Volume 4 — CHAPTER XI (continued 2)

Amesha-spentas, the, 320, 703, 738

Amon-Ra, supremacy of, 727

Amulets, phallos and yoni as, 405, 406 n. 3

Anahita, 739

Ancestor-worship, 360 ff.; moral power of, 380; origin of totemism sought in, 544, 549

Anchor, worship offered to, 891

Androgynous deities, 407 ff.

Angels, guardian, 673; as rain-givers, 315 n. 6; originators of arts, 843

Angro Mainyu, 976

Animals, abodes of souls, 25, 31; connection of, with phallic deities, 419; cult of, 241-261; domestication of, ascribed to totemism, 564-569; morning prayers to, 573; whether religious sense in, 12 n. 2

Anthesteria, the, apotropaic element in, 374; prohibition of work in, 602

Aphrodite, history of, 793 f.; represented by a stone, 292

Apocrypha, the, recognition of, 1131

Apollo, development of, 770; Delphian hymn to, 1088

Apostle, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Apotheosis, Roman, 353

Apuleius, his conception of Isis, 1114

Arabia, supposed abstract gods in, 698 ff.; worship of morning star in, 717

Aramea, deities of, 764

Areoi, the, church-form of, 1096; future privileges of, 74; tyranny of, 531

Ares, history of, 775

Ark, the Israelite, 291

Arrows, Arab divination by, 918

Arta, Vedic, 688

Artemis, functions of, 788; Ephesian, image of, 300 n. 1

Arval Brothers, the, 800

Asha, Avestan, 688

Ashanti, gods of, 660

Ashera, Hebrew, origin of, 272

Ashtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Ashtart, shem Baal, meaning of, 409

Ashur, god, nature of, 759

Ashurbanipal, dreams of, 922

Assyria, influence of priests in, 1068

Astrology, development of, 850, 914 f.

Asylums, graves as, 369; temples as, 1085

Atargatis, origin and cult of, 399

Aten, as sole ruler, 989

Atharva-Veda, magic in, 902

Athene, history of, 791 f.

Athtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Atonement, Hebrew annual ceremony of, 142

Attis, origin and cult of, 271, 413, 1066; death of, 283

Augustus, religious reconstruction by, 353; temples consecrated to, 347

Australia, absence of sacrifice in, 10; ceremonies of, blood in, 10; creators in, 639; food restrictions in, 452; rain clan in, 136; rites, economic, in, 460; totemism in, 468 ff.

Australia, North, prohibition of eating totem in, 470

Authority, religious, absolute, claim to, 1140

Azazel, head of fallen angels, 692; lord of wilderness and receiver of Jewish national sins, 142

Baal-shamem, meaning of, 409

Baalzebub, meaning of, 671; oracle of, 927

Bab, the, function of, 1120

Babe, as child of God, 188

Babylonia, influence of priests in, 1068; local gods in, 650; omens in, 912; Semitic mythopœic center, 868; unlucky days in, 611

Badges, function of, 501-503; supposed origin of totems, 555

Baetulus, etymology of, 294

Baganda, the, totemistic usages among, 457, 511

Bahaism, success of, 1120

Bah´u'llah, founder of a church, and claimed to be incarnation of God, 1120

Baiame, clan god, 644

Bakuana, the, food restrictions among, 457

Banana, incarnation of dead chief, 479

Baptism, infant, result of its introduction, 1110; proselyte, 198; quasi-magical power attributed to, 198 n. 3

Bards, Australian, 106

Bathing, removal of taboo by, 616

Bau, goddess of fertility, 761

Bear, as messenger, 1024

Beasts, pantheon of, 248

Beelzebul, origin of, 671

Beings, savage, whether regarded as eternal, 984 f.; two supernatural, opposed to each other, 969

Bene-Israel, the, persistence of Jewish customs among, 224 n.

Bengal, oracles in, 927

Bethel, Hebrew, meaning of, 294

Bible, the, results of study of, 1135

Bird, the, symbol of soul, 25

Birth, supposed cause of, 34

Blood, connection of, with life, 23; expiatory power of, 1026; inoculation with, in marriages, 178; kinship of, totemic, 441

Body, the, as seat of life, 26; regarded as by nature nonsacred, 205

Boedromia, the, 845

Bombay, Parsiism in, 1145

Bones, animal, not to be broken, 127; divination by, 920

Borneo, harvest taboos in, 599; oracles in, 927

Bo-tree, the, worship under, 281

Boundaries, gods of, 704

Bowels, the, as seat of emotion, 27

Brahma, impersonal, 730; meaning of, 703

Brain, the, relation of, to thought, 28; Arabic conception of, 28

Brides, taboos on, 179

Brotherhood, blood-, 169

Buddhism, agnosticism of, 1007; canons of, 1129; diffusion of, 1142, 1147

Bull, the, worship of, 258

Bunjil, Australian, nature of, 644

Burma, Buddhism in, 1142

Bush, burning, god in, 279

Bushmen, cult of mantis by, 257

Byblos, sacred prostitution at, 1066

Cadmus, culture-hero, 843

Cælus, 722

Cæsar, Julius, deified, 353

Cainites, the, 693

Çakti, cult of, 734

Çaktism, cultic significance of, 406

Calendars, savage, 210 f.

Calif Omar, embassy of, to Persia, 916

California, cosmogony in, 829; ghost dance in, 108

Caligula, divine honors accorded to, 347

Canaan, sun-cult in, 753

Canons, religious, 1128 ff.

