SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL AND SPECIAL RULES IN THE PRECEEDING CHAPTERS

Horizontal and Vertical Primary Masses

Rule 1a. A primary mass must be either vertical or horizontal according to the intended service, unless prohibited by technical requirements.

Proportions of the Primary Mass

Rule 1b. The primary mass should have the ratio of one to three, three to four, three to five, five to eight, seven to ten, or some similar proportion difficult for the eye to detect readily and analyze.

Horizontal Space Divisions

Rule 2a. If the primary mass is divided into two horizontal divisions, the dominance should be either in the upper or the lower section.

Rule 2b. If the primary mass is divided into three horizontal divisions or sections, the dominance should be placed in the center section with varying widths in the upper and lower thirds.

Sequential Progression of Minor Horizontal Space Divisions

Rule 2c. A primary mass may be divided into three or more smaller horizontal masses or sections by placing the larger mass or masses at the bottom and by sequentially reducing the height measure of each mass toward the smaller division or divisions to be located at the top of the mass.

Vertical Space Divisions

Rule 3a. If the primary mass is divided into two vertical divisions, the divisions should be equal in area and similar in form.

Rule 3b. If the primary mass is divided into three vertical divisions, the center division should be the larger, with the remaining divisions of equal size.

Rule 3c. In elementary problems, if more than three vertical divisions are required, they should be so grouped as to analyze into Rules 3a, and 3b, or be exactly similar.

Appendages

Rule 4a. The appendage should be designed in unity with, and proportionately related to, the vertical or horizontal character of the primary mass, but subordinated to it.

Rule 4b. The appendage should have the appearance of flowing smoothly and, if possible, tangentially from the primary mass.

Rule 4c. The appendage should, if possible, echo or repeat some lines similar in character and direction to those of the primary mass.

Outline or Contour Enrichment

Rule 5a. Outline enrichment should be subordinated to and support the structure.

Rule 5b. Outline enrichment should add grace, lightness, and variety to the design.

Rule 5c. Outline enrichment, by its similarity, should give a sense of oneness or unity to the design, binding divergent members together.

Rule 5d. Parts of one design differing in function should differ in appearance but be co-ordinated with the entire design.

Rule 5e. In cylindrical forms outline curves with a vertical tendency should have their turning points or units of measurement in accordance with the horizontal divisions of Rules 2a and 2b.

Rule 5f. Dependent outline enrichment should be related to essential parts of a design and influenced by their forms and functions; it must be consistent with the idea of the subject.

Rule 5g. A curve should join a straight line with either a tangential or right angle junction.

Surface Enrichment

Postulate. The design should conform to the limitations and requirements of tools, processes, and materials, and should be durable and suitable for service.

Rule 6a. Surfaces to be enriched must admit of enrichment.

Rule 6b. Surface enrichment must be related to the structural contours but must not obscure the actual structure.

Rule 6c. The treatment must be appropriate to the material.

Continuous Bands and Borders for Partly Enriched Surfaces

Rule 6d. Bands and borders should have a consistent lateral, that is, onward movement.

Rule 6e. Bands and borders should never have a prominent contrary motion, opposed to the main forward movement.

Rule 6f. All component parts of a border should move in unison with the main movement of the border.

Rule 6g. Each component part of a border should be strongly dynamic and, if possible, partake of the main movements of the border.

Rule 6h. Borders intended for vertical surfaces may have a strongly upward movement in addition to the lateral movement, provided the lateral movement dominates.

Rule 6i. Inlayed enrichment should never form strong or glaring contrasts with the parent surface.

Rule 6j. Carved surface enrichment should have the appearance of belonging to the parent mass.

Enclosed Enrichment—Partly Enriched Panels for Surface Enrichment

Rule 7a. Marginal panel enrichment should parallel or be related to the outlines of the primary mass and to the panel it is to enrich.

Rule 7b. Marginal points of concentration in panels should be placed (1) preferably at the corners or (2) in the center of each margin.

Rule 7c. To insure unity of design in panels, the elements composing the point of concentration and links connecting them must be related to the panel contour and to each other.

Enclosed Enrichment—Fully Enriched Panels for Surface Enrichment

Rule 7d. The contours of fully enriched panels should parallel the outlines of the primary mass and repeat its proportions.

Rule 7e. The points of concentration for a fully enriched square panel may be in its center or in its outer margin.

Rule 7f. The points of concentration for a fully enriched vertical panel should be in the upper portion of the panel.

Rule 7g. The fully enriched panel and its contents should be designed in unified relation to the structural outlines, with the center line of the panel coinciding with the inceptive axis of the structure.

Free Ornament for Partly Enriched Surfaces

Rule 8a. Free ornament for partly or fully enriched surfaces should be based and centered upon an inceptive axis of the structure.

Rule 8b. Free ornament should be related and subordinated to the structural surfaces.

Rule 8c. Points of concentration in free enrichment of vertically placed masses are usually located in and around the inceptive axis and above or below the geometric center of the design.

Surface Enrichment of Clay

Rule 9a. Surface enrichment of clay must be so designed as to be able to withstand the action of heat to which all ware must be submitted.

Rule 9b. Incised, pierced, and modeled decoration in clay should be simple and bold and thus adapted to the character of the material.

Rule 9c. A border should not be located at the point of greatest curvature in the contour of a cylindrical form. The contour curve is of sufficient interest in itself at that point.

