CABINET OF BIOGRAPHY. (continued 9)

D.

D'Alembert, M., proverbial saying of, I. 163. Remarks of, 334. 336. His éloge of Fénélon, 345, n. 369. 371. The Encyclopédie, II. 77. His friendship with Condorcet, 176. D'Angeau, marquis do, I. 58. His fortune at play, 244, n. Dauphin, the, son of Louis XIV., I. 334. 336, n. Davenport, Mr., permits Rousseau to occupy his house at Wotton in Derbyshire, II. 160. Denis, madame, niece of Voltaire, II. 53. 55. 58. 69. 89. 98. 99. 105. Descartes, his celebrity for science, I. 185. Desfontaines, the abbé, II. 31, 32. Deshoulières, madame, her sonnet on Racine's "Phèdre," I. 312. Des Marais, bishop of Chartres, I. 342. Des Marets, French academician, I. 47. Devaux, M., II. 33. Diderot, M., writes a large portion of the Encyclopédie, II. 77. That work was condemned by the parliament and clergy, and suppressed, 77. Is confined at Vincennes for publishing a pamphlet, 133. Visited by J. J. Rousseau, 133. High reputation of, 171. Drama, the: France indebted to Spanish tragic authors, I. 41. 45. In comedy to Lope di Vega, 51. The Greek drama not suitable to modern times, 305. Voltaire's critique on the tragedies of Sophocles, II. 15. See Theatre. Dubois, cardinal, II. 10. Du Deffand, la marquise, letter from Voltaire to, II. 89. 103. Dumouriez, general, minister for foreign affairs, II. 277. 278. 314. Dupin, madame, II. 128. 129. Duprat, chancellor, invades the privileges of the faculty at Montpellier, I. 27. The gift of tongues an introduction of Rabelais to, 27. Dupuis, M. and madame, II. 89. Duverdier, the Bibliothèque Française of, I. 39. His Prosographie, 39.

E.

Encyclopédie, by MM. Diderot, d'Alembert, Voltaire, and others, II. 77. 148. Enville, duchess d', II. 81. Epinay, madame d', II. 138. 143. 145. 164. Etallonde, the chevalier d', II. 86. 107. Euripides, I. 40.

F.

Fables of La Fontaine, I. 164. 178. 180. Gay's, 179. Anonymous English fables imitated from La Fontaine, 179. Fayette, countess de la, her novel of "La Princesse de Clèves," I. 84. Her taste and erudition, 85. Friendship of the duke of Rochefoucauld for, 85. 87. Her mansion the resort of French literati, &c., 231. Her portrait or character of de Sévigné, 255. Fénélon, François de Salignac de la Mothe, born in 1651, I. 329. His ancestry, 329. His education, 331. Takes his degree at Cahors, 331. The abbé Fénélon's sermons at nineteen applauded, 331. His strict attention to the sacerdotal duties, 332. His purpose of becoming missionary, 332. Louis XIV. desires him to convert the Huguenots, 333. Is the pupil and friend of Bossuet, 335. Writes on female education, 335. His "Telemachus," 337. 356. 371. Appointed archbishop of Cambrai, 339. Is deceived by the zeal and pretended visions of madame Guyon, 340. Declines approval of Bossuet's condemnation of her, 343. Louis XIV. did not like Fénélon, 345, n. Exiled to his diocese, 346. 360. His "Exposition des Maximes des Saints sur la vie intérieure," 344. The pope condemns the book, 352. Controversy on this subject among the great prelates, 344. 350. Fénélon's letters, 360. His religious principles, 362. et passim. Is visited by the duke of Burgundy at Cambrai, 364. His active charity, 365. Louis XIV. becomes sensible of his unjust treatment of this great prelate, 366. The archbishop's sickness and death, 367. His character, 368. 370. His conversation, 368. Ramsay, a Scottish baronet, describes his habits and disposition, 369. 370. His dialogues on eloquence, 372. Political views in his "Telemachus," 373. Fénélon, marquis de, I. 331. 367. Ferney, château of, Voltaire's seclusion at the, II. 76. Visitors to, 90. Marmontel, 91. Countess de Genlis, 96. Ferney, village of, II. 101. Fleuri, cardinal de, II. 32. 42. 44. His death. Fleury, abbé de, sous-précepteur of the princes, I. 336. Fontaine, see La Fontaine, I. 150. &c. Fontenelle, nephew of Corneille, I. 41. Observations by, on La Fontaine, 178. Fouquet, minister of finance, incites Pierre Corneille to write "Œdipe," a tragedy, I. 54. His mistake in entertaining his monarch too sumptuously, 111. Offends mademoiselle de la Vallière. 112. Louis XIV. restrains his anger during the fête given by the financier, 113. His disgrace, 162. Is brought to trial, 222. Imprisoned in Pignerol until his death in 1680, 224. His correspondence seized, 224. France, the civil war between Catholics and Huguenots, I. 11. Consequences of civil war, the rise of statesmen and warriors, and next of poets and authors, 41. Events on the death of Louis XIII., 64. Corruption of manners, 67. Condé and Turenne defeat the Spaniards, 67. Broils and adventures in the contest of the Fronde against Mazarin and the court, 70. 75. The kingdom suffers in commerce, learning, arts and sciences; and demoralization a further consequence of civil war, 77. Licentiousness resulting from the war, 104. French manners liable to ridiculous interpretation, 109. Molière lashes these foibles, 109. Anecdotes descriptive of the state of society, 171. 217. 230. II. 45. Literature not good at the commencement of Louis XIV.'s reign, I. 262. War of the Spanish succession, 362. Invasion of Flanders, 364. The nation vain, and fond of glory, II. 21. Intolerance of the clergy of, 99. 108. Franceuil, M., his friendship for J. J. Rousseau, II. 128. 129. 135. Francis I., court of, I. 27. 30. He protects Rabelais against the Sorbonne, 32. Franciscan order, the, I. 24. Frederic the Great, king of Prussia, his correspondence with Voltaire, II. 35. He visits Strasbourg, 39. Voltaire's interview with Frederic at the castle of Clèves, 39. Description of the monarch, 39. 41. He attacks the principles of Machiavelli, 40. He seizes on Silesia, 42. Concludes peace with the empress Maria Theresa, 46. Negotiations with France, 47. The king welcomes Voltaire to Potsdam, and grants him a place and a pension, 57-65. Appoints Maupertuis, president of the Royal Academy, 54. Refuses permission to Voltaire to quit his service, 67. Their interview, 67. Reconciliation effected, 68. Frederic sends to Voltaire at Frankfort for a volume of the king's poems, 69. Voltaire's arrest until he can receive the volume left at Leipsic, 69. Frederic defeated in battle, addresses an epistle in verse to Voltaire, 73. He gains two victories, 74. His opinion of Voltaire's powers of conversation, 90. Invites J. J. Rousseau to Berlin, 157. French language: affected and extravagant style of Mlle. de Scudéri and others of the Hôtel Rambouillet, I. 107. 108. Fronde, civil war of the, described, I. 68. &c. Great men of this party enumerated, 69. The new and old Fronde, 74. Character of the times of the Fronde, 95. 96. See Life of Rochefoucauld. Furetière, abbé, his Dictionary, I. 168. Anger of against the French Academy, 168.

G.

Galen, edition of, by Rabelais, I. 26. 28. "Ars Medicinalis" of, 37. Galileo, his investigation of atmospheric laws, I. 191. Gallanous, Peter, controversy of respecting Aristotle, I. 31. Gamache, viscountess de (Eléanore de Montaigne), I. 21. "Gargantua, the Giant, and Pantagruel," of Rabelais, I. 31. Supposed personages pourtrayed in, 32. Editions thereof, 38. Gascony and Guienne, character of the people of, I. 1. Gassendi, astronomer and mathematician, instructs Chapelle and Molière, I. 99. Gaussin, Mademoiselle, celebrated and beautiful actress, II. 22. Gauthier Garguille, excellent comedian, I. 101. Gay's Fables, comparison of La Fontaine's with, I. 179. Geneva, residence of "Les Délices" acquired by Voltaire near to, II. 71. 74.362 75. Quits it for the château de Ferney, on the adjacent French territory, 76. Rousseau's early years passed at Geneva, 112. Kind reception of him at a later period by his countrymen, 137. Voltaire and d'Alembert desirous of softening the tone of society in, by establishing dramatic, representations, 149. Rousseau replies to their article for that object in the Encyclopédie, 149. Ferment at, in which the writings of Rousseau were concerned, 157. Genlis, countess de, narrates her visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. 94. Rousseau offended by, 167. Gex, town of, II. 100. Gibbon, Edward, esq. the historian, an admirer of mademoiselle Churchod, the mother of madame de Staël, II. 296. 305. Gilbert, tragedy of "Rodogune" by, I. 53. Ginguené, M., criticisms of, I. 34. Goldsmith, Oliver, opinions relative to his conversation, I. 182. Gournay le Jars, Marie de, I. 20. Publishes the Essays of Montaigne, who had treated her as a daughter by adoption, 21. Gourville, secretary to de la Rochefoucauld, I. 67. 70. 78. 79. His Memoirs referred to, 84. 120. Graffigny, madame de, II. 26. 30. 33. Grammont, count de, espouses miss Hamilton, I. 119. Greek, Rabelais familiar with, I. 38. Greek tragedy, unities of the, I. 45. 49. 52. Grignan, count de, his marriage, I. 227. Praise of him by madame de Sévigné, 227. He repairs to Provence as lieutenant-governor, 228. Grignan, countess de, daughter of madame, de Sévigné, educated by her mother, II. 218. Is presented at court, 225. Appeared at the fêtes of Versailles, 226. Her beauty celebrated by Benserade, 226. Accepts the hand of the count de Grignan, a widower, 227. Accompanies her husband to Provence, 228. Portraiture of the countess, 229. Visits of madame de Sévigné to her in Provence, 228. 241. Madame de Grignan attends her mother in Paris when ill, 245. But returns to Provence herself in ill health, 246. Renewed journeys to see her mother, and to Provence, 246. 247. 249. Her children, 248. Is on terms of affection with her mother, 250. Attended in sickness by her mother, 254. Grignan, marquis de, their son, I. 230, n. 250. 251. 254. 258. Grignan, chevalier de, an uncle, I. 246. His family, 246. 247. Grignan, Pauline de, daughter of the countess, I. 248, n. 251. She marries the marquis de Simiane, 254. 258. Grimm, baron de. Correspondence of, I. 63. II. 103. J. J. Rousseau's friendship for, 144. Account of the baron, 145. His report as to Rousseau, 164. 171. Gros Guillaume, comedian, I. 101. Gros René, comedian, I. 102. Gros René, madame, actress, I. 102. Guibert, count de, II. 98. Guise, duke of, assassinated at Blois, I. 11. Guyon, madame, enthusiasm or mysticism of, I. 340. et seq. Her fervour occasions the disgrace of Fénélon, 342. He speaks in her cause to Bossuet, 342. Her party punished, 343.