Çaoshyanç, the, prophetic function of, 348

Caracalla, enrollment of, among the heroes, 353 n. 2

Carthage, cult of Tanit in, 410

Ceremonies, marriage-, whether essentially religious, 178-183; religious, merrymaking in, 1057; religious, later interpretation of, 103

Ceres, origin of, 803

Ceylon, Buddhism in, 1142

Chaldeans, astrological science of, 914 f.; charlatanry of, 927

Chaos, philosophical conception of, 685

Charms, animal and vegetable, 229; attitude of men toward, 239

Chastity, origin of demand for, 594

Chiefs, relief from taboo by, 615; sacredness of, 595

Child, death of, ceremonies at, 191 n. 4; name of, how chosen, 187; newborn, purification of, by water, 197; perils of, 589; prenatal influence on, 481

Childbirth, future of women dying in, 75

Children, first-born, sacrifice of, 134; savage training of, 146

China, Buddhism in, 1142; conception of kinship with the dead in, 193; divinization of emperor in, 345; expulsion of spirits in, 140; no priestly class in national religion of, 1074; official religion of, 748; polypsychism in, 39; sky and earth as progenitors in, 992; stress on earthly life in, 992; supremacy of Heaven in, 992; tutelary gods in, 672

Christendom, development of ritual in, 1060

Christian canon, formation of, 1131

Christian monachism, 1126

Christian writers, early, interpretation of myths by, 873

Christianity, diffusion of, 1144, 1147; dualism of, 977

Chunder Sen, church-founder, 1119

Church, Buddhistic, 1106; pre-Christian idea of, 1101

Churches, origin and function of, 1095 ff.; influence of, 1137 ff.; temptations of, 1139

Cicero, on cerebrum as seat of mind, 28; on origin of the soul, 36

Circumambulation, object of, 112

Circumcision, 153-168

Çiva, 733

Civilization, mythical origin of, 843

Clan, rain-, Australian, 136; relation of, to marriage customs, 423; supposed deliberate choice of totem by, 554

Clans, mythical origin of, 450; non-exogamous totemic, 436

Clanship, totemic, religious side of, 571

Climate, effect of, on totemic usages, 470; Iranian, 976 n. 3

Clothing, origin of, 114

Code, moral, regarded as will of God, 1166

Codes, good and bad, accepted by religion, 1162 f.

Conceptional theory of the origin of totemism, 548

Conceptions, mythical, historical development of, 871

Conduct, association of, with religion, 1161

Confucianism not ecclesiastical, 1103

Confucius, deified, 354; teaching of, 1103

Congo, death of souls held in, 48

Conscience, religious development of, 1170

Consecration by sacrifice, 1033

Constitution, savage social, composite character of, 620

Control, supernatural, common to all religions, 1149

Corpse, savage attitude toward, 590

Corruption, monachistic, 1127

Cosmogonies, civilized, 829 ff.; savage, 255, 829

Cosmogony, Babylonian, 316; Hebrew, 830 n. 5

Courtesans, temple-, in West Africa and India, 1066

Couvade, the, 589; origin of, 185

Coyote, the, malicious, 634; place of soul of, 31 n. 4

Creation, Iranian, out of nothing, 830 n. 3; myths of, 828-833

Creatianism, 37

Creators, American, 678; mutually antagonistic, 831

Creeds, value of elasticity in, 1136

Crests, relation of, to totem, 502

Criminals, detection of, by divination, 918

Cult, synagogal, national character of, 1108

Cults, alien, adoption of, 1148 n. 1; collocation of, 279; individuality of, how obscured, 1153; orgiastic, derived from Asia Minor, 1101; popular, polytheistic, 986

Culture, as basis of classification of religions, 1150

Culture-heroes, 637 ff.

Curse, conditional, 926

Curses and blessings, relation of, to worship, 1090

Customs, mythical origin of, 844 f.

Cyprus, supposed bisexual deity in, 411

Dahomi, cult of indwelling spirit in, 43 n. 2; ghost as family protector in, 533; gods of, 660

Daimonia, Greek, as demons, 890

Dance, Green Corn, Cherokee, 490; Snake, economic, 461 n. 1

Dances, cultic rôle of, 106 ff.; symbolic, 1032

Danger, magical, origin of, 586

Daniel, book of, resurrection in, 90

Daramulun, origin of, 644

Dead, the, as advocates, 94; as underground deities, 372; Babylonian prayer to, 371; Brahmanic ceremonies for, 96; charms for, 95 n. 5; cult of, 350 ff.; dependent on the living, 361; magical coercion of, 1021

Death, infection of air by, 591; origin of, 834; savage view of, 38

Deconsecration by sacrifice, 1033

Dedication, Jewish feast of, 1089

Deities, female, minor Roman, 803; immoralities of, 1013; nature of, defined by science, 1157; need of caution in approaching, 196; Roman, primitive, 797

Delphi, sacred fire at, 321

Demeter, origin of, 784

Demigods, dedivinization of, 358

Demiurge, Gnostic, 3

Demons, dwelling in plants, 266; exorcism of, 139; future torture by, 75; relation of, to gods, 694; religious utility of, 690

Depravity, total, religious view of, 1172

Devil, the, grandmother of, 643 n. 1; in New Testament, 977

Diana, nature of, 806

Dido, self-immolation of, 1048

Dies Irae, the, 940

Dionysiac cult, partly Hellenized, 1099

Dionysus, history of, 776 ff.

Divination, definition of, 905; organization of, 906

Diviner, the, civil and social recognition of, 908; ecstatic state of, 907

Divinity, tutelary, tenderness for, 653

Doctrines, religious, tried by moral standards, 1164

Dodona, history of oak of, 279

Dog, name of male sacred prostitutes, 1066

Dogmas, religious, philosophical character of, 880

Domestication of animals and plants, relation of, to totemism, 523, 564 ff.

