ITALIAN EXERCISES.

ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS.

Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 88.]

I love, am-áre thou acquirest, acquist-áre he respects, rispett-áre we salute, salut-áre you speak, parl-áre ye pass, pass-áre they walk. spasseggi-áre.

I did call, chiam-áre thou didst prattle, ciarl-áre he did command, comand-áre we did begin, cominci-áre you did buy, compr-áre they did confess. confess-áre.

I confirmed, conferm-áre thou didst deliver, consegn-áre he preserved, preserv-áre we considered, consider-áre you advised, consigli-áre they contended. contrast-áre.

I have declined, declin-áre thou hast courted, corteggi-áre he has cured, cur-áre we have crowned, coron-áre you have dedicated, [1]dedic-áre they have supped. cen-áre.

I had wished, desider-áre thou hadst declared, dichiar-áre he had dispensed, dispens-áre we had assembled, radun-áre you had undeceived, disingann-áre they had wasted. scialacqu-áre.

I will expect, aspett-áre thou shalt arrive, arriv-áre he will assault, assalt-áre we will assure, assicur-áre you will wish, augur-áre they shall increase. aument-áre.

Dance, ball-áre let him change, cambi-áre let us walk, passeggi-áre sing ye, cant-áre let them certify. [2]certific-áre.

That I may fast, digiun-áre that thou mayest besiege, assedi-áre that he may ride, [2]cavalc-áre that we may punish, [2]castig-áre that you may pass, pass-áre that they may cause. cagion-áre.

That I might caress, accarezz-áre that thou mightest burn, abbruci-áre that he might stoop, [2]abbass-ársi that we might accept, accett-áre that you might embrace, abbracci-áre that they might mend. accomod-áre.

I should accompany, accompagn-áre thou shouldst accuse, accus-áre he should baptize, battezz-áre we should mistrust, [3]diffid-ársi you should venture, [2]arrisic-áre they should administer. amministr-áre.

That I may have lamented, lament-áre that thou mayest have invented, invent-áre that he may have governed, govern-áre that we may have tamed, addimestic-áre that you may have asked, domand-áre that they may have experienced. speriment-áre.

That I might have formed, form-áre that thou mightest have taken away, lev-áre that he might have sent, mand-áre that we might have prepared, prepar-áre that you might have deprived, priv-áre that they might have resembled. rassomigli-áre.

I should have prolonged, [2]prolung-áre thou shouldst have tried, prov-áre he should have remedied, rimedi-áre we should have refused, rifiut-áre you should have carried back again, riport-áre they should have prayed. [2]preg-áre.

I shall or will have warmed, riscald-áre thou shalt have transferred, trasport-áre he shall have judged, [4]giudic-áre we shall have fortified, [4]fortific-áre you shall have inflamed, infiamm-áre they shall have failed. [4]manc-áre.

Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 95.]

I believe, créd-ere thou receivest, ricév-ere he sees, ved-ére we repeat, ripét-ere you beat, bátt-ere they drink. bév-ere.

I did yield up, céd-ere thou didst owe, dov-ére he did cleave, fénd-ere we did groan, gém-ere you did feed, pásc-ere they did hang up. appénd-ere.

I enjoyed, god-ére thou pressedst, prém-ere he reaped, miét-ere we shone, rilúc-ere you repeated, ripét-ere they sat down. sed-ére.

I have sold, vénd-ere thou hast crept along, sérp-ere he has shrieked, stríd-ere we have feared, tem-ére you have beaten, bátt-ere they have received. ricév-ere.

The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular. [See Gram. p. 111.]

I had fallen, [1]cad-ére thou hadst pleased, piac-ére he had held, ten-ére we had grieved, [1][2]dol-érsi you had appeared, par-ére they had pleased. piac-ére.

I shall or will persuade, persuad-ére thou shalt lie down, giac-ére he shall be able, pot-ére we shall remain, riman-ére you shall know, sap-ére they shall be accustomed. [1][3]sol-ére.

Be silent, tac-ére let him see, ved-ére let us hold, ten-ére be ye pleased, compiac-érsi let them fall again. ricad-ére.

That I may have, avére that thou mayest owe, dov-ére that he may fall, cad-ére that we may lie down, giac-ére that you may be able, pot-ére that they may grieve. dol-érsi.

That I might appear, par-ére that thou mightest lie down, giac-ére that he might please, piac-ére that we might persuade, persuad-ére that you might be able, pot-ére that they might know. sap-ére.

I should be silent, tac-ére thou shouldst be accustomed, [4]sol-ére he should be worth, val-ére we should hold, ten-ére you should see, ved-ére they should be willing. vol-ére.

For a full conjugation of all the verbs in ere, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 95.

Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 102.]

I hear, sent-íre thou followest, segu-íre he opens, apr-íre we boil, boll-íre you consent, consent-íre they convert. convert-íre.

I did cover, [1]copr-íre thou didst sow, cuc-íre he did sleep, dorm-íre we did fly, fugg-íre you did lie, ment-íre they did die. [1]mor-íre.

I departed, part-íre thou didst suffer, [1]soffr-íre he repented, pent-írsi we ascended, sal-íre you served, serv-íre they went out.part-íre sort-íre.

I have dressed, vest-íre thou hast heard, ud-íre he has consented, consent-íre we have slept, dorm-íre you have covered, copr-íre they have boiled. boll-íre.

The following Verbs in ire are irregular.[1] [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 144.]

I had appeared, compar-íre thou hadst uttered, profer-íre he had buried, seppell-íre we had dared, ard-íre you had abolished, abol-íre they had understood. cap-íre.

I shall or will abhor, abbor-íre thou shalt enrich, arricch-íre he shall blush, arross-íre we shall banish, band-íre you shall whiten, bianch-íre they shall pity. compat-íre.

Conceive thou, concep-íre let him digest, diger-íre let us finish, fin-íre approve ye, grad-íre let them bloom. fior-íre.

That I may suffer, pat-íre that thou mayest grow mad, impazz-íre that he may languish, langu-íre that we may dispatch, sped-íre that you may unite, un-íre that they may obey. obbed-íre.

That I might colour, color-íre that thou mightest flourish, fior-íre that he might sharpen, inacerb-íre that we might animate, anim-áre that you might harden, indur-íre that they might bellow. mugg-íre.

I would strike, colp-íre thou wouldst banish, band-íre he would abhor, abborr-íre we would abolish, abbol-íre you would enrich, arricch-íre they would comprehend. cap-íre.

For the formation of compound tenses, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 77, 82, and 88.

Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons. [See Grammar, p. 125, and the following.]

I belong, apparten-ére thou kindlest, accénd-ere he takes, prénd-ere we perceive, accorg-érsi you kill, uccíd-ere they burn. árd-ere.

I did hide, nascónd-ere thou didst oppress, opprím-ere he did sprinkle, aspérg-ere we did divide, divíd-ere you did absolve, assólv-ere they did absorb. assórb-ere.

I assumed, [1]assúm-ere thou offeredst, porg-ere he demanded, richiéd-ere we plucked up, divell-ere you shut, chiud-ere they engraved. incid-ere.

I have granted, conced-ere thou hast run, corr-ere he has decided, decid-ere we have believed, cred-ere you have boiled, cuoc-ere they have decided. decid-ere.

I had deluded, delud-ere thou hadst oppressed, opprim-ere he had defended, difend-ere we had expressed, esprim-ere you had sprinkled, asperg-ere they had known. sap-ére.

I shall, or will grieve, dol-érsi thou shalt erect, erg-ere he shall exclude, esclud-ere we shall require, esig-ere you shall expel, espell-ere they shall extinguish. estingu-ere.

Melt thou, fond-ere let him drive in, figg-ere let us feign, fing-ere break ye, frang-ere let them reflect. riflett-ere.

That I may lie down, giac-ére that thou mayest fry, frigg-ere that he may join, giung-ere that she may imprint, imprim-ere that we may hang up, append-ere that you may see, ved-ére that they may include. includ-ere.

That I might soak, intrid-ere that thou mightest intrude, intrud-ere that he might read, legg-ere that we might put, mett-ere that you might bite, mord-ere that they might plunge. immerg-ere.

I would move, muov-ere thou wouldst milk, mung-ere he would conceal, nascond-ere we would neglect, neglig-ere you would foresee, preved-ére they would hurt (morally). nuoc-ere.

That I may have offended, offend-ere that thou mayest have oppressed, opprim-ere that he may have struck, percuot-ere that we may have lost, perd-ere that you may have pleased, piac-ére that they may have wept. piang-ere.

That I might have painted, diping-ere that thou mightest have presented, porg-ere that he might have curtailed, precid-ere that we might have taken, prend-ere that you might have presumed, presum-ere that they might have protected. protegg-ere.

I should have sat down, sed-ére thou shouldest have returned, rend-ere he should have reduced, ridur-re we should have laughed, rid-ere you should have answered, rispond-ere they should have suspended. sospend-ere.

When I shall have scattered, sparg-ere thou shalt have shaken, scuot-ere he shall have risen, sorg-ere we shall have killed, uccid-ere you shall have conquered, vinc-ere they shall have lived. viv-ere.

On the Rules of the Italian Syntax, with References to Veneroni’s Grammar.

On the ORDER of WORDS. [See Gram. p. 196.]

I write scrívere three tre hours [1]ora every day. ogni [2]giôrno.

Thou art éssere too [3]troppo troublesome molésto to my friends. amíco.

He speaks parláre like come a Roman orator. Románo [4]oratóre.

We go andáre out of town fuóri [5]città every Spring. ogni primavéra.

You shew mostráre your probity probità very plainly. molto [6]chiaraménte.

They think pensáre it is very fine weather [8]fare [9]bello tempo [7]to walk out. spasseggiáre.

I was extremely glad [10]rallegrársi estremaménte to see him again. rivedére.

Thou wert essere generously rewarded. generosaménte ricompensáre.

He bought compráre many things molto cosa to send mandáre abroad. fuóri del paese.

We encouraged incoraggire all arts and trades. [11]tutto arte mestiére.

You baffled sconcertáre their wicked designs. scelleráto diségno.

They tempted tentáre our faithful subjects. fedéle suddito.

I have avére enriched arricchíre his numerous family. [12]numeróso famíglia.

Thou hast many accounts molto conto to settle. regoláre.

He has renewed rinnováre his promises proméssa to us.

We have seen vedére the chief curiosities. principále curiosità.

You have examined esamináre them carefully. attentaménte.

They have declared dichiaráre their last will. último volontà.

I had resolved [13]risólversi to get rid of disfársi them.

Thou hadst determined determináre to say it dire plainly. schiettaménte.

He had fixed on fissáre that sort of quello sorta diversion. divertiménto.

We had sworn giuráre to love amársi each other eternally. eternaménte.

You had forsaken abbandonáre his acquaintance. conoscénza.

They had implored imploráre the king’s Re clemency. cleménza.

I shall ever sempre commend lodáre prudent people. prudente gente.