H.

Hamilton, la belle, countess of Grammont, I. 119. Hardy, early French dramatic author, I. 41. Harlay de, archbishop of Paris, I. 140. 333. Harpe, La, M., critical remarks of I. 178. 258. II. 102. Helvetius, M., II. 171. Madame Roland's opinion as to, 263. Henrietta of England, duchess of Orléans, I. 58. 308. Her death, 164. Henry, king of Navarre, I. 11. Henry IV. king of France, I. 11. Character of his court warlike and unlettered, 41. The "Henriade" a history of this great monarch and his times, II. 12. Herbault, Puits d', monk of Fontevrault, I. 31. Hippocrates, edited or translated by Rabelais, I. 26. 28. 37. His system, 26. Holland, lord, on the Spanish Drama, &c., I. 45, n. Houdetot, countess d', II. 128. Her visit to J. J. Rousseau at the Hermitage, 141. Huguenots, blame attached by Montaigne to their party, I. 12. Oppression of the, 257. Bourdaloue sent into the south to convert protestants, 257, n. Fénélon commissioned to convert the Huguenots, 333. Out of the pale of the Romish church, 339. II. 79. The dragonnades, 79. 87. Hume, David, persuades Rousseau to visit England, II. 159. Is indignant at the folly and jealousies of Jean Jacques, 162.

I.

Innocent X., condemns the five propositions on grace and election, said to be from the book on Augustin by Jansenius, I. 200. Intolerance, cases of, II. 79. 83. 85.

J.

James II., arrival of, in France, I. 251. Jansenius, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, five propositions selected by the Jesuits from his work on St. Augustin, and condemned by the Sorbonne, I. 200. Jansenists, origin of the, I. 200. Controversies respecting the abbé Arnaud, 200.; and the Lettres Provinciales, 207. Praise of education by the Jansenists, 298. Their spirit of controversy, 339. Fénélon opposed to Jansenism, 362. Persecution of the, II. 86. Jesuits, order of, I. 200. 207. They employ themselves particularly in education, 298. Polemical spirit infused by the religious orders, and an apathy for the affairs of this world, 298. Banishment of the, II. 87. Jordan, Mrs., her excellent taste, and vivacity in comedy, I. 117. Jura Mountains, peasants of the, II. 100.

K.

Keith, lord, his regard for Rousseau, II. 157. Kœnig, Prussian mathematician, II. 65.

L.

La Beaumelle, his attack on Voltaire in Prussia, II. 66. La Bruyère, his critique on Rabelais, I. 34. Describes Corneille's conversation and manner, 55. His portrait of La Fontaine, 181. La Fare, anacreontic poet, I. 171. La Fontaine, Jean de, versifier of Rabelais' Tales, I. 34. His life peaceful, 150. Born in 1621 at Château Thierry, 150. His father, 151. He enters the community of the Pères de l'Oratoire, 151. Renounces the cloister, and espouses Mlle. Marie d'Héricart, 151. Becomes master of the royal domains in his district, 151. Hears Malherbe's ode on the assassination of Henri IV., and commences poet, 152. Studies the Roman poets, 153. Verses by, 112. His "Adonis" in heroic verse, 155. His character indolent and insouciant, 155. Resides long at Château Thierry, 155. Fights M. Poignan, on account of madame de la Fontaine, 156. That officer disarms the poet both of sword and jealousy, 156. Divers reports as to the placid temper of his wife, 157. Visits Paris, but neglects business, 157. Becomes domiciled with the duke and duchess of Bouillon, 159. His intimacy with Racine, Molière, and Boileau, 160. Comfortable amid Parisian society, he forgets his wife and his home, 161. Fouquet grants him a pension, 162. He solicits that finance minister's pardon from Louis XIV., 162. 222. His "Contes et Merveilles en vers," 163. 173. Tale of "Pysche and Cupid," 163. 177. Noticed by Henrietta duchess of Orléans. 164. His tale of "Joconde," 165. His "Fables," 164. 178. 180. Is elected of the French Academy, 167. Anecdote on that subject, 167. He has the ill luck to displease the abbé Furetière by an inadvertence, 168. La Fontaine incorrigibly forgetful, 169. Forgets that he has a son, and admires him as a stranger, 169. Anecdotes exhibiting him, 170, &c. Resides in the house of madame d'Hervart, 172. 170. Decline of his health, 173. The priests constrain him to destroy some of his works, 173. And to make public reparation for the evil influence of his "Fables," 175. He recovers and writes more tales, 176. Dies, aged seventy-four, 176. Criticism on his works, 177. His dramatic pieces, 178. His tables and tales, 178. 180. English fables compared with, 179. Opinions by his contemporaries of, 181. Epitaph by himself, 182. La Harpe, M., criticisms of, I. 178. 258. II. 102. Lally-Tolendal, M. de, saved by madame de Staël, II. 315. 316. Lamb, Miss, pretty song by, I. 108. La Metrie, physician at Potzdam, II. 62. Lamoignon, M. de, premier président, I. 267. 271. Langeron, the abbé de, I. 366. "Langey, Chevalier de, Military Stratagems and Prowess of," by Rabelais, I. 37. La Noue, tragedian, II. 43. Leibnitz, letter of the celebrated, II. 65. Le Kain, tragedian, II. 54. He resides with Voltaire, and performs on his stage, 54. Le Nôtre, architect, &c., I. 112. Lettres Provinciales of Pascal, I. 198. Object of this work explained, 201. Condemnation of the book, 207. Misfortunes resulting therefrom at Port Royal, 207. L'Huilier, M., engages Gassendi to educate Chapelle the poet, I. 99. Ligne, prince de, visits Rousseau incognito, II. 165. Declares himself by letter, and kindly offers a home to J. J. Rousseau, 166. Locke, John, works of, II. 18. 24. His "Treatise on Education," 151. Longueville, duke of, I. 69. Longueville, duchess of, I. 68. Her beauty, 70. Various allusions to this princess, 72. 74. 77. Her character and religious sentiments, 83, n. Louis XIII., accession of, I. 64. Death of, 66. M. Poquelin and his son Molière his deputy, valet-de-chambre to, 100. The king causes M. de Cinq-Mars and De Thou to be beheaded, 100. Allusions to this monarch, 215. Louis XIV., grants a pension to Pierre Corneille, I. 55. His attachment to Henrietta duchess of Orléans, 58. Splendour of his court begins to be remarkable, 111. Takes a part in the ballets at court, 118. 119. Discontinues to do so, from a passage in "Britannicus" alluding to Nero, 118, n. His journeys, 120. Flattery of by the poets and savants, 163. Did not comprehend La Fontaine, 164. And delays his ratification of his being received in the French Academy, 167. Trial of Fouquet, finance minister, 112. 113. 222. 223. The king refuses to pardon him, 224. The fêtes at Versailles, 225. 256. Tournament at, Louis representing count Roger, 225. His affection for the beautiful La Vallière, 112. 119. 162. 225. 236. His court described, 244, n. His queen, 236. Secret marriage with madame de Maintenon, 87. 236. 237. 248. His reign, animadversions on, 257. 323. Age of Louis XIV. described, 269. Louis XIV. conceives a dislike for Fénélon, 333. 346. Perceives his injustice, but burns his papers, 366. Anecdotes of the king, 319. 323. Preceptors to his son and grand-sons, 334. 336, n. The Gallican church, its state in the reign of Louis XIV., 339-362. References to Louis XIV., in the life of Voltaire, II. 6. 10. Louis XV., I. 368. II. 44. 46. 47. 55. 57. 60. His inglorious old age, 101. Louis XVI., II. 86. 100. 104. For the historical events of his reign and fall, see the Lives of Condorcet, Mirabeau, &c. in Vol. II. Love and gallantry, novels breathing of, I. 107. 108. Ill taste of language relating to, 108. Purity of sentiment aimed at nevertheless, 108. Lucian, by whom imitated, I. 35. Lucretius, II. 144. Lulli, musical composer, solicits La Fontaine to write the opera of "Daphne," I. 166. His death described, 176. Luxembourg, maréchal duc de, II. 149. His kind attentions to his neighbour Jean Jacques Rousseau, 150. Luxembourg, duchess of, II. 150. 152. Her conduct with regard to Rousseau, when he was danger of arrest, 153. Lyons, almanacs calculated under the meridian of, I. 37.

M.

Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine, I. 154. Frederic the Great's work against the principles of, II. 40. Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence of Rabelais with the, I. 28. 30. "Letters from Italy" to, 37. Maine, duchess du, festivities at her château of Sceaux, II. 48. Maintenon, madame de, I. 87. Her portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, 88. Her friendship for madame de Coulanges, 234. Anecdotes of, 236. 237. 248. 282. 283. 320. 322. 323. Her estate of Maintenon, II. 21. Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe," I. 44. Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence with, II. 136. His benevolent attentions to Rousseau, 151. 152. Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. 37. Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin, I. 159. 172. Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. 90-94. Marot, Clément, admired by La Fontaine, I. 154. Marsillac, prince de, I. 65. His advice to the duchess de Chevreuse, 66. See Duke de la Rochefoucauld. Marsillac, prince de, son of the above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld in the battle of St. Antoine, I. 81. Espouses his cousin, Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, 83. Attends the duke his father in his last illness, 89. Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to Montaigne, I. 15. Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. 154. Maupertuis, M. de, II. 39. 65. His dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam, 66. "Akakia," a satire by Voltaire on, 66. 67. He challenges Voltaire, who laughs at him, 68. Maurepas, count de, II. 45. 295. 302. Mauroy, poetry of, I. 265. Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu, I. 66. Is minister in the regency of Anne of Austria, 66. Imprisons the princes Condé, Conti, and Longueville, 72. Is obliged to fly, 73. Successes of, in the royal cause, 81. Is displaced for a time, for the sake of an accommodation of the civil dissensions, 82. On his return to power he permits de la Rochefoucauld to appear at court, 84. Mazarin, duchess of, I. 159. 172. Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, I. 216. Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence of, I. 192. Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis of, descended from an Italian family named Arrighetti, II. 195. His grandfather, Jean Antoine, 196. His father, comte Victor de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami des Hommes," 197. The comté's marriage, 198. His lady's domestic happiness obstructed by a madame de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who chose to reside with them, 198. The marquis's idea of his own infallibility, 199. He became a persecutor of his son, Gabriel Honoré, the fifth child, 199.; who was born with teeth, and suffered severely from the small-pox, 199. His early talent, 199. Memoirs of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny, noticed, 200, n. Madame de Pailly cruel to this boy, 201. His early education, 201. Severity of his father, 202. The abbé Choquart, his preceptor, proud of him, 202. Is sent to join the marquis de Lambert's regiment, 202. His subsequent expostulations with his hard-hearted parent, who had imprisoned him in the fortress of the Isle of Rhé, 204. The governor sends him on the expedition to Corsica, 204. His history of that island, and an Itinerary from personal observation, 204. He avows his liking for the military profession, 205. His father praises him on his return, 206. Marries the daughter of the marquis de Marignane, 207. He incurs debts, 207. His father procures a lettre-de-cachet to confine him, 208. He writes an "Essay on Despotism," 208. Becomes jealous of the chevalier de Gassaud, 209. On hearing his explanation, he escapes to forward his projected marriage by pleading for him, 209. Meets a nobleman who had insulted his sister, and gives him a blow, 209. His father hearing of his evasion, shuts him up in a dismal castle, 209. His love adventures, 211. He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey de Monnier, to Holland, 215. Translates for the booksellers of Amsterdam, 215. M. de Monnier proceeds against the fugitives, who are condemned to punishment, 216. He is imprisoned at Vincennes, 217. His letters, 217. Fate of Sophie de Monnier, 222, n. He quits prison on coming to terms with his father, 224. He tries by law to oblige his wife to live with him, 224. Fails in his suit, 224. Is no longer injured by private enemies, 227. Is esteemed, and employed in public services, 228. His impetuous eloquence, 228. He foresees the revolution, 228. Desires to be elected a representative to the states-general, 230. The nobles of Provence exclude him by a vote from their body, 231. The people greet him on his return towards Paris, 232. Allays some outbreaks of the people of Marseilles and of Aix, 233. Is elected deputy from both those places, 234. Takes his seat in the tiers-état, 234. He declares the power of the people to be independent of the crown, 236. His eloquence in the debates, 239. Death of his father, 240. His speeches all-powerful with the assembly, 241. Supports the financial proposition of Necker for a tax on property, 243. His influence preponderates over every other, 245. Accused of being an Orleanist, 246. 247. His negotiations with the court, 248. 249. His speech on the question of the National Convention, 250. His hôtel sumptuously provided, 251. His treaty with the court, in the handwriting of Louis XVIII., 252. He declines in health, 253. His right to stand up as a dictator in the assembly questioned, 254. His policy was to head a moderate party of royalists, and to repress the Jacobins, 248. 250. 254. The king and the people alike anxious for his recovery, 255. His opinion of William Pitt, 256. His death, aged forty-two, in 1791, 256. He was the first buried in the Pantheon, 257. Courageous and warm-hearted, 258. His sayings and bon-mots are on record, 258. His style of oratory, 259. His military talents, 259. "Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I. 5. Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, considered by Boileau as the first writer of his day, I. 97. His parentage respectable, 97. Education of, 98. Taught by Gassendi, 99. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre to Louis XIII. for his father, 100. Studies the law at Orléans, 101. Private theatricals with some young friends, 101. Makes the stage his profession, 101. His company of actors, 102. Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents his writing tragedy, 103. His early comedies, 103. 105. Performs in the provinces, 102. 105. On the restoration of tranquillity at Paris, his company perform in presence of Louis XIV. and the queen-mother, 106. They are styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur," 107. His success in dramatic satire, 110. His "Ecole des Maris," 111. 112. Account of "Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce, 112. Louis XIV. commands Molière to introduce a sporting character, 113. Anecdotes of the rebuffs experienced by the dramatist as royal valet-de-chambre, 114. Louis protects him, 114. Scandal relative to Molière refuted, 115, n. 118. His marriage, 116. Not productive of Felicity, 117. 131. Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes" in reply to his detractors, 131. His "Impromptu de Versailles," 131. Louis XIV. is godfather to Molière's eldest child, 118. Molière performs "Sganarelle," 119. His "Tartuffe," anecdotes as to, 119. 120. Tumult of soldiers at his theatre, 121. The "Misanthrope," 122. "Amphitryon," scene from the, 124. "George Dandin," scene from, 127. "L'Avare," criticised by Schlegel, 127. Success of "Le Tartuffe" on its representation, 129. Molière a favourite of Parisian society, 130. Anecdotes of his circle of friends, 131. His house at Auteuil, 131. His portraiture of himself, 131, n. His "Monsieur de Pourceaugnac," 132. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" approved by Louis XIV., 133. "Fourberies de Scapin," 134. "Les Femmes Savantes," scene from, 135. His "Malade Imaginaire," 138. His own malady unfeigned, 139. Death of Molière, aged fifty-one, 139. 147. Mode of his burial because a player, 140. 141. His generosity, 143. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism of his works, 145. 146. Eloge of, 148. Marriage of his widow, 148.; and of his daughter, 149. His prediction as to "le bon homme" La Fontaine, 160. Molière willing to employ Racine as a young dramatic writer of promise, 304. His quarrel with Racine on the ill-success of "Andromaque," 304. His admiration of Racine's "Les Plaideurs," 311. Further allusions to, 262. 372. Molina, the jesuit, I. 200. Molinists, their controversy with the Jansenists, I. 201. Louis XIV.'s predilection for their doctrine, II. 6. Mondorge, comedian, relieved by Molière when in need, I. 143. Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8. 1533, in Périgord, I. 1. Pierre Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, his father, 1. Education of Michel, 2. Taught to speak Latin from his cradle, 3. Tardiness of his mind in infancy, 4. He loses at school the power of speaking good Latin acquired as a child, 5. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses," 5. Reads Virgil, Terence, and Plautus, 5. Memory defective, 6. His cheerful temper, 6, n. Lively imagination, 6, n. Pourtrays the character of Etienne de la Boétie, 7. Poem of the latter on their friendship, 7. Death of Boétie, 9. He marries, and is a good husband and tender father, 9. He loses his father Pierre Eyquem, 9. Is careful of his paternal inheritance, 10. Domestic habits, 10. Writes his Essays, 7. 10. His travels in France, 10. Visits the court and capital, 10. His moderation in politics, 11. He complains of the religious feuds, and of his being pillaged, 12. Takes no measures for defence of his château of Montaigne, 12. Is surprised by an officer and his party, who refrain from injuring him, 14. His calm composure again preserves him from danger when taken prisoner, 14. Afflicted by painful disorders he resorts to Plombières for the waters, and proceeds to Munich, &c., 15. 16. He visits Venice and Rome, 17. Is well received by the pope, 17. Familiar with Roman history, 17. He prints two books of his Essays, 17. Mode of treating the papal censures, 17. His pleasure on being declared a citizen of Rome by a bull for that purpose, 18. He offers a silver sculptured tablet, at the shrine of Loretto, 18. 19. His wife, and daughter Eléanore, 19. Sojourns at Lucca, 19. Is elected mayor of Bordeaux, crosses Mont Cénis and arrives at his château of Montaigne, 19. Is commanded by the king to till the office of mayor, and is re-elected to the same, 19. His decline and bad state of health, 19. His friendship for mademoiselle Marie de Gournay le Jars, and portrait of that lady, 20, n. His resignation when attacked with a fatal quinsy, 20. His devout behavioural. Dies 13th Sept. 1592., 21. His disposition and vivacity, 21. Descendants of, by his daughter Eléanore, 21, n. Edition of his Essays dedicated to Richelieu, 21. Instructive and entertaining character of the Essays, 22. Their originality, 22. Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice, his character, II. 128. Montauzier, duke of, husband of Julie d'Angennes, I. 128. 263, n. 312. Montespan, madame de, I. 167. 244, n. 279. 282. Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his death, I. 308. Montpellier, the faculty at, I. 27. Duprat, chancélier, deprives the physicians of their privileges, who are defended by Rabelais, 27. Montpensier, mademoiselle de, daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I. 81. Her spirit in the contest before the walls of Paris, 82. Her intercourse with madame de Sévigné, 217.

N.

Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I. 257. 323. II. 79. Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI. See Staël. Nemours, duke of, joined by the great Condé, I. 78. Is wounded in the battle of St. Antoine, 81. Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law the duke of Beaufort, 82. Nevers, duke of, I. 313. Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin Marplot" an imitation of "L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. 103. Newton, sir Isaac, II. 18. 24. 25. Nicole, M., theologian, I. 198. 267. 307. 315. Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided to, I. 120, n. Molière reads his "Tartuffe" to, 120. The marquis de Sévigné her admirer, 217. 230. The marquis de Grignan, 230, n. Ladies of the court friendly to her, 235. Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris and cardinal, I. 339. Noyer, madame du, II. 7. 8. Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration of Voltaire for, II. 8. She marries the baron de Winterfeld, 9.

O.

"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. 54. "Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. 15. Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La Fontaine by, I. 151. 155. Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. 66. 81. See Henrietta, duchess of. Orléans, duke of, regent, I. 363. II. 10. Voltaire suspected of writing the "Philippiques," a satire on the regent, 15. Ormesson, M. d', I, 223.

P.