Dough, images of, eaten in Mexico, 222

Dreams, as presages, 921 f.

Dualism, 968 ff.; alleged, of Iroquois, 970; of mind and matter, 1004, 1007; Manichæan, 1115; monachistic, 1121; Persian, 976; savage, 683 ff.

Dukduk, the, police rôle of, 531

Dupuis, stellar theory of, 864, 866

Durga, reverence for, 693

Dusares, origin of, 764

Dyaks, Sea-, deities of, 659

Dyaus, rôle of, 734

Dylan, Celtic deity, 974

Dynasties, divine, 721 ff.

Ea, origin and growth of, 756

Eating, whether sacramental in Australia, 128

Eclipses, mythical cause of, 849

Economic questions, relation of religion to, 1163

Ecstasy as condition of revelation, 906 f.

Eden, magical trees of, 275; story of, 959

Effects, magical, how set aside, 886

Egbo, the, police rôle of, 531

Egypt, abstract gods of, 701; divine animals slain in, 888; kings of, deified after death, 352; phallicism in, 397; power of priests in, 1067; Ptolemaic monks in, 1123; specialized gods in, 666; sun-cult of, 712; tree-worship in, 281; unlucky days in, 611

El, meaning of, 766

Elder, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Elegba, phallic character of, 393

Elohim, use of, in Old Testament, 766

Endor, the woman of, 895

Enlil, nature of, 757

Enoch, book of, Azazel in, 692; resurrection in, 90; satans in, 689; Sheol in, 85

Entrails, divination by, 919

Epicurus, atomic theory of, 1008; practical atheism of, 1006

Equinoxes, calendars fixed by, 211, 215 f.; Peruvian ceremonies at, 216

Eremites, Brahmanic, 1122

Erinyes, the, function of, 974

Erythræ, Sibyl of, 937

Eshmun, character of, 764

Eskimo, the animals revered by, 505; destruction of the soul held by, 46

Essenes, the, 1125

Eternal, a term not found in savage thought, 985

Ethics, relation of, to religion, 1161 ff.

Euhemerism, 359, 382

Europe, Islam in, 1146

Evil, moral, existence of, how treated by religion, 1171

Exogamy, origin of, 429 ff.

Expiation by sacrifice, 1033

Eye, the, palpitation of, omen, 916

Ezekiel, taboos in ritual of, 597

Family, the, Polynesian social unit, 485

Fasting, religious, 204-208

Fate, in Homer and Hesiod, 998

Fates, the, 687

Father, the, perils of, 589

Fathers, the, Hindu and Persian, worship paid to, 371

Feasts, communal, economical function of, 1023; funeral, origin of, 190 n. 3, 364; Mithraic, 1043, 1046

Ferryman, souls conducted by, 65

Festivals, licentious, nonreligious, 387; Priapic, 402; religious, influence of, 1089

Fetish, definition of, 230 n. 2; African, cult of, 540

Figures, divine, composite, 725, 861

Fiji, examination of dead in, 78, 81; extinction of soul held in, 48; future punishment in, 72; polypsychism in, 39; village deities in, 482

Fire, sacredness of, 318 ff.; theft of, 318 n. 1

Flood, great, stories of, 832

Folk-lore, material of, 859

Folk-tales, scurrilous feature in, 247

Food, sacramental sharing of, 1023

Force, personal, moral, religious conception of, 1158

Form, literary, of myths, 856

Forms, liturgical, symbolical interpretation of, 1061

Fortune, personalized as deity, 702

Fortunes, human, determined on new year's day, 214

Founders, shrines to, 357; the three great, 1151

Fravashis, the, as guardians, 673

Frazer, J. G., on the death of the god, 1047

Fuegians, fear anger of a supernatural being, 1161

Funerals, buffoonery at, 364 n. 5

Fung-Shui, nature of, 926

Fusion, social, basis of religious unity, 1147

Gad, deity, whether abstract, 699

Gehenna, New Testament conception of, 85

Genealogies, savage and civilized, 840 f.

Genesia, the Greek, 1089

Genesis, book of, accounts of creation in, 830 n. 5; table of nations in, 841

Genius, the, 672; resemblance of, to mana, 233; not a separate personality, 43

Ghosts, Australian belief in, 18; difference of, from gods, 635; fear of, 139, 366; occupations of, 61; police function of, 379; prayers addressed to, 367

Giants, Greek and Teutonic, 686

Gifts, to gods, material of, 1022; utilized by worshipers, 1023

Gilgamesh, adventures of, 853; consultation of, 927; myth of, 959

Girls, marriage of, to trees, 274

God, the, definition of, 635, 643; genesis of, 636

God, Sons of, in Old Testament, 343; transcendence of, 1004

Goddesses, Babylonian and Assyrian, 760 ff.; Egyptian, 729; Greek, 781 ff.; Hindu, 784; maiden, 785; Roman, 803 ff.