Thou shalt publish spárgere this news nuóva every where. da per tutto.

He will return ritornáre from France Fráncia next week. próssimo settimána.

We shall travel viaggiáre day and night giórno e notte till finchè we arrive. [14]arriváre.

You will do fare yourself immortal honor. immortále onóre.

They will disgrace disonoráre their noble family. nóbile famíglia.

Bring [15]portáre me that bottle bottiglia and a glass. bicchiére.

Let him gather radunáre all his things, tutto roba and then go. poi andáre.

Let us walk spasseggiáre in the garden [16]giardíno before avánti dinner. pranzo.

Go and meet andáre incontráre all our friends tutto amíco on the road. sulla strada.

Let them answer [17]rispóndere all my questions. dománda.

On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 35, and 200.]

The study [1]studio of belles lettres belle léttere has always been recommended [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre to the youth [3]gioventù of both sexes. ambedúe sesso.

Great events grande evénto and revolutions rivoluzióne followed seguíre the death of morte Cæsar. Césare.

The fear timóre of torments torménto made him fly fare fuggíre his country. pátria.

Poland was Polónia éssere for many years per molto anno the seat of domestic divisions. seggio doméstico divisióne. Portugal is Portogállo a despotic kingdom. despótico regno. Avarice is Avarízia despicable. sprezzábile.

My lord signór the archbishop, arcivéscovo visited visitáre all the clergy. clero.

My lord [4]signór the president, presidénte decreed it decretáre in his behalf. favóre.

Madam signóra the countess contéssa has ordered it. comandáre.

The gentlemen signóri are not yet come éssere ancóra veníre to see us. vedére.

Women donna are very fair molto bióndo in the northern countries. settentrionále paése.

The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 200.]

It is forbidden éssere proibíre to do evil. fare male.

It is not always convenient sempre convenévole to speak dire the truth. verità.

It is permitted perméttere to a sick person ammaláto to complain. [1]lamentársi.

It is not polite civíle to interrupt interrómpere any one who speaks. uno che parláre.

It is right giústo to correct corréggere boys ragázzo whilst mentre they are young. éssere gióvane.

It is a great satisfaction grande soddisfazióne to people of feeling sensíbile gente to hear that sentíre their friends amico are in perfect health. éssere perfétto salúte.

It is a great pleasure gran piacére to see brothers vedére fratéllo well united together; bene unito insiéme but ma it is a great grief grande dispiacére to see them disagree. vedére discórdia.

It is not always proper sempre convenévole to correct children corréggere ragázzo for the faults they commit; fallo comméttere but it is ma very necessary molto necessário to make them sensible of them. fare accórgersi

It is easy fácile to give advice, dare consíglio but difficult ma diffícile to execute. eseguíre.

It is easy to perceive accórgersi you neglect trascuráre your business. affáre.

It was ever commendable sempre lodévole to study studiáre languages. lingua.

On the SYNTAX of NOUNS. [See Grammar, p, 201.]

A dutiful child obbediénte figliuólo is a great comfort grande consolazióne to his parents. suo genitóre.

A good wife buóno moglie is an inestimable treasure. inestimábile tesóro.

A diligent master diligénte maéstro instructs instruíre attentive scholars. atténto scolaro.

A good action buóno azióne deserves meritáre great praise. grande lóde.

A rash counsel inconsideráto consíglio is productive of è l’origine fatal consequences. fatále conseguénza.

My father padre[1] and mother madre[1] are éssere very compassionate. molto compassionévole.

Their brother fratéllo and sister sorélla are industrious. industrióso.

Your house casa and garden giardíno are excessively beautiful. eccessivamente bello.

My exercise tema and my lesson lezióne are difficult. diffícile.

Our man-servant servitore and our maid-servant serva are good, buóno and therefore perciò they shall be rewarded. saranno ricompénsati.

You, your master, padróne and your mistress, padróna have been civil éssere stato civíle [2]to me, and merit meritáre my greatest thanks. [3]gránde ringraziaménto.

On COMPARATIVES. [See Gram. p. 53.]

France Fráncia is larger grande and more powerful than poténte Italy. Itália.

Virgil wrote Virgílio scrívere more than any other poet. qualúnque altro poéta[1].

Horace was Orázio éssere much more satirical than satírico Juvenal. Giuvenale.

Your countrymen are vostro compatriótto much richer than [2]ricco mine. mio.

This water is questo acqua much clearer than chiáro crystal. cristállo.

Your sister’s hands are sorélla [3]mano whiter than [4]biánco alabaster. alabástro.

The English are Inglése more studious than studióso their neighbours. vicino.

Milton was Milton éssere much more learned than dotto Dante. Dante.

The Russians behaved Russo comportársi more bravely than valorosaménte the Turks. Turco.

Cicero was Ciceróne less happy than felíce Diogenes. Diógene.

Lewis the Fourteenth was Luígi décimo quarto much less admired than ammiraré Henry the Fourth. Enríco quarto.

London is Londra far better paved than lastricáre Paris. Parígi.

Venice is Venézia much less populous than popoláto Naples. Nápoli.

Lend me prestáre three thousand pounds tre[5] mila lira for a month. per mese.

I have inherited avére ereditáre five hundred guineas cinque cento ghinea a year. anno.

I have seven brothers sette fratéllo and two sisters due sorélla alive. vivo.

The tenth diéci of next month próssimo mese I will pay you. pagáre.

Judas was Giúda éssere one of the twelve apostles. dódici apóstolo.

William the Third was Gugliélmo[6] terzo éssere a great conqueror. grande conquistatóre.

Henry the Fourth of France Enríco quarto di Francia was a matchless warrior. incomparábile guerriêro.

Pope Sixtus the Fifth Papa Sisto quinto was a great man. grande uómo.

Your master has padróne avere[7] a fine country-house. bello villa.

Your brother has fratello six fine dapple-bay horses. sei bello bajo pomelláto cavállo.

Your uncle zio and aunt zia are éssere my dear friends. caro amíco.

Our general was generále ever reputed sempre riputáre a gallant man. valoróso uómo.

Solomon was Salomóne a wise king. sávio re.

King George is Giórgio a religious monarch. religióso monárca.

Nero was Neróne a wicked man. cattívo uómo.

Crœsus Creso was reckoned stimáre a rich prince. ricco príncipe.

The duke of Richmond has duca Richmond six fine grey horses. sei bello[8] leárdo cavállo.

Spain is Spagna a hot country, caldo paése but Germany is ma Germánia a very cold one. freddo paése.

Give me dare some cold water, freddo acqua and red wine. rosso vino.

I like amáre cold weather freddo tempo better than hot. caldo.

The English ladies are Inglése signóra handsomer than bella the Italian. Italiána.

I always thought sempre crédere he was a troublesome man. [9]incómodo uómo.

This poor man questo póvero uómo has avére crooked legs. storto gamba.

Will you have avére a round hat rotóndo cappéllo or a cocked one? od a tre pizzi?

There is a sickly man, ammalatíccio uómo methinks. mi pare.

You are a thoughtful philosopher. pensieróso filósofo.

The industrious [10]industrióso are praised, lodáre but ma the slothful pigro are despised. sprezzáre.

The righteous giústo find peace trováre pace but the wicked scelleráto feel torment. sentíre torménto.

The covetous aváro despise the poor, sprezzare póvero but ma the generous generóso cherish them. volére bene.

The merciful misericordióso shall find mercy, trovare pietà but the cruel crudéle shall be punished. castigáre.

The wise man sávio seeks wisdom, cercáre sapiénza but the fool stolto despises understanding. sprezzáre intendiménto.

Give me dare some bread, [11]del pane some wine, vino some butter, butírro some cheese, cácio some boiled beef, manzo alésso some mutton, castráto some veal, vitéllo some pork, porco some pie, pastíccio some fish, pesce some mustard, mostárda some salt. sale.

Go and fetch me andáre a cercáre a bit of pezzo the white bread. biánco pane.

Send to market mandáre mercáto to buy me compráre ten pounds of libbra fresh butter.[12] fresco butírro.

Bring directly portáre súbito six pounds of sei libbra black cherries. nero cerása.

Seven hundred of sette cento fresh walnuts, noce and five pounds of cinque hazle nuts. nocciuóla.

Have you been éssere stato[13] at Paris? No, but No ma I have been at Rouen: Roáno it is a fine city. bello città Did you see it? vedére

Did you give dare[14] your brother fratéllo the book libro I lent you? prestáre

No, I gave it dare to my sister, and sorélla she will return it to you restituíre when she has read it. léggere.

Did you tell dire your father padre I was éssere in the country? campágna?

No, sir, but I told my mother, dire madre it is all one. è l’istéssa cosa.

God demands Iddío richiedere the pureness of purità[15] our hearts. cuóre.

We ought to die dovére moríre for the service of servízio our princes. príncipe.

Construction of Adjectives.

The Adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, guilt, or any passion of the mind, require the following Noun to be in the Genitive case.

Those who quello are desirous of éssere bramóso honour, onóre are studious of learning studióso sciénza and of good manners. buóno costúme.

He who is not mindful of badáre his own business, própio affáre cannot be non può mindful of badare other people’s. altro.

Thou and I are guilty of colpévole the same error. stesso errore.

I am ignorant ignoráre of the fact fatto you mention. mentionáre.

Adjectives expressing plenty, or want, as poor, destitute, empty, full, void, require the Genitive case after them.

He whose purse borsa is empty of money, vuóto danáro has a house avére casa empty of friends. vuóto amíco.

The court corte which is éssere full of flatterers, piéno adulatóre is pernicious pernizióso to a prince, príncipe though he be rich in substance ricco sostánza and loaded with honours. colmáre onóre.

A journey of twenty miles viággio venti míglia wearies a horse stancáre cavállo that is very hungry; fame for while perchè mentre he is wanting food, bramare di mangiare he goes slowly. andáre lentamente.

Laziness pigrízia has need of spurs. bisógno speróne.

The Adjectives worthy, unworthy, adorned, encompassed, content, must have a Genitive after them.

Those are unworthy éssere indégno of the glory of Heaven, glória Ciélo who do not think che crédere virtue worthy of love, virtù dégno amóre nor are contented with conténto the pleasure it gives. piacére che dare.

A son endowed with excellent qualities figliuólo dotáto eccellénte qualità rejoices his father, rallegráre padre whose good example he imitates, buóno esempio imitáre whose comands he observes; comándo osserváre he is never in fear, mai paura for he provokes not perchè provocáre his father’s anger; padre cóllera he is always mindful of his own duty, sempre attento al dovére and is like a staff è come bastóne to his father’s old age. padre vecchiája.

He who is endowed with quello dotáto fine qualities, bello qualità and does not behave himself well, comportársi bene is unworthy of men’s society.[1] éssere indégno uómo società.

Those who are éssere contented with conténto their own condition, condizióne are worthy of degno the name of good Christians; nome buóno Cristiáno but such are very rare. ma raro.