"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. 31. 32. 34. Editions of, 38. Pantagruelian caricatures, wood-cuts, 38. "Pantagrueline Prognostication, the," I. 37. Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I. 32. 35. 38. Paris, day of the barricades, I. 68. Blockade of, 70. 217. The troops of the capital despised, 71. Riot and licentiousness, 71. The prince of Condé defeated by Turenne under the walls of, 81. Paris not favourable to stage representations during the civil war, 102. Parisian society ridiculed by Molière in his plays, 107. Parisian society in the time of Voltaire, II. 6. et seq. Reception of Voltaire at Paris in 1788, 102. Paris during the Revolution, see vol. II., lives of Mirabeau, &c. Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of, I. 183. His family noble, 184. His parents, 184. Education as proposed by his father Etienne, 185. His companions, men of science, 136. His untutored exertions in mathematics, 187. His father's delight on discovering his studies, 187. Reads Euclid by himself, 188. Writes on conic sections, 188. His sisters, 188. Jacqueline Pascal assists in obtaining their father's recal by Richelieu, 189. He studies languages and metaphysics, 190. Chronical ill-health the result of excessive application, 190. His arithmetical computator, 190. His investigation of the properties of atmospheric air, 191. "On the Equilibrium of Liquids," 194. "On the Weight of the Atmosphere." 194. His early piety, 195. His loss of health, 195. And of his father, 196. An accident in a coach influences his mind, 196. His seclusion from worldly intercourse, 197. His visits to Port Royal, 198. "Lettres Provinciales" by, 199. Success of Pascal, 201. Reputation of his work among the learned for style and eloquence, 202. His adherence to rules of privation, &c. causes chronical maladies, 204. His solution of the problem of the cycloid, and other questions in geometry, 204. His challenge to furnish a solution of these problems accepted by Wallis and Huygens, &c., 205. Pascal's triumph therein, 205. His self-denial and consequent debility, 205. 206. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned by the parliament of Provence, 207. His communications on his death-bed, 208. His death at thirty-nine years of age, 210. Consideration of his virtues and piety, 210. His "Pensées," 211. His argument against atheism, 211. His genius, 339. Fénélon's opinion of, 362. His "Pensées" arranged and attacked by Condorcet, II. 177. Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his children's talent for his recal from exile, I. 190. Made intendant at Rouen, 190. His decease, 196. Pascal, Jacqueline, I. 189. 195. 196. Particulars relative to her death when sub-prioress of the convent of Port Royal, 207. Paul III., pope, I. 28. Rabelais requests his holiness to excommunicate him, 29. Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on, I. 175. Pelletier, poetry of, I. 265. Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's cenotaph, I. 148. Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. 120. 147. Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal), I. 190. 197. Alleged miraculous cure of her daughter, a nun, at Port Royal, 202. Her life of her brother, Blaise Pascal, 202, n. She blames him for the moroseness of his seclusion and rules of life, 203. Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de Louis XIV.," I. 287. Boileau directs his satire against him, 287. his "Mother Goose's Tales," 287, n. Perrin, translator of the "Æneid," I. 265. Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles, I. 152. Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 45. 50. Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. 155. "Plutarch's Lives," I. 155. Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. 35. Poison, when innocent, 29. 30. "Polyeucte," tragedy, I. 50. Pompadour, madame de, II. 55. 57. Pomponius Lætus, I. 37. Pont, madame du, poems addressed by Corneille to, I. 43. Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais in his romance, I. 37. Pontverre, M. de, II. 116. Pope, Alexander, quotation from his works, I. 179. Port Royal, abbey of, I. 199. Angelica Arnaud, abbess, 198. Learned men who lived in retirement near this cloister, 199. Controversy of the abbé Arnaud with the Sorbonne, 200. Alleged miracle at, regarding the cure of a niece of Pascal, 201. Dispersion of the nuns, 207. Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. 266. His "Phèdre," brought out in opposition to Racine's tragedy, 312. Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of Boileau Despréaux, II. 21. "Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical comedy of Molière, I. 85. A satire of French manners, affected language, and of the clique of l'Hôtel Rambouillet, 107. 110. "Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain, I. 262, 263, n. "Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire, II. 25. 28. 33. Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment on atmospheric pressure, on the, I. 193, 194.

O.

Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II. 24. Quesnel, le Père, I. 362. Quietism, account of, I. 350. II. 87. "Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine on bark or, I. 163. 178.

R.

Rabelais, Francis, designated a great jester by lord Bacon, I. 23. Born about 1483 at Chinon, in Touraine, 23. Parentage of, and reputed propensity to wine, 23. Educated in a monastery, 24. Takes the habit of the order of St. Francis, 24. Envy at his preaching, 24. Malice of the Franciscans at, 24. Budæus laments it, 24. Alleged reasons for confining him on short commons, 25. Personates St. Francis and laughs at devotees, 25. For which he is whipt, 25. Relieved by gaiety and learning, 25. Joins the order of St. Benedict, 25. He next studies medicine at Montpellier, 26. Lectures on Hippocrates and Galen, 26. Defends the privileges of the faculty of Montpellier, 27. His scarlet gown, 27. How diminished, 27. 28. He practises at Lyons, 27. 28. Accompanies cardinal du Bellay to Rome, 27. 28. In what character, 27. 28. His epistolary correspondence, 27. 28. Interview with Paul III., 29. His notion as to excommunication, 29. Bruits as to the method of his return to Lyons and journey to Paris, 29. Takes his own supposititious poison, 30. Is librarian, &c. to Du Bellay, 30. His "Lives of the Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel," 31. Privilege of publication by king Francis, 31. Aristotelian controversy ensuing thereon, 31. His work condemned by the Sorbonne, 31. He attacked the popes and clergy of Rome, and the monastic orders, 31. Account of his book, 32. And of his religious principles, 33. De Thou's account of, 33. La Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable opinions of, 34. Bayle and Voltaire contemn him, 34. Exposition of his views, 34. Imitators of, 36. Various writings of specified, 37. "Letters from Italy," 37. Poetry of, 37. Parallel of Swift and Rabelais, 36. 37. Editions of his "Giants Gargantua and Pantagruel," 38. The "Rabelæsiana," 38. His acquisitions as an universal linguist, 38. Also in science, 38. His noble carriage and expressive physiognomy, 38. His fulfilment of duties as curé de Meudon, 39. Death aged seventy, 39. His death-bed, 39. Epitaphs for, 39. Further allusions to, 154. 170. Rabutin, family of, I. 214. Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of madame de Sévigné, I. 217. See Bussy-Rabutin. Racine, Jean, a rival of the great Corneille, I. 57. His comedy of "Les Plaideurs," 58. Pathos of his tragedy of "Bérénice," 58. His "Britannicus," 118. His daughter describes the demeanour of La Fontaine, 181. Is received at the court of Louis XIV., 279. Historiographer together with Boileau, 279. 316. They accompany the king to the siege of Gaud, 280. Racine makes several campaigns, 281. 289. 317. They read their history to the king, 282. Affair of his and Boileau's pensions, 289. His parents respectable; left Racine and his sister, orphans, 297. His education at Beauvais, 297. His predilection for the Greek tragedy, 299. His studies at Port Royal, 299. Removes to the university of Paris, 300. His ode entitled "Nymphes de la Seine," 301. Colbert rewards his early genius. 301. His ambition excited, 301. Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin, at Uzès in Provence, 302. His letters at that time, 302. His dislike of the patois of Provence, 303. His study of Virgil and St. Thomas Aquinas, 303. His "Bath of Venus," a poem, 304. Begins a play of "Theagines and Charicles," 304. He returns to Paris, occupied with poetry and the drama, 304. He writes for Molière, 304. His "Alexandre," 305. It occasions a quarrel betwixt Molière and the aspirant for fame, 306. Racine teaches la Champmélé to recite, 307. Critics attack him keenly, 307. His reply to M. Nicole of Port Royal, 307. 308. Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus," "Bajazet," "Iphigénie," "Mithridates," "Phèdre," &c., 308-312. Writes "Bérénice" in rivalry with Corneille's tragedy of, 308. His comedy of "Les Plaideurs" the result of a lawsuit in which he had been tired out and foiled, 310. Humour of this comedy, 311. Takes his seat in the French Academy, 312. His "Phèdre" brings him into disputes, which produce desire to lay down his pen, 312. 313. His religious principles, 313. His marriage, 314. Madame Racine's ignorance of poetry, 314. His daughters take the veil, 314. His new mode of life induces him to seek reconciliation with the abbé Arnaud, 315. Succeeds therein, 315. Writes "Athalie," 320. His "Esther," 251. 320. His conversations with Louis XIV. and madame de Maintenon, 320. 323. 325. Dies of an abscess, 326. Displayed the force of friendship in his last parting with Boileau, 326. Critique, 327. "Phèdre" and "Athalie," his best tragedies; "Bérénice" and "Britannicus" the most pleasing, 328. Racine, Louis, son of the tragic poet, I. 291. 307. Rambonet, Prussian councillor of state, II. 39. Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society of the, I. 84. Celebrated authors who frequented it, 85. 220. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules" designed as a satire on, 85. 107. Rameau, musical composer, II. 128. 136. Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy on Aristotle, I. 31. Rennes, in Britany, political affairs at, I. 243. Severe example made, 243. Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. 68. His projects and partisans, 69. Temporary success of the Fronde, 73. His affray with Rochefoucauld in the palace of justice, 75. In danger of violence from the mob of Paris, 76. His intrigues and artifices, 80. 82. A relation of the marquis de Sévigné, 217. His disgrace and imprisonment, 221. He escapes from the citadel of Nantes, 221. He repairs to Spain, 222. Esteem of madame de Sévigné for, 241. His death, 247. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. 77. Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's Essays dedicated to, I. 21. Policy of, 41. His dramas, 41. 43. 101. The "Comédie des Tuileries," 43. His theatre, 43. He invites the French Academy to criticise the "Cid" of Corneille, 47. He represses the powerful nobles of France, 64. His great authority, 64. His death, 65. His expedition into Rousillon when his death was approaching, with Louis XIII. in the same condition, 100. Execution of Cinq-Mars, and of de Thou, 100. He revived the arts in France, 101. Richelieu, duke of, II. 53. 107. Rochefoucauld, de la, François, duke, his experience at court, I. 63. His Maxims declare self-love the chief motive principle, 63. Dignity and ancient power of his family, 63. Obliged to quit the court, 64. Was at first called Prince de Marsillac, 65. His return on the death of Richelieu, 65. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse on her way to Paris, 66. Is wounded at the siege of Mardike, 67. Is governor of Poitou, 67. His attachment for the duchess de Longueville, 69. His gallantry and wounds, 71. Is desirous of the restoration of peace, 71. Succeeds his father as duke de la Rochefoucauld, 73. Raises troops in Guienne, and endeavours to defend Bordeaux, 73. Seizes de Retz in the palace of justice, but refrains from slaying him, 75. Is wounded by an arquebuse in the action of St. Antoine at Paris, 81. He retires to Danvilliers to recover from his wounds, 83. He quits the party of Condé, 84. His active life concludes with the pacification, 84. He gives Gourville an honourable employment in his family, 84. Is an ornament of the literary coterie of the Hôtel Rambouillet, 84. 85. His friendship for the countess de la Fayette, a celebrated novelist, 85. De Retz's character of the duke, 86, n. Rochefoucauld's couplet for the picture of the duchess of Longueville, 83. His portrait of cardinal de Retz, 86, n. Personal and moral qualities of Rochefoucauld, 87. Character of, by his contemporaries, 87. 88. His sons, 88. Madame de Sévigné's account of his last illness, 89. His death, 90. His "Maxims" reviewed, 91-95. His "Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria," 96. Some quotations from his Memoirs, 65. 68. 70, &c. Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage with the prince de Marsillac, I. 83. Rochelle, siege of La, I. 214. English descent on the Isle of Rhé for relief of the town, 215. "Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille, I. 52. Gilbert's tragedy of, 53. Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of Voltaire, II. 17. Does not choose to fight the poet, 18. Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon), her opinion of the marquis of Condorcet, II. 187. 193. Her literary reputation, 260. Her Memoirs, 260. Condition of her parents, 261. Receives a careful education, 261. Her early habits, 262. Her admiration of Pascal and the Port-Royal, 263. Vain of her intellectual powers and acquired talents, 264. Her suitors, 265. Impressions on reading the "Nouvelle Héloise," 266. Her habit of writing her remarks, 267. She lives in a convent on a scanty income, 267. M. Roland de la Platière, 268. His high character, 268. Sues for her hand, and is referred to her father, who rejects him, 269. Conduct on this event, 270. Their union takes place, 270. They travel through Switzerland and England, 271. Wish to go to America, 271. Her letters, 271. She gladly hails the revolution, 272. Her fears as to its nature, 272. Monsieur Roland deputed on financial affairs from Lyons to the National Assembly, 273. She returns to Paris, and is greatly admired, 273. Her husband consorts with the Girondists and Brissot, 273. Her political sentiments on the crisis, 275. Her republican love of liberty, 275. Roland appointed minister of the interior, 277. His costume at court, 277. Is dismissed, 278. Recalled by Louis XVI., 279. Her dread of Robespierre, Marat, and Danton, 280. Description of madame Roland by Le Montey, 281. Dumont's testimony of her modesty of demeanour, 282. Energy of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs, 282. He is the chief hope of the Girondist party, 283. He endeavours to repress the Mountain party, 285. Execution of Louis XVI., whereupon M. Roland resigns his office, 285. Madame Roland in danger of arrest, 285. Prepares to leave Paris, 285. Prevented by sickness, 286. On the order to arrest her husband she determines to appear before the Convention to expostulate, 286. Escape of her husband and fortitude with regard her own peril, 286. She was said to ad. mire the handsome Barbaroux, deputy for Marseilles, 286. Her calmness on being arrested, 287. Arranges a systematic mode of life in the Abbaie, 287. Commits her observations on the leaders of the revolution to writing, 288. Deceptive assurance of her being at liberty, 288. But carried to Ste. Pélagie, 288. She names Marceau to be her advocate, 291. Her defence written by her over-night, 291. Her sentence, 291. Is guillotined, 292. Her dying address to the statue of Liberty, 293. M. Roland, in safety at Rouen, stabs himself, not to outlive his wife, 293. Her courage and sweetness of character recorded, 293. Romance, Spanish, I. 45. Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. 28. Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited, 29. He attacks the vices of the high clergy and ignorance of the monks, 31. Rotrou, poetry of, I. 43. Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished on his dispute with M. Saurin, II. 6. His quarrel with Voltaire, 17. 31. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 88. Born at Geneva in 1712, 111. His studies in that town, 112. Early life of, 113. His "Confessions," 113. et passim. His rambles, 115. Visits the curé Pontverre, 116. Visits madame de Warens at Annecy, 117. Is sent as a proselyte to an hospital at Turin, 117. Errors and consequent remorse, 119. Leads a vagabond life, 120. Returns to madame de Warens, 121. His want of moral courage, 121. She departs for Paris, 122. Becomes a music-master at Neufchâtel, 122. And at Chambery, 124. His projects, 125. Resides with madame de Warens at Les Charmettes, near Chambery, 125. His new method of noting music, 127. Arrives in Paris, 128. Accompanies M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice, 128. Returns to Paris, and is kindly received by his former friends, 129. His mistress, Thérèse le Vasseur, 130. 144. 162. He sends their children to the Foundling Hospital, 131. His account of this act in his "Confessions," 130. Remissness of his moral sentiments, 132. His friendship for Diderot, 133. 144. Laments his friend's imprisonment, 144. The academy of Dijon having proposed a question as to the influence of the progress of arts and sciences on the happiness and virtue of man, Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts, it to be of evil tendency, and so eloquently as to bear off the palm 134. This success acquires him consideration, 135. He refuses the offer of a place with a farmer-general, although a road to fortune, 129. 135. Earns a livelihood by copying music, 135. His "Devin du Village," 136. It becomes the fashion with the great to encourage and soothe him, 136. Revisits Geneva, 137. Abjures the Romish faith, 137. He inhabits the Hermitage, near the wood of Montmorenci, 138. His writings, 139. His meditations and day dreams, 139. His "System of Education," 139. Writes the "Nouvelle Héloise," 140. 150. His declarations to madame d'Houdetot, 142. His mental sufferings nurtured by this hopeless passion, 145. Accusation against Grimm's loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau, 145. Diderot's letter to Rousseau respecting madame d'Epinay, 146. Indecision of Jean Jacques, 146. Removes to Montmorenci, 147. Diderot having offended him, seeks a reconciliation, and is repulsed, 148. The nobility court him with compassionate regard, 150. His religious principles unsettled, 152. "The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy," 152. Consequences of the publication of "Emile," 153. The "Emile" of Rousseau condemned to the flames at Geneva, 153. Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun, in the territory of Bern, 154. Exiled by the states of Bern and Geneva, he settles at Motiers, near Neufchâtel, 154. Engages in a controversy of the Genevans, 157. His "Lettres écrites de la Montagne," 157. Resides in the island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne, 158. Accompanies David Hume to England, 159. Writes the first portion of his "Confessions" at Wotton, 160. George III. grants him a pension of 100l. per annum, 161. Being half deranged, he flies to France, 161. Is protected by the prince of Conti, 162. He quits the Armenian dress he had worn for ten years, 163. Is welcomed in Paris, 163. Reads his "Confessions" to a circle of acquaintance, 164. His mode of life, and diligence in earning a subsistence, 165. The prince de Ligne takes an interest in his welfare, 165. His objection to receive presents, 167. Respect shown for him by a Parisian audience at a theatre, 168. His death, 169. Inquiry into his state of mind, 169. et passim. Inscription on his tomb, 170. His character, 171. His reveries, 172. Critique on the "Emile," 173. On the "Nouvelle Héloise," 174.