Gods, abstract, 695 ff.; ancient, universal, 958; antagonism of, to men, 958; capture of, 290 n. 1; complicated functions of, 708; conflicts between, meaning of, 858; connection of, with planets, 715, 915; death of, 50 n. 5; departmental, development of, 656; identification of, with animals, 577; otiose, Epicurean, 1006; process of growth of, 720; rain, local deities as, 314; relation of their humanization to polytheism and monotheism, 964; separation of, from phenomena, 720; stones entered by, 298; supremacy of, how determined, 724; whether developed out of totems, 577

Golden Rule, the, formulations of, 1162

Goodwin Sands, origin of, 891 n. 8

Grandfather, divine title, 643; chameleon as, 449

Great Hare, the, 856

Great Mother, Ephesian, 789; Phrygian, Roman cult of, 938

Greece, abstract gods of, 702; consultation of dead in, 927; functions of priests in, 1072; omens in, 912; specialized gods in, 667; taboo days in, 603; theistic scheme of, 795

Greek Church, canon of, 1131

Greenland, repair of souls in, 30

Groves, as places of worship, 268

Growth, social, religious, 1015

Guardians, animal, 496; plant, 267

Guinea, New, hunting-charms in, 129; tribal badges in, 445

Hades, god, moral significance of, 780

Hades, place, Greek and Roman gods of, 682; organization of, 69; submarine, 67

Hadith, value of, 1133

Hadrian, address of, to soul, 25 n. 3

Half-sister, marriage with, 428

Hammurabi, code of, ordeal in, 925

Hannibal, oath of, 308

Hanuman, monkey-god, not totemic, 577 n. 3

Haoma, deification of, 270

Haram, Arabian, sanctity of, 1082

Haruspex, function of, 931

Hawaii, death of souls held in, 48; fishery taboos in, 599; despotism of taboo in, 621; overthrow of taboo in, 629

Hearth, sacredness of, 236

Heaven, feeble Semitic recognition of, 753; of Indra, 731

Heaven and Earth, Hindu, 734; Maori, 678; marriage-embrace of, 329

Heavenly bodies, cult of, 328 ff.; sex of, 331

Hebrews, ordeal in law of, 925; taboo days of, 603; tree-cult of, 272

Hekate, function of, 790

Hera, origin of, 782 f.

Heracles, labors of, 853

Heraclitus, sayings of, 1004

Hemaphroditos, 415 f.

Hermes, development of, 772

Herodotus, phallic cults mentioned by, 397

Heroes, cult of, in Greece, 373; in Torres Straits islands, 475; identification of, with animals, 577

Hesiod, division of universe by, 779; half-gods of, 652; unlucky days mentioned by, 611

Hestia, significance of, 787

Hiawatha, how made into a god, 358 n. 5

Hierapolis, phallic cult at, 399

Histories, tribal, in stones, 302

Holocaust, expiation by, 1045

Homage, offering as expression of, 1040

Home, the, as center of religious development, 654

Homer, meaning of dios in, 347

Homilies, Clementine, annihilation in, 52

Honover, the Mazdean, magical use of, 900

Horseshoes, witches restrained by, 145

Horus, conflict of, with Set, 726; kings identified with, 339; original character of, 726; victory of, not absolute, 186

Hubert and Mauss, their theory of sacrifice, 1049 f.

Humanism, 1158

Hymns, Egyptian, Babylonian and Assyrian, Hebrew, Hindu, Avestan, Greek, 1087 f.

Idolatry, rôle of, 1091 ff.

Images, eaten by Mexicans, 1047; formal development of, 1091; ithyphallic, 389, 402 ff.; symbolical interpretation of, 1093

Immersion, symbolic significance of, 198

Imru'l-Kais, treatment of oracle by, 927

Inca, the, ecclesiastical power of, 1117

Incarnation, Ismailic and Babist, 344

Incense, food of deity, 1025

Incest, cause of horror of, 435

Indecency, savage, 107

India, abstract gods of, 703; birthplace of monachism, 1122; bisexual cult in, 416; harmful Powers not organized in, 975; heaven and hell in, 82; ordeals in, 925; power of priests in, 1070; Sankhya philosophy of, 1007; sun-cult of, 713; theistic bodies in, 1119 n. 3

Individualism, fostered by churches, 1138

Indra, development of, 731, 830

Infibulation, 162

Infinite, the, sense of, 9

Interpretations of sacred books, 1136

Intervention, divine, rejected by science, 1010

Intoxication, inspiration by, 899

Introcision, Australian, 162

Isaiah, book of, supposed mention of phallus in, 398; secret cults described in, 1100 n. 2

Ishtar, origin and development of, 762 f.; descent of, to Hades, 283; myth of, 959

Isis, origin of, 729; late cult of, ceremonies in, 1059; organization of the cult, 1114

Isis, as magician, 729; as model wife and mother, 729

Islam, canon of, 1133; conquests of, 1146 f.; no priesthood in, 1080; not a church, 1116

Ismailic movement, the, 1116

Israel, organization of priesthood in, 1069

Jacob, anointment of stone by, 294

Jainism, a nontheistic church, 1107

Jamnia, synod of, 1130

Janus, nature of, 799

Japan, divinization of emperor in, 346; phallicism in, 395

Jensen, mythical theory of, 870

Jephthah, daughter of, ceremony of mourning for, 845, 1100

Jesus, object of his teaching, 1110; not an Essene, 1125; resurrection of, 1011 n.

Jews, formation of canon of, 1130; genius of, for organization of public religion, 1108

Jubilee, Hebrew, object of, 223

Judaism, diffusion of, 1143; failure of, to create a church, 1108

Juno, nature of, 804

Juno, the, not a separate personality, 43; representative of woman's personality, 804

Jupiter, origin and development of, 798; represented by a stone, 292

Kaaba, the, black stone of, 295

Kafirs, effigies erected by, 370

Kalevala, the, mythology of, 856, 955

Kami, Shinto, meaning of, 645

Karens, the, Christianization of, 1144

Karma, Buddhistic, 1007

Ker, the, as form of soul, 25 n. 3

Khonds, the, deities of, 659

Khuen-Aten, reform of, 989

Kindness to fellows, universal, 1162

Kings, Babylonian, whether worshiped, 341

Koran, the, relation of, to Moslem science, 1135; prayer against witches in, 895

Kore, the, origin of, 786

Korea, Buddhism in, 1142

Krishna, ethical significance of, 733

Kronids, the, governmental rôle of, 779

Kronos, 768 n. 3

Kteis, the, veneration of, 406

Kybele, cult of, 413

Lamas, Grand, ascription of divinity to, 348

Language, origin of, no myths of, 642

Lao-tsze, system of, 749

Lapis manalis, function of, 289

Lapps, the, primacy of, in magic, 902

Law, civil, relation of, to taboo, 614; idea of, in charms, 1020; natural, germinal conception of, 7; natural, domination of, 1158