If the city of Naples se città Nápoli were encompassed circondáre with walls, muro it would be éssere[2] stronger than it is. forte

England is adorned with Inghiltérra ornáre the fairest ladies [3]belle signóra in the world. di questo mondo.

Our country is paése surrounded with chiúdere the strongest bulwarks. [3]forte baluárdo.

Few people are poco gente satisfied with soddisfáre the lot that sorte Providence has granted them. Providénza concédere.

Adjectives governing a Dative Case. Adjectives expressing submission, relation, pleasure, due, resistance, difficulty, likeness, have the following Noun in the Dative case.

Virtue is pleasant to [1]virtù piacévole the righteous, giústo and profitable to profittévole those who love it. quello che amáre.

Adoration L’adorazione is due to God, dovúto Dio the King of all the world. [2]Re tutto mondo.

Honour is due to kings, onóre dovúto Re because perchè God has commanded us avére comandáre to be obedient to them. éssere obbediénte

It is a lamentable thing lamentévole cosa to see some men of great abilities uómo gràn talénto prone to wickedness. dédito vízio.

A man uómo who suffers himself lasciársi to be led by allettáre the corrupted pleasures corrótto piacére of this world, quésto mondo is not like a Christian. símile Cristiáno.

Children figliuólo are not always like sempre símile their parents, genitóre they are sometimes talvólta quite different from them. affátto differénte

My father padre is like my uncle somigliáre zio as to his features, in quanto fattézza and the colour of his hair, colóre [3]capéllo but he is not like him ma éssere in his manners. costúme.

On Superlative Degrees. [See Gram. p. 56.]

The most noble la più nóbile of all virtues tutto virtù is charity. carità.

The most ingenious people [1]più ingegnóso persone are not always éssere sempre the most learned. dotto.

The most pernicious of all crimes pernizióso delítto is slander, calúnnia it ruins rovinare very often [2]spesso the reputation of riputazióne the most honest people; onésto gente it puts discord between méttere discórdia fra the most intimate friends; intrínseco amíco in short, in somma it is the most abominable crime abbominévole delítto in the world. mondo.

The best quality [3]buóno qualità a man can have, uómo potére avére is to be civil civíle and obliging. cortése.

The best friend amíco we can have is money. danáro.

The best soldiers soldáto in the world are sometimes conquered. talvólta vincere.

Buy me compráre the best grapes uva you see in town. vedére città.

The greatest men gránde uómo in the kingdom regno confess it. confessáre.

The richest people ricco gente are not the happiest. felíce.

The most virtuous women virtuóso donna have been guilty of éssere stato colpévole coquetry. civettería.

We should pay a most particular attention to [4]fare particoláre attenzióne the moral conduct of morale condotta our children figliuólo of both sexes. ambidúe sesso.

OF PRONOUNS.

The Personal Pronouns io, tu, egli, essa, noi, voi, eglino, being the Nominative Case, ought to be put before the Verb; but if there is an Interrogation, they must be put after. [See Gram. p. 67.]

I entreat you supplicáre voi to grant me accordáre that favour. quello favóre.

What do you desire brama of me, madam? madama?

What do you say? dire I do not understand capíre you.

Don’t you speak parláre Italian Italiáno and French? Francése?

I understand them capíre pretty well, assái bene but when ma quando you speak parláre so very fast, così presto I cannot understand you. non posso capíre.

I ask you domándare if you will volére do me fare a favour. favóre.

With all my heart, tutto cuóre if I can potére conveniently. senz’inconveniente.

Have you avére an Italian Dictionary? Italiáno Dizionário?

Yes, I have Baretti’s Dictionary. Barétti Dizionário.

Will you lend prestáre[1] it me for two or three weeks? due tre settimána?

It is at your service, vostro servízio if you will send for it. mandárlo a prendere.

Did you see vedére the castle St. Angelo castéllo Sant’ Angelo at Rome? Roma?

Yes, it is very fine, bello very rich; ricco in short, in somma I think it is crédere the finest castle in [2] Europe. Európa.

Do you think crédere the city of Paris città Parígi is finer than bello London? Londra?

No, it is not so large, gránde nor so well built bene fabbricata as London.

I love you amáre with all my heart, tutto cuóre and if you come veníre tomorrow dománi to see me, vedére I’ll give you dare what I promised you. prométtere.

I will not fail, mancáre but I am afraid temére to be too troublesome di dar troppo incómodo to you and your family. vóstra famiglia.

Did Mr. N. Signór give you dare the book libro you lent him? prestáre?

Not yet; non ancóra but I believe ma crédere he will give it me dare soon. presto.

When you get it back, [3]riavére will you bring it me? portáre

I will do it fare willingly volentiéri to oblige you. obbligáre.

When quando will you go to see him andáre vedére at his country seat? sua villa?

I think crédere I shall pay him a visit fare una visita next month. próssimo mese.

Bring me portáre your grammar grammática to-morrow. dománi.

Here it is, Eccola quà sir, I brought it portáre with me. meco.

Shew me mostráre what you have written. quel che avére scrívere That is not well, bene write it over again, scrívere di nuóvo and when you have done, [4]quando avére fare give it to dare your brother. vostro fratéllo.

I think crédere you are éssere very idle. pigro.

Forgive me, perdonáre I will be éssere more diligent più diligénte in future. all’avveníre.

Reach me recáre that pen-knife, quello temperíno and a clean pen. pulíto penna.

Write an exercise, scrívere tema and then e poi read it to me. leggétemelo[5].

On Pronouns Demonstrative and Possessive. The Pronouns Demonstrative, questo, quello, or questi, and the Pronouns Possessive, mio, mia, tuo, tua, suo, sua, agree with the Substantive in gender, number, and case. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 68, 70.]

This horse questo cavállo goes andáre better than any of yours. qualúnque vostro.

This man is uómo more honest than onésto you think.[1] crédere.

This woman is donna not so happy as felíce she deserves. meritáre.

This house casa stands stare in a most pleasant situation. améno situazióne.

Those gentlemen quello signóre seem parére to be very cold. avére freddo.

Those ladies are signóra very modestly drest. modestaménte vestíre.

My brother [2]mio fratéllo is gone into andáre the country campágna for a month. mese.

My mother madre is gone over to France Fráncia for her health. salute.

My countrymen are compatriótto very great grande politicians. político.

My sister sorélla loves amáre public diversions púbblico divertiménto to excess. éccesso.

My action azióne is not so blameable as biasimiévole you say. dire.

Your affection for me affétto is false falso and deceitful. ingannévole.

Her history stória has made avére fare a great noise grande romóre in the world. mondo.

Their clock orológio is always sempre out of order. in disórdine.

Our house casa is finer than bello yours. vostro.

Their affairs are affáre more perplexed più imbarrazzáre [3]than you imagine. immagináre.

The Pronoun Relative che is of all genders, and of all numbers. [See Gram. p. 72.]

The woman who donna che has avére a fair face, bello viso is loved by amáre all. tutto.

The girl who ragázza brought me portáre my pen-knife, temperíno is lovely. amábile.

The man who uómo bought compráre my house mio casa is honest. onésto.

My brother’s hat fratéllo cappéllo begins cominciáre to be worn. usársi.

The man who uómo struck percuótere my father padre is a butcher. macellájo.

The rewards which ricompénsa are promised éssere prométtere shall be given, if dare the work required, lavóro richiésto be done fare the day after to-morrow. dopo dománi.

The horse which cavállo my father sold padre véndere was very good. éssere buóno.

The comedy which commédia we acted rappresentáre was pleasant. piacévole.

The wood legna we bargained for patteggiáre was too dry. éssere secco.

The wine which vino you drank bere yesterday jeri was excellent. eccellente.

The last lesson ultimo lezióne you gave me, dare was very difficult. molto diffícile.

The company compagnía you keep praticáre is not honest. onésto.

I have found avére trováre the book which libro I had lost. pérdere.

Note that, he that, and she that, must be turned by quello che, and quella che. [See Gram. p. 72.]

He who does not fear God, temére Dio does not deserve meritáre to live. vívere.

He who came veníre this morning, mattína has a great regard avére gran stima for you.

He who gave you dare that counsel, consíglio is not your friend. amíco.

He who lives honestly, vívere onestaménte is esteemed by stimáre all people. tutti.

He who told you that, dire did not tell you the truth. verità.

He who sold you véndere these boots, stivále did not cheat you. ingannáre.

She who is the handsomest, bello is not always sempre the most virtuous. virtuóso.

He who speaks continually, parláre continuamente must be deve éssere very troublesome. seccante.

She who told me dire the news, nuóvo is your great friend. grande amíca.

She who is married to maritáre Mr. N. signór N. is the most lively. più viváce.

She who gave me dare your letter, léttera speaks Italian parláre Italiáno very well. beníssimo.

He whom you look for, cercáre is gone away partire this morning. mattína.

He whom you hate odiáre the most, is my intimate friend. intímo amico.

He whom you have recommended avére raccomandáre to me, is a great rogue. birbánte.

He whom you saw vedére yesterday, jéri is éssere my sister’s lover. sorélla amánte.

He whom God loves, Dio amáre is very happy. felíce.

She whom you see, vedére is my eldest brother’s primogénito fratéllo mistress. innamoráta.

She whom I have recommended avére raccomandáre to you, is modest. modésto.

She whom I loved most, amáre il più is married. maritáre.

I saw to-day vedére oggi the gentleman signóre with whom [1] we dined pranzáre yesterday. jéri.

Here is Ecco the lady signóra for whom I have avére great respect. grande rispétto.

Let us go and see andáre [2] vedere the lady with whom we played at cards giuocáre carta in the country campágna the other day. altro giórno.

The gentleman signóre with whom we were éssere the other day altro giórno is very ill. ammaláto.

There is the horse cavállo for which I offered esibire twenty guineas. venti ghinéa.

Shew me mostráre the watch oriuólo for which you gave dare forty pounds. quaránta lire.

There is the sword spada for which I offered esibíre six guineas. sei ghinéa.

When between two Verbs there is a Noun, or a Pronoun, we put generally che after the first Verb.

I thought crédere you could speak parláre Italian Italiáno better méglio than you do.[1]

I fancy immaginársi you are not yet [2]avére ancóra twenty years old. venti anni.

I hope speráre you will not refuse me ricusáre the favour favóre to recommend me to raccomandáre your friends vostro amíco in town. città.

My uncle zio told me yesterday dire jéri you were not well, [3]stare bene but I am very glad ma rallegrársi to find trováre you are better to-day. méglio oggi.

You promised prométtere to write to me scrívere last week, passáto settimána but I am very sorry ma rincréscere to observe vedére you have forgot me. che vi siete scordato di me.

We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb.

I desired but one favour from you,[1] chiédere favóre and you refused it me. ricusáre.

If you would give me dare but one guinea ghinéa at once, alla volta you would oblige me obbligáre infinitely. infinitaménte.

