi).

Jar (vessel), däh-chä (ch guttural).

Joy (enjoyment, mirth), gi̍ro (German throughout).

Knife, måh-hi.

Know (v), ju̍a-hamg-äh.

Know (v; be acquainted with), hah-pang-äh.

Lame, uåh-hi̍ragä.

Lance (spear; sword-lance), uåh-yaueh (letters in yaueh are separated).

Land, mayón (French).

Laugh (v, or n), ick-scháh.

Lay (v; lay down), jan (an French).

Leader (chief), uong-gé-gi-hi (first syllable almost like wong; g guttural).

Leaf (of a tree), nǻchpä (nach long).

Left (direction), aratscheh.

Leg, rägä.

Lie (v; deceive), tohshäh.

Light (v; illuminate), hån-ue-on-re (an and on French; ue nasal, likewise han).

Light (v; kindle), ohan-ue (an French; u and e separated).

Lightning, wáhkonda-gron (gron French).

Like (v; be fond of), ooch-thá (ch guttural).

Lip, ih-hå.

Little, tscho-kerá.

Long, sreh-djeh (j French).

Loose (of clothes), grån-reh (an French).

Maiden, tschichmi-ing-ä (ich guttural).

Maize, wå-dud-djé (j French).

Man, uong-gä, or uong-äh; same word as for human being.

Man (human being), uong-äh.

Marry (v; of a man), grong-äh.

Marry (v; of a woman), uåruchä̍.

Meal (or to eat?), uåårudjé (j French).

Messenger, ikomónne (ne short).

Milk (n), teh-på-seh-nih (run together).

Mirror, måse-angitan (e short; an French).

Money, må-ses-kå (all syllables even); i.e., white metal.

Moon, pi̍h: they add a limiting word; the words for sun and moon are the same, but they believe the two to be distinct.

Morning, hån-uä.

Mother, ináh.

Mountain, hämokschä̍.

Mouth, hi̍.

Much (many), roh-han (an French).

Murder (v; kill), tsä̍h.

Music, uå-yanuäh (yan French).

My, mih-te-uäh.

Nail (on the feet), si̍ha-schágä.

Nail (on fingers), naue-ue-schágä.

Nail (on the hands), nombä-schágä (nom French).

Naked, tåh-huh.

Name (n), rahjä (j German).

Narrow, broͣskäsch-schkúnä (na short).

Necklace (neck ornament), wånon-peh (on French).

Needle, måh-sickan (an French).

Negro, mååk-schi-säuäh.

Night, haǻn-hä.

Noon, pi̍oh-cons-ská (cons French).

Nose, påso.

Not (no), niäkóh.

Old, isch-ágä.

Old man, uánscha (an French).

Old woman, inahak-schingä (German throughout).

Oldest, inó.

On the other side (of a river), ni̍agreck.

Once, jóng-kä.

Over, mok-schüátta (atta short).

Over (above), mååk-schäh.

Pain (n), nih-djé (j French).

Paint (v), okompé (French throughout).

Palate, räsä̍.

Pale (v; grow pale, fade), indéhska; i.e., white or pale face.

Peace, mayon-pi̍h (on French).

Pipe (tobacco), rå-no-uä̍.

Plant (v), o-yú (together); i.e., put something in the earth.

Play (v). schkåh-djé (j French).

Pluck (v; feathers), hi-snudjä (j French).

Pointed, påh-hi.

Pond (pool), same word as for swamp.

Pouch (sack), osché (e somewhat like a umlaut).

Powder (gun-powder), åh-chudjäh (ch guttural; j French).

Pray (v; to the lord of life), wahkonda-åchagä (ch guttural).

Pregnant, nichta-chontjä (ch guttural; j French).

Press (v), bri̍chä-onongä.

Press out (v; express?), sagéonang-ä (the whole run together; ge German, as in geben).

Pretty, oh-com-pih (French).

Prick (v; sting), wå-yah-uä (ua short).

Prisoner, same word as for caught, or captured.

Proud (haughty), tan-ra-gon-da (an and on French).

Pulse, ahk-kan (first a barely audible; an French).

Punish (v; whip), utschi̍.

Push (v; thrust), nih-djé (j French).

Quick, ho-che-rä (ch guttural).

Rain (n), ni-o-iu (run together).

Reconcile (v; appease), mayonpih (on French).

Red, schu-djä̍ (j French).

Resistance (self-defence), ankirragä̍ (an French).

Rib, roh-toh.

Ripe (of fruits), si̍h-da (da short).

River, nisch-nong-ä.

Rock (cliff), i̍ro.

Rot (v), obrån-pesch-kunä̍ (an French).

Rotten (lazy?), chritagä̍ (ch guttural).

Round, schnåh-schnåh.

Run (v), nong-ä.

Salt down (v; pickle, corn), nischko-oiú.

Scalp, nantó (an French).

Sea, nih-chonn-djé (dje French); the Ayowas say, nih-chon-je (je German).

Secret, nå-chron (ch palatal; on French).

See (v), uatah (u and a follow closely).

Sexual organs (female), uieh (u separated).

Sexual organs (male), reh.