League, Iroquois, 489

Legend, connection of, with myth, 859

Lemuria, the, apotropaic element in, 374; prohibition of work in, 602

Leto, Titaness, 788 n. 1

License, in festivals, 135, 219; sexual, adopted by religion, 1163

Life, annihilation of, 46, 51; identified with breath, 21; mysteriousness of, 385; nobility given to, by religion, 1166, 1173; relation of blood to, 23; unitary character of, 14

Light, as symbol, 857; significance of, in myths, 858

Linga, the, worship of, in India, 394

Liver, the, as seat of life, 27; divination by, 919

Living, the, cult of, 336 ff.

Llew, Celtic deity, 974

Loki, not independent creator of evil, 974; tricksy traits in, 638 n. 4

Lot, wife of, 288

Lots, divinatory use of, 918

Love, toward the deity, 5; as a divine personality, 704

Luck, relation of, to magic, 238

Lunation, the, divisions of, 606

Lupercalia, the, purification in, 201

Maccabees, Second, resurrection in, 90

Macrobiotes, 835

Macrobius, on a bisexual cult, 411

Magi, the, Mazdean, 897

Magic, in religion, 1090; methods of, 886; no worship in, 888; relation of, to taboo, 618 f.; to totemism, 574; use of, for procuring food, 129 ff.; when under the ban, 891; white, 901

Magician, office of, preparation for, 894

Magicians, sometimes political rulers, 898 n. 4

Magna Mater of Pessinus, 291

Maia, conjecture as to origin of, 845

Mamertius, expulsion of, 143

Man, early, logicalness of, 246; medicine, 493; prehistoric, whether religious, 12

Mana, definition of, 231-236; producer of sympathy between all things, 886; relation of, to taboo, 586; synonyms of, 231 n. 1

Manichæism, as a church, 1115; causes of its success, 978

Mantis, Bushman cult of, 257

Mantis, Greek, function of, 931

Marduk, cult of, 758, 990

Marriage, restrictions on, 177 n. 2, 439

Mars, development of, 800; shield of, 845

Martyr, spirit of, where shown, 1167

Masai, the, two chief gods of, 660

Mashalists, Hebrew, 862 n. 1

Massebas, Canaanite, 293

Masters and servants, exchange of places between, 219

Masturbation, savage practice of, 163 n. 1

Materialism, deistic, 1008

Matter, eternity of, 1005, 1007

Maui, Polynesian, rôle of, 678

Mazdaism, origin and nature of, 740, 745; canon of, 1132

Meal, communal, reconciliation of deity by, 1043; communion in, between human participants, 1044; eucharistic, in "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," 1046

Medicine man, the, 892

Melanesia, animal incarnations in, 676; cult of divinized men in, 647; descent from totem in, 449; food restrictions in, 454; power of chiefs in, 538; protection of property by taboo in, 600; specialization of divine functions in, 658

Meleager, life of, dependent on a piece of wood, 274

Men, race of, preceding the present, 833

Mendes, goat-god of, 774 n. 6

Meni, god, whether abstract, 699

Mercurius, Roman development of, not traceable, 802

Merneptah, dream of, 922

Mexico, gods of, 664; prominence of priests in, 1075; sun-cult of, 711

Minerva, development of, 807

Miracles, belief in, periods of, 1156 ff.; grounds of objection to, 1011; when not demanded, 1159

Mithra, birth of, 288 n. 2; organisation of cult of, 1113

Mithraism, mysteries of, 1059

Mitra, association of, with Varuna, 730

Mohads, the, organization of, 1116

Monachism, 1121 ff.

Monasteries, functions of, 1127

Monolatry, Hebrew, influence of, 994 f.

Monotheism, alleged savage, 985; development of, 987 ff.

Moon, the, cultic history of, 714

Morabits, the, organization of, 1116

Morality, conflict of, with taboo, 632

Mother, the, magical perils of, 589

Mother, the Great, 1066

Mother-in-law, the, taboos on, 593

Motifs, mythical, tabulation of, 879

Mountains as abodes of souls, 65

Mourning-usages, savage, 363

Mozoomdar, theistic reformation of, 1119

Müller, F. Max, solar theory of, 865, 876

Müller, K. O., treatment of myths by, 875

Murder, purification after, 195

Music, temple-, 1088

Mylitta, temple of, prostitution at, 1066

Mysteries, Eleusinian, 845; failure of, 1097 f.; Greek, ceremonies of, 1059; survival of effects of, 1101

Mystery, New Testament use of the term, 1101

Mythology, relation of, to culture, 951 ff.