When one has quando[2] avére little money, poco danáro one ought to spend dovére spéndere accordingly. in conseguénza.

I ask you domandáre but what others give me. altro dare.

You do nothing but fare [3] laugh and play. rídere giuocáre.

He does nothing but eat and drink. mangiáre bere.

When others laugh, altro rídere you do nothing but fare cry. piángere.

On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that.

I went yesterday to venire jéri your house casa to see you, vedére but your man told me ma servitore dire you were not éssere within.

Indeed in verità I was there almost all the afternoon; quasi tutto dopo pranzo at what time che ora did you come? veníre?

I went there at six o’clock. sei

He was in the right [1]avére to tell you dire that I was not within, éssere for I was gone to visit andáre visitáre a few friends alcúno amíco in the square. piázza.

My brother fratéllo and sister sorélla are gone into andáre the country. campagna.

When quando did they go, I wish to know? vorréi sapére?

They went andáre yesterday morning. jéri mattína.

Is it long since [2] you saw vedére our regiment? reggiménto?

It is two months, due mese if se I remember well. ricordáre bene.

How long is it since éssere you left France? lasciáre Fráncia?

It is five and twenty years, cinque venti anno or thereabouts. incírca.

How to express some of it, or some of them. [See Grammar p. 215.]

You have avére three horses, tre cavállo lend me prestátemene one of them. uno.

I have but two, avére due one for myself, me and the other for my man. servitore.

I thought crédere you had avére three (of them). tre.

To shew you far vedére that I have avére but two (of them), due come with me into veníre meco the stable, stalla and you will not see vedére any more (of them). più.

I do not doubt it at all, dubitáre[1] I believe you. crédere.

I see vedére very fine flowers bello fióre in your garden, giardíno give me dare some.

I have not many, avére molto but what there are, ma quel [2] are at your service. servízio.

I have but fifteen or sixteen, quindici sedici as you see. vedére.

You may take potére pigliáre a dozen, dozzina if you please. piacére.

What will you volére have me do fare with them?

You may give dare some to your daughters. vostro figlia.

Do they talk [3] parláre of the war guerra in your town? città?

They talk of it all over tutto the island. ísola.

And what do they think of crédere our neighbours’ intentions? vicíno intenzióne?

They know sapére very little poco about them here. quì.

Exercises on the Tenses of the Verbs.

The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present.

Sir, Signóre I come veníre to have the honour avére onóre to see you. vedére.

I am éssere infinitely obliged to you infinitaménte obbligáre for this favour. questo favóre.

How does [1]stare the lady your mother signóra madre do?

She is very well, stáre beníssimo sir, and presents presentáre her compliments compliménto to you.

I am éssere her most humble servant, úmile servo and am very glad rallegrársi to hear sentíre she is well. stare bene.

Will you volére come veníre and walk with me spasseggiáre in the garden? giardíno?

Pray pregáre excuse me, scusáre I cannot stay potére restáre any longer.

You are always in great haste grande fretta when you come veníre to see me. vedére.

I beg your pardon, mi perdoni sir, I have been here quì above an hour, circa ora and my sister sorélla is all alone tutto solo at home. casa.

I am sorry you will not stay: [2]dispiacére volére rimanére I entreat you supplicáre to present presentáre my most humble respects úmile rispétto to the lady signóra your mother. madre.

The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted.

Sir, Signóre we were speaking parláre of you, when quando you came in. entrare.

What che were you saying dire of me, ladies? signóra?

We were saying dire that when quando you were in France, éssere Fráncia among the ladies, fra dame you were éssere the most gallant, galánte the most courteous, cortése and the most complaisant compiacente gentleman signóre in the world. mondo.

I did not think, pensáre ladies, signora I was so happy as avere la fortuna to be the subject of éssere soggétto your conversation; conversazióne and what do you think crédere I am now?

We believe that crédere you are still éssere ancóra very civil, civíle and very complaisant; compiacénte but ma not so gallant galánte as you were then. éssere.

Louis the XIVth was Luígi [1] one of the greatest kings grande Re in the world; mondo he was a lover of fine sciences, amatóre bello léttera he did not love flatterers, amáre adulatóre neither did he always follow sempre seguíre his own inclinations; inclinazióne and if e se he could not get the victory guadagnáre vittória over his enemies nemíco by the force of his arms, forza arma he would get it ottenére by the number of his louis d’ors; número luígi d’oro in a word, in somma he was a great politician. grande politíco.

The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past.

Where dove did you go andáre yesterday, jéri that you were not éssere at home, when quando I went veníre to see you? vedére?

I went to see andáre vedére Mr. N. il signór who is not well. stare

Did you meet with trováre any company compagnía there?

Yes, sir, I met with his uncle zio and three of tre his sisters. sorélla.

What was quale éssere the subject of soggetto your conversation? conversazíone?

We spoke of parláre many molto different things. differénte cosa.

Did you speak Italian Italiáno with them?

Yes, all our conversation was in Italian.

Did they say dire you speak it well? bene?

They said nothing niente about it.

Did they not ask you domandáre of whom chi you learn? imparáre?

Yes, I told them I was learning of you.

The emperor, Julius Cæsar, imperatóre Giúlio Césare after dopo he had conquered conquistáre Britain, Brettágna built a tower [1]edificáre torre at London, Londra but he continued not there; restáre he appointed constituíre rulers in his stead, governatóre vece and returned ritornáre from London Londra to Rome. Roma.

Henry the VIIIth, Enrico ottávo king of England, Re Inghilterra regarded not badáre the bulls bolla and threatenings mináccia which came from Italy; veníre Italia he violently shook off violenteménte scuótere the papal power, papále potére though he retained ritenére the Roman religion. Románo religióne.

The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted.

I am very glad rallegrársi to see you, vedére for your brother fratello told me dire you were gone to France.

’Tis true vero I was resolved risólvere to go there, andáre if [1] my father had given me padre avére dare money enough danáro to make that journey. fare viággio.

Had he given you avére dáre leave licénza to go there? andáre?

Yes, si and he gave me dare fifty guineas cinquánta ghinéa to make my journey. fare viággio.

If [2] he had given me avére dare thirty more, trenta I should have gone essere andáre to Paris Parígi to pass the summer. passáre estáte.

If you had come to see me, veníre vedére I would have lent avére prestáre you some.

I am éssere much obliged molto obbligáto to you for it.

When you had a mind quando pensare to go to France, andáre Fráncia were you resolved risólvere to set out partíre without senza taking leave of licenziársi your friends? amíco?

No, sir, no signóre I had already taken leave of essere digià licenziársi da several. molto.

Very well, beníssimo but ma you had forgotten me. scordársi.

I am sorry dispiacére you have so bad an opinion cattívo opinióne of me.

On the Future, or time to come.

When quando will you go into andáre the country? campágna?

I believe crédere I shall go there andáre to-morrow. dománi.

Will you stay restáre long there? un pezzo?

No, sir, I shall stay but two or three weeks. due o tre settimána.

How will you spend your time passáre tempo when you are there? quando[1] éssere

I’ll go and see andáre vedére my friends, amíco and I will divert myself divertíre with those who receive me [2]ricévere kindly. corteseménte.

Will you not carry portáre some books with you? libro

No, for I am sure perchè sicúro while I am there, mentre[3] I shall have avére no time tempo to read. léggere.

You will forget scordársi all your Italian. tutto Italiano.

I am certain certo I shall not, di no for I will not stay long there. restáre molto

When once you are there, una volta[4] éssere your friends amíco will not permit you permettere to leave them lasciáre so soon. così presto.

You shall see that vedére I’ll be here éssere quì next Sunday, próssimo Doménica and that my friends amíco will not have so much power avére tanto potére over me as you think. pensáre.

What will you bring me portáre from the country? campágna?

I’ll bring you portáre some partridges, perníce a hare, lepre and some pheasants. fagiáno.

I shall be obliged éssere obbligáto to you for them.

On the Imperative, or Mood that commands.

Go from me andáre to my lady; signóra present my respects to presentáre rispétto her: give her this letter, dare questo léttera and bring me an answer; portáre rispósta should she not be éssere at home, casa stay till restáre she comes back. ritornáre.

Speak Italian parláre Italiáno with me, meco pronounce well, pronunziáre begin again, ricominciáre read softly, leggere adágio repeat your lesson, ripétere lezióne go. coraggio.

On the Construction of Verbs.

The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case.

You have a son avére figlio who has the finest qualities bello qualità in the world; mondo he has avére a sweet countenance, piacévole fisonomia a great deal of civility, molto civiltà and very obliging manners; cortése maniera in short, he has the love of every body, affetto tutto and you are happy éssere fortunato in having such a son.

A man is very happy uómo molto felíce who has the fear of God timóre Dio and the love of his neighbours, amóre prossimo though [1]benchè he should not have the riches of fortune. richézza fortúna.

Those who have wealth, avére [2]richézza and have no charity for the poor, carità povero shall not share partecipáre God’s mercy. Dio misericordia.

A man uómo that has wit, spírito and no behaviour, condótta is despicable. sprezzábile.

I have scholars scoláro who have sense, giudizio and are diligent; éssere diligénte but I have others who are altro che dull, ottusi and very idle. pigro.

If you have avére good manners, buóno maniera civility civiltà and complaisance, compiacénza you will be éssere loved by every body. amáto tutto.

Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one.

I was very cold avére freddo when I came, veníre but am very warm avére caldo now. adesso.

You eat mangiáre as if come se you were not hungry. avére fame.

I beg your pardon, domandáre perdóno I eat heartily; mangiáre di buón gusto for I was very hungry. avére molto appetito.

Are you not thirsty avére sete yet? ancóra?

Yes, sir, si, signóre I am very thirsty, avére gran sete but I won’t drink yet; ma volére bere ancóra for if I drink se bevére when I am hungry, quando avére fame it prevents me from impedíre eating. mangiáre.

How old is quanto anno avére your uncle? zio?

He is not yet avére ancóra seventy years old. settánta anno.

You surprise me, sorpréndere I thought crédere he was eighty. avére ottánta.

And you, sir, e signóre how old are you? anno avére?

I am not twenty avére venti yet. ancóra.

On the Verb Substantive éssere. The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case.

Our master nostro maestro is diligent; éssere diligénte but I have been hitherto éssere stato sinóra very idle; pigro I have done as avére fatto come the drones. cacchióne.

I have lost avére pérdere my parents’ love, genitóre affetto who always provided che mi hanno sempre forníre all things necessary for me: tutto necessário I have been unworthy éssere stato indégno of their care; cura but I will deserve ma volére meritáre to be called éssere chiamáre the most diligent diligénte of all our scholars tutto scoláro for the time to come. all’avveníre.

The lion leóne is accounted passáre per the most generous of animals, generóso animale because perchè he is more placable placábile than the others. altro.