S.

Sablière, madame de la, I. 165. Her society of poets, philosophers, &c., 166. 171. Her husband, the marquis de la Sablière, 166. 171. His fate, 163. 171. Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I. 198. And of Racine, 298. Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's impassioned mysteries, I. 342. Sainte Helène, M. de, I. 223. Saint Lambert, M. de, II. 141. 143. Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs Molière, I. 102. Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais in facetiousness, I. 36. Allusions to, 283. Schomberg, count de, I. 215. Created marshal, 215. II. 145. "Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I. 37. Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on Molière, I. 108. 128. 130, n. Allusion to his works, 147. Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière, I. 146. Schlegel, William, not permitted by Buonaparte to reside at madame de Staël's at Coppet, II. 336. Scudéri, M. de, I. 45. His attack upon Corneille, 47. Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels, I. 107. Their extravagant style in language and argument, 107. Allusions to, I. 223, n. 293. Séguier, chancellor of France, I. 222. 223. Segur, count de, descended in the female line from Montaigne, I. 21, n. Seneca, tragedies of, I. 44. Sévigné, madame de, compares the genius of Corneille with Racine, and prefers the former, I. 57. Her delightful style, 85. 87. Her character of the duke of Rochefoucauld, 88. Her life narrated, 214-258. Her maiden name Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, 214. Her father, the baron de Chantal, slain at La Rochelle in an engagement with the English, 215. His laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg, 215. His family the elder branch of the Rabutins, 214. 215. His wife was Marie de Coulanges, 214. 215. Their daughter, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, born in 1626, 214. Is left an orphan, 215. Taught Italian and Latin by Ménage and Chapelle, 216. Is married to Henri, marquis de Sévigné, 216. Her children, 216. The marquise a zealous Frondeuse, 217. Her friendship with mademoiselle de Montpensier and the duchess de Châtillon, 217. Loss of her husband, 218. Educates her children, 218. Her widowhood exemplary, 218. Her grief on the loss of the abbé de Coulanges, her uncle, 223. She frequents the Hôtel Rambouillet, 220. Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his fair cousin, 221. Reconciliation, 225. He reproaches her with avarice, 225. Her sorrow for the imprisonment and exile of de Retz, 221. Her sympathy with the misfortunes of Fouquet, 222. 223, n. She retires from Paris, 225. Returns and presents her daughter at court, 225. Her journeys to her estate of Les Rochers in Brittany, 237. 239. 249.; and to see her daughter in Provence, 228. 241. Her separation from her daughter, 228. Her son accompanies an expedition to Candia, 226. His attachment for Ninon de l'Enclos, 230. He marries and retires to his estates in Brittany, 231. 240. 247. 249. Madame de la Fayette and other friends of madame de Sévigné, 231. Her life in Brittany described, 240. 241. Seized with rheumatism, 244. She is out of favour at court, as being a Jansenist, 248. 249. 257. She spends her latter years with her daughter in Provence, 253. Final visit to Paris, 254. She dies at Grignan, aged 70. 254. Opinions on her character and literary merit, 255-258. Her family now extinct, 258. Remark of madame de Sévigné, II. 207. Her correspondence:—Letters to her daughter, madame de Grignan, I, 220. 224. 237. 238. 239. 241. 244. 246. 247. 248. 251. Her letters to her cousin the count de Bussy-Rabutin, 217. 226. 227. 247. 249. 251. Her letters to various friends, 223. Letters from count de Bussy to madame de Sévigné, 219. Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. 216. His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal at first happy, 216. Their son and daughter, 216. His relationship to the cardinal de Retz, 217. The marquis and his celebrated lady join the Fronde, 217. His affection for Ninon de l'Enclos, 217. Killed by the chevalier d'Albret in a duel, 218. Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's remarks on, II. 101. Sirven family, case of the, II. 83. "Songes Drolatiques," to whom ascribed, I. 38. Sophocles, I. 40. II. 15. His "Œdipus Tyrannus," 16. Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais' "Pantagruel," I. 31. The "Philosophical Cream," a burlesque on the schoolmen of, 38. Condemns the book on St. Augustin, by Antony Arnaud, 200. Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur, I. 113. Spain, the modern drama takes its rise in, I. 41. Guillen de Castro, 45. Lope de Vega, 51. War of with France during the minority of Louis XIV., 67. Staël Holstein, baronne de, her father, M. Necker, placed in the banking-house of Thelusson, II. 295. His essay on corn-laws, 295. Marries mademoiselle Churchod, 296. Their only daughter, 296. Early instructions and habits of madame de Staël, 297. Attention paid her in society by men of letters, 297. Her attention to their discourse, 298. Her taste for society thus acquired, 298. Fears with regard to her health, 299. She attributes her frankness, to her father's quick perception of her faults, 300. His high repute in France, 301. His "Compte Rendu," 301. 304. Retires to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva, 302. His work on finance, its enormous sale, 303. Mlle. Necker begins to write at an early age, 303. Her Plays and Tales printed, 303. Her suitors, 304. Mr. Gibbon a visitor at Necker's, 305. She espouses the baron de Staël Holstein, 305. Her letters on the writings of Rousseau, 305. Portrait or character of her at this period, 306. Her father restored to the ministry by Louis XVI., 307. His moderation, 307. Is again exiled, and ordered to depart silently, 308. Necker and his wife repair to Brussels. 309. Madame de Staël's remarks on joining him there, 309. His generosity in financial matters toward the nation, 309. The Bastille being destroyed, Louis again sends for him, and he returns to Paris, 310. The baroness describes their journey, 311. She witnesses many events of the revolution, 312. Interview with Marie Antoinette, 313. Necker resigns on account of the issue of assignats, which he disapproved, 313. Madame de Staël shares in Lafayette's plan for effecting the escape of the king, 314. Her carriage stopped by the republicans, 314. Her courage, 314. Sets out from Paris, 315. Carried before the section of St. Germain, 316. She pleads before Robespierre's tribunal her being the ambassadress from Sweden, 316. Is saved by the interposition of Manuel, 316. Is allowed to leave Paris with her maid only, 317. Her joy on traversing Mount Jura and arriving at her father's at Coppet, 317. Visits England, 317. Her father's pamphlet in favour of Louis XVI., and her appeal for the queen, 318. Death of madame Necker, 318. M. de Staël repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador, accompanied by the baroness, 319. Although denounced in the reign of terror, her influence was still great, 320. Her feelings and character depicted, 320. Her first meeting with Buonaparte unpropitious, 321. Invasion of Switzerland, 322. She repairs to Coppet to M. Necker, 322. Witnesses the revolution which established Buonaparte, 323. Her conversation with Joseph Buonaparte, 324. Benjamin Constant her friend, 324. Enmity of Napoleon on account of Constant's opposition, 325. Her loss of her husband in 1799, 327. Her novel of "Delphine," 327. Its charm, 327. Her love of her father, 328. On the expiration of the peace of Amiens she is exiled from Paris, 329. She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant to Weimar and Berlin, 330. Her "Années d'Exil" one of her best writings, 330. 339. Death of her father, 331. Her affection for her children, 331. Her society, 331. Publishes the writings of M. Necker, 331. Visits Rome and writes "Corinne," 331. Opinion of that work in Italy, 332. Publishes "Corinne" at Rouen, 332. Her perception of ennui, 333. Her sentiments, 333. Intends publishing her "Germany" at Blois, 331. The impression is seized, and she is ordered to quit France, 331. Persecution of her unabated, 335. She accompanies M. de Montmorency in a tour through Switzerland, 336. Madame Recamier banished for having spent a few hours with her, 336. M. Rocca, a young Spanish officer in the French army, wounded, visits Geneva, 337. Falls in love, 337. Madame de Staël marries him, 338. She escapes from Coppet, 338. Journey through Austria, Poland, Russia, and Sweden, to England, 338. 339. Admired by the English, 339. Louis XVIII. repays to her two millions which her father had generously advanced to Louis XVI., 339. Lord Byron thought likely to marry Albertine de Staël, her daughter, 339. Byron living at Diodati visits at Coppet, 310. Her daughter marries the duke de Broglie, 310. Madame de Staël's piety, 341. Her remark upon life, 341. Her resignation in sickness, 341. Her death in Paris, aged nearly fifty-two, 341. M. Rocca survived his wife but a few months, 341. She had many enemies, the result sometimes of envy of merit, 342. Her love of France, 342. Chateaubriand's opinion of her, 343. Interest of her works, 343. Stanislas, king of Poland, II. 49. 51. Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I. 37. St. Evremond, M. de, I. 57. St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. 128. His account of J. J. Rousseau, 167. St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. 139. Sully, duke of, I. 41. His administration, 64. Sully, duke of, a warm friend of Voltaire, II. 17. Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and "Tale of a Tub," I. 36.

T.

"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. 119. Application of the character to the bishop of Autun, 147. Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. 222. 224. Tellier, archbishop of Rheims, I. 339, n. Tencin, cardinal, II. 71. 74. Terence, comedies of, I. 153. 155. Theatre, French, mysteries and moralities preceded the regular drama, I. 41. Indebted to Spanish dramatists, 41. "Mélite," by Corneille, 42. Dramas of Hardy, 41. 42. Of cardinal de Richelieu, 41. 43. Theatre in the cardinal's palace, 43. "Sophonisba" of Mairet, 44. Plays of Corneille critically examined, 45-59. His "Essais sur le Théâtre," 54. Voltaire's rules for French diction in tragedy, 61. Corneille's style, 62. Molière's first comedy of "L'Etourdi," 103. His "Le Dépit Amoureux," 103. Farcical interludes of merit by Molière, 105. These form the groundwork of his best comedies, 105. Theatres of Paris in the time of Molière, 106. 304. Racine's comedy of "Les Plaideurs," 310. Voltaire's "Œdipe" and numerous dramas, II. 15. et seq. Thianges, madame de, I. 278. Thiers, M., his "History of the French Revolution," II. 273. Thiriot, M., early companion of Voltaire, II. 9. 16. 32. 107. Thomas, M., French writer and poet, II. 171. Thou, De; president, his opinion of Rabelais, I. 33. Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate, letter of Rabelais to, I. 25. 26. Torricelli, mathematician, I. 192. Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury" of, I. 31. Toulouse, judgments by the parliament of, II. 79. 83. Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille, the father of. I. 40-62. Thomas Corneille's plays, 56. Racine's tragedies, 58. Voltaire's Commentary on Corneille, 45, n. 61. Voltaire's tragedies, II. 15. 19. 22. 25. 45, &c. Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. 72. 81. 106. 299. Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction with Condé at Rocroi, I. 67. Gives battle to the prince of Condé, 83.; and defeats him, 81. His death, 241. Turgot, M., finance minister, II. 100. 101. 178. Turlupin, French comedian in Molière's time, I. 101.

U.

Unity of time in dramatic works, critique on the, I. 45. 49. 52.

V.

Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite of Louis XIV., I. 112. 119. 162. 225. 236. Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa," I. 51. 102. Vendôme, duke of, II. 6. Versoi, village of, II. 100. Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen de Parvenir," I. 36. Victoire, the abbé de la, I. 263. Villars, maréchale, de, II. 17. Villars, duchess de, II. 9. 45. Villette, M. and madame de, II. 102. Virgil, extraordinary commentary on a line of, II. 144. Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I. 301. Voiture, his poetry addressed to Julie d'Angennes, I. 108. Fabulous adventure in punishment of his insolence towards her, 108. Is styled Alcovist, 109. His conceits, 153. Anecdote relative to, 159. Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de, observations of, I. 30. His pillage of Rabelais, 34. His Commentary on the "Cid," 45, n. 61. Patronises a lady descended from the daughter of Corneille, 61. His observation on the duke of Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," 63. His opinion of Molière, 146. On Pascal, 203, n. Of madame de Sévigné, 255. His censure of Boileau, 264, n. His "Siècle de Louis XIV.," 345, n. His letters, II. 1. His infidel principles, 2. Distinction between Christianity and that religion known as the church of Rome, 2. His birth in 1694, 4. Educated in the college of Louis-le-Grand, 5. Introduced to Parisian society, 6. His love for mademoiselle du Noyer, 8. His reconciliation with his father, M. Arouet, 9. Is placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney, 9. Is enamoured with madame de Villars, 9. He visits M. de Caumartin, 10. His return to Paris, the duke of Orléans being regent, 11. Is sent to the Bastille for verses imputed to him, 11. Liberated on the mistake being proved, 11. Writes the "Henriade," 12. Its interest, 14. His tragedy of "Œdipus." 15. 19. His mode of life, 16. Visits the châteaux of the nobility, 16. Has the small-pox, 16. His tragedy of "Mariamne," 16. Visits Holland, 17. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau, 17. Is insulted by Chev. de Rohan, challenges him; but is sent to the Bastille, banished, and visits England, 18. Studies Locke and Newton, 18. An edition of the "Henriade," in London, enriches him, 19. 20. Returns to Paris, 19. Success of his tragedies, 19. The priests detest him, 19. Acquires some wealth by his pen and by inheritance, 20. Purchases the estate of Voltaire, and assumes that name, 21. His attachment for madame du Châtelet, 21. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile" unsuccessful tragedies, 22. Pathos of his "Zaire," 22. Rapidly composed, 22. Its success, 22. Increase of his fame, 22. His "Charles XII.," 23. "Siècle de Louis XIV.," 23. 25. 30. 60. 64. Is constrained to withdraw into Normandy, having offended the clergy, 64. His "Lettres sur les Anglais," 64. Lettre de cachet issued against him for that publication, 24. 32. Conceals himself at the marquis du Châtelet's in Champagne, 32. His "Mérope," "Mahomet," &c., 25. He acts in a private theatre, 25. Writes the "Pucelle d'Orléans," 25. 28. 33. Revisits Cirey and the marquis du Châtelet, 26. 28. His conduct towards madame de Graffigny, 33. His "Correspondence" with Frederic the Great, 35. 37. The poet and king flatter and quarrel, 36. Visits Frederic in Germany, 39. "Mahomet" performed at Lille, 43. Desires a seat in the French Academy, 44. 56. Cabal to oppose him, 45. Success of his "Mérope," 45. Is sent to the Hague and to Berlin as an envoy from Louis XV., 46. He returns to France, 47. Visits the duchess du Maine, and writes "Zadig," 48. Acts at Sceaux the part of Cicero in his "Rome Sauvée," 48. He visits king Stanislas at Luneville, 49. 51. His "Semiramis," 49. Ill of fever at Chalons, 50. "Catiline," 51. He settles in Paris, and receives his niece madame Denis to preside in his house, 55. 55. Private theatre in his house, 55. Account of Voltaire by Le Kain, 54. Visits Frederic at Potsdam, 57. Is appointed chamberlain by that monarch, 58. A pension granted him, 59. Discontents, 61. Frederic requiring a strict attention to his injunctions, 69. Voltaire rendered suspicious, 63. Becomes indignant, 66. Satirizes Maupertuis, 66. 67. His amicable interview with the monarch, 68. He repairs to Saxe Gotha, 69. Meets madame Denis at Frankfort, 69. Is arrested, 69. Letter of the king, 70. 71, n. His journey to Lyons, 71. Consults Dr. Tronchin at Geneva on his health, 72. Purchases a house near Geneva named "Les Delices," 71. 74. Composes tragedies, and writes "Candide," 74. His "Manners and Spirit of Nations," 74. Some dangers impend over him, 75. Force of his satire, 75. His château of Ferney on the borders of France and Geneva, 76. The "Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot and d'Alembert, 77. Voltaire writes some literary articles for it, 77. Case of Jean Calas, broken on the wheel on a false accusation, 79. Voltaire succeeds in proving his innocence, 81. Exculpation and relief of the surviving family, 82. Case of the Sirven family, 83. Case of the chevalier de la Barre, 84. Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 88. His conversation delightful, 90. Visited by Marmontel, 91. By the countess de Genlis, 94. Attempted persecution of, by the bishop of the diocese, 99. Residence of Voltaire, through his active spirit of charity and improvement, a blessing to the district, 100. He repairs to Paris in 1788, 102. His tragedy of "Irene," 103. Honourable reception of the poet, 103. His profession of faith, 104. His death, 106. His friendly and forgiving nature, 107. Criticism on his works, 109. His plays, 109. Was visited at Ferney by Condorcet and d'Alembert, 176.