Myths, borrowing of, 823 ff.; educational value of, 862; Indo-European, character of, 960 ff.; persistence of, 881; purification of, 1157; savage origin of, 822

Nabonidus, centralizing effort of, 751

Nagual, meaning of, 672

Names, demonic, 691; divine, magical power of, 899; divine, Persian, 743; proper, of gods, 646

Nana, goddess, nature of, 761; carried off, 888

Nandi, the, grain of, blessed by the god, 220; months how named by, 213

Natchez, the, sun-cult of, 710

Naturalism, 1158

Navahos, the, creative beings of, 639, 645

Nazirite, the, restrictions on, 597

Ndengei, other-world god, 680

Necessity, Plato's conception of, 1001

Necromancy, Hebrew, 377

Neith, inscription in temple of, 729

Nemi, priest of, 274

Neptunus, 802

New Testament, Satan in, 689

Nicknames, supposed origin of totemism, 557

Nightmare, as ghost, 61 n. 4

Nikkal, Panjab god, 337

Niobe, relation of, to stone-cult, 288

Nose, the, boring through septum of, 151

Obelisks, Egyptian, function of, 299

Odin, humanization of, 358; self-immolation of, 1048

Offerings, cannibal, 1027; unbloody, placatory virtue of, 1038

Officer, French, worshiped after death, 351

Ogboni, the, police rôle of, 531

Old Testament, the, conception of sacrifice in, 1037; kings in, not deified, 343; stars and planets in, 716

Olympus, as council-house, 305

On, seat of worship of Ra, 727

Ophites, the, 693

Optimism, religious, ethical value of, 1173

Oracles, 927 ff.; Sibylline, Jewish, 939 f.

Ordeals, 308, 924 f.

Order, Chinese stress on, 747

Organization, churchly, Hindu approach to, 1118; nontotemic, 526; religious, Jewish capacity for, 995; social, of animals, 242; theistic, Greek, 997

Osiris, death of, 283; myth of, 958; mythical biography of, 728

Paintings, totemic, 117

Palmistry, 917

Pan, development of, 773 f.

Panbabylonianism, 866 f.

Pantheism, ethical, difficulties of, 1005; Hindu, 705

Pantheon, Greek, 767; Roman, 796; Yoruban, 678

Paradise, earthly, 835

Parentalia, the, 374

Patriarch, the, jealousy of, 432

Patron, divine, of individual, 550

Pausanias, local cults described by, 651

Pele, nature of, 890

Pelews, the, theistic material of, 484

Persecution, religious, 1163

Persia, abstract gods of, 763; Babism in, at the present day, 1120

Peru, cult of, compared with Chinese, 993; functions of priests in, 1075; gods of, 665; negation of religious freedom in, 1117; sun-cult of, 711

Pesah, Hebrew ceremony of, 144

Peter, Apocalypse of, future punishment in, 86

Phallicism, 388 ff.

Pharmakos, the, expulsion of, 143

Philo, allegorical interpretation of, 863; combination of Platonism and Judaism by, 1104; description of the Therapeutae by, 1124

Philosophers, Greek, attitude of, toward divination, 941 n. 1; theistic views of, 1000 f.

Philosophy, Greek, not ecclesiastical, 1104

Phimosis, supposed prevention of, 157

Phœnicia, deities of, 764

Photographs, suspicion of, 22 n. 2

Phratry, the, origin of, 423 f.

Phrygia, cults of, 414

Piaculum, the, origin and nature of, 1045 f.

Pig as divine messenger, 1024

Pillar, Hermes-, as waymark, 296

Planets, connection of, with gods, 715

Plants, history of domestication of, 564 ff.

Plato, description of Tartarus by, 84, 87; divination highly esteemed by, 931; function of brain, how regarded by, 28

Platonopolis, a, proposed, 1104

Pleiades, the, Arab cult of, 717; savage observation of, 216

Plouton, function of, 780

Poets, Greek, theistic views of, 999

Poles, house-, crests carved on, 445

Polygamy, recognition of, by religion, 1163

Polynesia, antitotemic governments of, 538; family the social unit in, 485; sacredness of chiefs in, 336; specialization of divine functions in, 658

Porphyry, his conception of sacrifice, 1037

Poseidon, power of, 771

Powers, divine, coercion of, 3

Prajapati, primacy of, 730

Prayer, animals approached by, 125; unifying influence of, 880

Prayers, difference of, from charms, 1020

Pregnancy, mysterious nature of, 588

Prepuce, magical power of, 166

Priest, relation of, to magician, 893

Priest, term, use of in Christian churches, 1080

Priestesses, functions of, 1064

Priests, as diviners, 929 f.; as interpreters of dreams, 923; moral influence of, 1077 f.; quasi-divine authority of, 203

Prithivi, 734

Prohibitions, civil, difference of, from magical, 584

Prometheus, victory of, over a god, 888

Promiscuity, early, 430; whether primitive, 180

Prophet, the, excited by dance, 110; relation of, to magician, 893

Proselytes, Jewish, influence of, 1108

Prostitution, sacred, 1065 ff.

Psalter, the Old Testament, moral and religious tone of, 1087

Puberty, mysteriousness of, 146

Purge, purificatory power of, 205

Purim, feast of, 1089

Puskita (busk), the Creek, religious significance of, 201

Pythagoreanism, traces of, in Essenism, 1125; South Italian, 1098

Pythia, the, moral influence of, 927

Qat, rôle of, 640, 677

Quetzalcoatl, myths of, 847 n. 1

Rainbow, the, no cult of, 718

Ramadan, fast of, moral effects of, 208

Rammohun Roy, 1119

Raven, the, myths of, 640 n. 2

Raymi, feast of, 321

Reason, basis of religious belief, 1155

Redemption, element of, in sacrifice, 1048; senses of, 1151

Reform Judaism, racial character of, 1143

Reincarnation, 55 ff.; moral value of, 89; of ancestor in child, 186; supposed relation of, to immortality, 59