The sanguinary minds sanguinário animo of some men uómo are more barbarous éssere barbaro than wild beasts. fíera Man is a creature Uómo creatúra of upright body: dritto corpo when he is old, quando vécchio his body bends corpo inchinársi towards the earth; verso terra and his soul ascends ánima ascéndere to heaven, ciélo which is his habitation for ever. dimóra.

How are you come stare this morning? mattína? I am very well, stare beníssimo thank you. grazie.

How do your [1]stare father padre and mother madre do?

I hope speráre my father is well. padre stare bene He was well the last time último volta I saw him, vedére but my mother ma madre has not been well éssere stato bene these two or three days. [2]due tre giórno And how are you, sir? stare signóre?

I should be well enough, stare ene abbastanza if I had money. [3]se avére danáro.

I hope speráre your lady is well. signóra stare bene.

She is perfectly well, stare perfettaménte bene at your service. servízio.

I am very glad rallegrársi to hear sentíre she is so well. stare così bene.

What weather is it [4] tempo fare to-day, oggi I wish to know? [5]volére sapére?

It is the finest bello weather in the world. mondo.

Is it hotter fare caldo in Spain Spagna than in Italy? Itália?

It is hotter fare there in summer, estáte but it is very cold ma fare freddo in winter. inverno.

If it is fine weather fare bello tempo to-morrow, dománi we will go andáre in the country. campágna.

I believe crédere it will not be fine weather, fare bello tempo for perchè it is very dark oscúro to-night. questa séra.

Personal Verbs governing a Genitive Case.

The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive.

I have no pity avére pietà on the misery della miséria of those, who being young and strong, éssere gióvine forte love better amáre to beg accattáre from door to porta door, than to work in che lavoráre for their bread; per guadagnarsi pane but I pity much ma avére pietà the blind, ciéco and old people, i vecchi who are incapable éssere incapáce of doing any thing for fare alcuna cosa their living. vitto.

I pity my brother, avére pietà fratéllo I pity his folly, pazzia for he has wasted perchè dilapidáre all the fortune tutto patrimonio my father left him. padre lasciáre.

The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive.

Men are uómo éssere often inclined spesso inclináto to laugh at burlársi others’ misfortunes, di altri disgrázia instead of in vece di having pity on them. avére pietà.

Those who quello che call themselves Christians, chiamársi Cristiáno and do not live non vívere according to their religion, secóndo religióne mock God burlársi Iddío and his doctrine. dottrína.

Do not jeer at burlársi others’ poverty, altro povertà for you do not know non sapére how long quanto tempo fortune will be favourable fortúna éssere favorévole to you; and if e se you should become poor, diventáre póvero every one ognúno would laugh at you. rídersi di.

It is éssere a great mark of folly grande segno pazzía to laugh ridére at every thing. di tutto.

The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive.

If you repent sincerely se pentírsi sinceraménte for the fault colpa you have committed, avére commésso God will forgive you; Iddío perdonáre for he does not perchè love amáre the death of a sinner, morte peccátore but he will have him volére to repent of his sins. pentírsi peccáto.

It is not enough non bastáre to say, dire I repent of my ill conduct, pentírsi cattívo condótta and of my bad life, mala vita if you do not shew se mostráre the effects effétto of your repentance pentiménto by a new nuóvo and better life. migliór vita.

The verb rallegrarsi governs the Genitive.

A good Christian buóno Cristiáno ought never dovére mai to rejoice at rallegrársi others’ misfortunes. altro disgrázia.

I rejoice at rallegrársi the good success buóno riuscíta you had avére in your business. affare.

Come and rejoice veníre with me meco at the good news buóno nuóva I received ricévere to-day. oggi.

How will you have me come volére rejoice at rallegrársi a thing cosa I do not know? non sapére?

Tell me dire first of all avanti ogni cosa what news nuóva I must rejoice at. dovére rallegrársi.

The verb ricordársi governs the Genitive.

Do you remember ricordársi the promise proméssa you made me fare yesterday? jéri?

I do not remember it non ricordársi at all. affatto Do you not remember the sum of money somma danáro you said dire you would lend me? prestáre?

I assure you assicuráre I had forgotten it, avére scordáto I remember it ricordársi very well beníssimo now. adésso.

The verb languíre requires a Genitive case.

He who languishes quello languíre with thirst, di sete gives greater thanks réndere grande grázia to the man who offers him water, offeríre acqua than if a prince che se príncipe gave him a crown. dare coróna.

The man who uómo languishes languíre for love amóre ought to be pitied. dovére compiánto.

The verbs obbedíre and disobbedíre require a Dative.

We ought not only dovére non solo to obey obbedíre our parents, genitori but also ma anche our superiors, superióre if we would obey se volére obbedíre God’s commands. comandaménto.

One sees very seldom si vedére raraménte a child prosper figliuólo prosperáre in this world, mondo who does not obey obbedíre his father and mother. padre madre.

When God commanded quando Iddío comandáre Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, Abramo sacrificáre Isácco his only son, único figlio he immediately obeyed súbito obbedíre the Lord’s voice; Signóre voce but the angel of the Lord ma ángelo Signóre did not permit him perméttere to slay the child, uccídere fanciullo and told him dire his obedience obbediénza had been agreeable éssere stato grato to God. Dio.

The verb parláre will have a Dative Case of the Person.

God speaks Iddío parláre to sinners peccatóre sometimes qualche volta most gently, benignamente that he may draw them affine di trárre to obedience; obbediénza he speaks to them of parláre the blessed life beáta vita which he has prepared fo avére preparáto his servants; servo sometimes qualche volta he speaks to them of the parláre abyss abísso which shall be éssere the reward of sin; mercéde peccáto yet his promises pure proméssa and threatenings mináccia move not muóvere stubborn minds. ostináto mente.

The verbs preténdere and aspiráre govern the Dative Case.

All those who tutto quello call themselves Christians chiamársi Cristiáno pretend to preténdere everlasting life; etérno vita but few ma pochi are they that would suffer sono soffríre the least thing minimo cosa to deserve it; meritáre but if it is a point se si tratta to aspire to aspiráre some employment, qualche impiégo or dignity, dignità there is none but would suffer non vi è nissúno che non sopporti a great deal of molto fatigue, fatíca labour, lavóro and pain pena to obtain it.

The verb giuocáre (when one speaks of all sorts of games) governs the Dative Case.

I do not love amáre to play giuocáre at games of chances, giuóco azzardo as at cards, come carta or at dice, dadi but I love to play ma amáre giuocáre sometimes qualche volta at bowls, bocce at billiards, bigliárdo at tennis, pallacórda or at nine-pins. o birilli.

Do you never play mai giuocáre at cards, carte at chess, scacchi or draughts? dama?

I play giuocáre sometimes at piquet picchétto to please the company. far piacére compagnía.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Person, and a Genitive of the Thing.

The verbs accusáre, biasimáre, avvertíre, and assólvere, will have the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing.

One boy ragázzo accuses another accusáre altro of idleness; pigrízia the master hears maéstro sentíre their tales, stória but punishes ma puníre him only whom he thinks solaménte quello crédere guilty colpévole and deserving of punishment. degno castígo.

Every one tutti blames you biasimáre for your negligence negligénza and ignorance. ignoránza.

I often admonished you spesso avvertíre of your duty; vostro dovére if you do not improve se profittáre as well as others, come altro it is not my fault. non è colpa.

When a judge acquits quando giúdice assólvere a man of a crime uno delítto he is guilty of, reo if he commits again se comméttere di nuovo the same fault, stesso fallo he deserves merita a double punishment. dóppio castígo.

The verb condannáre governs the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing; but when it signifies to condemn to death, the name of the punishment ought to be put in the Dative Case.

Every one ogn’ uno condemns you condannáre very much molto for the action azióne you committed comméttere the other day. altro giórno.

During the persecution nel tempo della persecuzióne in France, Fráncia many brave gentlemen molto bravo cavaliére were condemned, condannáre some to the gallows, forca[1] and some to the galleys, galéra for the defence of difésa their religion. religióne.

The verb ottenére will have an Accusative of the Thing, and an Ablative of the Person.

A scholar who scoláro obtains ottenére his master’s favour maéstro favóre is more happy than più felíce he who is idle, pigro who loses his honour, pérdere onóre wastes his time, consumáre tempo and continues a blockhead, continuáre ad éssere sciocco though benchè play be pleasant giuóco éssere piacévole to him for a little while. poco.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Dative.

The verbs invitáre, esortáre, will have an Accusative of the Person, and a Dative of the Thing.

God invites Iddio invitáre sinners peccatóre to eternal happiness, etérno felicità he calls them to chiamáre repentance, pentiménto he speaks parláre most graciously benignaménte to them.

He has prepared for preparáre penitent sinners peniténte peccatóre all that belongs to tutto appartenére blessedness, felicità all that they can tutto potére desire. bramáre.

Remember ricordársi your master’s words; maéstro paróla he exhorts you to esortáre industry, indústria which is éssere beneficial vantaggióso to yourselves; your pains lavóro shall produce prodúrre a great advantage; grande vantággio he uses his best endeavours fare ogni suo sforzo for your benefit; utile be not your own enemies. éssere di voi stessi nemíco.

Paragonáre requires an Accusative of the first Noun, (either of the Person or of the Thing) and the other in the Dative.

If we compare se paragonáre the longest life lungo vita to eternity, eternità it is very short. corto.

If we compare comparáre the happiest condition felíce condizióne of this world mondo to everlasting life, etérno vita it is miserable, and miserábile not worthy our desire. indegno desidério If we compare paragonáre the number of good men número buóno to the multitude of wicked, moltitúdine malvágio it is small. píccolo.

Dare and restituíre will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

I will soon give presto dare my mother madre the money danáro she entrusted me confidáre with.

God will give Iddío dare a reward mercéde to those men who please him, quello piacére and to those whom quello che he has set up avére costituíto governors of the world. governatóre mondo.

I returned restituíre my master maéstro the book libro which I borrowed; prender ad impréstito he lent it to me, prestáre and it was my duty éssere dovére to read it, léggere and not to keep it; tenére though benchè[1] books delight me very much, libro piacére moltíssimo I ought to restore them dovére restituíre to those whom quello cui they belong to. appartenére.

These verbs dovére, prométtere, and pagáre, will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

I owe him money, dovére danáro because I promised perchè prométtere to pay him pagáre another man’s debt; altro débito but at present ma adésso I have myself avére io stesso need of money, bisógno danáro that I may pay pagáre what I owe to dovére my creditors. creditóre.

When quando will you pay me volére pagáre what you owe me? dovére?

I promise you prométtere I will pay it to you pagáre next week. próssimo settimána.

Insegnáre requires an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

I have been [1]éssere stato twelve years dódici anno in this country, paése during which time nel quale tempo I have had the honour avére avúto onóre of teaching insegnáre several ladies and gentlemen molta signóra signóre the Italian language. Italiáno Masters maéstro ought to teach dovére insegnáre children ragázzo not only the things non solaménte cosa which concern science; risguardáre sciénza but they ought also ma dovére anche to teach them things insegnáre cosa which concern risguardáre their soul ánima and their salvation: salvazióne for perchè science scienza without religion is an unprofitable thing. inutile.