W.

Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire, II. 105. Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter on the subject of Rousseau, II. 159. 161. His contempt of Rousseau, 164. Warens, countess de, II. 117. Her history told by Jean Jacques Rousseau, 117-128. 137. Winterfeld, baron de, II. 9. Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly Mlle. du Noyer, II. 8. 9. Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country Girl," imitated from Molière, I. 117.

THE END.

TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.

DANTE ALEGHIERI.

A. D.

PAGE

His Descent

1

His Birth

1265.

2

His Mother's Dream

3

Brunetto Latini

4

Story of his early Love for Beatrice

6

Her Death

1290.

7

"Vita Nuova"

7

Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life

9

His Marriage with Madonna Gemma

10

The Guelfs and Ghibelines

13

The Battle of Campaldino

1289.

14

Dante serves in the Cavalry

14

Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of this Conflict

15

He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona

15

Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI.

15

He is chosen chief Prior of his native City

16

Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri

17

The Cerchi and the Donati

18

Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the Bianchi

19

Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party

20

He vindicates himself

20

Entrance of Charles into Florence

20

The Recal of the Neri

20

Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile

21

Embassy of Dante to Rome

21

Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of others

21

Confiscation of Dante's Property

22

His Banishment

22

He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo

23

Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence

23

Pietro Petracco

23

Dante quits the Confederacy

23

His personal Humiliation

24

Extract from his "Purgatorio"

24

Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany

1308.

26

Dante professes himself a Ghibeline

26

Henry of Luxembourg poisoned

1313.

26

Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia"

26

He wanders from one petty Court to another

27

Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo

27

Anecdote of him while at Verona

28

Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna

29

Mental Sufferings of Dante

30

His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to return to his Country

31

Extracts from his "Paradiso"

32

His Residence at Ravenna

32

His Death

1321.

33

A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael Angelo

34

Dante—his Tomb at Ravenna

35

Restoration of his Property to his Family

35

The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the Pope

35

Description of Dante by Boccaccio

36

Musical Talents of Dante

37

Extract from his "Purgatorio"

37

His two Sons the first Commentators

39

Lyrics of Dante

41

Origin of the "Divina Commedia"

43

Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia"

44

Extracts from the "Inferno"

46

Strictures on it

51

And on the "Inferno"

53

PETRARCH.

His Progenitors

1302.

61

Their Banishment from Florence

61

Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment

1305.

62

They remove to Pisa

1312.

62

They proceed to Avignon

62

They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes acquainted with Settimo

1315.

63

He enters the University of Montpellier

1319.

63

His Father destines him for the Law

63

His Aversion to it

64

He goes to Bologna

1323.

64

His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he abandons the Law

64

He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a Favourite with the Nobles

65

His Person

65

His Friendship for John of Florence

65

Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent

66

His Friendship for Petrarch

67

Character of Petrarch

68

(April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura

1327.

68

His Devotion to her

70

His poetic Life commences

71

His Patriotism

72

Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch accompanies him to his Bishoprick

1330.

72

His Friendship for Lello and Louis

72

He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant

1331.

73

He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons

75

His Arrival at Rome

76

(August 6th.) He returns to Avignon

76

His Excursion to Mont Ventoux

76

His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis

77

His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse

78

A Description of it

78

Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre

80

Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry

81

Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate of Petrarch

83

Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna

84

Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former

1340.

85

His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples

1341.

86

(April 17th.) His Coronation

86

He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma

87

He meets Azzo Correggio

87

Death of Giacomo Colonna

87

Early Death of Thomas of Messina

87

Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends

88

He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession of Pope Clement VI.

89

He meets Laura at Avignon

89

His Confidants

90

Death of Robert, King of Naples

1343.

91

He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna

91

Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna

92

Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and assumes the Name of Tribune

1345.

92

Change produced by him in the State of the Country

92

Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses

93

He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma

1347.

94

Downfal of Rienzi

94

The Plague in Italy

1348.

94

(January 25th.) An Earthquake

94

(April 6th.) Death of Laura

94

Petrarch's Account of it

94

He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee

1350.

98

Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua

98

Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property

1351.

99

Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon

100

His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician

100

He revisits Vaucluse

100

Death of Pope Clement VI.

1352.

100

Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent

101

His Treatise "On Solitary Life"

101

He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan

1353.

101

Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua

1354.

102

He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy

102

Petrarch at Milan

1355.

103

He is sent on two Missions—one to Venice, the other to Prague

103

Invasion of France by the English

1360.

103

Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from Imprisonment

103

He returns to Italy

104

His Letter to Settimo

104

Italy again visited by the Plague

1361.

105

Death of Petrarch's Son

105

Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch

106

The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared

106

"The Triumph of Death"

107

Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death

107

Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch

1363.

110

Leonzio Pilato's Death

110

Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V.

1367.

110

His Reply

110

Petrarch suffers from Fever

1369.

110

(January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how he was"

1372.

112

His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio

1374.

113

His Death

114

His Will

114

BOCCACCIO.

Origin of his Family

115

His Birth

1313.

116

He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law

1329.

117

His Dislike for this Study

1333.

117

He goes to Naples

117

He visits the Tomb of Virgil

1338.

118

A Description of it

118

Boccaccio—his Admiration of it

119

Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection for Literature

1341.

120

Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary

121

Some Account of her

121

Her Person

122

His first Book, "Filocopo"

123

The Story of it

123

His Style

124

His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father

1342.

125

His "Ameto"

126

He returns to Naples

1344.

126

Death of King Robert

126

Queen Jane and her Court

126

"Filostrato," of Boccaccio

126

His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione"

127

He writes "The Decameron"

1348.

127

The Preface

127

Description of the Plague in Florence

128

Critique on the "Decameron"

130

Burning of the "Decameron"

1497.

130

The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the "Decameron" published

1527.

130

Return of Boccaccio to Florence

1350.

131

His various Embassies

131

He visits Petrarch at Padua

1351.

132

He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria

133

Again sent on a Mission to Avignon

1354.

133

His violent Party Feelings

133

His Letter to Petrarch

133

Petrarch's Answer

134

Boccaccio—his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients

135

His celebrated Copy of Dante

136

He visits Petrarch at Milan

137

Moral Change in him

137

A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work

1361.

139

He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch

140

Petrarch's Letter in Answer

140

Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples

1363.

142

He invites Boccaccio to his Palace

142

His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio

143

He removes from his Palace in consequence

143

He returns to Florence

143

His Residence at Certaldo

144

His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium"

145

His Embassy to Pope Urban V.

1355.

145

He projects a Visit to Venice

145

His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing

145

His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria

1370.

147

He visits Naples

1372.

147

He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo

1373.

147

His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods"

147

The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina Commedie" conferred on him

148

Petrarch's Death

1374.

149

Grief of Boccaccio

149

(December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio

1375.

149

LORENZO DE' MEDICI.

Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &c.

151

Platonic Doctrines in Italy

1438.

151

Gemisthus Pletho

151

The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo

152

His Death

1464.

152

Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence

152

The Pazzi Conspiracy

1478.

152

Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence

1479.

152

Lorenzo de' Medici—his Firmness and Talents

1480.

152

He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with Florence

153

A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted

153

Lorenzo de' Medici—his Commentary on his first Sonnet

155

Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets

156

His "Nencia da Barbarino"

157

And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi"

157

His descriptive Poems

158

His Death

1492.

159

MARSIGLIO FICINO.

His Birth

1433.

159

He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici

160

His "Platonic Institutions"

160

His "Treatise on the Origin of the World"

160

He assumes the Clerical Profession

1468.

160

He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence

1475.

160

(October 1st.) His Death

1499.

161

GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.

His Birth

1463.

161

His Parentage

161

He visits Rome

161

His 900 Propositions published

162

His Persecution and Death

1494.

162

ANGELO POLIZIANO.

(July 24th.) His Birth

1454.

162

In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici

163

He engages him as Tutor to his Children

164

He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the University of Florence

165

His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário

1492.

165

Disasters which befell the Medici

166

Politian's Monody on Lorenzo

166

(September 24th.) Politian.—His Death

1494.

167

BERNARDO PULCI.