Relationship, in blood, 426; basis of classification, 425

Religion, definition of, 1; adoption of taboo by, 633; codes adopted by, 1162 f.; coeval with science, 1; communal character of, 103; decoration used in, 120 f.; impersonal cult in, 2; influence of, on ethics, 1165; influence of priesthood in, 1076; alliance of, with the state, 1117, 1140; isolation of, 1137; pre-animistic, 2 n. 2; primitive form of, whether monotheistic, 982; relation of, to magic; relation of, to totemism, 570 ff.; utilitarian point of view in, 5

Religions, classifications of, 1148; higher, culture-myths in, 641; national, differences among, 810; never nonethical, 1013; of single founders, 1151; redemptive, organization in, 1059

"Republic," the, mendicant prophets mentioned in, 1099 n. 1

Revelation, supposed primitive, 982

Rewards and punishments, as motives, 1165

Rhapsodists, Greek, 862 n. 1

Rice, soul of, 265 n. 1

Right-doing, egoistic element in, 1170

Ritual, development of, 1055; magical, 1057; origin of, 15; relation of, to myth, 846

Roman Church, canon of, 1131

Rome, abstract gods of, 702; influence of priests in, 1073; omens in, 912; specialized gods in, 668 ff.; taboo days in, 603; unlucky days in, 611

Romulus, divinized founder, 357

Rules, ethical, origin of, 582

Sabbath, Hebrew, relation of, to full moon, 608

Sacer, sense of, 626 n. 9

Sacra gentilicia, 1043

Sacred books, study induced by, 1135

Sacred flesh, reconciliation by sharing, 1042

Sacred places, connection of, with myths, 848

Sacrifice, animal, movement against, 1053; as gift to a deity, 1040; human, 1029 ff.; individual, 1034; in marriage ceremonies, 181 n. 2; occasions of, 1033 ff.; purificatory power of, 200; removal of taboo by, 616; Vedic, as embassy, 1024

Saint, the, function of, 1168

Saints, as patrons of fertility, 420; as rechristened old gods, 301

Sallustius, philosopher, faith of, 1152 n. 2

Salvation, physical and moral, 1149

Sama, Fijian god, 48

Samoa, divination in, 911; taboo on potato fields in, 599

Samson, solar interpretation of, 853

Sanctions, supernatural, how far effective, 1165

Sanctity, Brahmanic, 1122

Sancus, Roman development of, obscure, 802

Sankhya philosophy, 1007

Satan, development of, 689

Saturn, history of, 801

Saturnalia, the, 801

Saturnia regna, 801

Saul, consultation of Samuel by, 927

Savages, beliefs not formulated by, 20; cultic discrimination of, 227; ethical codes of, 76; isolated groups of, 103

Scandinavia, storm-myths of, 851

Science, primitive, 1, 1156; relation of, to religion, 1154 ff.

Scriptures, sacred, influence of, 1134 ff.

Seasons, agricultural, solemn, 135

Secretions, human, potency of, 156

Self, the, doubles of, 22, 24

Sen, reformer, worshiped as god, 348

Sentiment, religious, alliances of, 15

Senussi, the, organization of, 1116 n. 2

Sequence, savage theory of, 883 ff.

Serpent, cult of, 250, 257; divine, in Genesis, 275

Servius, on bisexual cult, 411

Set, conflict of, with Horus, 726

Sexes, the, animal patrons of, 472; early separation of, 182

Shades, powers of, 91

Shaman, the, wherein different from the priest, 1062

Shamanism, 661

Shedu, the, character of, 890

Shinto, term, meaning of, 750

Shrines, oracular, 927

Siam, Buddhism in, 1142

Siberia, Big Grandfather of, 640

Sibyls, 933 ff.; the Cumæan, 277

Signs manual, crests as, 445

Sikhs, the, churchly form of, 1118

Simplification, religious, process of, 944

Siren, form of soul, 25 n. 3

Skulls, oracular responses by, 192, 369

Sky, the, abode of departed souls, 64

Slavery, recognized by religion, 1163

Slaves, slaughter of, as offering, 1028

Smith, W. R., his theory of sacrifice, 1045 f.

Sneezing, ominous significance of, 916

Societies, secret, savage, 174, 1096; voluntary, antitotemic, 529

Society, magical, supposed origin of totemism, 546

Socrates, his belief in divination, 931

Soil, fertilization of, by blood, 133

Solidarity, tribal, religious significance of, 1041

Solomon, as magician, 902 n. 4

Solstices, fixing of calendars by, 211, 215 f.

Soma, deification of, 270

Songs, savage, 106

Sortes vergilianae, 918

Soul, the, function of, in dreams, 921; as god, 62; hidden, 31; terms for, 21 n. 1

Souls, number of, how determined, 42; transmigration of, 243

Space, Endless, personalized, 703

Spirit, definition of, 100; guardian, adoption of, by individual, 533; lying, sent by Yahweh, 922 second n. 1; relation of, to soul, 43

Spirits, corporeal nature of, 140; how different from gods, 635; guardian, function of, 504

Sponsors, savage, 174 n. 2

Stability, offerings for, 1028

Statius, gods produced by fear, 6 n. 3

Stigmata, 118 n. 6

Stonehenge, 296

Stones, supposed to be phalli, 400

Stucken, astral theory of, 866

Styx, the, oath by, 308

Substitution, sacrificial, 1054

Suffering, as expiatory, 1041

Suicide, a, body of, why feared, 590

Suicide, effect of, on future state, 75

Sun, the, as old man, 849; deification of, 709 ff.