Of the construction of the Infinitive, with the preposition di.

When after the verbs astenérsi, consideráre, and avvertíre, there follows an Infinitive, it ought to be put with the Preposition di.

Rash men temerário uómo often propose spesso propórsi to do things which fare cosa are above their capacity. éssere superióre capacità A man that uómo abstains astenérsi from eating and mangiáre drinking to excess, bere all’eccésso from swearing, bestemmiáre and keeping bad company, frequentáre compagnía may be called potere chiamáre an honest man. onésto uómo.

I thought of going pensáre andáre this morning questa mattina to see vedére Mr. —— but il Signór —— ma a friend of mine amíco advised me consigliáre not to go there. andáre.

I had a mind to advise you avére voglia consigliáre not to keep company with andáre compagnía that man who uómo brought this trouble causáre disturbo upon you; but I since resolved ma poi risolvérsi to say nothing dire niente about it, for fear of per timóre disobliging you. dispiacére.

The verbs supplicáre, consigliáre, incaricársi, and costríngere, will have an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

I have a mind avére vóglia to compel costríngere Mr. —— il Signor —— to pay me pagáre the money he owes me; danáro dovére nevertheless nulladimeno I should be very glad avére a caro not to put him to trouble, non dare briga because perchè he has always been éssere sempre stato my friend: amíco what do you advise me consigliáre to do fare in this case? caso?

I beg of you pregáre to have avére a little patience; paziénza I take the charge incaricársi to get you ricuperáre your money. danáro.

The verbs proibíre, desideráre, differíre, procuráre, impedíre, speráre, fíngere, affrettársi, require also an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

God forbids us Iddío proibíre to sin, peccáre nevertheless nulladiméno we never desist mai desístere from offending him, offéndere we always defer sempre differíre obeying his voice; obbedíre voce we seem to strive parére procuráre to disobey him disobbedíre in every thing. ogni cosa If we hope to share speráre avére parte in the merits of mérito our blessed Saviour’s sufferings, beáto Salvatóre patimenti let nothing hinder us niénte impedíre from beginning principiáre this day oggi to use all our endeavours fare tutto sforzo to deserve it; meritáre let us make haste affrettársi to begin principiáre the great work grande ópera of our salvation; salvazióne let us not feign fíngere to be converted, éssere convertíto but let us convert ourselves convertíre in good earnest, da davvéro for nobody can deceive nessúno potére ingannáre God.

The verbs meditáre, parláre, perméttere, prométtere, propórre, presúmere, preténdere, protestáre, rifiutáre, risólvere, auguráre, will also have an Infinitive with the Preposition di, after them.

Never meditate to do mai meditáre fare any wrong torto to your neighbour. próssimo When you speak of quando parláre undertaking intrapréndere some great grande thing, cosa permit me to tell you, perméttere dire that you ought dovére to consult your friends amíco before you begin it. prima cominciáre.

Never promise to do mai prométtere fare any thing, cosa unless you are sure se non éssere sicúro to do it. fáre.

Never presume to have presúmere avére more understanding intendiménto than those who che quello have the care of cura your conduct. condótta.

Do not pretend ever to prosper preténdere mai prosperáre in this world, mondo if you have not se avére the fear of God. timóre Dio.

If you protest protestáre to God with an humble and úmile sincere heart sincéro cuóre to amend your life, emendáre vita he will receive you ricévere among his children. fra figliuólo.

Never refuse rifiutáre to do a good office réndere servízio to your friends, amíco when it is in your power. potére.

Do you desire to pass desideráre passáre for an honest man? galántuómo Endeavour procuráre to do all you can fare tutto potére to oblige obbligáre every body. chicchessia.

When there follows after the Verb avére either of these substantives permissióne, desidério, vóglia, cura, costúme, bisógno, motivo, ragióne, torto, dritto, occasióne, the following Verb must be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

I believe crédere you have a mind to play; avére vóglia giuocáre but I will not give you ma volére dare leave permissióne to go out uscíre till [1]finchè you have done your avére fare exercise. esercízio You are in the right, sir, [2] ragióne signóre to forbid me proibirmi to go out, d’andar fuori and I am in the wrong [3] torto to desire it—I have desideráre no cause motivo to be angry with you, éssere cóllera for it is not éssere your custom costúme to be idle. pigro.

When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

When I have quando [1]avére an opportunity to see occasione vedére your father, padre I will tell him dire how much quanto you deserve meritáre to be praised for éssere lodáto your uncommon diligence. straordinário diligénza.

Whilst we have mentre [2]avére it in our power to acquire potére acquistáre knowledge, cognizióne let us improve profittáre such precious opportunity. tale prezióso opportunità.

I wonder how maravigliársi men have the heart uómo avére cuóre to hate odiársi one another. gli uni gli altri.

God has given Iddio dáre to kings Re power to command, potére comandáre and to judges giúdice authority to judge. autorità giudicáre.

When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

I am very glad éssere conténto to hear that sentíre you overcame your víncere enemies, nemíco and I should have been sorry [1]rincréscere to have heard sentire the contrary. contrário.

I return you réndere many thanks molto grázia for your friendship, amicízia for I was in danger of perchè éssere in perícolo losing my suit. pérdere lite.

I was anxious ansióso to know sapére what had happened to you; succédere and if se you had not come, éssere veníre I was on the point of éssere sul punto going to see you. venire vedére.

The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel.

We ought dovere to employ impiegáre the days of our life giórno vita in preparing ourselves preparársi for the other world. altro mondo.

Masters who maéstro use mildness usáre dolcézza in teaching insegnáre their scholars, scoláro encourage them more incoraggíre to learn well imparáre bene than those who use usáre too much severity. troppo severità An honest man onésto uómo takes always pleasure dilettársi sempre in obliging his friends. favorire amíco.

The love of God amóre Dío invites us invitáre to love amáre one another.

Let us keep ourselves tenérsi in readiness pronto to appear before comparíre innánzi the living God. vivénte Dío.

Let us labour lavoráre continually continuaménte to obtain ottenére eternal life. etérna vita.

When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a.

There is nothing to fear non vi è niénte temére in serving God. [1]servíre Iddío.

There is nothing to say non v’è niénte dire to what you have done. avére fatto.

There is nothing to do niénte fare in that at present. adésso.

There is nothing so easy to learn niénte così fácile imparáre as the Italian language. Italiáno lingua.

When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da.

There is a great deal of v’è gran [1] satisfaction soddisfazióne in teaching insegnáre diligent boys, diligénte ragázzo but there is a great deal of trouble gran incomodo in instructing istruíre idle scholars. pigro scoláro.

There is a great deal v’è molto to say against dire contro the conduct of condótta wicked people; malvágio gente but there is nothing non v’è niénte to say against dire contro the conduct of condótta honest people. onésto gente.

On the English Participle in ing.

When the English Participle in ing comes after a Verb of motion with the Preposition a before it, we use the corresponding substantive, instead of the Verb, though sometimes the latter.

He who goes a hunting quello che andáre caccia or visiting his friends, [1] visitáre amíco when business requires quando affáre richiédere his care and time, cura tempo shows mostráre by his conduct condótta that he prefers [2]preferíre his diversion before divertiménto his profit, profítto the company of his friends compagnía amíco before the advantage vantággio of his family. famíglia.

The boy who ragázzo goes a playing andáre giuocáre with his school-fellows, condiscepolo when he ought to be quando dovére éssere diligently employed diligéntemente intórno at the task a lavoro his master gave him, maéstro assegnare evinces, prováre by his neglect, negligénza that he prefers play to preferíre giuóco his master’s love, maéstro affétto and his own profit. profítto.

The English Participle in ing, after from, must be put in Italian in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

The providence of God provvidenza Dio keeps us from perishing; impedíre períre the power of God poténza Dio hinders us from doing impedíre fare those things cosa which displease him; dispiacére the grace of God grazia Dio prevents us from sinning; impedíre peccáre the goodness of God bontà preserves us from suffering preserváre soffríre afflictions. afflizióne.

The English Participle in ing after a Verb importing to cease, to leave, or to go over, must be rendered in Italian by the Infinitive mood with the Preposition di.

He who quello che leaves off doing cessáre fare praise-worthy actions, lodévole azióne and plunges into vice, immergérsi vízio was never truly good. éssere mai veraménte buono.

A wise man sávio uómo never leaves off learning mai tralasciáre imparáre whilst he lives; finchè vivere for he who has great wisdom, perchè è dotato di grande sapere has still need of ancora bisógno more knowledge. maggiore conoscènza.

When the Participle in ing follows the auxiliary Verb to be, this verb must be left out, and the Italian Verb that represents the Participle, must be put in the same tense, number, and person as the auxiliary is.

A diligent boy diligénte ragázzo is always learning, sempre studiare not only while non solaménte mentre the master is instructing, maéstro istruíre but also while ma anche other boys are playing. altro ragázzo giuocáre.

Apelles was Apélle daily drawing ogni giórno dipingere some excellent pictures eccellénte pittúra with wonderful art; maraviglióso arte no day passed nessúno giórno passáre without a line. senza linéa.

Those who do not employ their time well impiegáre bene tempo in the beginning of their lives, [1] princípio vita will be perpetually lamenting perpetuamente piangere their folly; pazzia they will be incessantly condemning ad ogni moménto condannársi themselves, and saying, Ah! díre Ah! at what a price prezzo would I not purchase compráre the time past! tempo passato!

Of the Participle past.

When one of these Pronouns che, il, lo, la, &c. meets before the compound tenses, the Pronoun ought to agree with the Participle in gender and number.

I received ricévere the books which libro my brother sent me; fratéllo mandáre I read them all, léggere tutto they are very good, éssere buóno and well written. bene scrítto.

The letter which léttera my father wrote to me padre scrivere is very severe; éssere sevéro I showed it to mostráre my mother, and madre she is very sorry for it. [1]dispiacére.

When these Pronouns, mio, me, te, noi, voi, &c. are the case of the Verb, they must agree with the Participle in gender and in number.

My dear friends, caro amíco I have always loved you avére sempre amáto like my children, come figlio I have often admonished you avére spesso ammoníre for your own good; proprio bene I have several times exhorted you spesse volte esortáre to practise virtue; praticáre virtù if se you are not truly virtuous, veraménte virtuóso it is not my fault. éssere colpa.

I met your brother incontráre fratéllo this morning, mattína we embraced abbracciársi one another like good friends, da buóno amíco and I rejoice that rallegrársi we are reconciled. riconciliársi.

The books which libro I have seen you reading avére vedére léggere are not good. buóno.

These are ecco all the copies tutto cópia which you have given me avére dare to write. scrívere.