His Origin

167

His Works

167

LUCA FULCI.

His Works

167

LUIGI PULCI.

Author of the "Morgante Maggiore"

168

Critique on "Morgante Maggiore"

168

The Family of the Heroes of Romance

169

Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore"

171

The Subject of the Poem

172

CIECO DA FERRARA.

Author of "Mambriano"

1509.

179

BURCHIELLO.

His Death

1448.

180

BOJARDO.

Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors

181

His Birth

1434.

181

His Parents

181

His Education

181

He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III. to Ferrara

1469.

181

Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke

1471.

181

Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture

181

Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea

1472.

182

Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to Ferrara

1473.

182

He is made Governor of Reggio

1478.

182

His Death

1494.

182

His Lyrical Poetry

182

His Classical Works

182

An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato"

183

BERNI.

Francesco Berni

188

His Birth

188

His early Life

188

The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi

188

Rome plundered by the Colonna

1526.

188

(July 26th.) Death of Berni

1536.

189

Publication of his "Rifacimento"

189

Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato"

192

His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto

193

His Person and Disposition

193

An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour

194

Bernese Poetry

195

ARIOSTO.

(September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth

1474.

196

His Lineage

196

His early Studies

197

Latin the universal Language of Writers

198

The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages into modern Tongues

199

Death of Ariosto's Father

199

His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence

199

His filial and paternal Affection

200

His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso

200

His Sisters

200

A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother

201

His Bagatelles

202

He composes his "Orlando Furioso"

203

His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in Latin

204

The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the Vatican

204

Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion

205

Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians

205

The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna

205

The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the River Po

205

Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion

205

His second Embassy to Rome

206

His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff

206

Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable Julius

207

And the perfidious Treatment he receives

207

The singular Manner in which he retaliates

207

The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso"

1515.

207

Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it

208

The last Edition

1532.

208

Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick

208

Their consequent Estrangement

209

A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural Conduct of the Cardinal

209

Independence of Ariosto

210

Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a Poet

210

Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro

212

Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso

217

Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances

218

His Reasons for not taking Orders

219

Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso"

219

What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.?

220

Extracts from his Satires

221

The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso

226

His Government of Graffagnana

226

His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours

227

Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote

228

Extract from his Satires

229

He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome

230

His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo

230

His Release from his Government

232

He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works

232

A curious Anecdote of him when a Child

232

Remarks on his Writings

234

Ariosto, his last Illness

1532.

234

Apocryphal Traditions of him

235

His Person

235

His Character

236

His Sons

237

His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals

237

A Translation of one of his Sonnets

238

Difficulty of translating his Works

239

English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso"

239

His Recitation

240

Anecdote of him

240

His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits

241

His Reveries

242

His last Hours

243

His Monument

244

Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso"

245

Critical Remarks on it

247

A Sequel and Imitation of it

250

MACHIAVELLI.

Origin of his Family

850.

256

(February 3d.) His Birth

1469.

257

His Parentage

257

Nothing known of his Childhood and Education

257

Paul Jovius

257

Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil

1494.

257

Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola

1497.

258

Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor

258

Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court

1498.

258

Is Secretary of the Council of Ten

259

His Missions to various Sovereigns and States

259

Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels

1492.

259

Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy, instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown

260

Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family

1493.

260

Italy overrun by Charles

260

The Italian System of Warfare

260

Death of Charles VIII.

1498.

261

Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan

261

Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they implore Charles to restore their Independence

1501.

261

Pisa besieged by the Florentines

1500.

262

Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions

262

They fail in their Object, and return to Italy

263

Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia

263

Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of Alexander VI.

264

His Character

264

Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the Church

264

His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he causes to be waylaid and murdered

264

He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of Valence in France

265

He determines to form the Principality in Italy

265

His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.

265

His Attack on Bologna

266

Revolt of his chief Condottieri

266

Conspiracy of Magione

267

Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola

1502.

268

His Interview with Caesar Borgia

268

His Opinion of him

268

Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself

269

His Policy

269

Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola

269

Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence

269

His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia

270

His Admiration of Borgia's Talents

271

Machiavelli solicits to be recalled

271

Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates

271

Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject

272

Borgia leaves Imola

273

Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena

273

His Letter

273

He again writes from Cesena

274

The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia

275

Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia

275

He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners

275

Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction

275

His Letter

275

Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates

276

(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic

277

His Recal to Florence

1503.

278

His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli

278

The "Decenal"

278

An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia

279

Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from Poison

280

(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander

281

Accession of Pope Pius III.

281

Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia

281

Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia

281

Julius II.

281

Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See

282

Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on board a French Galley

283

He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated

283

He goes to Naples

283

He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the Fortress of Medina del Campo

284

His Escape and Death

1506.

284

Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France

1504.

284

Peace between France and Spain

284

Formation of a native Militia in Florence

1506.

285

Pope Julius II., his Projects

285

The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at Rome; his Letters

285

Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at Trent

1507.

286

Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to Trent

1508.

286

On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"

286

Pisa besieged by the Florentines

1509.

286

Machiavelli sent to assist them

286

Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope

287

Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters

1510.

287

His Audience with the King at Blois

288

Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence

1511.

288

Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa for it

288

Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to recal this Offer

288

Disastrous War, the Consequence

289

Diet of Mantua

1512.

289

Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence

289

Restoration of the Medici

289

Machiavelli deprived of his Place

291

Conspiracy against the Medici

291

Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison in consequence

291

He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.

291

His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation

1513.

291

Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli

292

His Letter in Reply

292

Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli

293

Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori

294

Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"

297

Machiavelian Policy

300

His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"

304

His "Art of War"

304

His "Belfegor"

304

His Comedies

304

His Letter to Vettori

1514.

305

Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice

1519.

306

Machiavelli, his Reply

306

His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"

306

Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi

1521.

306

Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment; Machiavelli, his Reply

307

Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of Florence

1524.

307

Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes Machiavelli his Historiographer

1526.

308

Deplorable State of Italy

308

Constable Bourbon at Milan

308

Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at Florence

309

Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna

1527.

309

A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.

310

(6th of May.) Sack of Rome

310

Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo

310

He returns to Florence

310

His Death

311

His Wife and Children

311

His Person and Character

311

Complete Edition of his Works published

1782.

312

His Descendants

312

TABLE ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.

GALILEO.

A. D.

PAGE

(15th of February.) His Birth

1564.

1

His Ancestors

2

His early Years

3

A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa

1581.

3

Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus

3

His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance

4

Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity of solid Bodies

4

Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa

4

Giordano Bruno burnt

1600.

4

Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian Laws of Gravity

5

Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries

6

A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed by Don Giovanni de' Medici

6

Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence

6

He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Padua

1592.

6

Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System

1593.

7

He meets with an Accident

9

He completes his first Engagement at Padua

9

Is re-elected other six Years

1598.

9

Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba

10

A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo

1604.

10

Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua

1606.

10

His increasing Popularity

10

His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone

10

Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published

1500.

11

His Death

1603.

11

Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa

11

The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of urging them

12

Dutch Telescopes

13

Galileo constructs his first Telescope

13

Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice

14

The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect

15

Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon

16

His Examination of the fixed Stars

16

The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo

1610.

18

Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published

18

Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler

19

Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo

20

Simon Mayer

21

Discovery of new Satellites

21

First Enigma of Galileo published

23

His Observations on Saturn and Venus

23

His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal Garden

1611.

24

(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots

24

Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)

1610.

25

Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar Spots

26

These Letters answered by Galileo

26

Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo

26

His Observations on Saturn

27

The Subject of floating Bridges discussed

28

Galileo "On Floating Bodies"

28

His Letter to the Abbé Castelli

1613.

31

Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit

31

Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct

31

Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian

31

(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition

1615.

31

He renounces his Opinions

33

The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition

34

Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.

1616.

34

Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este

34

Negotiations of Galileo with Spain

35

Three Comets appear

1618.

36

Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci

1619.

36

"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"

37

Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"

1623.

37

Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne

37

Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.

1624.

38

His Reception

38

Death of Cosmo

1629.

39

Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo

39

Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System

1630.

41

"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"

1632.

42

Influence of this Work on the public Mind

43

Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition

44

(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome

1633.

45

Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him

46

Trial of Galileo

47

(22d of June.) His Sentence

48

His Abjuration

49

What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?

50

Imprisonment of Galileo

52

He leaves Rome

52

He returns to Arcetri

52

Death of his Daughter

53

His Indisposition and Melancholy

53

He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence

1638.

53

Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him

54

His "Dialogues on Local Motion"

54

Discovery of the Moon's Libration

55

Blindness of Galileo

1637.

56

He is visited by a Number of Strangers

58

(8th of January.) His Death

1642.

58

His Epitaph and Monument

95

His House

60

His domestic Character

60

His Person

60

His scientific Character

61

GUICCIARDINI.

(6th of March.) His Birth

1482.

63

His Parentage

63

His Education

64

He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws

64

His Marriage

64

Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King Aragon

65

He returns home

65

Leo X. visits Florence

65

Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona

65

He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena

66

Death of Leo

66

Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma

66

Made President of Romagna

67

His Administration

67

Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army

67

The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence

67

Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed

67

The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility

67

Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it

68

Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici

69

Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII.

69

Their united Arms turned against Florence

69

Second Restoration of the Medici

70

Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence

70

The Office of Gonfaloniere established

70

Alessandro de' Medici named Duke

70

His disgraceful Birth

70

His Vices

71

Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna

71

Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici

72

Cosmo raised to the supreme Power

72

Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici

72

(27th of May.) His Death

1540.

74

VITTORIA COLONNA.

Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy

75

Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her

1465.

76

Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage

1490.

77

Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara

77

Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna

77

His Testimony of Affection to his Wife

77

Her Answer

78

Death of Pescara

78

Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence

79

Her Poetry

80

Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo

81

Her Death

1547.

81

GUARINI.

His Birth

1537.

82

Little known of his early Life

82

His Marriage

82

His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro Loredano

1565.

83

His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII.

1571.

83

His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his Accession

1573.

83

On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State

83

His second Visit to Poland

83

(25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey

1575.

83

His "Pastor Fido"

87

His Quarrel with Tasso

87

He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his Villa

1582.

88

His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin

1585.

91

Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State

1586.

92

His Missions to Umbria and Milan

92

His Quarrel with his Son

92

He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy

1590.

93

He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua

93

He loses his Wife

1591.

93

His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga

93

His Visit to Urbino

94

He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate Paul Usur