Sun-gods, 726 f., 730, 753, 797, 972

Swan-maiden, the, 243

Swoon, produced by withdrawal of soul, 29

Systems, philosophical, not churches, 1102; religious, groups of, 944

Taboo, conflict of, with morality, 632; infection of, 586

Taboos, priestly, 1063; rearrangement of, 149

Tales, fairy, 881

Tamē, Hebrew, significance of, 626

Tammuz, cult of, not a mystery, 1100; mourning for, 959 n. 5; relation of, to Adonis, 271; to Ishtar, 1066

Tanit, 410, 764

Tao, meaning of, 749

Taoism, how made a religion, 1103

Tari, Khond, as opponent of sun-god, 972

Tarsus, seat of Mithraic worship, 1101

Tartarus, punishments in, 84

Tattoo, religious significance of, 116, 72

Taylor, Jeremy, his view of prayer, 120 n. 3

Teknonymy, origin of, 187

Telugus, the, Christianization of, 1144

Temenos, sanctity of, 1082

Temple, the, development of, 1083 ff.

Temples, called mountains, 305 n. 1; fire-, Persian, 320

Teraphim, nature of, 1092

Terrors, supernatural, devised by clan-leaders, 150

Testament, New, resurrection in, 90

Thanksgiving, by sacrifice, 1033

Theism, Semitic and Indo-European, 810 ff.

Thesmophoria, the, sadness in, 221

Things, nonhuman, future existence of, 97

Thousand and One Nights, magicians in, 902

Thrace, orgiastic cults derived from, 1101

Threshold, sacredness of, 236

Thugs, the, piety of, 693

Thumos, the, character of, in Homer, 43

Thunder-bird, the, 334

Tiamat, conquest of, 686; cosmogonic function of, 316

Tibet, Buddhism in, 1142

Tiele, C. P., his theory of sacrifice, 1051 f.

Tierra del Fuego, social and religious organization in, 13

Time, divinization of, 698, 703 n. 6; Endless, 703

Tistrya, divine character of, 718

Titans, the, war of, against Zeus, 974

Tobacco, food offered to gods, 1025

Todas, the, buffalo-ritual of, 1056; dairy fire of, 321; dairymen of, 337; diviners of, 929; taboo days of, 604

Tooth, knocking out of, 151

Totem, the, not a god, 559; sacramental eating of, 579

Totemism, beginnings of, 561 f.; coalescence of, with tree-worship, 273; definition of, 463, 520 f.

Totems, artificial, origin of, 463 n. 2

Traducianism, 37

Triad, Babylonian, 757

Trinity, the, doctrine of, 1002

Turtle, the, cult of, 257; use of, as messenger, 1024

Twins, presage of misfortune, 913

Tylor, E. B., mythical theory of, 877

Unclean, meaning of, in Old Testament, 38

Underworld, the, ethical conceptions of, 80; gods of, 680 ff.; Plato's construction of, 87; separation in, between good and bad, 81 f.

Union with God, idea of, moral influence of, 1054

Unitary view of divine control, 1149

Unity, religious, basis of, 1147; savage and civilized, 1152

Universality, religious, test of, 1141

Universe, perfectness of, how held to be implied, 1173

Upanishads, the, produced no devotional organization, 1103

Urim and thummim, nature of, 918

Uzza, Al-, not star-god, 717

Vampire, the, 88

Varro, abode assigned the dead by, 85 n. 6

Varuna, comparison of, with Iranian Ahura, 991; nature of, 730

Vastoshpati, 672

Veda, the, local deities in, 651; tree-spirits in, 278

Veddas, the, social and religious organization of, 13

Vegetation, as source of myths, 55; Osiris as deity of, 728

Venus, development of, 808 f.; the bearded, 408

Vesta, origin of, 805

Vestalia, the, sadness in, 221

Vetala, original character of, 645

Victory as god, origin of, 696

Vishnu, history of, 733

Volcanus, origin of, obscure, 802

Voltaire, the "Candide" of, 1173 n.

Wakes, Irish, origin of, 364

War, future of those killed in, 75; sacrifices in, 1035

Water, substitutes for, in purificatory ceremonies, 199

Waters, sacred, 306 ff.

Week, the seven-day, 607, 610

Werwolf, the, 243

Wicked, the, annihilation of, 52

Winds, whether divinized, 326 f.

Wisdom of Solomon, the Devil in, 689

Witches, Thessalian, 895

Wives, slaughter of, as offering, 1028

Wollunqua, the, unique kind of totem, 576

Woman, magical dread of, 592

Women, alleged early scarcity of, 430; devotion of, to cult of linga, 394; exclusion of, from ceremonies, 592; favored by Therapeutae, 1124; honor shown to, after death, 370; magical power of, 895 f.; of Baganda, economic function of, 461

Word "church," larger sense of, 1112

World, the, future destruction of, 836; relation of, to God, 1159; savage conception of unity of, 885 f.

Worship, forms of, 1081 ff.; phallic, whether connected with circumcision, 158; practically universal, 1017

Xanthus, the, river or god in the Iliad, 312

Yaçna xvii, conception of worship in, 320

Yahweh, development of, 765; dreams sent by, 922; early cult of, 649; pillars of temple of, 299

Yama, history of, 735 ff.

Year, sabbatic, Hebrew, 622

Yeast, prohibition of, 265 n. 1

Yezidis, the, attitude of, toward Satan, 693

Yggdrasil, nature of, 276

Yima, 735

Yoni, the, veneration of, 406

Yoruba, gods of, 660; rebellion in, against old custom, 628

Zealand, New, cosmology of, 679 n. 4; despotism of taboo in, 621; planting-taboos in, 599

Zeus, 768 f.; dream sent by, 922

Zikkurat (Ziggurat), the, Babylonian and Assyrian, 1086

Zodiac, signs of, cult of, 716

Zoroaster, 745; verses ascribed to, 1132

Zoroastrianism, pre-Sassanian, 1109

Zuñi, the, economic ceremonies of, 497