Your brothers fratéllo have done fare quite the contrary of tutto contrário what I had advised them avére consigliáre to do. fare.

On Adverbs.

[See Gram. p. 209.]

Adverbs are generally put after the Verb, and in compound tenses between the Verb and the Participle.

It is a lamentable thing doloroso cosa to see youths vedére gióvane with much wit, di molto spirito and a good disposition buóno disposizióne to learn, imparáre take but little pains pigliáre poco pena to answer [1]rispóndere the expectations of aspettazióne their parents. genitori.

Adverbs of Interrogation must always be put before the Verb.

Where did you come from? da dove veníre Why perchè did you not stay for me? aspettáre?

When will you have done quando cessáre laughing at burláre your friends? amíco?

Why did you say, perchè dire I had promised you promettere to go in the country? andáre campágna?

Where is your father? dove padre Is he in town? éssere città?

Where did you buy compráre this fine horse? bello cavállo?

I bought it at compráre the last country fair. último campágna fiéra.

Where are éssere the ladies your sisters? signóra sorélla?

I believe crédere they are gone out éssere uscíto to take an airing. pigliar aria.

Whither are you going andáre so fast? così You are in great haste. avére gran fretta.

I go andáre to Mr. Clement’s house, dal signóre Cleménte[1] for I heard perchè sentíre my brother fratéllo is there, and I have some business avére qualche cosa with him. da fare con lui.

You are mistaken, ingannársi he is not there; éssere là for I met him incontráre just now, un momento fa and he told me dire he was going to andáre his sister’s house. sorélla.

I was going to andáre your house; but since I met you, ma giacchè incontráre we will go to andáre my house, where we shall dine. dove pranzáre.

I beg you will excuse me, pregáre scusáre indeed I cannot; in verità non potére for I must go to bisógno andáre my lady Arabella’s, signóra Arabélla to pay a visit to fare vísita her children. figlio.

They are not at home, éssere casa for perchè I saw them vedere going into the park. andáre parco.

Let us go then andáre dunque and see if vedére se your brothers are fratéllo at home. casa.

They are not, éssere I know they are sapére éssere gone a hunting. andáto cáccia.

What is the matter cosa ha with you, sir? signóre You seem to be parére essere grieved. afflítto.

O no, sir, I am not, non sono afflítto but I come from veníre Mr. Vincent’s, Vincenzo who is very ill. ammaláto.

You surprise me, sorprendere for as I was coming perchè veníre from my house, casa I met his brother, incontráre fratéllo who did not mention it parlare to me.

Do you know sapére from whence he was coming, di dove veníre when you met him? quando incontráre?

I believe crédere he was coming from veníre his own house. casa.

Can you tell me potére dire where he is gone? dove éssere andáto?

I was assured éssere assicuráto that he is set out for éssere partito his uncle’s zio country-house. casa di campágna.

Which way did you pass, per dove passáre in your way to Italy, quando andáre Itália?

I passed by passáre Rouen, Roano Paris, Parígi Orleans Orleáno and Lyons. Lióne.

Which way did you come back per dove tornáre to England? Inghilterra?

I returned by ritornáre Germany Germánia and Holland. Olánda.

On Prepositions.

[See Gram. p. 209.]

These Prepositions di diétro, vicíno, intórno, dirimpétto, infíno, will have a Dative after them.

Sir, signóre if I knew [1]se sapére where you live, dove stare di casa I would take the liberty pigliáre libertà to go and pay you a visit. [2]veníre fare vísita.

Sir, you would give yourself dare too much trouble; troppo incómodo however, if però se you do me that favour, fare favóre you shall be very welcome; éssere il benvenúto I live near the Temple, stare vicíno Témpio opposite dirimpétto Chancery-lane.

I believe crédere che my best way la miglior strada to go to your house is to che possa fare per veníre da pass by voi sia di passáre London-bridge. Londra ponte You are in the right, sir, avére ragióne since giacchè you live behind the Tower. stare di diétro Torre.

A poor labourer póvero lavoránte that works from travaglíare morning till night mattína infíno sera (when he is well paid quando éssere bene pagáto for his labour) lavóro lives vívere more content and satisfied, conténto sodisfátto than those who have great riches. avére gran richézza.

He who shall be éssere constant even to death, costánte infíno morte shall have avére the crown of glory. coróna glória.

On Conjunctions which require the Subjunctive after them.

[See Gram. p. 204.]

The following Conjunctions prima che, acciocchè, finchè, per paura che, sin che, benchè, purchè, a meno che, Iddío voglia che, require the Subjunctive after them.

You will speak parláre Italian well, Italiáno bene provided purchè you take pains; darsi pena I tell you so, direacciochè that acciochè you may take courage, pigliáre corággio and learn well. imparáre bene.

I remember I told you ricordársi dire several times parécchie volte that you will never write mai scrívere Italian correctly, Italiáno correttaménte unless a meno che you study the rules. studiáre regola.

I will take so much pains, darsi pena that I hope sperare I shall write it scrívere well before prima next summer. próssimo state.

You will soon perceive présto accorgérsi the effects of it, effétto provided purchè you follow my directions, seguíre suggerimento though benchè you think sembrare the Italian tongue Italiáno lingua is very difficult. éssere diffícile.

Please God piáccia Iddío it may be as you say; éssere come dire for perchè it would be éssere a great satisfaction grande soddisfazióne to me.

I esteem stimáre a man uno very unhappy molto infelíce that has not the fear of God, avére timóre Iddío though benchè he should possess possédere all the treasures tutto tesóro in the world, mondo even though benchè he should have avére all the other fine qualities altro bello qualità that can make a man potére réndere úno perfect. perfetto.

I always praised you sempre lodáre very much molto before prima che you became so idle; diveníre pigro and I told you dire several times più volte that you would lose pérdere the good opinion buóno opinióne every one had of you, tutto avére unless a meno che you should be éssere as diligent and careful diligénte premuróso as you were before. éssere prima.

When I corrected you quando corréggere for your faults, colpa it was not éssere because perchè I did not love you; amáre on the contrary, al contrário it was to the end that éssere acciocchè you should employ your time well, impiegáre témpo and that you should be éssere more diligent più diligénte than you are now. adesso.

Though benchè you began principiáre to learn Italian imparáre Italiáno before me, prima di me I hope speráre I shall speak it soon parláre presto as well as you. bene quanto voi.

I do not believe so, crédere unless a meno che you have learned avére all the rules of the grammar. tutto régola grammática.

Though benchè I did not learn them, imparáre yet pure I will take so much pains, pigliáre tanto pena that what I told you dire will prove true. éssere vero.

It will be some time vi vorrà del tempo before prima che you have read them. léggere.

Would to God volésse Iddío I had known you conóscere sooner, I should speak parláre Italian well now: Italiáno bene ora and although benchè I had learned imparáre when I was young, éssere gióvine yet I knew sapére but very little of it, pochíssimo when I began with you. quando principiáre.

Perhaps forse it was not éssere your master’s fault; maéstro colpa for before prima che I composed my grammar, compórre grammática I found but few trováre poco that would learn grammatically. imparáre grammaticalménte.

It is true vero I had a very good master, avére buóno maéstro and if I had se avére believed him, crédere I should have learned avére imparáto by rules, per principj but I found them ma trováre too tedious; troppo nojóso and would to Heaven volésse Cielo I had followed avére seguito his advice, consíglio for perchè I have a great desire avére gran voglia to speak Italian. parláre Italiáno.

Some Verbs signifying will, desire, leave, or fear, will have the Conjunction che after them, and the following Verb in the Subjunctive.

I will leave you lasciáre to do that. fare.

I wish desideráre you may be éssere as honest as onésto your father. padre.

I ordered ordináre dinner pranzo to be ready éssere pronto immediately. subito.

That must be done bisógna fare quickly. presto.

God permitted Iddío perméttere it should happen. succédere.

I am afraid avére paura you were mistaken. ingannársi.

We express the two Anglicisms this day se’nnight, this day fortnight, by d’oggi a otto, d’oggi a quindici.

I believe crédere I shall go andáre into the country campágna this day se’nnight, d’oggi a otto but I hope speráre I shall come back ritornáre this day fortnight. d’oggi a quíndici.

I am sure that éssere sicúro when once you are there, quando una volta éssere you will not return tornáre so soon così présto to town. città.

I give you my word that dare paróla this day fortnight d’oggi a quíndici I will come to see you. veníre vedére.

When quando will your brother go fratéllo andáre to Germany? Germánia?

He expects to go contare andáre this day se’nnight, d’oggi a otto if it is fine weather. se fare bel tempo.

The word people, when taken generally for the people of a whole country, is expressed in Italian by the word gente.

The French Francése had the name of being avére riputazióne éssere the most civil people civíle gente in the world. mondo.

I should not like amáre to live among vívere fra the Spaniards, Spagnuólo for they are perchè éssere very jealous people; gelóso gente but I should never be tired ma éssere mai stanco of living among vívere fra the English, Inglése for I believe perchè crédere they are éssere the most civil civíle the most courteous, cortése and the most obliging obbligánte people in the world. gente mondo.

When the word people signifies subjects, it is expressed in Italian by the word pópolo.

A good prince buóno príncipe should prefer preferíre the happiness of his people felicità pópolo to his own. Happy are the people felíce pópolo who have a avére good prince buón to govern them. governáre.

On the Particle si, it is, they, one, &c. [See Gram. p. 211.] The Particle si is always put before a Verb, and the Verb must be impersonal.

I was told that dire you speak Italian parláre Italiáno very well. benissimo.

They do me fare more honour than onóre I deserve; meritáre I wish it were true. volére vero.

They say dire you are going to be married. stare per maritársi.

They say so, dire così indeed; in verità but ma they are much mistaken. molto ingannársi.

I was assured that assicuráre the lady’s father and your’s [1]signóra padre had concluded conchiúdere the articles of marriage. articólo matrimónio.

If they say so, se dire così it is without senza any foundation. alcúno fondaménto.

I am very glad rallegrársi to see you, vedére for I was told perchè dire you were gone to France. Fráncia.

Pray who told you di grazia dire such a falsehood? tale falsità No matter; non impórta and we were also told, éssere detto you were to go to andáre Italy. Itália.

The Verb to use in English, signifies in Italian servírsi, assuefársi, accostumársi; when it signifies servírsi, it is commonly followed by a Noun, but otherwise it is followed by a Verb.

He who forgets dimenticare those things which cosa he desires to remember, desideráre ricordársi must use helps dovére servírsi ajúto to cultivate his memory, coltiváre memória or use o the greatest diligence grande diligénza and attention attenzióne when he is reading, quando léggere that he may retain ritenére profitable instructions; profittévole istruzióne for when they have once perchè quando éssere una volta slipt out uscíto of the memory, memória there is need of bisognáre fresh reading nuóva lettúra to recall them. richiamáre.

