TABLE II

Artifacts exclusive of projectile points and ground stone

Unique Artifacts 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32 32-36 36-40 40-44 44-48 48-52 52-56 56-60 60-64

Knives, leaf-shaped 1 2 1 2 3 1 1

triangular 2 1 1 4

flake 1 2 2

Scrapers, end 3 5 4 9 6 5 7 8 3

side 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 3 1

discoidal 1 5 3 1 2 3 2 4

serrated 1 4 4 1 3

“Uncompahgre” 2

Spoke-shaves 1 1

Projectile point

drills

expanded base 2 1

straight shafted

Perforators 1 2 2 6 2 1 2

Prismatic flakes,

unmodified 1 4 8 5 6 3

cutting 1 2 3 2 6 2

engraving 1 1 2 1 2

Gravers, others

Small ovoid bifaces 1 1 1 3 7 5 5 1 4 3

Utilized flakes 1 1 5 4 8 9 10 9 11 10 14 1;

Chopper/hammerstones 1 2 2 4 3 3 5 6 1

Cores 2 1 2 1

Small stone ornaments or gaming pieces 2 1

Paint stones 1 1 1

Bone awls, splinter 1 1 1 3

with head 1 1

sliver 1 1 1 1 2

undetermined 1 1 1 1 1 2

Rib/scapula knives 1 1 1

Used bone splinters 1 1 1

Flakers, antler 1 1 1

bone 1

Gaming pieces 1 2 1 1

Beads, tubular 1 1 1 4 2 2

Ornaments, tooth 1

bone 1 1

Mica, worked 1 1 1

Leather fragments 2

Wood shafts 1 1 1

Pottery, cordmarked,

a 2 2 3 7 8 10 6

b 1 2 3 2

c 2 1 1 2 1 2

Plain 1 1 1 3 2 1

A B C D

LEGEND:

A - Wood awl

B - abrading stone

C - Elk antler tool

D - Atlatl weight?

Unique Artifacts 64-68 68-72 72-76 76-80 80-84 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108

Knives leaf-shaped 1

triangular 2 5 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1

flake 1 2 1

Scrapers, end 7 2 1 ? ? ?

side 2 2 1

discoidal 2 1 1 1

serrated 1 3 3 1

“Uncompahgre” 3 2

Spoke-shaves

Projectile point

drills 1

expanded base

straight shafted 1

Perforators 3 1 1 1 1

Prismatic flakes,

unmodified 6 1 1 1 1 1 1

cutting 2 4 7 2

engraving 1 4

Gravers, others

Small ovoid bifaces 9 1

Utilized flakes 9 6 6 5 2 1 1 1 1

Chopper/hammerstones 2 1 2 1 2 1

Cores 4 1

Small stone ornaments or gaming pieces

Paint stones 1 3 1 1

Bone awls, splinter 1 1 1 1 1

with head 2 1

sliver

undetermined 1 1 1 1

Rib/scapula knives

Used bone splinters 1 1

Flakers, antler 1

bone

Gaming pieces 1

Beads, tubular 1 1 1

Ornaments, tooth 1

bone

Mica, worked 1 2

Leather fragments

Wood shafts 1 1

Pottery, cordmarked,

a ?1

b

c ?1

Plain

E F G H

LEGEND:

E - Limestone pendant

F - Quartz crystal

G - Clay ball

H - Notched rib

Milling Stones (Figs. 43, 44, 45)

Characteristics of grinding stones at LoDaisKa are largely summarized in Tables III and IV. These are presented in the hope that future studies will make it possible to distinguish cultural associations from such tools, although as Haury (1950) and Jennings (1957) reiterated, metates or grinding stones are often so nondescript as to defy cultural interpretation. Dealing for the most part with complete examples, there seem to be two general types: large worn boulders, and flat slabs often with a slight depression. The former are usually of an igneous material. Either type may be intentionally shaped. Most were more or less rectangular. The largest of the first type weighs about 120 pounds, and is 2 feet 3 inches long × 14 inches wide. The smallest is 11 inches × 12 inches and weighs about 20 pounds. Of the second type the maximum is 1½ feet × 14 inches, the minimum 10 inches × 12 inches. Shaping, when present, is confined to percussion and smoothing around the edges. Pecking probably served to roughen the surface.

A number of specimens in the ½ to ¾ inch thick class were made of hard fine sandstone. On some of the large fragments both faces appear parallel with no concavity. Only one fairly complete example of this type was found. This (Fig. 45) is a roughly triangular section about 5 inches on a side. It was found in Hearth B. It shows no basin and is very smooth. Two sides appear to have been the original edges of the complete specimen. These are roughly shaped. The smoothing extends all the way to these edges. There is ethnological evidence, (see below Lowie, 1924; R. M. Underhill, p.c.) that stones similar to this specimen were used for cooking stones. Since most of the artifacts of this type are small pieces, it would be hard to distinguish definitely between a small section of a cooking stone and a section of a slab metate. Lacking further proof, these have been treated as grinding stones, with this possible reservation.

Handstones (Fig. 46)

One hundred and four specimens are classed as handstones or handstone fragments. Of these 50 could not be classified further except that 40 were of igneous rock and 10 of sandstone. The general data pertaining to handstones is summarized in the chart. The largest of these is 8 × 4 inches, the smallest 4 × 3 inches. All appear to have been used in one hand. Seventy-five percent are made of igneous rock, usually of a metamorphic type such as schist. This choice was probably due to the scarcity of good sandstone in the area. There are two basic types, those used on one and those used on two sides. For both these groups there is a variant which has a center ridge formed by the meeting of two grinding surfaces on each face. Probably the simple motion of pushing forth, rocking, and then pulling back caused this. One of these has the ridges on its two sides at right angles to each other. Some specimens are pecked. These forms seem to lack distributional significance.