Surface Enrichment of Base and Precious Metals For Small Masses

Rule 10a. Designs in precious metals should call for the minimum amount of metal necessary to express the idea of the designer for two reasons: (1) good taste; (2) economy of material.

Rule 10b. Contour and surface enrichment should never appear to compete for attention in the same design.

Rule 10c. Parts of a design differing in function should differ in appearance but be co-ordinated with the entire design.

Rule 10d. Surface enrichment should at some point parallel the contours of both primary mass and point of concentration especially whenever the latter is a stone or enamel.

Rule 10e. In the presence of either stone or enamel as a point of concentration, surface enrichment should be regarded as an unobtrusive setting, or background.

Rule 10f. Stone or enamel used as a point of concentration should form contrast with the metal, either in color, brilliancy, or value, or all three combined.

Rule 10g. The inceptive axis should pass through and coincide with one axis of a stone and at the same time be sympathetically related to the structure.

Rule 10h. The position of the inceptive axis should be determined by: (1) use of the project as ring, pendant, or bar pin, (2) character of the primary mass as either vertical or horizontal in proportion.

Rule 10i. Caution should be exercised with regard to the use of enamel. Over-decoration by this material tends to cheapen both process and design.

Rule 10j. All surface enrichment should have an appearance of compactness or unity. Pierced spots or areas should be so used as to avoid the appearance of having been scattered on the surface without thought to their coherence.

Rule 10k. Built, carved, and chased enrichment should have the higher planes near the point of concentration. It is well to have the stone as the highest point above the primary mass. When using this form of enrichment, the stone should never appear to rise abruptly from the primary mass, but should be approached by a series of rising planes.

Rule 10l. The lanes or margins between enameled spots should be narrower than the lane or margin between the enamel and the contour of the primary mass.

Rule 10m. Transparent and opaque stones or enamel should not be used in the same design.

Surface Enrichment of Base and Precious Metals For Large Primary Masses

Rule 11a. The preliminary steps toward surface enrichment should be thought out before they are drawn.

Rule 11b. Conservative application should mark the use of surface enrichment of large masses. Its use should: (1) lighten or soften necessarily heavy construction; (2) support or apparently strengthen good structure; (3) add interest to large unbroken and uninteresting surfaces.

Rule 11c. The type of design unit for large masses should be bolder than similar designs for small primary masses.

Rule 11d. The eye should be attracted to one principal zone of enrichment, whether located upon the primary mass, appendage, terminal, links, or details. All other zones should be subordinate to this area.

Rule 11e. Two periods of historic ornament should not be introduced into the same design.

Rule 11f. Repulsive forms should not be introduced into surface enrichment.

Application of Color To Large Areas

VALUES

Rule 12a. An average wood stain is to be retained between the values middle and low dark.

Rule 12b. An average wall hue is to be retained between the values light and middle.

Rule 12c. An average ceiling hue is to be retained between the values white (minus) and light.

Rule 12d. The relation between the side walls and furniture, trim, etc., should be retained within the range of four values or less, as low light and dark.

Rule 12e. The relation between the side walls and ceiling should be within the range of three values or less, as high light and low light.

HUES

Rule 12f. Color schemes for wood work and side walls should preferably be selected from one of the following groupings: analogous, contrasted, or dominant arrangements of hues. Analogous grouping is preferable where variety of hue is desirable.

Rule 12g. Ceilings should be colored by a lighter tint of the side walls or by a lighter tint of an analogous hue.

CHROMA

Rule 12h. Stains are usually not reduced to below three-fourths chromatic intensity. Nearly gray side walls, however, call for a reduction to one-fourth intensity.

Rule 12i. Wall colors are usually reduced to three-fourths chroma to a minimum reduction of slightly less than one-fourth chroma.

Rule 12j. Ceilings should usually be reduced in chroma to three-fourths intensity, with slightly less than one-fourth chroma as a minimum reduction.

DISTRIBUTION

Rule 12k. Proportionate distribution of hue, value, and chroma in surface enrichment calls for a small area, high in chroma, and contrasting in value to the rest of the surface, but harmonizing with it. This is usually located in the area of concentration. The larger areas are to be sufficiently reduced in chroma and value to form slight contrast with the background.

HUES FOR SMALL OBJECTS

Rule 12l. One hue, or a group of analogous hues should dominate all color schemes. The point of concentration may be emphasized by one hue related to the other hues by (1) contrasted, (2) dominant, (3) analogous, (4) complementary relations. This hue should make slightly stronger value and chroma contrast than the remaining hues.

VALUES FOR SMALL OBJECTS

Rule 12m. An extreme range of five values is generally sufficient to supply contrast to a design but still retain its value unity. Restraint in the use of values is essential.

CHROMA FOR SMALL OBJECTS

Rule 12n. The amount of chroma may be increased in proportion to the decrease in the decorated area. Exceptions may be made to this under Rule 12o.

Rule 12o. Small one or two-hued projects in clay, designed to be used as a part of the decorative color scheme for a room should bear a contrasted, dominant, analogous, or complementary relation to the side walls of the room. The project may be much higher in chroma than the side walls.

Rule 12p. Correct color for surface enrichment should neither apparently rise above nor drop below the surface to which it is applied, but should stay upon the plane of that surface. Correct value and chroma range will accomplish this.