All men tutto uómo desire riches, desideráre ricchézze but all do not use ma tutto non ne usano riches rightly; bene when they are come to quando avére acquistato honours and wealth, onóre opulénza they are still greedy ancóra avído to heap up more. accumuláre He who desires desideráre nothing, niente wants nothing: avér bisógno it is a wise man’s part sávio uómo to restrain his desires. dovére moderáre desidério.

The Impersonal Verb impórta, requires a Dative Case.

It much concerns molto impórta young people gioventù to avoid bad company, schiváre cattívo compagnía as they would come beware of the plague; guardársi peste it is more hurtful nuocévole to the mind, spirito than the most contagious disease contagióso malattía to the body. corpo.

It concerns me, impórta and all men tutto to look to ourselves; badáre the world is full of mondo piéno knaves and knavery. furbo furbéria It is hard to be known, diffícile sapére and he is hard to be found, trováre who is fit to be trusted. fidársi.

The greatest caution grande cautéla is to be used adopráre in the presence of children; presénza ragázzo masters must maéstro dovére behave themselves comportársi very warily, prudentémente lest scholars learn evil of them; per timóre che scoláro imparáre del male and it greatly concerns molto impórta boys gióvane to imitate imitáre their master’s virtues. maéstro virtù.

When the word to speak, is joined with truth, it is expressed in Italian by dire.

You promised me prométtere several times spesse volta you would be diligent, éssere diligénte and that you would never mai keep bad company; praticáre cattívo compagnia I perceive that accorgérsi you do not speak always the truth, for dire sempre verità I met you to-day incontráre oggi with a man con uómo whose company compagnía I forbade you. proibíre A man who uno does not delight in amáre speaking always the truth, dire sempre verità is unworthy of indégno enjoying the society of godére società honest people. onésto gente.

When in English a period begins by these words, I wish, I would, we express them thus in Italian, vorréi potér, with the following Verb in the Infinitive Mood.

I wish I could potére serve you, servire I would do it fare with all my heart. tutto cuóre.

I wish I could see vedére your sister, sorélla I would give her dare something qualche cosa that was sent to me éssere mandáto for her.

I wish I could speak Italian parláre Italiáno as well as you do, it would be éssere a great satisfaction grande soddisfazióne to me.

I wish I could do fare what you desire of me, desideráre I would not refuse it you. ricusáre.

I wish I could be reconciled with éssere riconciliáto your brother, fratéllo for perchè he is an honest man. galantuómo.

I wish I could go into the country andáre campágna with you, I would not return soon ritornáre presto to town, città for I would visit andar a visitáre all my friends tutto amíco who are there.

I wish I could follow seguíre your example, esémpio I would live better than I do. meglio.

Ought and must are to be rendered in Italian by the Present of the Indicative of the Verb dovere, and are not Impersonal.

At church chiésa people gente ought to sit still, dovére stare quieto and not to talk. parláre.

At saying lessons, ripétere lezióne none ought to speak dovére parláre but he who is destináto appointed by the master, maéstro whose leave permésso ought to be asked, dovére domandáre before prima the scholars betake themselves scoláre darsi to play. giuóco.

The boy ragázzo who is chastised castigáto on account of a cagióne his slothfulness, infingardággine has no cause to accues avére motivo accusáre his master maéstro of severity; severità he ought to blame himself, dovére biasimársi and resolve risólvere to shake off idleness scuotersi dalla sua pigrízia for the future. all’avveníre.

The soldier soldáto must fight valiantly, dovére battérsi valorosaménte that has a mind avére ánima enflamed with a desire accéso desidério to conquer the enemy; víncere nemíco his arm braccio must procure him dovére procuráre the honour which onóre his heart wishes for; cuóre desideráre but sometimes ma qualche volta secret stratagems segréto stratagémma and subtle policy astúto política defeat sconfíggere the most valiant warriors. valoróso guerriéro.

Children figlio must be obedient dovére obbedíre to their parents; genitóre those that grieve them, affliggere purchase to themselves attirarsi a curse; maledizióne they provoke God Iddío to deny them ricusáre that length of life lunghézza vita which he has promised avére promésso to the dutiful. obbediénte.

To be like, when followed by a Noun, is to be rendered in Italian by rassomigliáre, and will have a Dative Case.

Children figliuólo are not always like rassomigliáre sempre their parents; genitori they are sometimes éssere qualche volta quite different differénte from them.

My brother fratéllo is not like my father, rassomigliáre padre who is of a mild disposition, benigno índole and rich in ricco the endowments dote that adorn the mind, ornáre ánimo though poor in estate. benchè póvero stato.

Every man ognúno loves those amáre who like him, amáre and hates those odiáre who are hurtful to him: nuocévole nature teaches us natúra insegnáre to love our friends, amáre amíco but religion teaches us ma religióne insegnáre to love our enemies. amáre nemíco.

To be so kind, must be rendered in Italian by avére la bontà, and the following Verb is put in the Infinitive Mood, with the Preposition di.

I intreat you supplicáre to be so kind as avére la bontà to tell me dire how you call that come chiamáre in Italian. Italiáno.

If you will se ella volére be so kind as avér la bontà to grant me accordáre that favour, favóre there is nothing but I will do niénte fare to acknowledge it. per mostrartene la mia riconoscenza.

If your brother fratéllo will be so kind as to lend me a horse prestáre cavállo for two or three days, due tre giórno he would oblige me obbligáre infinitely. infinitaménte.

I was this morning éssere mattína with your friend con amíco Mr. —— and he was so kind as avére to offer me esibíre his purse. borsa.

I hope speráre you will be so kind as avére to recommend me to raccomandáre your friends. amíco.

Be so kind as avére to tell me when dire quando your sister will return sorélla ritornáre from the country, campágna for I make no doubt but dubitáre she will bring me portáre news from my uncle. nuóva zio.

The English phrase, there is nothing but, ought to be rendered in Italian by non v’è niénte che non, and it requires the following Verb to be in the Subjunctive Mood.

There is nothing but non v’è niénte I would do to deserve fare meritáre the honour of onóre your friendship. amicízia.

There is nothing but non v’è niénte what I would undertake che non intrapréndere to oblige my friends. obbligáre amíco.

There is nothing but non v’è niénte what I would suffer soffríre willingly, volontiéri if I were éssere so unfortunate as sfortunáto to have disobliged you. avére dispiacére.

There is nothing but non v’è niénte what an honest man galantuomo ought to do, dovére to deserve meritáre every body’s esteem. tutto stima.

There is nothing but niénte what a good prince buóno príncipe ought to do, dovére fare to make réndere his subjects happy. suddito felíce.

This phrase, to be as good as one’s word, must be rendered in Italian by mantenére la sua paróla.

You often promised me spesso prométtere to do me service, but I réndere servízio will never believe you; ma mai crédere it is a very dishonest thing éssere disonésto not to be as good as one’s word; mantenere la sua paróla for nobody perchè nissúno will credit you prestare fede afterwards. dopo.

You have often promised me avére sovente prométtere to amend your manners, ammendáre costúme but you are seldom ma raramente as good as your word. mantenére la sua paróla I confess that confessáre I have not been as good as my word, avére mantenúto la mia paróla but I promise that, ma prométtere for the future, all’avveníre I will behave better comportársi méglio than I have hitherto done. fare fin adésso.

So much as, ought to be rendered in Italian by tanto, or quanto.

Your brother fratéllo seems to have had parére avére a better education educazióne than you, though I am sure benchè sicúro your father padre did not spend spéndere so much tanto money upon him as he did upon you.

If we would love God amáre Iddío as much as quanto He loves us, amáre we should not offend him offéndere so often. così spesso.

If we would love amáre our neigbour prossímo as much as quanto we love ourselves, there would not be éssere so much tanto enmity in the world. nemicízia mondo.

As long as, must be rendered in Italian by finchè, or mentre che.

As or so long as mentre che you are not obedient éssere obbediénte to your parents, genitori God will not bless you. Iddío benedíre.

As long as finchè you are idle, éssere pigro you will never learn any thing, mai imparáre niénte and you will be ignorant éssere ignoránte while you live. finchè vívere.

As long as you are rich, éssere ricco you will not want mancáre friends. amíco.

As long as it is in your power éssere potére to oblige your friends, obbligáre amíco do not refuse ricusáre to do them service. réndere servízio.

I had rather, is expressed in Italian by ameréi méglio, or ameréi piuttósto.

I had rather amáre meglio lose some small thing, pérdere piccólo cosa than go to law with andáre legge a litigious man. litigióso uómo.

I had rather amáre piuttósto die moríre than disoblige you. dispiacére.

I had rather amáre méglio live all my life-time with you, vívere vita tempo than stay one day stare giórno with your brother. fratéllo.

I had rather endure a slight injury soffríre piccóla ingiúria from a friend, amíco than to fight with him, battérsi though benchè I would sooner die moríre than pass for a coward. passáre codardo.

When we inquire for some person’s name, we make use of the Verb chiamársi.

Pray, friend, di grazia amíco what is your name? come chiamársi?

My name is John Baptist. Giambattísta.

What is come your brother’s name? fratéllo?

His name is George Frederic Augustus. Giórgio Fedérico Augústo.

What was come the late king of France’s defúnto re Fráncia? name?

He was called chiamársi Lewis the Sixteenth. Luígi décimo sesto.

What was come the queen of France’s regína Fráncia? name?

Her name was chiamársi Mary Antoinette. Maria Antónina.

What was come the late regent’s defúnto reggénte? name?

He was called chiamársi the duke of Orleans. duca Orleans.

To entertain, must be rendered by trattáre.

If you will come with me veníre into the country, campágna I will entertain you trattáre very well. beníssimo.

You see vedére I do not entertain you trattáre like a stranger, da forestiére but I treat you ma trattáre like a friend. da amíco.

I am sure, éssere sicúro if we were lords, gran signóre you could not entertain us trattáre better. méglio.

Dipénde da voi, signifies in English, it lies in your power, it has all its tenses; and is Impersonal.

It lies in your power depéndere to be a good scholar, éssere sapiénte for perchè you have as much wit as avére tanto spírito che any of your qualúnque school-fellows. condiscépolo.

It is in our power dipéndere to be éssere for ever happy. sempre félice.

It is in his power dipéndere to do me réndere that service. servízio.

It is in your power dipéndere to go abroad; andár a viaggiáre for your father padre told me dire several times molte volte he would be very glad avére caro to see you go on your travels. andáre a viaggiáre.

It lies in their power dipéndere da to recommend me raccomandáre to their friends. amíco.

Andáre ad incóntrar uno, signifies to go and meet somebody.

Sir, Signóre I come to beg veníre domandáre a favour of you, favóre which I hope speráre you will not refuse me. ricusáre I heard intendere your uncle will come zio veníre to-morrow to town; dománi città you will oblige me obbligáre infinitely, moltíssimo if you will lend me your horse prestáre cavállo to go and meet him, andáre ad incóntrar and I assure you assicuráre that I will take great care avére grande cura of it.